1
|
Diaz-Recio Lorenzo C, Tran Lu Y A, Brunner O, Arbizu PM, Jollivet D, Laurent S, Gollner S. Highly structured populations of copepods at risk to deep-sea mining: Integration of genomic data with demogenetic and biophysical modelling. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17340. [PMID: 38605683 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Copepoda is the most abundant taxon in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where hard substrate is available. Despite the increasing interest in seafloor massive sulphides exploitation, there have been no population genomic studies conducted on vent meiofauna, which are known to contribute over 50% to metazoan biodiversity at vents. To bridge this knowledge gap, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing, specifically 2b-RADseq, was used to retrieve thousands of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from abundant populations of the vent-obligate copepod Stygiopontius lauensis from the Lau Basin. SNPs were used to investigate population structure, demographic histories and genotype-environment associations at a basin scale. Genetic analyses also helped to evaluate the suitability of tailored larval dispersal models and the parameterization of life-history traits that better fit the population patterns observed in the genomic dataset for the target organism. Highly structured populations were observed on both spatial and temporal scales, with divergence of populations between the north, mid, and south of the basin estimated to have occurred after the creation of the major transform fault dividing the Australian and the Niuafo'ou tectonic plate (350 kya), with relatively recent secondary contact events (<20 kya). Larval dispersal models were able to predict the high levels of structure and the highly asymmetric northward low-level gene flow observed in the genomic data. These results differ from most studies conducted on megafauna in the region, elucidating the need to incorporate smaller size when considering site prospecting for deep-sea exploitation of seafloor massive sulphides, and the creation of area-based management tools to protect areas at risk of local extinction, should mining occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coral Diaz-Recio Lorenzo
- Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (AD2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Adrien Tran Lu Y
- UMR MARBEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète, France
| | - Otis Brunner
- Okinawa Institute for Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Pedro Martínez Arbizu
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (AD2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Sabine Gollner
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, 't Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez-Verdejo A, Palomba M, Crocetta F, Santoro M. Integrative taxonomy of metazoan parasites of the bluntnose sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the Mediterranean Sea, with the resurrection of Grillotia acanthoscolex Rees, 1944 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha). J Fish Biol 2024. [PMID: 38450741 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Appropriate diagnoses of parasites of apex marine predators are crucial to understand their biodiversity, host specificity, biogeography, and life cycles. Such diagnoses are also informative of ecological and biological characteristics of both host and environment in which the hosts and their parasites live. We here (i) investigate the parasite fauna of a bluntnose sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) obtained from the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea), (ii) characterize molecularly all its metazoan parasites, and (iii) resurrect and report the main morphological features and phylogenetic position of Grillotia acanthoscolex, a cestode species previously synonymized with Grillotia adenoplusia. A rich parasite fauna represented by eight different taxa was found, including two monogeneans (Protocotyle grisea and Protocotyle taschenbergi), one digenean (Otodistomum veliporum), four cestodes (Crossobothrium dohrnii, Clistobothrium sp., G. acanthoscolex, and G. adenoplusia), and one copepod (Protodactylina pamelae). Sequencing of these samples accounts for an important molecular baseline to widen the knowledge on the parasitic fauna of bluntnose sixgill sharks worldwide and to reconstruct their correct food chains. The bluntnose sixgill shark was found to be a definitive host for all endoparasites found here, confirming that it occupies an apex trophic level in the Mediterranean Sea. The taxa composition of the trophic parasite fauna confirms that the bluntnose sixgill shark mostly feeds on teleost fish species. However, the occurrence of two phillobothrid cestodes (C. dohrnii and Clistobothrium sp.) suggests that it also feeds on squids. Finally, we emphasize the importance of using integrative taxonomic approaches in the study of parasites from definitive and intermediate hosts to elucidate biology and ecology of taxa generally understudied in the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lopez-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocetta
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Santoro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Semmouri I, De Schamphelaere KAC, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Janssen CR, Asselman J. Contribution of combined stressors on density and gene expression dynamics of the copepod Temora longicornis in the North Sea. Mol Ecol 2024:e17312. [PMID: 38426368 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The impact of multiple environmental and anthropogenic stressors on the marine environment remains poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the contribution of environmental variables to the densities and gene expression of the dominant zooplankton species in the Belgian part of the North Sea, the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis. We observed a reduced density of copepods, which were also smaller in size, in samples taken from nearshore locations when compared to those obtained from offshore stations. To assess the factors influencing the population dynamics of this species, we applied generalised additive models. These models allowed us to quantify the relative contribution of temperature, nutrient levels, salinity, turbidity, concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, as well as chemical pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on copepod density. Temperature and Secchi depth, a proxy for turbidity, were the most important environmental variables predicting the densities of T. longicornis, followed by summed PAH and chlorophyll concentrations. Analysing gene expression in field-collected adults, we observed significant variation in metabolic and stress-response genes. Temperature correlated significantly with genes involved in proteolytic activities, and encoding heat shock proteins. Yet, concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals did not induce significant differences in the gene expression of genes involved in the copepod's fatty acid metabolism or well-known stress-related genes, such as glutathione transferases or cytochrome P450. Our study highlights the potential of gene expression biomonitoring and underscores the significance of a changing environment in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Semmouri
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hedberg P, Olsson M, Höglander H, Brüchert V, Winder M. Climate change effects on plankton recruitment from coastal sediments. J Plankton Res 2024; 46:117-125. [PMID: 38572122 PMCID: PMC10987100 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In highly seasonal systems, the emergence of planktonic resting stages from the sediment is a key driver for bloom timing and plankton community composition. The termination of the resting phase is often linked to environmental cues, but the extent to which recruitment of resting stages is affected by climate change remains largely unknown for coastal environments. Here we investigate phyto- and zooplankton recruitment from oxic sediments in the Baltic Sea in a controlled experiment under proposed temperature and light increase during the spring and summer. We find that emergence of resting stage differs between seasons and the abiotic environment. Phytoplankton recruitment from resting stages were high in spring with significantly higher emergence rates at increased temperature and light levels for dinoflagellate and cyanobacteria than for diatoms, which had highest emergence under cold and dark conditions. In comparison, hatching of copepod nauplii was not affected by increased temperature and light levels. These results show that activation of plankton resting stages are affected to different degrees by increasing temperature and light levels, indicating that climate change affects plankton dynamics through processes related to resting stage termination with potential consequences for bloom timing, community composition and trophic mismatch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Hedberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Helsinki, Tvärminne Zoological Station, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Markus Olsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Höglander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker Brüchert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang H, Strickler JR. An Invited Reply to: A Comment on: 'The swim-and-sink behaviour of copepods: a revisit to mechanical power requirement and a new hypothesis on function' (2023), by Jiang. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231753. [PMID: 38179072 PMCID: PMC10762428 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Houshuo Jiang
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - J. Rudi Strickler
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wood PL, Wood MD, Kunigelis SC. Pilot Lipidomics Study of Copepods: Investigation of Potential Lipid-Based Biomarkers for the Early Detection and Quantification of the Biological Effects of Climate Change on the Oceanic Food Chain. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2335. [PMID: 38137936 PMCID: PMC10744631 DOI: 10.3390/life13122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the health of our oceans is critical for the survival of the oceanic food chain upon which humanity is dependent. Zooplanktonic copepods are among the most numerous multicellular organisms on earth. As the base of the primary consumer food web, they constitute a major biomass in oceans, being an important food source for fish and functioning in the carbon cycle. The potential impact of climate change on copepod populations is an area of intense study. Omics technologies offer the potential to detect early metabolic alterations induced by the stresses of climate change. One such omics approach is lipidomics, which can accurately quantify changes in lipid pools serving structural, signal transduction, and energy roles. We utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry (≤2 ppm mass error) to characterize the lipidome of three different species of copepods in an effort to identify lipid-based biomarkers of copepod health and viability which are more sensitive than observational tools. With the establishment of such a lipid database, we will have an analytical platform useful for prospectively monitoring the lipidome of copepods in a planned long-term five-year ecological study of climate change on this oceanic sentinel species. The copepods examined in this pilot study included a North Atlantic species (Calanus finmarchicus) and two species from the Gulf of Mexico, one a filter feeder (Acartia tonsa) and one a hunter (Labidocerca aestiva). Our findings clearly indicate that the lipidomes of copepod species can vary greatly, supporting the need to obtain a broad snapshot of each unique lipidome in a long-term multigeneration prospective study of climate change. This is critical, since there may well be species-specific responses to the stressors of climate change and co-stressors such as pollution. While lipid nomenclature and biochemistry are extremely complex, it is not essential for all readers interested in climate change to understand all of the various lipid classes presented in this study. The clear message from this research is that we can monitor key copepod lipid families with high accuracy, and therefore potentially monitor lipid families that respond to environmental perturbations evoked by climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Michael D. Wood
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospital & Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - Stan C. Kunigelis
- Imaging and Analysis Center, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong Z, Wang WX. Tracking Nano- and Microplastics Accumulation and Egestion in a Marine Copepod by Novel Fluorescent AIEgens: Kinetic Modeling of the Rhythm Behavior. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20761-20772. [PMID: 38029324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) are now prevalent in the marine environment. This study quantified the uptake and depuration kinetics of spherical polystyrene NMPs of different particle sizes (200 nm/30 μm) and functional groups (-NH2/-COOH) in a temperate calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus (C. sinicus), which exhibited rhythmic feeding patterns in natural environments. Aggregated-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probes were employed to track and quantify the kinetics of NMPs with excellent photostability and biocompatibility. The results showed that C. sinicus consumed all NMPs types, with preference of NMPs to small size and amino group. Increased diatom concentrations also inhibited the bioaccumulation of NMPs. Influenced by rhythmic behavior, the bioaccumulation of NMPs by C. sinicus was nonstationary during the 6 h uptake phase. After 1-3 h of rapid uptake, the body burden peaked and then slowly declined. During the 3 h depuration phase, C. sinicus rapidly and efficiently removed NMPs with a mean half-life of only 0.23 h. To further quantify the body burden of C. sinicus under the influence of rhythmic feeding behavior, a biokinetic model was established, and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method was used to estimate the parameter distribution. Our results highlighted that copepods exhibited unique rhythmic feeding behavior under environmentally relevant concentrations of NMPs exposure, which may influence the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and environmental fate of NMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zipei Dong
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pilotto F, Walseng B, Jensen TC, Schartau AK. The recovery of crustacean zooplankton from acidification depends on lake type. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6066-6076. [PMID: 37609877 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Acidification has harmed freshwater ecosystems in Northern Europe since the early 1900s. Stricter regulations aimed at decreasing acidic emissions have improved surface-water chemistry since the late 1980s but the recovery of biotic communities has not been consistent. Generally, the recovery of flora and fauna has been documented only for a few lakes or regions and large-scale assessments of long-term dynamics of biotic communities due to improved water quality are still lacking. This study investigates a large biomonitoring dataset of pelagic and littoral crustacean zooplankton (Cladocera and Copepoda) from 142 acid-sensitive lakes in Norway spanning 24 years (1997-2020). The aims were to assess the changes in zooplankton communities through time, compare patterns of changes across lake types (defined based on calcium and humic content), and identify correlations between abiotic and biological variables. Our results indicate chemical and biological recovery after acidification, as shown by a general increase in pH, acid neutralizing capacity, changes in community composition and increases in the total number of species, number of acid-sensitive species and functional richness through time. However, the zooplankton responses differ across lake types. This indicates that the concentration of calcium (or alkalinity) and total organic carbon (or humic substances) are important factors for the recovery. Therefore, assessment methods and management tools should be adapted to the diverse lake types. Long-term monitoring of freshwater ecosystems is needed to fully comprehend the recovery dynamics of biotic communities from acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn Walseng
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas C Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding Z, Sun X, Qiao Y, Liu Y, Liu J. Feeding Behavior Responses of the Small Copepod, Paracalanus parvus, to Toxic Algae at Different Concentrations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3116. [PMID: 37835722 PMCID: PMC10571817 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The feeding relationship between copepods and phytoplankton has immense ecological significance. This study investigated the feeding behavior of copepods by studying the feeding selectivity of Paracalanus parvus, a key small copepod species, using a high-speed camera. The feeding behavior of P. parvus separately fed on three algae, Prorocentrum minimum, Alexandrium minutum, and Thalassiosira weissflogii, was studied at five different concentrations. The factors characterizing feeding behavior, including the beating frequency (BF), beating time (BT), and rejection behavior, were analyzed. The average BT and BF of P. parvus fed on toxic algae were significantly lower than those of copepods fed on nontoxic algae, indicating that the toxic algae negatively affected their feeding behavior. There were no significant differences in feed rejection among the three algae during the short period of experimentation, indicating that the rejection behavior was insignificant in the early period (within 20 min) of feeding on toxic algae. The feeding behavior was inhibited when the concentration reached 250 cells/mL. The BT was initially affected at increasing concentrations followed by the BF, and P. minimum and A. minutum reduced the BF at concentrations of 250 and 1000 cells/mL, respectively. Analysis of the average BFs revealed that P. parvus was more significantly affected by P. minimum containing diarrheal shellfish poison than by A. minutum containing paralytic shellfish poison. The BF of copepods fed on P. minimum was significantly lower than that of copepods fed on A. minutum at 250-500 cells/mL but was not significantly different from that at 1000 cells/mL. This indicated that the inhibitory effect of P. minimum on the feeding behavior was more significant at concentrations observed at the onset of red tide blooms (0.25-0.5 × 102 cells/mL), but insignificant at concentrations reaching those in advanced red tides (>103 cells/mL). This study demonstrates that toxic dinoflagellates alter the feeding behavior of copepods and describes the variations in their feeding response to different algal species and concentrations. The findings provide crucial insights for further studies on the feeding relationship between copepods and phytoplankton and on functional assessment of plankton ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Q.)
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Yiming Qiao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Weihai Marine and Fishery Monitoring and Hazard Migration Centre, Weihai 264209, China;
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weihs D. Comment on: 'The swim-and-sink behaviour of copepods: a revisit to mechanical power requirement and a new hypothesis on function' Jiang (2023). R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231180. [PMID: 37800149 PMCID: PMC10548087 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weihs
- Department of Aerospace, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Juan C, Calbet A, Saiz E. Shifts in survival and reproduction after chronic warming enhance the potential of a marine copepod to persist under extreme heat events. J Plankton Res 2023; 45:751-762. [PMID: 37779672 PMCID: PMC10539201 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of a species' thermal tolerance and vital rates responses provides useful metrics to characterize its vulnerability to ocean warming. Under prolonged thermal stress, plastic and adaptive processes can adjust the physiology of organisms. Yet it is uncertain whether the species can expand their upper thermal limits to cope with rapid and extreme changes in environmental temperature. In this study, we reared the marine copepod Paracartia grani at control (19°C) and warmer conditions (25°C) for >18 generations and assessed their survival and fecundity under short-term exposure to a range of temperatures (11-34°C). After multigenerational warming, the upper tolerance to acute exposure (24 h) increased by 1-1.3°C, although this enhancement decreased to 0.3-0.8°C after longer thermal stress (7 days). Warm-reared copepods were smaller and produced significantly fewer offspring at the optimum temperature. No shift in the thermal breadth of the reproductive response was observed. Yet the fecundity rates of the warm-reared copepods in the upper thermal range were up to 21-fold higher than the control. Our results show that chronic warming improved tolerance to stress temperatures and fecundity of P. grani, therefore, enhancing its chances to persist under extreme heat events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Juan
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Calbet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Saiz
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gunaalan K, Nielsen TG, Rodríguez Torres R, Lorenz C, Vianello A, Andersen CA, Vollertsen J, Almeda R. Is Zooplankton an Entry Point of Microplastics into the Marine Food Web? Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11643-11655. [PMID: 37497822 PMCID: PMC10413952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) overlap in size with phytoplankton and can be ingested by zooplankton, transferring them to higher trophic levels. Copepods are the most abundant metazoans among zooplankton and the main link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Ingestion of MPs has been investigated in the laboratory, but we still know little about the ingestion of MPs by zooplankton in the natural environment. In this study, we determined the concentration and characteristics of MPs down to 10 μm in zooplankton samples, sorted calanoid copepods, and fecal pellets collected in the Kattegat/Skagerrak Sea (Denmark). We found a median concentration of 1.7 × 10-3 MPs ind-1 in the zooplankton samples, 2.9 × 10-3 MPs ind-1 in the sorted-copepods, and 3 × 10-3 MPs per fecal pellet. Most MPs in the zooplankton samples and fecal pellets were fragments smaller than 100 μm, whereas fibers dominated in the sorted copepods. Based on the collected data, we estimated a MP budget for the surface layer (0-18 m), where copepods contained only 3% of the MPs in the water, while 5% of the MPs were packed in fecal pellets. However, the number of MPs exported daily to the pycnocline via fecal pellets was estimated to be 1.4% of the total MPs in the surface layer. Our results indicate that zooplankton are an entry point of small MPs in the food web, but the number of MPs in zooplankton and their fecal pellets was low compared with the number of MPs found in the water column and the occurrence and/or ingestion of MPs reported for nekton. This suggests a low risk of MP transferring to higher trophic levels through zooplankton and a quantitatively low, but ecologically relevant, contribution of fecal pellets to the vertical exportation of MPs in the ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuddithamby Gunaalan
- National
Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National
Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rocío Rodríguez Torres
- National
Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Laboratoire
d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC
Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Department
of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Alvise Vianello
- Department
of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Ceelin Aila Andersen
- National
Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department
of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- National
Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- EOMAR-ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao ZY, Xi BW, Zhou QJ, Chen K, Xie J. Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease. Pathogens 2023; 12:860. [PMID: 37513707 PMCID: PMC10386215 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot disease, caused by the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a significant threat to the freshwater fish farming industry worldwide, resulting in massive mortality and economic losses. Eliminating the free-swimming theronts from the culture environment is considered crucial for the control of I. multifiliis infection. It is well-documented that planktonic ciliates are valuable food resources for macro-zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we developed a fluorescence labeling method for alive theronts and found that cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops spp., Macrocyclops sp., and Paracyclopina sp. present predation on the theronts in co-culture experiments. Laboratory challenge tests further confirmed that the presence of zooplankton in the culture water body significantly reduced the infection of I. multifiliis in goldfish (p < 0.01). Results from this study revealed that cyclopoid copepods have the potential to be used as biological control agents against white spot disease in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Cao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bing-Wen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qing-Jie Zhou
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shim KC, Peterson CR, Bolnick DI. Local adaptation and host specificity to copepod intermediate hosts by the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10155. [PMID: 37287852 PMCID: PMC10242650 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite coevolution may lead to patterns of local adaptation in either the host or parasite. For parasites with complex multi-host life cycles, this coevolution may be more challenging as they must adapt to multiple geographically varying hosts. The tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus exhibits some local adaptation to its second intermediate host, threespine stickleback, to which the parasite is strictly specialized. However, the tapeworm's adaptation to its first intermediate host (any of a number of copepod species) is not documented. We investigated if there was local adaptation and host specify in the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus to its copepod first intermediate hosts. We exposed copepods from five lakes in Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) to local (i.e. same lake) and foreign tapeworms in a reciprocal exposure experiment. Results indicate that the tapeworm is not locally adapted to the copepods. Instead, we observed moderate-effect host specificity, infection rates being higher in certain copepod species than in others. Infection rates also varied among cestode populations. These results show that although S. solidus infects multiple copepod genera, they are not equally competent hosts. Differences in S. solidus epidemiology among lakes is likely to be driven more by this partial specialization, than by local adaptation to first intermediate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kum C. Shim
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hafez T, Villate F, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M. Reduced Survival and Disruption of Female Reproductive Output in Two Copepod Species ( Acartia clausi and A. tonsa) Exposed to the Model Endocrine Disruptor 17α-Ethinylestradiol. Toxics 2023; 11:toxics11050405. [PMID: 37235221 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are heavily impacted by pollutants from different sources such as urban sewage, industrial waste and agricultural runoff. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are very concerning pollutants to estuarine wildlife, but little is known about their impact on microscopic biota such as zooplankton. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of a model EDC, the 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), on two copepod species inhabiting the Basque coast (Southeastern Bay of Biscay) estuaries: Acartia clausi (autochthonous neritic species) and Acartia tonsa (non-indigenous brackish species). Female copepods were collected at population maximum time (spring for A. clausi and summer for A. tonsa) and exposed individually to 5 ng/L (low), 5 µg/L (medium) and 500 µg/L EE2 (high) doses, from environmental concentrations found in sewage effluents to toxicological concentrations. After 24 h exposure, the survival rate of experimental individuals was checked and the lethal concentration LC50 was calculated. The number of egg-producing females and the amount of egg laying and egg hatching were recorded. The integrated biomarker index (IBR) was calculated to integrate the overall effects of EE2 exposure. Both species had reduced survival rates at 500 µg/L, and the LC50 was lower in A. tonsa (158 µg/L) compared to A. clausi (398 µg/L). The number of eggs laid was significantly reduced in A. clausi at EE2 medium and high doses, while a reduction in the number of eggs in A. tonsa was observed only at the high dose. However, no significant differences were detected in the egg hatching success of exposed A. clausi and A. tonsa. IBR index showed that EE2 had the most detrimental effects on A. tonsa and A. clausi females at the 500 µg/L dose. In conclusion, after 24 h of exposure, EE2 reduced female copepod survival and disrupted reproductive output, but only at high non-environmentally relevant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Hafez
- CBET+ Research Group, Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Fernando Villate
- MarEsPlank Research Group, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia
- CBET+ Research Group, Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nandini S, Sarma SSS. Experimental Studies on Zooplankton-Toxic Cyanobacteria Interactions: A Review. Toxics 2023; 11:176. [PMID: 36851051 PMCID: PMC9965014 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have been recognized as a problem in fresh water for about 150 years. Over the past 50 years, experimental studies on the subject have gained importance considering the increasing need to control toxic cyanobacterial blooms. This article presents information on the different lines of research that have been undertaken on zooplankton-cyanobacteria interactions over the past 50 years. These include information on filtering/ingestion rates and phytoplankton preferences of small and large rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods; growth rates of zooplankton on cyanobacterial diets; feeding rates of other freshwater invertebrates on cyanobacteria; role of zooplankton in top-down biomanipulation efforts; effect of cyanotoxins on zooplankton; bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins; and physical and chemical control of cyanobacterial blooms. We also highlight measures that have led to successful lake management and improvement of water quality in selected waterbodies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rodríguez Torres R, Almeda R, Xu J, Hartmann N, Rist S, Brun P, Nielsen TG. The Behavior of Planktonic Copepods Minimizes the Entry of Microplastics in Marine Food Webs. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:179-189. [PMID: 36548351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The entry of microplastics (MPs) into marine food webs is a major environmental concern. We investigated how the behavior of planktonic copepods influences the risk of MPs to enter marine food webs by applying a trait-based approach and by combining experiments (bottle incubations and video observations) with biogeographical analyses. We aimed to evaluate which type of feeding behavior is most risky in terms of MP ingestion and which marine geographical areas are more susceptible to MP ingestion by planktonic copepods. We used different species as models of the main foraging behaviors in planktonic copepods: feeding-current, cruising, ambush, and mixed behavior feeding. All behaviors showed a similarly low risk of MP ingestion, up to 1 order of magnitude lower than for similar-sized microalgae. We did not observe any influence of the prey type or MP size (8 and 20 μm) on MP ingestion for any of the behaviors. By mapping the global distribution of feeding behaviors, we showed that feeding-current feeding is the most common behavior, but the risk of MP ingestion remains equally low across the global ocean, independently of the predominant behavior. Overall, our results suggest a low risk of MP ingestion by planktonic copepods and therefore a minimal risk of trophic transfer of MPs via marine pelagic copepods in marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Rodríguez Torres
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Biology Department, EOMAR-ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Tafira Baja, Las Palmas 35017, Spain
| | - Jiayi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nanna Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Philipp Brun
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roncalli V, Uttieri M, Capua ID, Lauritano C, Carotenuto Y. Chemosensory-Related Genes in Marine Copepods. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:681. [PMID: 36355004 PMCID: PMC9692914 DOI: 10.3390/md20110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Living organisms deeply rely on the acquisition of chemical signals in any aspect of their life, from searching for food, mating and defending themselves from stressors. Copepods, the most abundant and ubiquitous metazoans on Earth, possess diversified and highly specified chemoreceptive structures along their body. The detection of chemical stimuli activates specific pathways, although this process has so far been analyzed only on a relatively limited number of species. Here, in silico mining of 18 publicly available transcriptomes is performed to delve into the copepod chemosensory genes, improving current knowledge on the diversity of this multigene family and on possible physiological mechanisms involved in the detection and analysis of chemical cues. Our study identifies the presence of ionotropic receptors, chemosensory proteins and gustatory receptors in copepods belonging to the Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida orders. We also confirm the absence in these copepods of odorant receptors and odorant-binding proteins agreeing with their insect specificity. Copepods have evolved several mechanisms to survive in the harsh marine environment such as producing proteins to respond to external stimulii. Overall, the results of our study open new possibilities for the use of the chemosensory genes as biomarkers in chemical ecology studies on copepods and possibly also in other marine holozooplankters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Roncalli
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Uttieri
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Iole Di Capua
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources Department (RIMAR)-Marine Organism Taxonomy Core Facility (MOTax), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ylenia Carotenuto
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Z, Shi Z, Yu Z, Zhou K, Lin J, Wu J, Mu J. Spatio-Temporal Variations of Zooplankton and Correlations with Environmental Parameters around Tiaowei Island, Fujian, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12731. [PMID: 36232030 PMCID: PMC9565948 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study illustrates zooplankton dynamics in relation to environmental factors from the surrounding area of Tiaowei Island based on ten seasonal sampling cruises over three years. A total of 116 species of zooplankton were collected with a predominance of Copepoda (mainly consisting of Centropagidae, Oithonidae, Acartia, Labidocera and Paracalanus), accounting for 31.6 % of the total number of species. The diversity indices indicated a relatively high richness, abundance and evenness of zooplankton ranging from 2.794 to 4.012 on the Shannon-Wiener index for each cruise. More than 20 species of Cnidaria medusae are found as gelatinous organisms, which not only compete with fish but also potentially cause disasters. Significant seasonal variations were detected in both the zooplankton structure and environmental variables. NMDS illustrated a highly overlapping community structure in spring, autumn and winter, while the zooplankton composition in the summer was different from that of the other three seasons with a higher diversity index. Meanwhile, out of thirteen environmental parameters, eight varied significantly among seasons but there were no significant variations among stations. The biota-environmental relationship following a redundancy analysis revealed that water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and suspended particulate composition were the main environmental parameters, seasonally impacting the zooplankton communities. Planktonic larvae (such as nauplius larvae and branchyura zoea) and some zooplankton (including Corophium sinensis and Oithonasimilis) were significantly vulnerable to the dynamics of suspended particulate composition and water temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhizhou Shi
- Joint Research Center of Marine Ecology of Coastal NPP, Ningde Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Ningde 352100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Zefeng Yu
- Fujian Ningde Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Ningde 355200, China
| | - Konglin Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Joint Research Center of Marine Ecology of Coastal NPP, Ningde Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Ningde 352100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim DH, Jeong H, Kim MS, Kim S, Souissi S, Park HG, Hagiwara A, Lee JS. Identification and characterization of homeobox gene clusters in harpacticoid and calanoid copepods. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2022; 338:215-224. [PMID: 34855303 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have identified the entire complement of typical homeobox (Hox) genes (Lab, Pb, Dfd, Scr, Antp, Ubx, Abd-A, and Abd-B) in harpacticoid and calanoid copepods and compared them with the cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana. The harpacticoid copepods Tigriopus japonicus and Tigriopus kingsejongensis have seven Hox genes (Lab, Dfd, Scr, Antp, Ubx, Abd-A, and Abd-B) and the Pb and Ftz genes are also present in the cyclopoid copepod P. nana. In the Hox gene cluster of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis, all the Hox genes were present linearly in the genome but the Antp gene was duplicated. Of the three representative copepods, the P. nana Hox gene cluster was the most compact due to its small genome size. The Hox gene expression profile patterns in the three representative copepods were stage-specific. The Lab, Dfd, Scr, Pb, Ftz, and Hox3 genes showed a high expression in early developmental stages but Antp, Ubx, Abd-A, and Abd-B genes were mostly expressed in later developmental stages, implying that these Hox genes may be closely associated with the development of segment identity during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Haksoo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sami Souissi
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station marine de Wimereux, CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu J, Rodríguez-Torres R, Rist S, Nielsen TG, Hartmann NB, Brun P, Li D, Almeda R. Unpalatable Plastic: Efficient Taste Discrimination of Microplastics in Planktonic Copepods. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6455-6465. [PMID: 35475612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Planktonic copepods are the most abundant animals in the ocean and key players in global biochemical processes. Recent modeling suggests that zooplankton ingestion of microplastics (MPs) can disrupt the biological carbon pump and accelerate a global loss of oceanic oxygen. Here we investigate the behavioral responses and ingestion rates of a model feeding-current generating copepod when exposed to microplastics of different characteristics by small-scale video observations and bottle incubations. We found that copepods rejected 80% of the microplastics after touching them with their mouth parts, in essence exhibiting a kind of taste discrimination. High rejection rates of microplastics were independent of polymer type, shape, presence of biofilms, or sorbed pollutant (pyrene), indicating that microplastics are unpalatable for feeding-current feeding copepods and that post-capture taste discrimination is a main sensorial mechanism in the rejection of microplastics. In an ecological context, taking into account the behaviors of planktonic copepods and the concentrations of microplastics found in marine waters, our results suggest a low risk of microplastic ingestion by zooplankton and a low impact of microplastics on the vertical exportation of fecal pellets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Torres
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanna Bloch Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Brun
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA, Biology Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Tafira Baja, Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Phytoplankton employ a variety of defence mechanisms against predation, including production of toxins. Domoic acid (DA) production by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. is induced by the presence of predators and is considered to provide defence benefits, but the evidence is circumstantial. We exposed eight different strains of P. seriata to chemical cues from copepods and examined the costs and the benefits of toxin production. The magnitude of the induced toxin response was highly variable among strains, while the costs in terms of growth reduction per DA cell quota were similar and the trade-off thus consistent. We found two components of the defence in induced cells: (i) a 'private good' in terms of elevated rejection of captured cells and (ii) a 'public good' facilitated by a reduction in copepod feeding activity. Induced cells were more frequently rejected by copepods and rejections were directly correlated with DA cell quota and independent of access to other food items. By contrast, the public-good effect was diminished by the presence of alternative prey suggesting that it does not play a major role in bloom formation and that its evolution is closely associated with the grazing-deterrent private good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Ryderheim
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vinogradov DD, Sinev AY, Tiunov AV. Predators as Control Agents of Mosquito Larvae in Micro-Reservoirs (Review). Inland Water Biol 2022; 15:39-53. [PMID: 35311016 PMCID: PMC8917826 DOI: 10.1134/s1995082922010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The article reviews predators that are able to control populations of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) in phytotelmata and their anthropogenic analogs. The spectrum of mosquito larva consumers in micro-reservoirs is listed. It includes flatworms, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, vertebrates, and carnivorous plants. The biology and practical use of the two most effective biological control agents, predatory mosquitoes Toxorhynchites and copepods, are considered in more detail. Prospects of invertebrate predators as controlling agents for the mosquito larvae in micro-reservoirs in temperate climate zones are briefly discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1134/S1995082922010138.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Vinogradov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A. V. Tiunov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Arcanjo C, Trémolet G, Giusti-Petrucciani N, Duflot A, Forget-Leray J, Boulangé-Lecomte C. Susceptibility of the Non-Targeted Crustacean Eurytemora affinis to the Endocrine Disruptor Tebufenozide: A Transcriptomic Approach. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101484. [PMID: 34680879 PMCID: PMC8536038 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copepods are zooplanktonic crustaceans ubiquitously widespread in aquatic systems. Although they are not the target, copepods are exposed to a wide variety of pollutants such as insect growth regulators (IGRs). The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular response of a non-targeted organism, the copepod Eurytemora affinis, to an IGR. Adult males and females were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of tebufenozide (TEB). Our results indicate a sex-specific response with a higher sensitivity in males, potentially due to a differential activation of stress response pathways. In both sexes, exposure to TEB triggered similar pathways to those found in targeted species by modulating the transcription of early and late ecdysone responsive genes. Among them were genes involved in cuticle metabolism, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and gametogenesis, whose mis-regulation could lead to moult, locomotor, and reproductive impairments. Furthermore, genes involved in epigenetic processes were found in both sexes, which highlights the potential impact of exposure to TEB on future generations. This work allows identification of (i) potential biomarkers of ecdysone agonists and (ii) further assessment of putative physiological responses to characterize the effects of TEB at higher biological levels. The present study reinforces the suitability of using E. affinis as an ecotoxicological model.
Collapse
|
25
|
Skjoldal HR. Species composition of three size fractions of zooplankton used in routine monitoring of the Barents Sea ecosystem. J Plankton Res 2021; 43:762-772. [PMID: 34584493 PMCID: PMC8461643 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size fractionation with 2000 and 1000 μm screens is used by the Institute of Marine Research in Norway in routine monitoring of zooplankton biomass. This study examines the separation of taxa by this procedure. For copepods and cladocerans, the fractionation separates individuals according to their size in a consistent and predictable manner. Individuals up to 0.4 mm in width are contained in the small fraction (<1 mm). From width 0.4 to 0.8 mm, there is a progressive shift from the small to the medium fraction (1-2 mm). From about 0.8 mm width, individuals start to be contained in the large fraction (>2 mm). For Calanus finmarchicus, young copepodites CI-CIII are contained in the small fraction, while the older stages CV and adults are contained in the medium fraction. Small copepods (Oithona, Oncaea, Microcalanus, Pseudocalanus) are contained in the small fraction, as are most appendicularians and meroplanktonic invertebrate larvae. The large fraction includes large copepods, larger individuals of chaetognaths, krill and amphipods. The consistency of separation of taxa by size will help to interpret and improve the ecological relevance of results on size-fractioned zooplankton biomass in the Barents Sea as well as other high-latitude areas.
Collapse
|
26
|
Romero J, Vieira C, Garrido S, Hermida M, Catry P, Faria G, Granadeiro JP. Diet and trophic position of two mackerel species in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:831-843. [PMID: 33900637 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias and the blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus are two abundant species in the Macaronesia region which includes the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal. Both are key species in the trophic web, being important prey for several local top predators, such as seabirds and marine mammals. Nonetheless, little is known about their feeding ecology in oceanic environments. In this study, the authors describe the seasonal variation in the diet of S. colias and T. picturatus in the oceanic region of Madeira throughout a year. Visual inspection of stomach contents revealed that S. colias fed on a broader range of prey groups than T. picturatus, but for both species, zooplankton (particularly calanoid copepods) and fish were the most important food items. The diet of S. colias included a higher proportion of fish, namely Atlantic saury Scomberesox saurus and S. colias, than that of T. picturatus, that included mostly the longspine snipefish Macroramphosus scolopax. T. picturatus consumed a higher proportion of decapods and other copepods. Seasonal variation was found in the diet of both species, with zooplanktonic species being more important in colder months (February to April) for S. colias and during warm months (May to October) for T. picturatus. Their diet in other seasons was dominated by fish. Although they consume similar prey, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of muscle of S. colias and T. picturatus showed little overlap in their diets, and T. picturatus showed higher δ15 N and a narrower isotopic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Romero
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Garrido
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Hermida
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Funchal, Portugal
- Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paulo Catry
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Faria
- Research Service, Direção Regional de Pescas (DRP), (Regional Directorate of Fisheries), Funchal, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Granadeiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mugetti D, Colombino E, Menconi V, Garibaldi F, Mignone W, Gustinelli A, Prearo M, Guarda F, Capucchio MT. Unusual Localization of Pennella Sp. in Swordfish ( Xiphias gladius) Hearts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061757. [PMID: 34208384 PMCID: PMC8231167 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pennella comprises hematophagous parasites of marine aquatic species, including cephalopods, marine mammals, and pelagic fish. Nine species have been officially included in the genus Pennella plus another six species inquirendae. They are most often found in the host's musculature, without penetrating internal organs. For the present study, 83 hearts from swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught in the Mediterranean Sea were sampled and immediately fixed in formalin for histopathological analysis. In total, 10 (12.05%) hearts were found to be parasitized by copepods of the genus Pennella. Macroscopically, there was mild-to-severe fibrinous pericarditis with atrial wall thickening and multiple parasitic nodules. Histologically, the parasitic nodules were surrounded by an inflammatory-necrotizing reaction. Parasitic infestation by Pennella spp. is common in pelagic fish and in swordfish, in particular. Here, however, we report atypical cardiac localization. A future area of focus is the evaluation of cardiac Pennella spp. infestation by histopathology and genetic identification of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mugetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.M.); (W.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (F.G.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Vasco Menconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.M.); (W.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01-1268-6251
| | - Fulvio Garibaldi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environmental and Life, University of Genova, c.so Europa 26, 16100 Genova, Italy;
| | - Walter Mignone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.M.); (W.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.M.); (W.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Franco Guarda
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (F.G.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (F.G.); (M.T.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Choi JY, Kim SK. The Use of Winter Water Temperature and Food Composition by the Copepod Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin, 1875) to Provide a Temporal Refuge from Fish Predation. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:393. [PMID: 34062893 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Predator avoidance mechanisms play a critical role in the survival and stable population growth of prey. Here, we describe a new defense strategy for Cyclops vicinus, which is vulnerable to fish predation. Long-term data (January 2014 to February 2019) showed that C. vicinus was abundant in winter when the foraging activity of fish was lower. This pattern was reversed in spring, summer, and autumn. C. vicinus is consumed frequently by fish because it has a body size larger than that of other cyclopoid copepods (Mescyclops leuckarti and Thermocyclop sp.). In this respect, winter formed a seasonal refuge when C. vicinus populations could grow efficiently. In addition, there was an abundant phytoplankton presence (Cyclotella sp. and Rhodomonas sp.) in winter. These species formed a food source that supported the population growth of C. vicinus. The evolution of the predator avoidance mechanisms of prey contributes significantly to the security of local biodiversity and the stability of the freshwater food web. Abstract Frequent predation induces various defense strategies in prey, including morphological changes or migration patterns in zooplankton. We hypothesized that the winter dominance of Cyclops vicinus in the Upo Wetlands, South Korea, is an evolved temporal defense mechanism to avoid fish predation. Long-term data (2014–2019) showed that fish consumed the most cyclopoid copepods from spring to autumn. Lepomis macrochirus preferentially consumed C. vicinus; thus, C. vicinus density was lower from spring to autumn. However, C. vicinus was abundant in winter when fish consumed fewer copepods. Nauplii density began to increase in late autumn (October–November), and their population growth was fueled through consumption of Cyclotella sp. and Rhodomonas sp. Culture experiments showed that Cyclotella sp. contributed more to the growth stage (copepodite or subadult) after nauplii than Rhodomonas sp. C. vicinus density was lower in the winters of 2013 and 2016 when the densities of these phytoplankton prey species were lower. In summary, although winter conditions were suitable for copepod survival and population growth, C. vicinus relied heavily on the diversity and species composition of its food sources. The winter dominance of C. vicinus could increase regional biodiversity and contribute significantly to the stability of the freshwater food web.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
As species struggle to keep pace with the rapidly warming climate, adaptive introgression of beneficial alleles from closely related species or populations provides a possible avenue for rapid adaptation. We investigate the potential for adaptive introgression in the copepod, Tigriopus californicus, by hybridizing two populations with divergent heat tolerance limits. We subjected hybrids to strong heat selection for 15 generations followed by whole-genome resequencing. Utilizing a hybridize evolve and resequence (HER) technique, we can identify loci responding to heat selection via a change in allele frequency. We successfully increased the heat tolerance (measured as LT50) in selected lines, which was coupled with higher frequencies of alleles from the southern (heat tolerant) population. These repeatable changes in allele frequencies occurred on all 12 chromosomes across all independent selected lines, providing evidence that heat tolerance is polygenic. These loci contained genes with lower protein-coding sequence divergence than the genome-wide average, indicating that these loci are highly conserved between the two populations. In addition, these loci were enriched in genes that changed expression patterns between selected and control lines in response to a nonlethal heat shock. Therefore, we hypothesize that the mechanism of heat tolerance divergence is explained by differential gene expression of highly conserved genes. The HER approach offers a unique solution to identifying genetic variants contributing to polygenic traits, especially variants that might be missed through other population genomic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Griffiths
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yasmeen Kawji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McGinty N, Barton AD, Record NR, Finkel ZV, Johns DG, Stock CA, Irwin AJ. Anthropogenic climate change impacts on copepod trait biogeography. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1431-1442. [PMID: 33347685 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copepods are among the most abundant marine metazoans and form a key link between marine primary producers, higher trophic levels, and carbon sequestration pathways. Climate change is projected to change surface ocean temperature by up to 4°C in the North Atlantic with many associated changes including slowing of the overturning circulation, areas of regional freshening, and increased salinity and reductions in nutrients available in the euphotic zone over the next century. These changes will lead to a restructuring of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities with cascading effects throughout the food web. Here we employ observations of copepods, projected changes in ocean climate, and species distribution models to show how climate change may affect the distribution of copepod species in the North Atlantic. On average species move northeast at a rate of 14.1 km decade-1 . Species turnover in copepod communities will range from 5% to 75% with the highest turnover rates concentrated in regions of pronounced temperature increase and decrease. The changes in species range vary according to copepod traits with the largest effects found to occur in the cooling, freshening area in the subpolar North Atlantic south of Greenland and in an area of significant warming along the Scotian shelf. Large diapausing copepods (>2.5 mm) which are higher in lipids and a crucial food source for whales, may have an advantage in the cooling waters due to their life-history strategy that facilitates their survival in the arctic environment. Carnivorous copepods show a basin wide increase in species richness and show significant habitat area increases when their distribution moves poleward while herbivores see significant habitat area losses. The trait-specific effects highlight the complex consequences of climate change for the marine food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niall McGinty
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrew D Barton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Zoe V Finkel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - David G Johns
- CPR Survey, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
| | - Charles A Stock
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew J Irwin
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Montero JT, Lima M, Estay SA, Rezende EL. Spatial and temporal shift in the factors affecting the population dynamics of Calanus copepods in the North Sea. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:576-586. [PMID: 33063896 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The swap in abundance between two Calanus species in the North Sea during the 1980s constitutes a quintessential example of regime shift, with important ecosystemic and economic repercussions because these copepods constitute a major component of the diet of larval and juvenile cods. It is hypothesized that this transition was driven by gradual changes in primary productivity, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperatures (SST), and yet how these factors contribute to the population dynamics of these two species and the overall regime shift remains unclear. Here, we combine a highly resolved and spatially structured longitudinal dataset with population dynamics theory-based models to obtain a thorough and more detailed description of populations' responses to the regime shift observed in the North Sea. Our analyses highlight that this transition exhibits a clear spatial structure and involved a decoupling between the dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus and the NAO in western regions and between Calanus helgolandicus and SST in the eastern regions of the North Sea. Consequently, the observed switch in abundance between these species reflects the interaction between species-specific attributes, a well-defined spatial structure with a marked east-west axis and a decoupling between the ecological drivers and Calanus population dynamics following the shift. Succinctly, we suspect that higher water temperatures have favored C. helgolandicus and resulted in restrictive conditions for C. finmarchicus, eventually overshadowing the effects of NAO detected in historical records. Overall, our study illustrates how population dynamics theory can be successfully employed to disentangle the complex and multifactorial nature of a regime shift in response to gradually changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José T Montero
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio A Estay
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Han KL, Barreto FS. Pervasive Mitonuclear Coadaptation Underlies Fast Development in Interpopulation Hybrids of a Marine Crustacean. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6121088. [PMID: 33502469 PMCID: PMC7947751 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy production requires coordinated interactions between genetic components from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. This coordination results in coadaptation of interacting elements within populations. Interbreeding between divergent gene pools can disrupt coadapted loci and result in hybrid fitness breakdown. While specific incompatible loci have been detected in multiple eukaryotic taxa, the extent of the nuclear genome that is influenced by mitonuclear coadaptation is not clear in any species. Here, we used F2 hybrids between two divergent populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus to examine mitonuclear coadaptation across the nuclear genome. Using developmental rate as a measure of fitness, we found that fast-developing copepods had higher ATP synthesis capacity than slow developers, suggesting variation in developmental rates is at least partly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Using Pool-seq, we detected strong biases for maternal alleles across 7 (of 12) chromosomes in both reciprocal crosses in high-fitness hybrids, whereas low-fitness hybrids showed shifts toward the paternal population. Comparison with previous results on a different hybrid cross revealed largely different patterns of strong mitonuclear coadaptation associated with developmental rate. Our findings suggest that functional coadaptation between interacting nuclear and mitochondrial components is reflected in strong polygenic effects on this life-history phenotype, and reveal that molecular coadaptation follows independent evolutionary trajectories among isolated populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Lan Han
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Felipe S Barreto
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gorokhova E, El-Shehawy R, Lehtiniemi M, Garbaras A. How Copepods Can Eat Toxins Without Getting Sick: Gut Bacteria Help Zooplankton to Feed in Cyanobacteria Blooms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:589816. [PMID: 33510717 PMCID: PMC7835405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria can be harmful to aquatic biota, although some grazers utilize them with often beneficial effects on their growth and reproduction. It is commonly assumed that gut microbiota facilitates host adaptation to the diet; however, the evidence for adaptation mechanisms is scarce. Here, we investigated the abundance of mlrA genes in the gut of the Baltic copepods Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis during cyanobacteria bloom season (August) and outside it (February). The mlrA genes are unique to microcystin and nodularin degraders, thus indicating the capacity to break down these toxins by the microbiota. The mlrA genes were expressed in the copepod gut year-round, being >10-fold higher in the summer than in the winter populations. Moreover, they were significantly more abundant in Eurytemora than Acartia. To understand the ecological implications of this variability, we conducted feeding experiments using summer- and winter-collected copepods to examine if/how the mlrA abundance in the microbiota affect: (1) uptake of toxic Nodularia spumigena, (2) uptake of a non-toxic algal food offered in mixtures with N. spumigena, and (3) concomitant growth potential in the copepods. The findings provide empirical evidence that the occurrence of mlrA genes in the copepod microbiome facilitates nutrient uptake and growth when feeding on phytoplankton mixtures containing nodularin-producing cyanobacteria; thus, providing an adaptation mechanism to the cyanobacteria blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rehab El-Shehawy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrius Garbaras
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Science and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Zooplankton live in dynamic environments where turbulence may challenge their limited swimming abilities. How this interferes with fundamental behavioral processes remains elusive. We reconstruct simultaneously the trajectories of flow tracers and calanoid copepods and we quantify their ability to find mates when ambient flow imposes physical constrains on their motion and impairs their olfactory orientation. We show that copepods achieve high encounter rates in turbulence due to the contribution of advection and vigorous swimming. Males further convert encounters within the perception radius to contacts and then to mating via directed motion toward nearby organisms within the short time frame of the encounter. Inertial effects do not result in preferential concentration, reducing the geometric collision kernel to the clearance rate, which we model accurately by superposing turbulent velocity and organism motion. This behavioral and physical coupling mechanism may account for the ability of copepods to reproduce in turbulent environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Itzhak Fouxon
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sami Souissi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, Université de LilleWimereuxFrance
| | - Markus Holzner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schmidt K, Birchill AJ, Atkinson A, Brewin RJW, Clark JR, Hickman AE, Johns DG, Lohan MC, Milne A, Pardo S, Polimene L, Smyth TJ, Tarran GA, Widdicombe CE, Woodward EMS, Ussher SJ. Increasing picocyanobacteria success in shelf waters contributes to long-term food web degradation. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:5574-5587. [PMID: 32506810 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continental margins are disproportionally important for global primary production, fisheries and CO2 uptake. However, across the Northeast Atlantic shelves, there has been an ongoing summertime decline of key biota-large diatoms, dinoflagellates and copepods-that traditionally fuel higher tropic levels such as fish, sea birds and marine mammals. Here, we combine multiple time series with in situ process studies to link these declines to summer nutrient stress and increasing proportions of picophytoplankton that can comprise up to 90% of the combined pico- and nanophytoplankton biomass in coastal areas. Among the pico-fraction, it is the cyanobacterium Synechococcus that flourishes when iron and nitrogen resupply to surface waters are diminished. Our field data show how traits beyond small size give Synechococcus a competitive edge over pico- and nanoeukaryotes. Key is their ability to grow at low irradiances near the nutricline, which is aided by their superior light-harvesting system and high affinity to iron. However, minute size and lack of essential biomolecules (e.g. omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols) render Synechococcus poor primary producers to sustain shelf sea food webs efficiently. The combination of earlier spring blooms and lower summer food quantity and quality creates an increasing period of suboptimal feeding conditions for zooplankton at a time of year when their metabolic demand is highest. We suggest that this nutrition-related mismatch has contributed to the widespread, ~50% decline in summer copepod abundance we observe over the last 60 years. With Synechococcus clades being prominent from the tropics to the Arctic and their abundances increasing worldwide, our study informs projections of future food web dynamics in coastal and shelf areas where droughts and stratification lead to increasing nutrient starvation of surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schmidt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Antony J Birchill
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Robert J W Brewin
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Anna E Hickman
- Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Maeve C Lohan
- Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Angela Milne
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Ussher
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Asai S, Sanges R, Lauritano C, Lindeque PK, Esposito F, Ianora A, Carotenuto Y. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Gene Expression Profiling of the Copepod Calanus helgolandicus Feeding on the PUA-Producing Diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080392. [PMID: 32727111 PMCID: PMC7460014 DOI: 10.3390/md18080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are the dominant component of the marine phytoplankton. Several diatoms produce secondary metabolites, namely oxylipins, with teratogenic effects on their main predators, crustacean copepods. Our study reports the de novo assembled transcriptome of the calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus feeding on the oxylipin-producing diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Differential expression analysis was also performed between copepod females exposed to the diatom and the control flagellate Prorocentrum minimum, which does not produce oxylipins. Our results showed that transcripts involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, folate and methionine metabolism, embryogenesis, and response to stimulus were differentially expressed in the two conditions. Expression of 27 selected genes belonging to these functional categories was also analyzed by RT-qPCR in C. helgolandicus females exposed to a mixed solution of the oxylipins heptadienal and octadienal at the concentration of 10 µM, 15 µM, and 20 µM. The results confirmed differential expression analysis, with up-regulation of genes involved in stress response and down-regulation of genes associated with folate and methionine metabolism, embryogenesis, and signaling. Overall, we offer new insights on the mechanism of action of oxylipins on maternally-induced embryo abnormality. Our results may also help identify biomarker genes associated with diatom-related reproductive failure in the natural copepod population at sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Asai
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Remo Sanges
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (S.A.); (R.S.)
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (C.L.); (F.E.); (A.I.)
| | | | - Francesco Esposito
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (C.L.); (F.E.); (A.I.)
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (C.L.); (F.E.); (A.I.)
| | - Ylenia Carotenuto
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (S.A.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ranathunge T, Abeyewickreme W, Iqbal MCM, Hapugoda M. Use of cyclopoid copepods for control of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae to prevent re-emergence of malaria in Sri Lanka. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 56:200-206. [PMID: 32655068 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.289393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Although malaria is eliminated from Sri Lanka, there is a possible risk of spread from infected persons coming from malaria endemic countries. The presence of major and potential vectors in several parts of the country along with drug resistance, necessitates the identification of effective and novel control methods. The present study focused on identifying effective biological control agents for anopheline larvae using carnivorous copepods under laboratory and field conditions to prevent re-introduction of malaria in the country. METHODS Three copepod species, namely Mesocyclops scrassus, Cyclops varicans and C. languides collected from different areas in the country were cultured by adding supplementary food, and their predatory efficacy was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS Significant variation (p <0.05) was observed in predation rates of studied copepod species. The species M. scrassus showed the highest predacious efficiency, and consumed the highest number of anopheline larvae under laboratory and field conditions. Further, M. scrassus had higher survival rate than C. varicans and C. languides. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest that the predatory copepod M. scrassus can be used as a bio-control agent for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes to prevent re-emergence of malaria in the country. Additional research is suggested to identify naturally available copepod species and their predatory efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka Ranathunge
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - W Abeyewickreme
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - M C M Iqbal
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Menaka Hapugoda
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
El-Sherbiny MM, Al-Harbi MA. New morphological and molecular data on the little-known pontellid Calanopia media Gurney, 1927 (Crustacea, Copepoda, Calanoida) from the Red Sea, with notes on its diel vertical distribution. Zookeys 2020; 922:13-33. [PMID: 32256154 PMCID: PMC7113325 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.922.46977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of the routine neritic zooplankton collection program in Obhur Creek (central Red Sea, Saudi Arabia), specimens of a pontellid calanoid copepod, Calanopia media Gurney, 1927, were observed and studied. Since the original description was rather brief and drawings limited, especially of mouthparts and legs, which were not illustrated and described, the species is here fully redescribed. Red Sea specimens showed considerable variation in the female genital compound somite, the right caudal ramus and leg 5, as well as in the presence of a medial knob ventrally on the male right prosomal corner. DNA sequences of mtCOI of different specimens did not show any significant differences and supported their identity as one species. Calanopia media exhibited clear diel vertical migration, with high densities of 106 and 150 ind. m-3 during sunset (6:00 pm; UTC+3) and midnight (12:00 am; UTC+3) collections, respectively. However, this species was not observed in other zooplankton collections from the surface to 20 m depth, at 6:00 am and 12:00 pm (UTC+3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M El-Sherbiny
- Department of Marine Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Department of Marine Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Mamdouh A Al-Harbi
- Department of Marine Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Matsubayashi J, Osada Y, Tadokoro K, Abe Y, Yamaguchi A, Shirai K, Honda K, Yoshikawa C, Ogawa NO, Ohkouchi N, Ishikawa NF, Nagata T, Miyamoto H, Nishino S, Tayasu I. Tracking long-distance migration of marine fishes using compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:881-890. [PMID: 32212213 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The long-distance migrations by marine fishes are difficult to track by field observation. Here, we propose a new method to track such migrations using stable nitrogen isotopic composition at the base of the food web (δ15 NBase ), which can be estimated by using compound-specific isotope analysis. δ15 NBase exclusively reflects the δ15 N of nitrate in the ocean at a regional scale and is not affected by the trophic position of sampled organisms. In other words, δ15 NBase allows for direct comparison of isotope ratios between proxy organisms of the isoscape and the target migratory animal. We initially constructed a δ15 NBase isoscape in the northern North Pacific by bulk and compound-specific isotope analyses of copepods (n = 360 and 24, respectively), and then we determined retrospective δ15 NBase values of spawning chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from their vertebral centra (10 sections from each of two salmon). We then estimated the migration routes of chum salmon during their skeletal growth by using a state-space model. Our isotope tracking method successfully reproduced a known chum salmon migration route between the Okhotsk and Bering seas, and our findings suggest the presence of a new migration route to the Bering Sea Shelf during a later growth stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Matsubayashi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.,Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osada
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tadokoro
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi, 985-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Abe
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minatomachi, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.,Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minatomachi, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirai
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kentaro Honda
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-2 Nakanoshima, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0922, Japan
| | - Chisato Yoshikawa
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Naoto F Ishikawa
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Miyamoto
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi, 985-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeto Nishino
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Früh L, Kampen H, Schaub GA, Werner D. Predation on the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) by native copepod species in Germany. J Vector Ecol 2019; 44:241-247. [PMID: 31729795 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Some limnic copepod species are predators of mosquito larvae. Seven species belonging to the order Cyclopoida, family Cyclopidae, were collected in the field in Germany and tested for the first time in laboratory bioassays for their potential to serve as biological control agents of the invasive Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus (Theobald), a vector of various pathogens causing disease. Females of Diacyclops bicuspidatus (Claus) did not attack 1st instar larvae of Ae. japonicus, but Macrocyclops distinctus (Richard), Cyclops divergens Lindberg, and C. heberti Einsle predated a mean of 14, 18, or 19 1st instar larvae, respectively. Acanthocyclops einslei Mirabdullayev and Defaye killed 30 larvae, and high predation rates with a mean of 39 or 46 larvae, respectively, were obtained by Megacyclops viridis (Jurine) and M. gigas (Claus). In regression analyses, predation rates by M. viridis correlated with body size, with specimens of 1.8 mm length being more effective than smaller or bigger ones. Based on the presented data, the two Megacyclops species seem to be promising candidates for use in field studies on the biological control of Ae. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linus Früh
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Group Zoology/Parasitology, Germany
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günter A Schaub
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Group Zoology/Parasitology, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ghosh I, Tiwari PK, Mandal S, Martcheva M, Chattopadhyay J. A mathematical study to control Guinea worm disease: a case study on Chad. J Biol Dyn 2018; 12:846-871. [PMID: 30325272 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2018.1529829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global eradication of Guinea worm disease (GWD) is in the final stage but a mysterious epidemic of the parasite in dog population makes the elimination programme challenging. There is neither a vaccine nor an effective treatment against the disease and therefore intervention strategies rely on the current epidemiological understandings to control the spread of the disease. A novel mathematical model can predict the future outbreaks and it can quantify the dissemination rates of control interventions. Due to the lack of such novel models, a realistic mathematical model of GWD dynamics with human population, dog population, copepod population and the worm larvae is proposed and analyzed. Considering case data from Chad, we calibrate the model and perform global sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number with respect to the control parameters and copepod consumption rates. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of three control interventions: awareness of humans, isolation of infected dogs and copepod clearance from contaminated water sources. We also address the impact of combination interventions which leads to the conclusion that the combination of isolating the infected dogs and treating the contaminated ponds is a plausible way for eliminating the burden of GWD from Chad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- a Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit , Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Tiwari
- a Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit , Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Sandip Mandal
- b Public Health Foundation of India Gurgaon , Delhi NCR , India
| | - Maia Martcheva
- c Department of Mathematics , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Joydev Chattopadhyay
- a Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit , Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Watiroyram S. Bryocyclopsasetus sp. n. and the presence of Bryocyclopsmuscicola (Menzel, 1926) from Thailand (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae). Zookeys 2018:29-51. [PMID: 30405309 PMCID: PMC6218533 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.793.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of Bryocyclopsasetussp. n. and the record of B.muscicola (Menzel, 1926) from Thailand are presented. The new species is most similar to B.maewaensis Watiroyram, Brancelj & Sanoamuang, 2012, the cave-dwelling species described from northern and western Thailand. They share morphological characteristics, such as the free margin of the anal operculum which is ovated and serrate, the same setae and the spines formulae on P1–P4Exp-2 (setae: 5.5.5.4; spines: 3.3.3.3) and Enp-2 of P1–P2, P4 (setae formula 3.4.3) in both sexes. The new species is easily distinguished from B.maewaensis due to typical divergent caudal rami, the absence of coxal seta on P1, and the absence of blunt-tipped setae on P2–P3Exp-2. A dichotomous key to the species of Bryocyclops group I sensuLindberg (1953) is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santi Watiroyram
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand Nakhon Phanom University Nakhon Phanom Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Roura Á, Strugnell JM, Guerra Á, González ÁF, Richardson AJ. Small copepods could channel missing carbon through metazoan predation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10868-10878. [PMID: 30519413 PMCID: PMC6262931 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global ecosystem models are essential tools for predicting climate change impacts on marine systems. Modeled biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean often match measured data poorly and part of this could be because small copepods (<2 mm) are modeled as unicellular feeders grazing on phytoplankton and microzooplankton. The most abundant copepods from a seasonal upwelling region of the Eastern North Atlantic were sorted, and a molecular method was applied to copepod gut contents to evaluate the extent of metazoan predation under two oceanographic conditions, a trophic pathway not accounted for in global models. Scaling up the results obtained herein, based on published field and laboratory estimates, suggests that small copepods could ingest 1.79-27.20 gigatons C/year globally. This ignored metazoan-copepod link could increase current estimates of biogeochemical fluxes (remineralization, respiration, and the biological pump) and export to higher trophic levels by 15.6%-24.4%. It could also account for global discrepancies between measured daily ingestion and copepod metabolic demand/growth. The inclusion of metazoan predation into global models could provide a more realistic role of the copepods in the ocean and if these preliminary data hold true at larger sample sizes and scales, the implications would be substantial at the global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Roura
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Jan M. Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and AquacultureJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ángel Guerra
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Ángel F. González
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland Biosciences PrecinctSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang H, Urrutia-Cordero P, He L, Geng H, Chaguaceda F, Xu J, Hansson LA. Life-history traits buffer against heat wave effects on predator-prey dynamics in zooplankton. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:4747-4757. [PMID: 29963731 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to an increase in mean temperature, extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change, which are likely to affect organism interactions, seasonal succession, and resting stage recruitment patterns in terrestrial as well as in aquatic ecosystems. For example, freshwater zooplankton with different life-history strategies, such as sexual or parthenogenetic reproduction, may respond differently to increased mean temperatures and rapid temperature fluctuations. Therefore, we conducted a long-term (18 months) mesocosm experiment where we evaluated the effects of increased mean temperature (4°C) and an identical energy input but delivered through temperature fluctuations, i.e., as heat waves. We show that different rotifer prey species have specific temperature requirements and use limited and species-specific temperature windows for recruiting from the sediment. On the contrary, co-occurring predatory cyclopoid copepods recruit from adult or subadult resting stages and are therefore able to respond to short-term temperature fluctuations. Hence, these different life-history strategies affect the interactions between cyclopoid copepods and rotifers by reducing the risk of a temporal mismatch in predator-prey dynamics in a climate change scenario. Thus, we conclude that predatory cyclopoid copepods with long generation time are likely to benefit from heat waves since they rapidly "wake up" even at short temperature elevations and thereby suppress fast reproducing prey populations, such as rotifers. In a broader perspective, our findings suggest that differences in life-history traits will affect predator-prey interactions, and thereby alter community dynamics, in a future climate change scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pablo Urrutia-Cordero
- Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Geng
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Fernando Chaguaceda
- Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Limnology Unit, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sandaa RA, Bratbak G. Is the Virus Important? And Some Other Questions. Viruses 2018; 10:E442. [PMID: 30126254 DOI: 10.3390/v10080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The motivation for focusing on a specific virus is often its importance in terms of impact on human interests. The chlorella viruses are a notable exception and 40 years of research has made them the undisputed model system for large icosahedral dsDNA viruses infecting eukaryotes. Their status has changed from inconspicuous and rather odd with no ecological relevance to being the Phycodnaviridae type strain possibly affecting humans and human cognitive functioning in ways that remain to be understood. The Van Etten legacy is the backbone for research on Phycodnaviridae. After highlighting some of the peculiarities of chlorella viruses, we point to some issues and questions related to the viruses we choose for our research, our prejudices, what we are still missing, and what we should be looking for.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mensens C, De Laender F, Janssen CR, Rivera FC, Sabbe K, De Troch M. Selective and context-dependent effects of chemical stress across trophic levels at the basis of marine food webs. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:1342-1353. [PMID: 29698586 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activities increasingly impact the functioning of marine food webs, but anthropogenic stressors are seldom included in ecological study designs. Diet quality, as distinct from just diet quantity, has moreover rarely been highlighted in food web studies in a stress context. We measured the effects of metal and pesticide stress (copper and atrazine) on the contribution of a benthic intertidal diatom community to two processes that are key to the functioning of intertidal systems: biomass (diet quantity) and lipid (diet quality) production. We then examined if stressors affected diatom functioning by selectively targeting the species contributing most to functioning (selective stress effects) or by changing the species' functional contribution (context-dependent effects). Finally, we tested if stress-induced changes in diet quality altered the energy flow to the diatoms' main grazers (harpacticoid copepods). Diatom diet quantity was reduced by metal stress but not by low pesticide levels due to the presence of an atrazine-tolerant, mixotrophic species. Selective effects of the pesticide reduced diatom diet quality by 60% and 75% at low and high pesticide levels respectively, by shifting diatom community structure from dominance by lipid-rich species toward dominance by an atrazine-tolerant, but lipid-poor, species. Context-dependent effects did not affect individual diatom lipid content at low levels of both stressors, but caused diatoms to lose 40% of their lipids at high copper stress. Stress-induced changes in diet quality predicted the energy flow from the diatoms to their copepod consumers, which lost half of their lipids when feeding on diatoms grown under low and high pesticide and high metal stress. Selective pesticide effects were a more important threat for trophic energy transfer than context-dependent effects of both stressors, with shifts in diatom community structure affecting the energy flow to their copepod grazers at stress levels where no changes in diatom lipid content were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mensens
- Biology Department, Marine Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Biology Department, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frances Camille Rivera
- Biology Department, Marine Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Biology Department, Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Biology Department, Marine Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mironova E, Gopko M, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Trematode cercariae as prey for zooplankton: effect on fitness traits of predators. Parasitology 2019; 146:105-11. [PMID: 29898802 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Removal of parasite free-living stages by predators has previously been suggested an important factor controlling parasite transmission in aquatic habitats. Experimental studies of zooplankton predation on macroparasite larvae are, however, scarce. We tested whether trematode cercariae, which are often numerous in shallow waters, are suitable prey for syntopic zooplankters. Feeding rates and survival of freshwater cyclopoids (Megacyclops viridis, Macrocyclops distinctus), calanoids (Arctodiaptomus paulseni), cladocerans (Sida crystallina) and rotifers Asplanchna spp., fed with cercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, a common fish trematode, were studied. In additional long-term experiments, we studied reproduction of cyclopoids fed with cercariae. All tested zooplankton species consumed cercariae. The highest feeding rates were observed for cyclopoids (33 ± 12 cercariae ind-1 h-1), which actively reproduced (up to one egg clutch day-1) when fed ad libitum with cercariae. Their reproductive characteristics did not change significantly with time, indicating that cercariae supported cyclopoids' dietary needs. Mortality of rotifers and cladocerans was high (25-28% individuals) when exposed to cercariae in contrast to cyclopoids and calanoids (<2%). Cercariae clogged the filtration apparatus of cladocerans and caused internal injuries in predatory rotifers, which ingested cercariae. Observed trophic links between common freshwater zooplankters and cercariae may significantly influence food webs and parasite transmission in lentic ecosystems.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limit primary production in many aquatic ecosystems, with major implications for ecological interactions in plankton communities. Yet it remains unclear how evolution may affect the N∶P stoichiometry of phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions. Here, we address this issue by analyzing an eco-evolutionary model of phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions with explicit nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics. In our model, investment of phytoplankton in nitrogen versus phosphorus uptake is an evolving trait, and zooplankton display selectivity for phytoplankton with N∶P ratios matching their nutritional requirements. We use this model to explore implications of the contrasting N∶P requirements of copepods versus cladocerans. The model predicts that selective zooplankton strongly affect the N∶P ratio of phytoplankton, resulting in deviations from their optimum N∶P ratio. Specifically, selective grazing by nitrogen-demanding copepods favors dominance of phytoplankton with low N∶P ratios, whereas phosphorus-demanding cladocerans favor dominance of phytoplankton with high N∶P ratios. Interestingly, selective grazing by nutritionally balanced zooplankton leads to the occurrence of alternative stable states, where phytoplankton may evolve either low, optimum, or high N∶P ratios, depending on the initial conditions. These results offer a new perspective on commonly observed differences in N∶P stoichiometry between plankton of freshwater and those of marine ecosystems and indicate that selective grazing by zooplankton can have a major impact on the stoichiometric composition of phytoplankton.
Collapse
|
49
|
Eberhard ML, Yabsley MJ, Zirimwabagabo H, Bishop H, Cleveland CA, Maerz JC, Bringolf R, Ruiz-Tiben E. Possible Role of Fish and Frogs as Paratenic Hosts of Dracunculus medinensis, Chad. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1428-30. [PMID: 27434418 PMCID: PMC4982183 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tadpoles fed infected copepods can harbor infective D. medinensis larvae and thus serve as potential paratenic hosts. Copepods infected with Dracunculus medinensis larvae collected from infected dogs in Chad were fed to 2 species of fish and tadpoles. Although they readily ingested copepods, neither species of fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) nor fathead minnow (Pimephalis promelas), were found to harbor Dracunculus larvae when examined 2–3 weeks later. Tadpoles ingested copepods much more slowly; however, upon examination at the same time interval, tadpoles of green frogs (Lithobates [Rana] clamitans) were found to harbor small numbers of Dracunculus larvae. Two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were fed fish or tadpoles that had been exposed to infected copepods. Only the ferret fed tadpoles harbored developing Dracunculus larvae at necropsy 70–80 days postexposure. These observations confirm that D. medinensis, like other species in the genus Dracunculus, can readily survive and remain infective in potential paratenic hosts, especially tadpoles.
Collapse
|
50
|
Hammill E, Johnson E, Atwood TB, Harianto J, Hinchliffe C, Calosi P, Byrne M. Ocean acidification alters zooplankton communities and increases top-down pressure of a cubozoan predator. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e128-e138. [PMID: 28850765 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition of local ecological communities is determined by the members of the regional community that are able to survive the abiotic and biotic conditions of a local ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities since the industrial revolution have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have in turn decreased ocean pH and altered carbonate ion concentrations: so called ocean acidification (OA). Single-species experiments have shown how OA can dramatically affect zooplankton development, physiology and skeletal mineralization status, potentially reducing their defensive function and altering their predatory and antipredatory behaviors. This means that increased OA may indirectly alter the biotic conditions by modifying trophic interactions. We investigated how OA affects the impact of a cubozoan predator on their zooplankton prey, predominantly Copepoda, Pleocyemata, Dendrobranchiata, and Amphipoda. Experimental conditions were set at either current (pCO2 370 μatm) or end-of-the-century OA (pCO2 1,100 μatm) scenarios, crossed in an orthogonal experimental design with the presence/absence of the cubozoan predator Carybdea rastoni. The combined effects of exposure to OA and predation by C. rastoni caused greater shifts in community structure, and greater reductions in the abundance of key taxa than would be predicted from combining the effect of each stressor in isolation. Specifically, we show that in the combined presence of OA and a cubozoan predator, populations of the most abundant member of the zooplankton community (calanoid copepods) were reduced 27% more than it would be predicted based on the effects of these stressors in isolation, suggesting that OA increases the susceptibility of plankton to predation. Our results indicate that the ecological consequences of OA may be greater than predicted from single-species experiments, and highlight the need to understand future marine global change from a community perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellery Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Hinchliffe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|