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Deschler M, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Duflot A, Sauvey A, Arcanjo C, Coulaud R, Jolly O, Niquil N, Fauchot J. First evidence of the induction of domoic acid production in Pseudo-nitzschia australis by the copepod Temora longicornis from the French coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 135:102628. [PMID: 38830707 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are widespread in marine waters. Some of them can produce the toxin domoic acid (DA) which can be responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) when transferred into the food web. These ASP events are of major concern, due to their ecological and socio-economic repercussions, particularly on the shellfish industry. Many studies have focused on the influence of abiotic factors on DA induction, less on the role of biotic interactions. Recently, the presence of predators has been shown to increase DA production in several Pseudo-nitzschia species, in particular in Arctic areas. In order to investigate the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia species and grazers from the French coast, exposures between one strain of three species (P. australis, P. pungens, P. fraudulenta) and the copepod Temora longicornis were conducted for 5 days. Cellular and dissolved DA content were enhanced by 1,203 % and 1,556 % respectively after the 5-days exposure of P.australis whereas no DA induction was observed in P. pungens and P. fraudulenta. T. longicornis consumed all three Pseudo-nitzschia species. The copepod survival was not related to DA content. This study is an essential first step to better understanding the interactions between planktonic species from the French coast and highlights the potential key role of copepods in the Pseudo-nitzschia bloom events in the temperate ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Deschler
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France; Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France.
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Aurore Sauvey
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
| | - Caroline Arcanjo
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Orianne Jolly
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC), Station Marine, Université de Caen Normandie, 14530, Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nathalie Niquil
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
| | - Juliette Fauchot
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
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2
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Zhang S, Zheng T, Zhou M, Niu B, Li Y. Exposure to the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Lepidodinium sp. and its cues increase toxin production of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169812. [PMID: 38181942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined the defense responses of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species (P. multiseries) to a mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Lepidodinium sp., and its associated cues. We evaluated their responses to different predation risks, including direct physical contact and indirect interactions facilitated by cues from Lepidodinium sp. during active feeding on heterospecific prey (Rhodonomas salina), limited feeding on conspecific prey (P. multiseries) and non-feeding (autotrophic growth in f/2 medium) states. This study is the first investigation of these trophic interactions. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in cellular domoic acid (cDA) in P. multiseries when exposed to Lepidodinium sp. and its associated cues, which was 1.38 to 2.42 times higher than the non-induced group. Notably, this increase was observed regardless of Lepidodinium sp. feeding on this toxic diatom and nutritional modes. However, the most significant increase occurred when they directly interacted. These findings suggest that P. multiseries evaluates predation risk and increases cDA production as a defensive strategy against potential grazing threats. No morphological changes were observed in P. multiseries in response to Lepidodinium sp. or its cues. P. multiseries cultured in flasks of Group L+P-P showed a decrease in growth, but Group L-P and Group L+R-P did not exhibit any decrease. These results suggest a lack of consistent trade-offs between the defense response and growth, thus an increase in cDA production may be a sustainable and efficient defense strategy for P. multiseries. Furthermore, our findings indicate that P. multiseries had no significant impact on the fitness (cell size, growth and/or grazing) of Lepidodinium sp. and R. salina, which suggests no evident toxic or allelopathic impacts on these two phytoplankton species. This study enhances our understanding of the trophic interactions between toxic diatoms and mixotrophic dinoflagellates and helps elucidate the dynamics of Harmful Algal Blooms, toxin transmission, and their impact on ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Muyao Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Biaobiao Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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Cembella A, Klemm K, John U, Karlson B, Arneborg L, Clarke D, Yamanaka T, Cusack C, Naustvoll L, Bresnan E, Šupraha L, Lundholm N. Emerging phylogeographic perspective on the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in coastal northern European waters and gateways to eastern Arctic seas: Causes, ecological consequences and socio-economic impacts. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102496. [PMID: 37951606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo is perhaps the most intensively researched genus of marine pennate diatoms, with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, and biogeographical distribution. The global magnitude and consequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia are particularly significant because of the high socioeconomic impacts and environmental and human health risks associated with the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) among populations of many (although not all) species. This has led to enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxins in recent years. Nevertheless, human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and proposed shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change regimes have not been implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) program these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in relation to DA occurrence and associated amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades from key northern CoCliME Case Study areas. The regional studies comprised the greater North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak and Norwegian Sea, eastern North Atlantic marginal seas and Arctic gateways, and the Baltic Sea. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa into frontier eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification were identified as drivers of upwelling and advection related to the distribution of regional Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species within the broader microeukaryote communities. Shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for high-magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are evaluated with reference to effects on fisheries and mariculture resources and coastal ecosystem function. Where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services for the northern CoCLiME region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Cembella
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Caroline Cusack
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Directorate of the Scottish Government, Science, Evidence, Digital and Data, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Luka Šupraha
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
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Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, Granholm A, Joseph M, Wood T, Fachon E, Brosnahan ML, Richlen M, Pathare M, Stockwell D, Lin P, Bouchard JN, Pickart R, Anderson DM. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282794. [PMID: 36947524 PMCID: PMC10032537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia is distributed from equatorial to polar regions and is comprised of >57 species, some capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). In the Pacific Arctic Region spanning the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, DA is recognized as an emerging human and ecosystem health threat, yet little is known about the composition and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species in these waters. This investigation characterized Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages in samples collected in 2018 during summer (August) and fall (October-November) surveys as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory and Arctic Observing Network, encompassing a broad geographic range (57.8° to 73.0°N, -138.9° to -169.9°W) and spanning temperature (-1.79 to 11.7°C) and salinity (22.9 to 32.9) gradients associated with distinct water masses. Species were identified using a genus-specific Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Seventeen amplicons were observed; seven corresponded to temperate, sub-polar, or polar Pseudo-nitzschia species based on parallel sequencing efforts (P. arctica, P. delicatissima, P. granii, P. obtusa, P. pungens, and two genotypes of P. seriata), and one represented Fragilariopsis oceanica. During summer, particulate DA (pDA; 4.0 to 130.0 ng L-1) was observed in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea where P. obtusa was prevalent. In fall, pDA (3.3 to 111.8 ng L-1) occurred along the Beaufort Sea shelf coincident with one P. seriata genotype, and south of the Bering Strait in association with the other P. seriata genotype. Taxa were correlated with latitude, longitude, temperature, salinity, pDA, and/or chlorophyll a, and each had a distinct distribution pattern. The observation of DA in association with different species, seasons, geographic regions, and water masses underscores the significant risk of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and DA-poisoning in Alaska waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Célia Villac
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christina Chadwick
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra A. DeSmidt
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Granholm
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Molly Joseph
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Wood
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mindy Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mrunmayee Pathare
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean Stockwell
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Peigen Lin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josée N. Bouchard
- Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Pickart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Progresses of the Influencing Factors and Detection Methods of Domoic Acid. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin mainly produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatom, which belongs to the genera Rhomboida. It can combine with the receptors of glutamate of neurotransmitters, then affecting the normal nerve signal transmission of the organism and causing nervous system disorders. However, as a natural marine drug, DA can also be used for pest prevention and control. Although the distribution of DA in the world has already been reported in the previous reviews, the time and location of its first discovery and the specific information are not complete. Therefore, the review systematically summarizes the first reported situation of DA in various countries (including species, discovery time, and collection location). Furthermore, we update and analyze the factors affecting DA production, including phytoplankton species, growth stages, bacteria, nutrient availability, trace metals, and so on. These factors may indirectly affect the growth environment or directly affect the physiological activities of the cells, then affect the production of DA. Given that DA is widely distributed in the environment, we summarize the main technical methods for the determination of DA, such as bioassay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biosensor, and so on, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method used so far, which adds more new knowledge in the literature about DA until now. Finally, the DA research forecast and its industrial applications were prospected to prevent its harm and fully explore its potential value.
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Borges FO, Lopes VM, Santos CF, Costa PR, Rosa R. Impacts of Climate Change on the Biogeography of Three Amnesic Shellfish Toxin Producing Diatom Species. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 36668829 PMCID: PMC9863508 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are considered one of the main risks for marine ecosystems and human health worldwide. Climate change is projected to induce significant changes in species geographic distribution, and, in this sense, it is paramount to accurately predict how it will affect toxin-producing microalgae. In this context, the present study was intended to project the potential biogeographical changes in habitat suitability and occurrence distribution of three key amnesic shellfish toxin (AST)-producing diatom species (i.e., Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. seriata, and P. fraudulenta) under four different climate change scenarios (i.e., RCP-2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) up to 2050 and 2100. For this purpose, we applied species distribution models (SDMs) using four abiotic predictors (i.e., sea surface temperature, salinity, current velocity, and bathymetry) in a MaxEnt framework. Overall, considerable contraction and potential extirpation were projected for all species at lower latitudes together with projected poleward expansions into higher latitudes, mainly in the northern hemisphere. The present study aims to contribute to the knowledge on the impacts of climate change on the biogeography of toxin-producing microalgae species while at the same time advising the correct environmental management of coastal habitats and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O. Borges
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa M. Lopes
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Frazão Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Clark S, Hubbard KA, McGillicuddy DJ, Ralston DK, Alexander MA, Curchitser E, Stock C. Projected effects of climate change on Pseudo-nitzschia bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNIQUES 2022; 230:103737. [PMID: 36160121 PMCID: PMC9495272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, warming ocean temperatures have contributed to extreme harmful algal bloom events and shifts in phytoplankton species composition. In 2016 in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), an unprecedented Pseudo-nitzschia bloom led to the first domoic-acid induced shellfishery closures in the region. Potential links between climate change, warming temperatures, and the GOM Pseudo-nitzschia assemblage, however, remain unexplored. In this study, a global climate change projection previously downscaled to 7-km resolution for the Northwest Atlantic was further refined with a 1-3-km resolution simulation of the GOM to investigate the effects of climate change on HAB dynamics. A 25-year time slice of projected conditions at the end of the 21st century (2073-2097) was compared to a 25-year hindcast of contemporary ocean conditions (1994-2018) and analyzed for changes to GOM inflows, transport, and Pseudo-nitzschia australis growth potential. On average, climate change is predicted to lead to increased temperatures, decreased salinity, and increased stratification in the GOM, with the largest changes occurring in the late summer. Inflows from the Scotian Shelf are projected to increase, and alongshore transport in the Eastern Maine Coastal Current is projected to intensify. Increasing ocean temperatures will likely make P. australis growth conditions less favorable in the southern and western GOM but improve P. australis growth conditions in the eastern GOM, including a later growing season in the fall, and a longer growing season in the spring. Combined, these changes suggest that P. australis blooms in the eastern GOM could intensify in the 21st century, and that the overall Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblage might shift to warmer-adapted species such as P. plurisecta or other Pseudo-nitzschia species that may be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Clark
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Sciences and Engineering, 86 Water St. Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | | | - David K. Ralston
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St. Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Charles Stock
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Road, Princeton, NJ 08540-6649
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Olesen AJ, Ryderheim F, Krock B, Lundholm N, Kiørboe T. Costs and benefits of predator-induced defence in a toxic diatom. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212735. [PMID: 35414232 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton employ a variety of defence mechanisms against predation, including production of toxins. Domoic acid (DA) production by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. is induced by the presence of predators and is considered to provide defence benefits, but the evidence is circumstantial. We exposed eight different strains of P. seriata to chemical cues from copepods and examined the costs and the benefits of toxin production. The magnitude of the induced toxin response was highly variable among strains, while the costs in terms of growth reduction per DA cell quota were similar and the trade-off thus consistent. We found two components of the defence in induced cells: (i) a 'private good' in terms of elevated rejection of captured cells and (ii) a 'public good' facilitated by a reduction in copepod feeding activity. Induced cells were more frequently rejected by copepods and rejections were directly correlated with DA cell quota and independent of access to other food items. By contrast, the public-good effect was diminished by the presence of alternative prey suggesting that it does not play a major role in bloom formation and that its evolution is closely associated with the grazing-deterrent private good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Ryderheim
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Interactions between Filter-Feeding Bivalves and Toxic Diatoms: Influence on the Feeding Behavior of Crassostrea gigas and Pecten maximus and on Toxin Production by Pseudo-nitzschia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080577. [PMID: 34437448 PMCID: PMC8402372 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms—e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.—are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species—oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)—and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species—P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10−3 and 5.1 × 10−3 µg g−1 for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.
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Zhang S, Zheng T, Lundholm N, Huang X, Jiang X, Li A, Li Y. Chemical and morphological defenses of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries in response to zooplankton grazing. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 104:102033. [PMID: 34023076 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species frequently blooms in coastal waters, and some species are able to produce the toxin domoic acid (DA), hereby causing harm to the marine ecosystem and humans. Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of grazing pressure on the morphological and chemical response (in terms of cellular DA production) of Pseudo-nitzschia. Subsequently, zooplankton grazer responses to these defenses were examined. The cellular DA content of P. multiseries ranged from 0.11-0.27 pg cell-1 without grazers, and increased up to 44% with the presence of grazers (Artemia nauplii) and with grazer concentration. Grazing also affected the density of P. multiseries chains and average chain length which became ~25% higher and ~8% longer, respectively, than without grazers. These effects could either be caused by size-dependent grazing or by grazer-cue-induced effects on chain formation. A negative correlation between cellular DA content in P. multiseries and clearance and/or ingestion rates of Artemia nauplii indicate that DA might have a negative effect on the grazing of Artemia nauplii. Such interaction might result in a decrease in grazing pressure on toxic blooming species, like P. multiseries, and hence potentially a prolonged bloom. This indicates that the interaction between toxic diatoms and grazers may have implications on aquatic food web structure and the progression of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaohang Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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Bruhn CS, Wohlrab S, Krock B, Lundholm N, John U. Seasonal plankton succession is in accordance with phycotoxin occurrence in Disko Bay, West Greenland. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101978. [PMID: 33980456 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are occurring more frequently in the world's oceans, probably as a consequence of climate change. HABs have not been considered a serious concern in the Arctic, even though the Arctic warms faster than any other region. While phycotoxins and toxin-producing phytoplankton have been found in Arctic waters on several occasions, there is a lack of information on seasonal succession of species and whether the occurrence of harmful species correlates with the presence of their respective phycotoxins. Hence, there is no baseline to assess future changes of HABs in this area. Here, we investigated two periods, from winter to spring and from the spring bloom until summer, in Disko Bay, West Greenland and followed the succession of toxins and their producers using metabarcoding, as well as analyses of particulate and dissolved toxins. We observed a typical seasonal succession with a spring bloom dominated by diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates in summer, with the two most important potentially toxic taxa found being Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The Pseudo-nitzschia spp. peak correlated with a clear increase in particulate domoic acid, reaching 0.05 pg/L. Presence of Alexandrium ostenfeldii could be linked to an increase in spirolides, up to 56.4 pg/L in the particulate phase. Generally, the majority of detected dissolved toxins followed the succession pattern of the particulate toxins with a delay in time. Our results further show that Arctic waters are a suitable habitat for various toxin producers and that the strong seasonality of this environment is reflected by changing abundances of different toxins that pose a potential threat to the ecosystem and its beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sabine Bruhn
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heersstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heersstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Osvik RD, Ingebrigtsen RA, Norrbin MF, Andersen JH, Eilertsen HC, Hansen EH. Adding Zooplankton to the OSMAC Toolkit: Effect of Grazing Stress on the Metabolic Profile and Bioactivity of a Diatom. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020087. [PMID: 33546196 PMCID: PMC7913365 DOI: 10.3390/md19020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
“One strain many compounds” (OSMAC) based approaches have been widely used in the search for bioactive compounds. Introducing stress factors like nutrient limitation, UV-light or cocultivation with competing organisms has successfully been used in prokaryote cultivation. It is known that diatom physiology is affected by changed cultivation conditions such as temperature, nutrient concentration and light conditions. Cocultivation, though, is less explored. Hence, we wanted to investigate whether grazing pressure can affect the metabolome of the marine diatom Porosira glacialis, and if the stress reaction could be detected as changes in bioactivity. P. glacialis cultures were mass cultivated in large volume bioreactor (6000 L), first as a monoculture and then as a coculture with live zooplankton. Extracts of the diatom biomass were screened in a selection of bioactivity assays: inhibition of biofilm formation, antibacterial and cell viability assay on human cells. Bioactivity was found in all bioassays performed. The viability assay towards normal lung fibroblasts revealed that P. glacialis had higher bioactivity when cocultivated with zooplankton than in monoculture. Cocultivation with diatoms had no noticeable effect on the activity against biofilm formation or bacterial growth. The metabolic profiles were analyzed showing the differences in diatom metabolomes between the two culture conditions. The experiment demonstrates that grazing stress affects the biochemistry of P. glacialis and thus represents a potential tool in the OSMAC toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Døving Osvik
- Marbio, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
- Microalgae and Microbiomes, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (R.A.I.); (H.C.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-776-49-265
| | - Richard Andre Ingebrigtsen
- Microalgae and Microbiomes, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (R.A.I.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Maria Fredrika Norrbin
- Arctic Marine System Ecology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Jeanette Hammer Andersen
- Marbio, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Hans Christian Eilertsen
- Microalgae and Microbiomes, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (R.A.I.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Espen Holst Hansen
- Marbio, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
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McKenzie CH, Bates SS, Martin JL, Haigh N, Howland KL, Lewis NI, Locke A, Peña A, Poulin M, Rochon A, Rourke WA, Scarratt MG, Starr M, Wells T. Three decades of Canadian marine harmful algal events: Phytoplankton and phycotoxins of concern to human and ecosystem health. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101852. [PMID: 33875179 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal trends of marine harmful algal events in Canada over the last three decades were examined using data from the Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT). This database contains the most complete record of algal blooms, phycotoxins and shellfish harvesting area closures in Canada since 1987. This 30-year review of 593 Canadian HAEDAT records from 1988 to 2017, together with other Canadian data and publications, shows that recurring harmful algal events have been widespread throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions. The 367 paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) reports revealed annual and frequent recurrence throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, including multi-year PST events in the Bay of Fundy, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Georgia. The 70 amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) records revealed no recognizable trend, as these events were usually area specific and did not recur annually. The increasing frequency of diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST) events over the period of this review, in total 59 records, can be at least partially explained by increased sampling effort. Marine species mortalities caused by harmful algae (including diatoms, dictyochophytes, dinoflagellates, and raphidophytes), were a common occurrence in the Pacific region (87 reports), but have been reported much less frequently in the Atlantic region (10 reports). Notable Canadian records contained in HAEDAT include the first detection worldwide of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), attributed to the production of domoic acid (an AST) by a diatom (Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries) in Prince Edward Island in 1987. The first proven case of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Canada and North America was recorded in 1990, and the first closures of shellfish harvesting due to DST (associated with the presence of Dinophysis norvegica) occurred in Nova Scotia in 1992, followed by closures in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1993. In 2008, mass mortalities of fishes, birds and mammals in the St. Lawrence Estuary were caused by Alexandrium catenella and high levels of PST. During 2015, the Pacific coast experienced a large algal bloom that extended from California to Alaska. It resulted in the closure of several shellfish harvesting areas in British Columbia due to AST, produced by Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Data from the Canadian Arctic coast is not included in HAEDAT. However, because of the emerging importance of climate change and increased vessel traffic in the Arctic, information on the occurrence of harmful algal species (pelagic and sympagic = sea ice-associated) in that region was compiled from relevant literature and data. The results suggest that these taxa may be more widespread than previously thought in the Canadian Arctic. Information in HAEDAT was not always robust or complete enough to provide conclusions about temporal trends. Compilation of spatial and temporal information from HAEDAT and other records is nevertheless important for evaluating the potential role of harmful algae as a stressor on Canadian marine ecosystems, and will support the next step: developing a knowledge gap analysis that will establish research priorities for determining their consequences on human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia H McKenzie
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada.
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Martin
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - Nicola Haigh
- Microthalassia Consultants Inc., Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 1T4, Canada
| | - Kimberly L Howland
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Nancy I Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Andrea Locke
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Angelica Peña
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Michel Poulin
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - André Rochon
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Wade A Rourke
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Michael G Scarratt
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Michel Starr
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Terri Wells
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Dong HC, Lundholm N, Teng ST, Li A, Wang C, Hu Y, Li Y. Occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia species and associated domoic acid production along the Guangdong coast, South China Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101899. [PMID: 33129456 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, which has been associated with amnesic shellfish poisoning events globally, is also one of the key harmful microalga groups in Guangdong coastal waters, off the north coast of the South China Sea. In order to explore the diversity and toxigenic characteristics, Pseudo-nitzschia isolates were established. Based on a combination of morphological and molecular features, in total 26 different Pseudo-nitzschia taxa were identified, including two new species, P. uniseriata H.C. Dong & Yang Li and P. yuensis H.C. Dong & Yang Li. Morphologically, P. uniseriata is unique by having striae mainly comprising one row of poroids, which are simple without divided hymen internally, and each poroid containing one, seldom two sectors. Pseudo-nitzschia yuensis is characterized by having striae comprising one to two rows of poroids. In biseriate striae, the poroids are polygonal and irregularly distributed, and a discontinuous row of poroids may be present in the middle. In uniseriate striae, the poroids usually contain 1-5 sectors. Both taxa are well differentiated from other Pseudo-nitzschia species in phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS2 sequence-structure information. Pseudo-nitzschia uniseriata is sister to P. lineola, whereas P. yuensis forms a group together with P. micropora and P. delicatissima. When comparing ITS2 secondary structure, two hemi-compensatory base change (HCBCs) are found between P. uniseriata and P. lineola. One compensatory base change (CBC) and four HCBCs are found between P. yuensis and P. delicatissima, and there is one CBC and five HCBCs between P. yuensis and P. micropora. The ability of cultured strains to produce particulate DA (pDA) revealed production of pDA in twenty-nine strains belonging to seven species: P. bipertita, P. caciantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta, P. fukuyoi, P. lundholmiae and P. multiseries. This is the first report of P. bipertita being toxic, with pDA content of 15.6 ± 2.1 fg cell-1. The presence of brine shrimps significantly increased pDA content in P. cuspidata, P. fukuyoi, P. lundholmiae and P. multiseries 1.4 to 7 times, and induced pDA production in P. fraudulenta from below detection limit to 17.5 ± 1.6 fg cell-1. The highest pDA concentration, 4830.5 ± 120.3 fg cell-1, was detected in P. multiseries, a level much lower than previous reports on P. multiseries from North America and Europe. Overall, the cellular toxin levels in Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were low in Guangdong coastal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chang Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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Olesen AJ, Harðardóttir S, Daugbjerg N, Andersen P, Lyngsgaard M, Krock B, Lundholm N. The impact of urea on toxic diatoms - Potential effects of fertilizer silo breakdown on a Pseudo-nitzschia bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 95:101817. [PMID: 32439060 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2016, two silos containing liquid nitrogen-containing fertilizer collapsed on a harbor in Fredericia, Denmark. More than 2,750 tons of fertilizer spilled into inner Danish waters. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred approximately one month after the incident. The bloom caused a 5-week quarantine of numerous mussel-harvesting areas along the eastern coast of Jutland. The levels of domoic acid measured up to 49 mg kg-1 in mussel meat after the bloom. In the months following the event, the species diversity of phytoplankton was low, while the abundance was high comprising few dominant species including Pseudo-nitzschia. The main part of the liquid nitrogen-containing compound was urea, chemically produced for agricultural use. To investigate the potential impact of urea on Pseudo-nitzschia, four strains, including one strain of P. delicatissima, two of P. seriata and one of P. obtusa, were exposed each to three concentrations of urea in a batch culture experiment: 10 μM, 20 μM and 100 μM N urea, and for comparison one concentration of nitrate (10 μM). Nitrate, ammonium, and urea were metabolized at different rates. Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa produced domoic acid and grew best at low urea concentrations. Both P. seriata strains had a positive correlation between urea concentration and growth rate, and the highest growth rate in the nitrate treatment. One strain of P. seriata produced domoic acid peaking at low N loads (10 µM N urea and 10 µM N nitrate). In conclusion, the ability to adapt to the available nitrogen source and retain a high growth rate was exceedingly varying and not only species-specific but also strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Glaciology and Climate, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Université Laval, Département de Biologie, Pavillon C-É Marchand, G1V 0A6 Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Dept of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maren Lyngsgaard
- Orbicon, Department for Nature and Environment, Jens Juuls vej 16, 8260 Viby, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Pančić M, Torres RR, Almeda R, Kiørboe T. Silicified cell walls as a defensive trait in diatoms. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190184. [PMID: 31014222 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms contribute nearly half of the marine primary production. These microalgae differ from other phytoplankton groups in having a silicified cell wall, which is the strongest known biological material relative to its density. While it has been suggested that a siliceous wall may have evolved as a mechanical protection against grazing, empirical evidence of its defensive role is limited. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that grazing by adult copepods and nauplii on diatoms is approximately inversely proportional to their silica content, both within and among diatom species. While a sixfold increase in silica content leads to a fourfold decrease in copepod grazing, silicification provides no protection against protozoan grazers that directly engulf their prey. We also found that the wall provides limited protection to cells ingested by copepods, since less than 1% of consumed cells were alive in the faecal pellets. Moreover, silica deposition in diatoms decreases with increasing growth rates, suggesting a possible cost of defence. Overall, our results demonstrate that thickening of silica walls is an effective defence strategy against copepods. This suggests that the plasticity of silicification in diatoms may have evolved as a response to copepod grazing pressure, whose specialized tools to break silicified walls have coevolved with diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pančić
- Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua , Kemitorvet B201, Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Rocio Rodriguez Torres
- Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua , Kemitorvet B201, Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua , Kemitorvet B201, Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua , Kemitorvet B201, Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
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Abstract
AbstractIn order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not firmly identified in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinoflagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of significant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinoflagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evidence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area. The presence of phycotoxins and their respective producers, even at the low background concentrations found in this study, may be the seed of possible proliferations of these species under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, phycotoxins can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a very specific group of plankton thus allowing to track the presence of this group over time.
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Ayache N, Hervé F, Lundholm N, Amzil Z, Caruana AMN. Acclimation of the Marine Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis to Different Salinity Conditions: Effects on Growth, Photosynthetic Activity, and Domoic Acid Content 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:97-109. [PMID: 31591715 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis strains isolated from French coastal waters were studied to investigate their capacity to adapt to different salinities. Their acclimation to different salinity conditions (10, 20, 30, 35, and 40) was studied on growth, photosynthetic capacity, cell biovolume, and domoic acid (DA) content. The strains showed an ability to acclimate to a salinity range from 20 to 40, with optimal growth rates between salinities 30 and 40. The highest cell biovolume was observed at the lowest salinity 20 and was associated with the lowest growth rate. Salinity did not affect the photosynthetic activity; Fv /Fm values and the pigment contents remained high with no significant difference among salinities. An enhanced production of zeaxanthin was, however, observed in the late stationary and decline phases in all cultures except for those acclimated to salinity 20. In terms of cellular toxin content, DA concentrations were 2 to 3-fold higher at the lowest salinity (20) than at the other salinities and were combined with a low amount of dissolved DA. The fact that P. australis accumulate more DA per cell in less saline waters, illustrates that climate-related changes in salinity may affect Pseudo-nitzschia physiology through direct effects on growth, physiology, and toxin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amandine M N Caruana
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
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Wohlrab S, John U, Klemm K, Eberlein T, Forsberg Grivogiannis AM, Krock B, Frickenhaus S, Bach LT, Rost B, Riebesell U, Van de Waal DB. Ocean acidification increases domoic acid contents during a spring to summer succession of coastal phytoplankton. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101697. [PMID: 32113604 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of the oceans with CO2 may be beneficial for some marine phytoplankton, including harmful algae. Numerous laboratory experiments provided valuable insights into the effects of elevated pCO2 on the growth and physiology of harmful algal species, including the production of phycotoxins. Experiments close to natural conditions are the next step to improve predictions, as they consider the complex interplay between biotic and abiotic factors that can confound the direct effects of ocean acidification. We therefore investigated the effect of ocean acidification on the occurrence and abundance of phycotoxins in bulk plankton samples during a long-term mesocosm experiment in the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden, an area frequently experiencing harmful algal blooms. During the experimental period, a total of seven phycotoxin-producing harmful algal genera were identified in the fjord, and in accordance, six toxin classes were detected. However, within the mesocosms, only domoic acid and the corresponding producer Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was observed. Despite high variation within treatments, significantly higher particulate domoic acid contents were measured in the mesocosms with elevated pCO2. Higher particulate domoic acid contents were additionally associated with macronutrient limitation. The risks associated with potentially higher phycotoxin levels in the future ocean warrants attention and should be considered in prospective monitoring strategies for coastal marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylke Wohlrab
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heersstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heersstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Tim Eberlein
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stephan Frickenhaus
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lennart T Bach
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, 7004 Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, FB2, Leobener Strasse, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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20
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Sauvey A, Claquin P, Le Roy B, Le Gac M, Fauchot J. Differential Influence of Life Cycle on Growth and Toxin Production of three Pseudo-nitzschia Species (Bacillariophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:1126-1139. [PMID: 31250442 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We used a multistrain approach to study the intra- and interspecific variability of the growth rates of three Pseudo-nitzschia species - P. australis, P. fraudulenta, and P. pungens - and of their domoic acid (DA) production. We carried out mating and batch experiments to investigate the respective effects of strain age and cell size, and thus the influence of their life cycle on the physiology of these species. The cell size - life cycle relationship was characteristic of each species. The influence of age and cell size on the intraspecific variability of growth rates suggests that these characteristics should be considered cautiously for the strains used in physiological studies on Pseudo-nitzschia species. The results from all three species do not support the hypothesis of a decrease in DA production with time since isolation from natural populations. In P. australis, the cellular DA content was rather a function of cell size. More particularly, cells at the gametangia stage of their life cycle contained up to six times more DA than smaller or larger cells incapable of sexual reproduction. These findings reveal a link between P. australis life cycle and cell toxicity. This suggest that life cycle dynamics in Pseudo-nitzschia natural populations may influence bloom toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Sauvey
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000, Caen, France
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Pascal Claquin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000, Caen, France
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Bertrand Le Roy
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000, Caen, France
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | - Juliette Fauchot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000, Caen, France
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, 14000, Caen, France
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21
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Huang CX, Dong HC, Lundholm N, Teng ST, Zheng GC, Tan ZJ, Lim PT, Li Y. Species composition and toxicity of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in Taiwan Strait, including P. chiniana sp. nov. and P. qiana sp. nov. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:195-209. [PMID: 31128805 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a field survey in the Taiwan Strait during April 2016, the species composition and the domoic acid production of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia were investigated. A total of 80 strains of Pseudo-nitzschia were established, and species identification was determined based on a combination of morphological and molecular data. Fourteen taxa were recognized, i.e., P. americana, P. brasiliana, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. galaxiae, P. lundholmiae, P. multiseries, P. multistriata, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens var. aveirensis, P. pungenus var. pungens and P. sabit, as well as two novel species P. chiniana C.X. Huang & Yang Li and P. qiana C.X. Huang & Yang Li. Morphologically, P. chiniana is characterized by striae comprising one or two rows of poroids, and valve ends that are normally dominated by two rows of poroids within each stria. Whereas P. qiana is unique by having a narrow valve width (1.3-1.5 μm) and sharply pointed valve ends. Both taxa constitute their own monophyletic lineage in the phylogenetic analyses inferred from LSU and ITS2 rDNA, and are well differentiated from other Pseudo-nitzschia species. Pseudo-nitzschia chiniana forms a group with P. abrensis and P. batesiana in LSU and ITS trees, whereas P. qiana is sister to P. lineola. When comparing ITS2 secondary structure, five CBCs and seven HCBCs are recognized between P. chiniana and P. abrensis, and four CBCs and ten HCBCs between P. chiniana and P. batesiana. Two CBCs and eight HCBCs are found between P. qiana with P. lineola. The ability of the strains to produce domoic acid was assessed, including a potential toxin induction by the presence of brine shrimps. Results revealed production of domoic acid in six strains belonging to three species. Without presence of brine shrimps, cellular DA (pDA) was detected in four P. multiseries strains (1.6 ± 0.3, 26.6 ± 2.7, 68.3 ± 4.2 and 56.9 ± 4.7 fg cell-1, separately), one strain of P. pseudodelicatissima (0.8 ± 0.2 fg cell-1) and one strain of P. lundholmiae (2.5 ± 0.4 fg cell-1). In the presence of brine shrimps, pDA contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) in P. lundholmiae (strain MC4218) and P. multiseries (strain MC4177), from 2.5 ± 0.4 to 8.9 ± 0.7 and 1.6 ± 0.3 to 37.2 ± 2.5 fg cell-1 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xiu Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Huan Chang Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Guan Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhi Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Yang Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, West 55 of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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22
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Harðardóttir S, Wohlrab S, Hjort DM, Krock B, Nielsen TG, John U, Lundholm N. Transcriptomic responses to grazing reveal the metabolic pathway leading to the biosynthesis of domoic acid and highlight different defense strategies in diatoms. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30808304 PMCID: PMC6390554 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major cause of phytoplankton mortality is predation by zooplankton. Strategies to avoid grazers have probably played a major role in the evolution of phytoplankton and impacted bloom dynamics and trophic energy transport. Certain species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a response to the presence of copepod grazers, suggesting that DA is a defense compound. The biosynthesis of DA comprises fusion of two precursors, a C10 isoprenoid geranyl pyrophosphate and L-glutamate. Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) may derive from the mevalonate isoprenoid (MEV) pathway in the cytosol or from the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastid. L-glutamate is suggested to derive from the citric acid cycle. Fragilariopsis, a phylogenetically related but nontoxic genus of diatoms, does not appear to possess a similar defense mechanism. We acquired information on genes involved in biosynthesis, precursor pathways and regulatory functions for DA production in the toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, as well as genes involved in responses to grazers to resolve common responses for defense strategies in diatoms. RESULTS Several genes are expressed in cells of Pseudo-nitzschia when these are exposed to predator cues. No genes are expressed in Fragilariopsis when treated similarly, indicating that the two taxa have evolved different strategies to avoid predation. Genes involved in signal transduction indicate that Pseudo-nitzschia cells receive signals from copepods that transduce cascading molecular precursors leading to the formation of DA. Five out of seven genes in the MEP pathway for synthesis of GPP are upregulated, but none in the conventional MEV pathway. Five genes with known or suggested functions in later steps of DA formation are upregulated. We conclude that no gene regulation supports that L-glutamate derives from the citric acid cycle, and we suggest the proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor. CONCLUSIONS Pseudo-nitzschia cells, but not Fragilariopsis, receive and respond to copepod cues. The cellular route for the C10 isoprenoid product for biosynthesis of DA arises from the MEP metabolic pathway and we suggest proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor for L-glutamate. We suggest 13 genes with unknown function to be involved in diatom responses to grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ditte Marie Hjort
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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23
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Selander E, Berglund EC, Engström P, Berggren F, Eklund J, Harðardóttir S, Lundholm N, Grebner W, Andersson MX. Copepods drive large-scale trait-mediated effects in marine plankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat5096. [PMID: 30801004 PMCID: PMC6382395 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fear of predation may influence food webs more than actual predation. However, the mechanisms and magnitude of nonconsumptive predator effects are largely unknown in unicellular-dominated food webs such as marine plankton. We report a general mechanism of chemically induced predator effects in marine plankton. Copepods, the most abundant zooplankton in the oceans, imprint seawater with unique polar lipids-copepodamides-which trigger toxin production and bioluminescence in harmful dinoflagellates. We show that copepodamides also elicit defensive traits in other phytoplankton, inducing the harmful algal bloom-forming diatom Pseudo-nitzschia seriata to produce 10 times more toxins, and colony-forming diatoms to decrease colony size by half. A 1-year study in the northeast Atlantic revealed that natural copepodamide concentrations are high enough to induce harmful algal toxins and size reduction in dominant primary producers when copepods are abundant. We conclude that copepodamides will structure marine plankton toward smaller, more defended life forms on basin-wide scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Selander
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - E. C. Berglund
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P. Engström
- Sven Loven Center Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - F. Berggren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J. Eklund
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S. Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - N. Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - W. Grebner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. X. Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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24
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Ayache N, Hervé F, Martin-Jézéquel V, Amzil Z, Caruana AMN. Influence of sudden salinity variation on the physiology and domoic acid production by two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia australis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:186-195. [PMID: 30329158 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several coastal countries including France have experienced serious and increasing problems related to Pseudo-nitzschia toxic blooms. These toxic blooms occur in estuarine and coastal waters potentially subject to fluctuations in salinity. In this study, we document for the first time the viability, growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and toxin production of two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia australis grown under conditions with sudden salinity changes. Following salinity variation, the two strains survived over a restricted salinity range of 30-35, with favorable physiological responses, as the growth, effective quantum yield and toxin content were high compared to the other conditions. In addition, high cellular quotas of domoic acid (DA) were observed at a salinity of 40 for the strain IFR-PAU-16.1 in comparison with the other strain IFR-PAU-16.2 where the cell DA content was directly released into the medium. On the other hand, the osmotic stress imposed at lower salinities, 20 and 10, resulted in cell lysis and a sudden DA leakage in the medium. Intra-specific variability was observed in growth and toxin production, with the strain IFR-PAU-16.1 apparently able to withstand higher salinities than the strain IFR-PAU-16.2. On the whole, DA does not appear to act as an osmolyte in response to sudden salinity changes. Since most of the shellfish harvesting areas of bivalve molluscs in France are located in areas where the salinity generally varies between 30 and 35, Pseudo-nitzschia australis blooms might potentially impact public health and commercial shellfish resources in these places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amandine M N Caruana
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
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25
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Brown ER, Cepeda MR, Mascuch SJ, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Kubanek J. Chemical ecology of the marine plankton. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1093-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of chemically mediated interactions in planktonic marine environments covering new studies from January 2015 to December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Marisa R. Cepeda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Samantha J. Mascuch
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | | | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
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26
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Chakraborty S, Pančić M, Andersen KH, Kiørboe T. The cost of toxin production in phytoplankton: the case of PST producing dinoflagellates. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:64-75. [PMID: 30108304 PMCID: PMC6298997 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many species of phytoplankton produce toxins that may provide protection from grazing. In that case one would expect toxin production to be costly; else all species would evolve toxicity. However, experiments have consistently failed to show any costs. Here, we show that costs of toxin production are environment dependent but can be high. We develop a fitness optimization model to estimate rate, costs, and benefits of toxin production, using PST (paralytic shellfish toxin) producing dinoflagellates as an example. Costs include energy and material (nitrogen) costs estimated from well-established biochemistry of PSTs, and benefits are estimated from relationship between toxin content and grazing mortality. The model reproduces all known features of PST production: inducibility in the presence of grazer cues, low toxicity of nitrogen-starved cells, but high toxicity of P-limited and light-limited cells. The model predicts negligible reduction in cell division rate in nitrogen replete cells, consistent with observations, but >20% reduction when nitrogen is limiting and abundance of grazers high. Such situation is characteristic of coastal and oceanic waters during summer when blooms of toxic algae typically develop. The investment in defense is warranted, since the net growth rate is always higher in defended than in undefended cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Chakraborty
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marina Pančić
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ken H Andersen
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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27
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Binzer SB, Svenssen DK, Daugbjerg N, Alves-de-Souza C, Pinto E, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO, Varga E. A-, B- and C-type prymnesins are clade specific compounds and chemotaxonomic markers in Prymnesium parvum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 81:10-17. [PMID: 30638493 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful blooms formed by planktonic microalgae (HABs) in both freshwater and coastal waters regularly lead to severe mortalities of fish and invertebrates causing substantial economic losses of marine products worldwide. The mixotrophic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum is one of the most important microalgae associated with fish kills. Here 26 strains of P. parvum with a wide geographical distribution were screened for the production of prymnesins, the suspected causative allelochemical toxins. All investigated strains produced prymnesins, indicating that the toxins play an important role for the organism. The prymnesins can be classified into three types based on the length of the carbon backbone of the compound and each algal strain produced only one of these types. Biogeographical mapping of the prymnesin distribution indicated a global distribution of each type. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed monophyletic origin of all prymnesin types and clades could therefore be defined based on the toxic compound. It might be that evolution of new species within the P. parvum species complex is driven by changes in toxin type or that they are a result of it. Such a correlation between chemotype and phylotype has never been documented before for a harmful microalga. Chemotaxonomy and ITS-type classification may thus be used to further delimit the P. parvum species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bjørnholt Binzer
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Daniel Killerup Svenssen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2200, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA; Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista S/N, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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A Time Series of Water Column Distributions and Sinking Particle Flux of Pseudo-Nitzschia and Domoic Acid in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110480. [PMID: 30453659 PMCID: PMC6265954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Water column bulk Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and the dissolved and particulate domoic acid (DA) concentrations were measured in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California from 2009–2013 and compared to bulk Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and DA concentrations and fluxes in sediment traps moored at 147 m and 509 m. Pseudo-nitzschia abundance throughout the study period was spatially and temporally heterogeneous (<200 cells L−1 to 3.8 × 106 cells L−1, avg. 2 × 105 ± 5 × 105 cells L−1) and did not correspond with upwelling conditions or the total DA (tDA) concentration, which was also spatially and temporally diverse (<1.3 ng L−1 to 2.2 × 105 ng L−1, avg. 7.8 × 103 ± 2.2 × 104 ng L−1). We hypothesize that the toxicity is likely driven in part by specific Pseudo-nitzschia species as well as bloom stage. Dissolved (dDA) and particulate (pDA) DA were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.01) and both comprised major components of the total DA pool (pDA = 57 ± 35%, and dDA = 42 ± 35%) with substantial water column concentrations (>1000 cells L−1 and tDA = 200 ng L−1) measured as deep as 150 m. Our results highlight that dDA should not be ignored when examining bloom toxicity. Although water column abundance and pDA concentrations were poorly correlated with sediment trap Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and fluxes, DA toxicity is likely associated with senescent blooms that rapidly sink to the seafloor, adding another potential source of DA to benthic organisms.
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Harðardóttir S, Krock B, Wohlrab S, John U, Nielsen TG, Lundholm N. Can domoic acid affect escape response in copepods? HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:50-52. [PMID: 30420015 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copepods are important grazers on toxic phytoplankton and serve as vectors for algal toxins up the marine food web. Success of phytoplankton depends among other factors on protection against grazers like copepods, and same way copepod survival and population resilience relies on their ability to escape predators. Little is, however, known about the effect of toxins on the escape response of copepods. In this study we experimentally tested the hypothesis that the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia affects escape responses of planktonic copepods. We found that the arctic copepods Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis reduced their escape response after feeding on a DA-producing diatom. The two species were not affected the same way; C. hyperboreus was affected after shorter exposure and less intake of DA. The negative effect on escape response was not related to the amount of DA accumulated in the copepods. Our results suggest that further research on the effects of DA on copepod behavior and DA toxicity mechanisms is required to evaluate the anti-grazing function of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307 Copenhagen K Denmark.
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307 Copenhagen K Denmark
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31
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Lundholm N, Krock B, John U, Skov J, Cheng J, Pančić M, Wohlrab S, Rigby K, Nielsen TG, Selander E, Harðardóttir S. Induction of domoic acid production in diatoms-Types of grazers and diatoms are important. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:64-73. [PMID: 30420018 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grazers can induce toxin (domoic acid, DA) production in diatoms. The toxic response has been observed in two species of Pseudo-nitzschia and was induced by Calanus copepods. In this study, interactions between diatoms and copepods were further explored using different species of diatoms and copepods. All herbivorous copepods induced toxin production, whereas exposure to carnivorous copepods did not. In line with this, increasing the number of herbivorous copepods resulted in even higher toxin production. The induced response is thus only elicited by copepods that pose a real threat to the responding cells, which supports that the induced toxin production in diatoms evolved as an inducible defense. The cellular toxin content in Pseudo-nitzschia was positively correlated to the concentration of a group of specific polar lipids called copepodamides that are excreted by the copepods. This suggests that copepodamides are the chemical cues responsible for triggering the toxin production. Carnivorous copepods were found to produce less or no copepodamides. Among the diatoms exposed to grazing herbivorous copepods, only two of six species of Pseudo-nitzschia and none of the Nitzschia or Fragilariopsis strains responded by producing DA, indicating that not all Pseudo-nitzschia species/strains are able to produce DA, and that different diatom species might have different strategies for coping with grazing pressure. Growth rate was negatively correlated to cellular domoic acid content indicating an allocation cost associated with toxin production. Long-term grazing experiments showed higher mortality rates of grazers fed toxic diatoms, supporting the hypothesis that DA production is an induced defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Jette Skov
- Technical and Environmental Administration, Environmental Protection Department, Water and EIA, The City of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 13, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jinfeng Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Marina Pančić
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, Building 202 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Kristie Rigby
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, SE 450 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, SE 450 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bowers HA, Ryan JP, Hayashi K, Woods AL, Marin R, Smith GJ, Hubbard KA, Doucette GJ, Mikulski CM, Gellene AG, Zhang Y, Kudela RM, Caron DA, Birch JM, Scholin CA. Diversity and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in Monterey Bay: Perspectives from targeted and adaptive sampling. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:129-141. [PMID: 30196920 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Monterey Bay, California experiences near-annual blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia that can affect marine animal health and the economy, including impacts to tourism and commercial/recreational fisheries. One species in particular, P. australis, has been implicated in the most toxic of events, however other species within the genus can contribute to widespread variability in community structure and associated toxicity across years. Current monitoring methods are limited in their spatial coverage as well as their ability to capture the full suite of species present, thereby hindering understanding of HAB events and limiting predictive accuracy. An integrated deployment of multiple in situ platforms, some with autonomous adaptive sampling capabilities, occurred during two divergent bloom years in the bay, and uncovered detailed aspects of population and toxicity dynamics. A bloom in 2013 was characterized by spatial differences in Pseudo-nitzschia populations, with the low-toxin producer P. fraudulenta dominating the inshore community and toxic P. australis dominating the offshore community. An exceptionally toxic bloom in 2015 developed as a diverse Pseudo-nitzschia community abruptly transitioned into a bloom of highly toxic P. australis within the time frame of a week. Increases in cell density and proliferation coincided with strong upwelling of nutrients. High toxicity was driven by silicate limitation of the dense bloom. This temporal shift in species composition mirrored the shift observed further north in the California Current System off Oregon and Washington. The broad scope of sampling and unique platform capabilities employed during these studies revealed important patterns in bloom formation and persistence for Pseudo-nitzschia. Results underscore the benefit of expanded biological observing capabilities and targeted sampling methods to capture more comprehensive spatial and temporal scales for studying and predicting future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Bowers
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - John P Ryan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - April L Woods
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Roman Marin
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - G Jason Smith
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Ave. SE, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Gregory J Doucette
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA/National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Christina M Mikulski
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA/National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Alyssa G Gellene
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yanwu Zhang
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - James M Birch
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Christopher A Scholin
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
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33
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Next Generation Sequencing and mass spectrometry reveal high taxonomic diversity and complex phytoplankton-phycotoxins patterns in Southeastern Pacific fjords. Toxicon 2018; 151:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Joli N, Gosselin M, Ardyna M, Babin M, Onda DF, Tremblay JÉ, Lovejoy C. Need for focus on microbial species following ice melt and changing freshwater regimes in a Janus Arctic Gateway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9405. [PMID: 29925879 PMCID: PMC6010473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic gateways are sensitive to climate driven processes. By connecting oceans, they have a global influence on marine biological production and biogeochemical cycles. The furthest north of these gateways is Nares Strait at the top of the North Water between Greenland and Ellesmere Island (Canada). This gateway is globally beneficial, first by supporting high local mammal and bird populations and second with the outflow of phosphate-rich Arctic waters fueling the North Atlantic spring bloom. Both sides of the North Water are hydrologically distinct with counter currents that make this Arctic portal a Janus gateway, after Janus, the Roman god of duality. We examined oceanographic properties and differences in phytoplankton and other protist communities from the eastern and western sides of the North Water (latitude 76.5°N) and found that species differed markedly due to salinity stratification regimes and local hydrography. Typical Arctic communities were associated with south flowing currents along the Canadian side, while potentially noxious Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were dominant on the Greenland side and associated with greater surface freshening from ice melt. This susceptibility of the Greenland side to Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms suggest that monitoring species responses to climate mediated changes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Joli
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI 3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, GIV 0A6, Canada.
| | - Michel Gosselin
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Ardyna
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marcel Babin
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI 3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Deo Florence Onda
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI 3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, GIV 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Éric Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI 3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Connie Lovejoy
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI 3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, GIV 0A6, Canada
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35
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Gai FF, Hedemand CK, Louw DC, Grobler K, Krock B, Moestrup Ø, Lundholm N. Morphological, molecular and toxigenic characteristics of Namibian Pseudo-nitzschia species - including Pseudo-nitzschia bucculenta sp. nov. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 76:80-95. [PMID: 29887207 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and toxin production of species in the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in Namibian waters, in the extremely productive Benguela upwelling system. From surveys conducted on the R/V Mirabilis and the R/V !Anichab, 52 strains were morphologically determined to species level, supported by nuclear ITS rDNA data. Seven species were identified; P. australis, P. decipiens, P. dolorosa, P. fraudulenta, P. plurisecta, P. pungens var. cingulata, and the new species P. bucculenta F. Gai, C. K. Hedemand, N. Lundholm & Ø. Moestrup sp. nov. Molecular and morphological diversity of the Namibian Pseudo-nitzschia species is discussed. Most importantly, P. bucculenta is both morphologically and phylogenetically most similar to P. dolorosa differing mainly in valve width and densities of striae, poroids and band striae as well as by four hemi-compensatory base changes in the ITS2. Morphological and molecular differences among the strains of P. decipiens suggest a temperate and a warm water subdivision. The geographical and toxigenic characteristics of the identified Pseudo-nitzschia species are described and compared to previous studies. Initial tests of toxin production in all seven species revealed production of domoic acid (DA) in two species: one strain of P. australis (0.074 pg DA cell-1) and two strains of P. plurisecta (0.338 pg DA cell-1 and 0.385 pg DA cell-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Frøsig Gai
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Deon C Louw
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Swakopmund, P.O. Box 912, Namibia
| | - Kolette Grobler
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Lüderitz, PO Box 394, Shark Island, Namibia
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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36
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Louw DC, Doucette GJ, Lundholm N. Morphology and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the northern Benguela Upwelling System. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 75:118-128. [PMID: 29778221 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Benguela upwelling system, considered the world's most productive marine ecosystem, has a long record of potentially toxic diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Species of Pseudo-nitzschia were reported as early as 1936 from the northern Benguela upwelling system (nBUS). For the current study, long-term phytoplankton monitoring data (2004-2011) for the Namibian coast were analysed to examine inshore and offshore temporal distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species, their diversity and ultrastructure. The potentially toxigenic P. pungens and P. australis were the dominant inshore species, whereas offshore Pseudo-nitzschia showed a higher diversity that also included potentially toxic species. During a warming event, a community shift from P. pungens and P. australis dominance to P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries was documented in the central nBUS. A case study of a toxic event (August 2004) revealed that P. australis and P. pungens were present at multiple inshore and offshore stations, coincident with fish (pilchard) and bird mortalities reported from the central part of Namibia. Toxin analyses (LC-MS/MS) of samples collected from June to August 2004 revealed the presence of particulate domoic acid (DA) in seawater at multiple stations (maximum ∼180 ng DA/L) in the >0.45 μm size-fraction, as well as detectable DA (0.12 μg DA/g) in the gut of one of two pilchard samples tested. These findings indicate that DA may have been associated with the fish and bird mortalities reported from this event in the nBUS. However, the co-occurrence of very high biomass phytoplankton blooms suggests that other explanations may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon C Louw
- National Marine Information and Research Centre, PO Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia.
| | - Gregory J Doucette
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA/National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Ajani PA, Verma A, Lassudrie M, Doblin MA, Murray SA. A new diatom species P. hallegraeffii sp. nov. belonging to the toxic genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) from the East Australian Current. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195622. [PMID: 29649303 PMCID: PMC5896966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species belonging to the toxin producing diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, P. hallegraeffii sp. nov., is delineated and described from the East Australian Current (EAC). Clonal cultures were established by single cell isolation from phytoplankton net hauls collected as part of a research expedition in the EAC region in 2016 on the RV Investigator. Cultures were assessed for their morphological and genetic characteristics, their sexual compatibility with other Pseudo-nitzschia species, and their ability to produce domoic acid. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed cells which differed from their closest relatives by their cell width, rows of poroids, girdle band structure and density of band straie. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequencing of nuclear-encoded ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) regions showed this novel genotype clustered within the P. delicatissima complex, but formed a discrete clade from its closest relatives P. dolorosa, P. simulans, P. micropora and P. delicatissima. Complementary base changes (CBCs) were observed in the secondary structure of the 3’ nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacer sequence region (ITS2) between P. hallegraeffii sp. nov. and its closest related taxa, P. simulans and P. dolorosa. Under laboratory conditions, and in the absence of any zooplankton cues, strains of P. hallegraeffii sp. nov. did not produce domoic acid (DA) and were not sexually compatible with any other Pseudo-nitzschia clones tested. A total of 18 Pseudo-nitzschia species, including three confirmed toxigenic species (P. cuspidata, P. multistriata and P. australis) have now been unequivocally confirmed from eastern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A. Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Malwenn Lassudrie
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina A. Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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Pančić M, Kiørboe T. Phytoplankton defence mechanisms: traits and trade-offs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1269-1303. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pančić
- Centre for Ocean Life; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kemitorvet B201; Kongens Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kemitorvet B201; Kongens Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
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Wadt PR, Mafra LL, Dos Santos Tavares CP, Fernandes LF, de Oliveira Proença LA. Growth, chain formation, and toxin production by southern Brazilian Pseudo-nitzschia isolates under laboratory conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:621. [PMID: 29124474 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia is a diatom genus capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), which has been related to mortalities of marine vertebrates, and the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in human consumers of contaminated bivalves. This study reports DA production among Pseudo-nitzschia strains isolated from shellfish farming areas in southern Brazil. Twenty-seven cultures of potentially toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species were established. Growth, stepped-chain formation, and DA production were evaluated in static, intermittently illuminated (12:12 photoperiod) batch cultures for 12 selected strains, and under continuous light and/or turbulence for a single Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha strain. Growth rate ranged from 0.16 to 0.39 day-1 among the 12 strains. Only P. calliantha and P. cf. multiseries yielded detectable levels of intracellular DA, reaching up to 0.054 fg cell-1 in late exponential and 0.15 pg cell-1 in early stationary phase, respectively. Continuous light impaired cell growth, and turbulence enhanced step-chain formation by threefold during exponential growth phase, but no DA production was detected under both conditions. The effect of turbulence on chain formation should be further evaluated in the field, once particle size is expected to affect the ingestion of toxic cells and thus toxin accumulation by certain DA vectors. The low cell toxicity revealed herein under laboratory conditions is in accordance with the low frequency of DA contamination episodes in south Brazilian waters. Nevertheless, monitoring of Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and DA presence in farming areas is continuously required to assure the quality of local shellfish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rebelo Wadt
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciano Felício Fernandes
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
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D'Agostino VC, Degrati M, Sastre V, Santinelli N, Krock B, Krohn T, Dans SL, Hoffmeyer MS. Domoic acid in a marine pelagic food web: Exposure of southern right whales Eubalaena australis to domoic acid on the Península Valdés calving ground, Argentina. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:248-257. [PMID: 28962985 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The gulfs that surround Península Valdés (PV), Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San José in Argentina, are important calving grounds for the southern right whale Eubalaena australis. However, high calf mortality events in recent years could be associated with phycotoxin exposure. The present study evaluated the transfer of domoic acid (DA) from Pseudo-nitzschia spp., potential producers of DA, to living and dead right whales via zooplanktonic vectors, while the whales are on their calving ground at PV. Phytoplankton and mesozooplankton (primary prey of the right whales at PV and potential grazers of Pseudo-nitzschia cells) were collected during the 2015 whale season and analyzed for species composition and abundance. DA was measured in plankton and fecal whale samples (collected during whale seasons 2013, 2014 and 2015) using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The genus Pseudo-nitzschia was present in both gulfs with abundances ranging from 4.4×102 and 4.56×105 cell l-1. Pseudo-nitzschia australis had the highest abundance with up to 4.56×105 cell l-1. DA in phytoplankton was generally low, with the exception of samples collected during a P. australis bloom. No clear correlation was found between DA in phytoplankton and mesozooplankton samples. The predominance of copepods in mesozooplankton samples indicates that they were the primary vector for the transfer of DA from Pseudo-nitzschia spp. to higher trophic levels. High levels of DA were detected in four whale fecal samples (ranging from 0.30 to 710μgg-1 dry weight of fecal sample or from 0.05 and 113.6μgg-1 wet weight assuming a mean water content of 84%). The maximum level of DA detected in fecal samples (710μg DA g-1 dry weight of fecal sample) is the highest reported in southern right whales to date. The current findings demonstrate for the first time that southern right whales, E. australis, are exposed to DA via copepods as vectors during their calving season in the gulfs of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C D'Agostino
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CENPAT, CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Degrati
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CENPAT, CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3150, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Viviana Sastre
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Roca 115, 1er Piso, U9100AQC Trelew, Argentina
| | - Norma Santinelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Roca 115, 1er Piso, U9100AQC Trelew, Argentina
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Torben Krohn
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Silvana L Dans
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CENPAT, CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3150, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mónica S Hoffmeyer
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, 11 de Abril 461, B8000LMI Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Li Y, Huang CX, Xu GS, Lundholm N, Teng ST, Wu H, Tan Z. Pseudo-nitzschia simulans sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), the first domoic acid producer from Chinese waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:119-130. [PMID: 28755714 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pseudo-nitzschia has attracted attention because of production of the toxin, domoic acid (DA), causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). Pseudo-nitzschia blooms occur frequently in Chinese coastal waters, and DA has been detected in several marine organisms, but so far no Pseudo-nitzschia strains from Chinese waters have been shown to produce DA. In this study, monoclonal Pseudo-nitzschia strains were established from Chinese coastal waters and examined using light microscopy, electron microscopy and molecular markers. Five strains, sharing distinct morphological and molecular features differentiating them from other Pseudo-nitzschia species, represent a new species, Pseudo-nitzschia simulans sp. nov. Morphologically, the taxon belongs to the P. pseudodelicatissima group, cells possessing a central nodule and each stria comprising one row of poroids. The new species is characterized by the poroid structure, which typically comprises two sectors, each sector located near opposite margins of the poroid. The production of DA was examined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of cells in stationary growth phase. Domoic acid was detected in one of the five strains, with concentrations around 1.05-1.54 fg cell-1. This is the first toxigenic diatom species reported from Chinese waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Chun Xiu Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Guo Shuang Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia.
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Almandoz GO, Fabro E, Ferrario M, Tillmann U, Cembella A, Krock B. Species occurrence of the potentially toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the associated neurotoxin domoic acid in the Argentine Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:45-55. [PMID: 28366399 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, the major known producer of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) responsible for the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) syndrome in humans and marine mammals, is globally distributed. The genus presents high species richness in the Argentine Sea and DA has been frequently detected in the last few years in plankton and shellfish samples, but the species identity of the producers remains unclear. In the present work, the distribution and abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species and DA were determined from samples collected on two oceanographic cruises carried out through the Argentine Sea (∼39-47°S) during summer and spring 2013. Phytoplankton composition was analysed by light and electron microscopy while DA was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The genus Pseudo-nitzschia was recorded in 71 and 86% of samples collected in summer and spring, respectively, whereas DA was detected in only 42 and 21% of samples, respectively. Microscopic analyses revealed at least five potentially toxic species (P. australis, P. brasiliana, P. fraudulenta, P. pungens, P. turgidula), plus putatively non-toxigenic P. dolorosa, P. lineola, P. turgiduloides and unidentified specimens of the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. The species P. australis showed the highest correlation with DA occurrence (r=0.55; p<0.05), suggesting its importance as a major DA producer in the Argentine Sea. In the northern area and during summer, DA was associated with the presence of P. brasiliana, a species recorded for the first time in the Argentine Sea. By contrast, high concentrations of P. fraudulenta, P. pungens and P. turgidula did not correspond with DA occurrence. This study represents the first successful attempt to link toxigenicity with Pseudo-nitzschia diversity and cell abundance in field plankton populations in the south-western Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Elena Fabro
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martha Ferrario
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologishe Chemie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologishe Chemie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologishe Chemie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Busch JA, Andree KB, Diogène J, Fernández-Tejedor M, Toebe K, John U, Krock B, Tillmann U, Cembella AD. Toxigenic algae and associated phycotoxins in two coastal embayments in the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean). HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:191-201. [PMID: 28073532 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) surveillance is complicated by high diversity of species and associated phycotoxins. Such species-level information on taxonomic affiliations and on cell abundance and toxin content is, however, crucial for effective monitoring, especially of aquaculture and fisheries areas. The aim addressed in this study was to determine putative HAB taxa and related phycotoxins in plankton from aquaculture sites in the Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean. The comparative geographical distribution of potentially harmful plankton taxa was established by weekly field sampling throughout the water column during late spring-early summer over two years at key stations in Alfacs and Fangar embayments within the Ebro Delta. Core results included not only confirmed identification of HAB taxa that are common for the time period and geographical area, but also provided evidence of potentially new taxa. At least 25 HAB taxa were identified to species level, and an additional six genera were confirmed, by morphological criteria under light microscopy and/or by molecular genetics approaches involving qPCR and next generation DNA pyrosequencing. In particular, new insights were gained by the inclusion of molecular techniques, which focused attention on the HAB genera Alexandrium, Karlodinium, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Noteworthy is the discovery of Azadinium sp., a potentially new HAB species for this area, and Gymnodinium catenatum or Gymnodinium impudicum by means of light microscopy. In addition, significant amounts of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) were found for the first time in phytoplankton samples in the Ebro Delta. While the presence of the known DA-producing diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia was confirmed in corresponding samples, the maximal toxin concentration did not coincide with highest cell abundances of the genus and the responsible species could not be identified. Combined findings of microscopic and molecular detection approaches underline the need for a synoptic strategy for HAB monitoring, which integrates the respective advantages and compensates for limitations of individual methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Busch
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5,5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5,5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | - Kerstin Toebe
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Allan D Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Percopo I, Ruggiero MV, Balzano S, Gourvil P, Lundholm N, Siano R, Tammilehto A, Vaulot D, Sarno D. Pseudo-nitzschia arctica sp. nov., a new cold-water cryptic Pseudo-nitzschia species within the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:184-199. [PMID: 27037584 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new nontoxic Pseudo-nitzschia species belonging to the P. pseudodelicatissima complex, P. arctica, was isolated from different areas of the Arctic. The erection of P. arctica is mainly supported by molecular data, since the species shares identical ultrastructure with another species in the complex, P. fryxelliana, and represents a new case of crypticity within the genus. Despite their morphological similarity, the two species are not closely related in phylogenies based on LSU, ITS and rbcL. Interestingly, P. arctica is phylogenetically most closely related to P. granii and P. subcurvata, from which the species is, however, morphologically different. P. granii and P. subcurvata lack the central larger interspace which is one of the defining features of the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. The close genetic relationship between P. arctica and the two species P. granii and P. subcurvata is demonstrated by analysis of the secondary structure of ITS2 which revealed no compensatory base changes, two hemi-compensatory base changes, and two deletions in P. arctica with respect to the other two species. These findings emphasize that rates of morphological differentiation, molecular evolution and speciation are often incongruent for Pseudo-nitzschia species, resulting in a restricted phylogenetic value for taxonomic characters used to discriminate species. The description of a new cryptic species, widely distributed in the Arctic and potentially representing an endemic component of the Arctic diatom flora, reinforces the idea of the existence of noncosmopolitan Pseudo-nitzschia species and highlights the need for combined morphological and molecular analyses to assess the distributional patterns of phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Percopo
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Ruggiero
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Priscillia Gourvil
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Nina Lundholm
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen K, 1307, Denmark
| | - Raffaele Siano
- DYNECO/Pelagos, IFREMER, Centre de Brest, BP 70, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Anna Tammilehto
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen K, 1307, Denmark
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Diana Sarno
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
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Zabaglo K, Chrapusta E, Bober B, Kaminski A, Adamski M, Bialczyk J. Environmental roles and biological activity of domoic acid: A review. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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