Canola/Rapeseed Protein: Future Opportunities and Directions-Workshop Proceedings of IRC 2015

A spatio-temporal transcriptomic and proteomic dataset of developing Brassica napus seeds

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) seeds are of major economic and nutritional value since they are rich in both oil and proteins, which accumulate predominantly in the embryonic cotyledons during the filling period. Developmental phases such as embryogenesis, seed filling, and maturation have been associated with specific changes in the transcriptional landscape and are controlled by interactions of regulatory components, particularly transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements. However, the global changes on the protein level remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the dynamics of seed development by an integrative analysis of the seed transcriptome and proteome. Plants of the winter-type cultivar Express 617 were grown under controlled, field-like conditions in the IPK PhenoSphere, and developing seeds were collected for temporally and spatially resolved multi-omics analyses. The dataset covers five stages, from pre-storage to seed maturation, and includes spatial information on four dissected organs/tissues. It provides comprehensive insights into differentiation and developmental processes of the Brassica napus seed and may serve as starting point to select potentially important genes for detailed functional investigations.

Canola Protein Hydrolysates Show Osteogenic Activity in MC3T3-E1 Cells

Osteoporosis, the most prevalent metabolic bone disorder, is a major public health issue. Previous studies indicated the potential of food components in mitigating the risks of osteoporosis. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of canola protein hydrolysates (CPH) on osteoclastogenesis using a pre-osteoblast cell MC3T3-E1. Twenty-two CPHs were prepared by 12 different proteases, either individually or in combination. Three CPHs, prepared by trypsin (CPH-T), Protex 6L (CPH-P), and the combination of Protex 6L and thermoase (CPH-PT) showed promising activity in promoting in vitro bone formation. CPH-T and CPH-PT improved cell proliferation at a concentration of 10 ug/ml, while all three hydrolysates exhibited cytotoxicity at 1000 ug/ml. All three hydrolysates promoted the level of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and type I collagen, and mineralization in osteoblast cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, these three hydrolysates elevated the osteoprotegerin (OPG) level and reduced the level of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). This study indicated the activity of CPHs in the promotion of bone formation and prevention of osteoclastogenesis, suggesting the potential of CPHs as a promising functional food ingredient against osteoporosis.

Alternative Protein-Based Meat and Fish Analogs by Conventional and Novel Processing Technologies: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

This study aimed to explore the extent of research on developing meat and fish analogs using alternative proteins. It examined the novel and conventional technologies employed to produce these analogs and identified the primary alternative proteins that were used in their production through a systematic literature review (SLR) using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and bibliometric analysis. The SLR resulted in 46 and 13 meat and fish analog records, respectively, according to defined selection and exclusion criteria. Meat analogs are mainly produced using extrusion, followed by the novel 3D printing and mixing technology. Additionally, fish analogs are mainly produced by mixing and 3D printing. Meat analogs are mainly produced from pulses, followed by cereal, fungi, microalgae, other sources, and insects. Similarly, pulse proteins were the most used alternative protein source for the fish analogs, followed by macro- and microalgae, plant, cereal, and fungal proteins. According to keyword analysis, rheological and textural properties are essential for meat and fish analogs. This review provides up-to-date information to clarify the critical role of alternative proteins and the utilization of novel technologies in the production of meat and fish analogs. It also gives essential insights into the expected increase in studies to determine sustainability and overcome challenges related to textural, sensorial, and nutritional properties.

Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Rapeseed (Brassica napus)-Derived Peptides through Stimulating Calcium-Sensing Receptor: Effects on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

The potential of rapeseed-derived peptides (RDPs) in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been hypothesized. However, the mechanisms of the intestinal endocrine hormones activated by RDPs have not been fully understood. This study aimed to explore the amelioration of T2DM and associated hepatic lipid metabolism disorders using RDPs by affecting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Eight RDPs were prepared by different stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein RCPP-3 (sequential using alcalase/flavourzyme) and RNPP-1 (sequential using alcalase/trypsin) maintained the normal blood glucose level, significantly increased the body weight (27.17 ± 0.19%) in T2DM mice compared to the positive group (p < 0.05). Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that RCPP-3 and RNPP-1 regulated the intestinal endocrine hormones GLP-1 secretion through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Additionally, the PI3K-Akt pathway was significantly activated by GLP-1, leading to marked improvements in hepatic lipid parameters (TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c) and mitigated fat accumulation (p < 0.05). Notably, the stimulating effect of RCPP-3 on GLP-1 was 10.05% ± 0.71% higher than RNPP-1. G2-R3, a fraction separated from RCPP-3, which contained 14 peptides with the best capacity to stimulate GLP-1 secretion, was identified using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. This study suggests the potential of RDPs as novel functional food supplements for ameliorating T2DM.

A Review of the Utilization of Canola Protein as an Emulsifier in the Development of Food Emulsions

Canola is the second-largest cultivated oilseed crop in the world and produces meal consisting of about 35-40% proteins. Despite this, less than 1% of the global plant-based protein market is taken up by canola protein. The reason behind such underutilization of canola protein and its rapeseed counterpart could be the harsh conditions of the industrial oil extraction process, the dark colour of the meal, the presence of various antinutrients, the variability in the protein composition based on the source, and the different properties of the two major protein components. Although academic research has shown immense potential for the use of canola protein and its rapeseed counterpart in emulsion development and stabilization, there is still a vast knowledge gap in efficiently utilizing canola proteins as an effective emulsifier in the development of various emulsion-based foods and beverages. In this context, this review paper summarizes the last 15 years of research on canola and rapeseed proteins as food emulsifiers. It discusses the protein extraction methods, modifications made to improve emulsification, emulsion composition, preparation protocols, and emulsion stability results. The need for further improvement in the scope of the research and reducing the knowledge gap is also highlighted, which could be useful for the food industry to rationally select canola proteins and optimize the processing parameters to obtain products with desirable attributes.

Effect of heat treatment on protein quality of rapeseed protein isolate compared with non-heated rapeseed isolate, soy and whey protein isolates, and rice and pea protein concentrates

BACKGROUND

Rapeseed protein isolate is used in the food industry, and heating is often used during rapeseed processing. However, the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate is unknown. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that heating rapeseed protein isolate improves protein quality resulting in DIAAS that is greater than for pea and rice protein concentrates, and comparable to that of soy and whey protein isolates.

RESULTS

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), except leucine and methionine, was not different between heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate and soy protein isolate, but SID of most AA was greater (P < 0.001) for heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate than for brown rice protein concentrate, pea protein concentrate, rapeseed protein isolate and soy protein isolate, but not whey protein isolate. Non-heated rapeseed protein isolate had a reduced (P < 0.001) DIAAS for 6-month-old to 3-year-old children compared with soy protein isolate, but this was greater (P < 0.001) than for pea and brown rice protein concentrates. The DIAAS for heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate was greater (P < 0.001) than for non-heated rapeseed protein isolate for all age groups. Heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate and whey protein isolate had a DIAAS > 100 for individuals older than 3 years.

CONCLUSION

Rapeseed protein isolate had a DIAAS comparable to soy protein isolate, but heat-treated rapeseed protein isolate and whey protein isolate had DIAAS ≥ 100, qualifying these proteins as 'excellent'. Rice and pea protein concentrates had DIAAS < 75. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Is it the end of TILLING era in plant science?

Since its introduction in 2000, the TILLING strategy has been widely used in plant research to create novel genetic diversity. TILLING is based on chemical or physical mutagenesis followed by the rapid identification of mutations within genes of interest. TILLING mutants may be used for functional analysis of genes and being nontransgenic, they may be directly used in pre-breeding programs. Nevertheless, classical mutagenesis is a random process, giving rise to mutations all over the genome. Therefore TILLING mutants carry background mutations, some of which may affect the phenotype and should be eliminated, which is often time-consuming. Recently, new strategies of targeted genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9-based methods, have been developed and optimized for many plant species. These methods precisely target only genes of interest and produce very few off-targets. Thus, the question arises: is it the end of TILLING era in plant studies? In this review, we recap the basics of the TILLING strategy, summarize the current status of plant TILLING research and present recent TILLING achievements. Based on these reports, we conclude that TILLING still plays an important role in plant research as a valuable tool for generating genetic variation for genomics and breeding projects.

Agro-Industrial Plant Proteins in Electrospun Materials for Biomedical Application

Plant proteins are receiving a lot of attention due to their abundance in nature, customizable properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. As a result of global sustainability concerns, the availability of novel plant protein sources is rapidly growing, while the extensively studied ones are derived from byproducts of major agro-industrial crops. Owing to their beneficial properties, a significant effort is being made to investigate plant proteins' application in biomedicine, such as making fibrous materials for wound healing, controlled drug release, and tissue regeneration. Electrospinning technology is a versatile platform for creating nanofibrous materials fabricated from biopolymers that can be modified and functionalized for various purposes. This review focuses on recent advancements and promising directions for further research of an electrospun plant protein-based system. The article highlights examples of zein, soy, and wheat proteins to illustrate their electrospinning feasibility and biomedical potential. Similar assessments with proteins from less-represented plant sources, such as canola, pea, taro, and amaranth, are also described.

Application of Rapeseed Meal Protein Isolate as a Supplement to Texture-Modified Food for the Elderly

Rapeseed meal (RSM), a by-product of rapeseed oil extraction, is currently used for low-value purposes. With a biorefinery approach, rapeseed proteins may be extracted and recovered for high-end uses to fully exploit their nutritional and functional properties. This study reports the application of RSM protein isolate, the main output of a biorefining process aimed at recovering high-value molecules from rapeseed meal, as a supplement to texture-modified (TM) food designed for elderly people with mastication and dysphagia problems. The compositional (macronutrients by Official Methods of Analyses, and mineral and trace element profiles using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ICP-OES), nutritional and sensory evaluations of TM chicken breast, carrots and bread formulated without and with RSM protein supplementation (5% w/w) are hereby reported. The results show that the texture modification of food combined with rapeseed protein isolate supplementation has a positive impact on the nutritional and sensory profile of food, meeting the special requirements of seniors. TM chicken breast and bread supplemented with RSM protein isolate showed unaltered or even improved sensory properties and a higher nutrient density, with particular regard to proteins (+20-40%) and minerals (+10-16%). Supplemented TM carrots, in spite of the high nutrient density, showed a limited acceptability, due to poor sensory properties that could be overcome with an adjustment to the formulation. This study highlights the potentialities of RSM as a sustainable novel protein source in the food sector. The application of RSM protein proposed here is in line with the major current challenges of food systems such as the responsible management of natural resources, the valorization of agri-food by-products, and healthy nutrition with focus on elderly people.

Convolutional Neural Network Model for Variety Classification and Seed Quality Assessment of Winter Rapeseed

The main objective of this study is to develop an automatic classification model for winter rapeseed varieties, to assess seed maturity and damage based on seed colour using a convolutional neural network (CNN). A CNN with a fixed architecture was built, consisting of an alternating arrangement of five classes Conv2D, MaxPooling2D and Dropout, for which a computational algorithm was developed in the Python 3.9 programming language, creating six models depending on the type of input data. Seeds of three winter rapeseed varieties were used for the research. Each imaged sample was 20.000 g. For each variety, 125 weight groups of 20 samples were prepared, with the weight of damaged or immature seeds increasing by 0.161 g. Each of the 20 samples in each weight group was marked by a different seed distribution. The accuracy of the models' validation ranged from 80.20 to 85.60%, with an average of 82.50%. Higher accuracy was obtained when classifying mature seed varieties (average of 84.24%) than when classifying the degree of maturity (average of 80.76%). It can be stated that classifying such fine seeds as rapeseed seeds is a complex process, creating major problems and constraints, as there is a distinct distribution of seeds belonging to the same weight groups, which causes the CNN model to treat them as different.

Optimal Contribution Selection Improves the Rate of Genetic Gain in Grain Yield and Yield Stability in Spring Canola in Australia and Canada

Crop breeding must achieve higher rates of genetic gain in grain yield (GY) and yield stability to meet future food demands in a changing climate. Optimal contributions selection (OCS) based on an index of key economic traits should increase the rate of genetic gain while minimising population inbreeding. Here we apply OCS in a global spring oilseed rape (canola) breeding program during three cycles of S_0,1 family selection in 2016, 2018, and 2020, with several field trials per cycle in Australia and Canada. Economic weights in the index promoted high GY, seed oil, protein in meal, and Phoma stem canker (blackleg) disease resistance while maintaining plant height, flowering time, oleic acid, and seed size and decreasing glucosinolate content. After factor analytic modelling of the genotype-by-environment interaction for the additive effects, the linear rate of genetic gain in GY across cycles was 0.059 or 0.087 t ha^-1 y^-1 (2.9% or 4.3% y^-1) based on genotype scores for the first factor (f₁) expressed in trait units or average predicted breeding values across environments, respectively. Both GY and yield stability, defined as the root-mean-square deviation from the regression line associated with f₁, were predicted to improve in the next cycle with a low achieved mean parental coancestry (0.087). These methods achieved rapid genetic gain in GY and other traits and are predicted to improve yield stability across global spring canola environments.

The realm of plant proteins with focus on their application in developing new bakery products

Plant proteins are spreading due to growing environmental, health and ethical concerns related to animal proteins. Proteins deriving from cereals, oilseeds, and pulses are witnessing a sharp growth showing a wide spectrum of applications from meat and fish analogues to infant formulations. Bakery products are one of the biggest markets of alternative protein applications for functional and nutritional motives. Fortifying bakery products with proteins can secure a better amino-acids profile and a higher protein intake. Conventional plant proteins (i.e., wheat and soy) dominate the bakery industry, but emerging sources (i.e., pea, chickpea, and faba) are also gaining traction. Each protein brings specific functional properties and nutritional value. Therefore, this chapter gives an overview of the main features of plant proteins and discusses their impact on the quality of bakery products.

Rapeseed meal as a feed component in monogastric animal nutrition – a review

Rapeseed is an important oil crop worldwide, with an annual production of more than 70 million tons. Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a by-product of rapeseed oil production and is second after soybean meal (SBM) in the world production of protein meal. Rapeseed meal derived from black-seeded winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) usually contains between 35 and 40% of crude protein (CP), which is considered to be one of the more valuable plant proteins. It has a good balance of essential amino acids and a very high protein efficiency ratio (PER=3.29). However, full utilisation of this protein is difficult due to presence of the non-protein components of the seed which are associated with it. These are called antinutritional factors and they limit the utilisation of RSM in monogastric animal nutrition. The main antinutritional factors in RSM are dietary fibre, glucosinolates, phytic acid, and phenolic compounds (sinapine, tannins). For many years, research has been conducted in many centers around the world to improve the nutritional value of RSM, which will consequently increase its use in feeding monogastric animals. The attempts that have been undertaken include breeding strategy, optimisation, modernisation and better control of the oil extraction process, as well as technological treatments of seeds and meal. This review provides information on how RSM has evolved in recent years, as well as on its nutritive value, particularly protein, fibre and glucosinolate content. Techniques which have been used to improve the nutritional value of rapeseed products are also discussed. However, the used methods do not allow for full replacement soybean meal by RSM in monogastric animal nutrition.

Influence of Emerging Technologies on the Utilization of Plant Proteins

Protein from plant sources is claimed alternatives to animal sources in the human diet. Suitable protein sources need high protein digestibility and amino acid bioavailability. In terms of protein functionality and food applications, they also need high-quality attributes, such as solubility, gelling, water- and oil-holding capacities, emulsifying, and foaming. Thermal processing can improve the nutritional quality of plants with some disadvantages, like reducing the assimilation of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Emerging technologies-such as ultrasound, high-pressure, ohmic heating, microwave, pulsed electric field, cold plasma, and enzymatic processes-can overcome those disadvantages. Recent studies demonstrate their enormous potential to improve protein techno-functional properties, protein quality, and decrease protein allergenicity. However, the literature lacks a broader evaluation, including protein digestibility, industrial-scale optimization, and exploring applications to these alternative protein sources.

Pre-Treatment of Fish By-Products to Optimize Feeding of Tenebrio molitor L. Larvae

Simple Summary

The rapid population growth and the consequent increase in demand for protein-rich foods pose a challenge for the food industry. On the other hand, resources are limited and production must be sustainable. Currently, insects are accepted by the European Union as sustainable and nutritive food for humans, consequently allowing the use of seven insect species, including Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758). From a nutritional point of view, T. molitor is rich in protein (42.2–67.7%) with a good ratio of essential amino acids. However, their lipidic fraction lacks n−3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), while it is rich in n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This poses a problem for human intake, since the beneficial effect of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a low n−6/n−3 ratio on the prevention of cardiovascular inflammation and heart disease is well known. The present study is focused on the improvement of the fatty acid profile and proximal composition of T. molitor larvae through fish discard-based diets subjected to different pre-treatments to increase the fish-based diet intake.

Abstract

Fish discards are organic waste with high and good-quality protein levels, as well as a fatty acid profile rich in n−3 LCPUFAs, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These discards can be used as food for Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae, thus increasing the nutritional value of this insect. This study focused on increasing larval acceptance of fish through different pre-treatments of the diets provided, as well as increasing the accumulation of EPA and DHA in fish-fed larvae. Four different diets were prepared: control (broiler feed), DGF50: 50% dried ground fish (Pagellus bogaraveo, Brünnich, 1768) + 50% broiler feed, for different periods, FGF100: 100% fresh ground P. bogaraveo and DUF100: 100% dried whole unground P. bogaraveo. Growth, mortality, proximate composition, fatty acid profile and lipid nutritional indices were determined. Larvae fed with FGF100 displayed better results among treatments, doubling the initial weight, as well as increasing their protein level and decreasing fat levels. Regarding fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were only detected in larvae fed with a fish-based diet for a period longer than 5 days. These results show that pre-treatment of fish-based diets causes changes in the growth and compositional parameters of T. molitor larvae.

Valorization Potentials of Rapeseed Meal in a Biorefinery Perspective: Focus on Nutritional and Bioactive Components

Rapeseed meal (RSM), a by-product of oilseed extraction connected to the agri-food and biofuel sectors, is currently used as animal feed and for other low-value purposes. With a biorefinery approach, RSM could be valorized as a source of bio-based molecules for high-value applications. This study provides a chemical characterization of RSM in the perspective of its valorization. A qualitative study of main functional groups by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was integrated with a chemical characterization of macronutrients, minerals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), phenolic acids and lipid components by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), HPLC-diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The study, conducted on different lots of RSM collected over a one-year period from an oil pressing factory serving a biofuel biorefinery, highlighted a constant quality over time of RSM, characterized by high protein (31-34%), fiber (33-40%) and mineral (5.5-6.8%) contents. Polyphenol extracts showed a significant antioxidant activity and a prevalence of sinapic acid, accounting for more than 85% of total phenolic acids (395-437 mg kg-1 RSM). Results highlight the potentialities of RSM for further valorization strategies that may lead to the creation of new cross-sector interconnections and bio-based value chains with improvement of the economics and sustainability of the bioeconomy sectors involved.

Recent patent applications in beverages enriched with plant proteins

Recently, many consumers have been adding plant-based beverages to their diets, due to different reasons. The addition of plant proteins to enrich these products in order to make them more nutritionally balanced has become a trend, mainly because of their lower prices and reduced environmental damage. Thus, the aims of the present patent review are to discuss the potential of, and challenges posed by, plant proteins to the beverage industry, as well as to check market trends, focused on raw materials and beverage types. Based on the results, pea, rapeseed, bean, peanut, chickpea, lentil, hempseed, sunflower seed, and cottonseed were among the most often addressed raw materials. Furthermore, this enrichment process is not limited to create products that mimic dairy, therefore expansion in plant proteins used to enrich carbonated beverages, sports drinks, or even juices is expected to happen. Thus, plant-derived proteins have been promising to high-quality beverage production, as well as to ensure food security, animal welfare, and low environmental impacts.

Status and advances in mining for blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) quantitative resistance (QR) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

KEY MESSAGE

Quantitative resistance (QR) loci discovered through genetic and genomic analyses are abundant in the Brassica napus genome, providing an opportunity for their utilization in enhancing blackleg resistance. Quantitative resistance (QR) has long been utilized to manage blackleg in Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape), even before major resistance genes (R-genes) were extensively explored in breeding programmes. In contrast to R-gene-mediated qualitative resistance, QR reduces blackleg symptoms rather than completely eliminating the disease. As a polygenic trait, QR is controlled by numerous genes with modest effects, which exerts less pressure on the pathogen to evolve; hence, its effectiveness is more durable compared to R-gene-mediated resistance. Furthermore, combining QR with major R-genes has been shown to enhance resistance against diseases in important crops, including oilseed rape. For these reasons, there has been a renewed interest among breeders in utilizing QR in crop improvement. However, the mechanisms governing QR are largely unknown, limiting its deployment. Advances in genomics are facilitating the dissection of the genetic and molecular underpinnings of QR, resulting in the discovery of several loci and genes that can be potentially deployed to enhance blackleg resistance. Here, we summarize the efforts undertaken to identify blackleg QR loci in oilseed rape using linkage and association analysis. We update the knowledge on the possible mechanisms governing QR and the advances in searching for the underlying genes. Lastly, we lay out strategies to accelerate the genetic improvement of blackleg QR in oilseed rape using improved phenotyping approaches and genomic prediction tools.

Shotgun proteomics of Brassica rapa seed proteins identifies vicilin as a major seed storage protein in the mature seed

Proteins make up a large percentage of the Brassica seed and are second only to the oil in economic importance with uses for both animal and human nutrition. The most abundant proteins reported in the seeds of Brassica are the seed storage proteins cruciferin and napin, belonging to the 12S globulin and 2S albumin families of proteins, respectively. To gain insight into the Brassica rapa seed proteome and to confirm the presence and relative quantity of proteins encoded by candidate seed storage genes in the mature seed, shotgun proteomics was carried out on protein extracts from seeds of B. rapa inbred line R-o-18. Following liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 34016 spectra were mapped to 323 proteins, where 233 proteins were identified in 3 out of 4 biological replicates by at least 2 unique peptides. 2S albumin like napin seed storage proteins (SSPs), 11/12S globulin like cruciferin SSPs and 7S globulin like vicilin SSPs were identified in the samples, along with other notable proteins including oil body proteins, namely ten oleosins and two oil body-associated proteins. The identification of vicilin like proteins in the mature B. rapa seed represents the first account of these proteins in the Brassicaceae and analysis indicates high conservation of sequence motifs to other 7S vicilin-like allergenic proteins as well as conservation of major allergenic epitopes in the proteins. This study enriches our existing knowledge on rapeseed seed proteins and provides a robust foundation and rational basis for plant bioengineering of seed storage proteins.

Partial Removal of Phenolics Coupled with Alkaline pH Shift Improves Canola Protein Interfacial Properties and Emulsion in In Vitro Digestibility

The effect of polyphenol removal (“dephenol”) combined with an alkaline pH shift treatment on the O/W interfacial and emulsifying properties of canola seed protein isolate (CPI) was investigated. Canola seed flour was subjected to solvent extraction to remove phenolic compounds, from which prepared CPI was exposed to a pH₁₂ shift to modify the protein structure. Dephenoled CPI had a light color when compared with an intense dark color for the control CPI. Up to 53% of phenolics were removed from the CPI after the extraction with 70% ethanol. Dephenoled CPI showed a partially unfolded structure and increased surface hydrophobicity and solubility. The particle size increased slightly, indicating that soluble protein aggregates formed after the phenol removal. The pH₁₂ shift induced further unfolding and decreased protein particle size. Dephenoled CPI had a reduced β subunit content but an enrichment of disulfide-linked oligopeptides. Dephenol improved the interfacial rheology and emulsifying properties of CPI. Although phenol removal did not promote peptic digestion and lipolysis, it facilitated tryptic disruption of the emulsion particles due to enhanced proteolysis. In summary, dephenol accentuated the effect of the pH shift to improve the overall emulsifying properties of CPI and emulsion in in vitro digestion.

Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape 73496 for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2012-109)

Oilseed rape 73496 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substance glyphosate through the expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase protein GAT4621. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses identify no issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences between oilseed rape 73496 and its conventional counterpart in the agronomic/phenotypic endpoints tested needs further assessment. Differences identified in seed composition of oilseed rape 73496 as compared to its conventional counterpart raise no safety and nutritional concerns in the context of the scope of this application. No safety concerns are identified regarding toxicity and allergenicity of the GAT4621 protein as expressed in oilseed rape 73496. No evidence is found that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of oilseed rape 73496. Based on the outcome of the comparative and nutritional assessments, the consumption of oilseed rape 73496 does not represent any nutritional concern, in the context of the scope of this application. The implementation of a post-market monitoring plan is recommended to confirm the predicted consumption data and to verify that the conditions of use are those considered during the pre-market risk assessment. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape 73496 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape 73496 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape 73496. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape 73496, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the non-genetically modified oilseed rape reference varieties tested with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.

Alternative Protein Sources as Technofunctional Food Ingredients

Proteins obtained from alternative sources such as plants, microorganisms, and insects have attracted considerable interest in the formulation of new food products that have a lower environmental footprint and offer means to feed a growing world population. In contrast to many established proteins, and protein fractions for which a substantial amount of knowledge has accumulated over the years, much less information is available on these emerging proteins. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on alternative proteins and their sources, highlighting gaps that currently pose obstacles to their more widespread application in the food industry. The compositional, structural, and functional properties of alternative proteins from various sources, including plants, algae, fungi, and insects, are critically reviewed. In particular, we focus on the factors associated with the creation of protein-rich functional ingredients from alternative sources. The various protein fractions in these sources are described as well as their behavior under different environmental conditions (e.g., pH, ionic strength, and temperature). The extraction approaches available to produce functional protein ingredients from these alternative sources are introduced as well as challenges associated with designing large-scale commercial processes. The key technofunctional properties of alternative proteins, such as solubility, interfacial activity, emulsification, foaming, and gelation properties, are introduced. In particular, we focus on the formation of isotropic and anisotropic structures suitablefor creating meat and dairy product analogs using various structuring techniques. Finally, selected studies on consumer acceptance and sustainability of alternative protein products are considered.

Nano zinc elicited biochemical characterization, nutritional assessment, antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiling of rapeseed

The use of nanomaterials in agriculture is a current need and could be helpful in overcoming food security risks. Brassica napus L. is the third most important crop for edible oil, having double low unsaturated fatty acids. In the present study, we investigated the effects of green synthesized Zn NPs on biochemical effects, antioxidant enzymes, nutritional quality parameters and on the fatty acid profile of rapeseed (B. napus). Plant-mediated synthesis of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) was carried out using Mentha arvensis L. leaf extract followed by characterization through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). NPs exhibited irregular shapes ranging in size from 30-70 nm and EDX analysis confirmed 96.08% of Zn in the sample. The investigated biochemical characterization (protein content, proline content, total soluble sugar (TSS), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) showed a substantial change on exposure to Zn NPs. A dose-dependent gradual increase was observed in the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Oil and moisture contents dropped significantly from the control level in the rapeseed (B. napus) varieties. However, different trends in nutritional (Zn, Na+, K+) and fatty acid profiling of B. napus have been noted. This study demonstrates that Zn NPs have the potential to improve the biochemical, nutritional, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid profile of B. napus varieties.

Gene editing of three BnITPK genes in tetraploid oilseed rape leads to significant reduction of phytic acid in seeds

Commercialization of Brassica napus. L (oilseed rape) meal as protein diet is gaining more attention due to its well-balanced amino acid and protein contents. Phytic acid (PA) is a major source of phosphorus in plants but is considered as anti-nutritive for monogastric animals including humans due to its adverse effects on essential mineral absorption. The undigested PA causes eutrophication, which potentially threatens aquatic life. PA accounts to 2-5% in mature seeds of oilseed rape and is synthesized by complex pathways involving multiple enzymes. Breeding polyploids for recessive traits is challenging as gene functions are encoded by several paralogs. Gene redundancy often requires to knock out several gene copies to study their underlying effects. Therefore, we adopted CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to knock out three functional paralogs of BnITPK. We obtained low PA mutants with an increase of free phosphorus in the canola grade spring cultivar Haydn. These mutants could mark an important milestone in rapeseed breeding with an increase in protein value and no adverse effects on oil contents.

Oil Press-Cakes and Meals Valorization through Circular Economy Approaches: A Review

The food industry generates a large amount of waste every year, which opens up a research field aimed at minimizing and efficiently managing this issue to support the concept of zero waste. From the extraction process of oilseeds results oil cakes. These residues are a source of bioactive compounds (protein, dietary fiber, antioxidants) with beneficial properties for health, that can be used in foods, cosmetics, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. They can also serve as substrates for the production of enzymes, antibiotics, biosurfactants, and mushrooms. Other applications are in animal feedstuff and for composites, bio-fuel, and films production. This review discusses the importance of oilseed and possible valorization methods for the residues obtained in the oil industry.

The Use of Genetic and Gene Technologies in Shaping Modern Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)

Since their domestication, Brassica oilseed species have undergone progressive transformation allied with the development of breeding and molecular technologies. The canola (Brassica napus) crop has rapidly expanded globally in the last 30 years with intensive innovations in canola varieties, providing for a wider range of markets apart from the food industry. The breeding efforts of B. napus, the main source of canola oil and canola meal, have been mainly focused on improving seed yield, oil quality, and meal quality along with disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and herbicide resistance. The revolution in genetics and gene technologies, including genetic mapping, molecular markers, genomic tools, and gene technology, especially gene editing tools, has allowed an understanding of the complex genetic makeup and gene functions in the major bioprocesses of the Brassicales, especially Brassica oil crops. Here, we provide an overview on the contributions of these technologies in improving the major traits of B. napus and discuss their potential use to accomplish new improvement targets.

Canola/rapeseed protein - nutritional value, functionality and food application: a review

Plant-based diet and plant proteins specifically are predestined to meet nutritional requirements of growing population of humans and simultaneously reduce negative effects of food production on the environment. While searching for new sources of proteins, special emphasis should be placed on oilseeds of Brassica family comprising varieties of rapeseed and canola as they contain nutritionally valuable proteins, which have potential to be used in food, but are now rarely or not used as food components. The purpose of the present work is to provide a comprehensive review of main canola/rapeseed proteins: cruciferin and napin, with the focus on their nutritional and functional features, putting special emphasis on their possible applications in food. Technological challenges to obtain rapeseed protein products that are free from anti-nutritional factors are also addressed. As molecular structure of cruciferin and napin differs, they exhibit distinct features, such as solubility, emulsifying, foaming or gelling properties. Potential allergenic effect of 2S napin has to be taken under consideration. Overall, rapeseed proteins demonstrate beneficial nutritional value and functional properties and are deemed to play important roles both in food, as well as, non-food and non-feed applications.

Seed-specific down-regulation of Arabidopsis CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 1 or 9 reduces seed cellulose content and differentially affects carbon partitioning

Seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA1 and AtCESA9, which encode cellulose synthase subunits, differentially affects seed storage compound accumulation in Arabidopsis. High amounts of cellulose can negatively affect crop seed quality, and, therefore, diverting carbon partitioning from cellulose to oil, protein and/or starch via molecular breeding may improve seed quality. To determine the effect of seed cellulose content reduction on levels of storage compounds, Arabidopsis thaliana CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (AtCESA1) and AtCESA9 genes, which both encode cellulose synthase subunits, were individually down-regulated using seed-specific intron-spliced hairpin RNA (hpRNAi) constructs. The selected seed-specific AtCESA1 and AtCESA9 Arabidopsis RNAi lines displayed reduced cellulose contents in seeds, and exhibited no obvious visual phenotypic growth defects with the exception of a minor effect on early root development in AtCESA1 RNAi seedlings and early hypocotyl elongation in the dark in both types of RNAi line. The seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA9 resulted in a reduction in seed weight compared to empty vector controls, which was not observed in AtCESA1 RNAi lines. In terms of effects on carbon partitioning, AtCESA1 and AtCESA9 RNAi lines exhibited distinct effects. The down-regulation of AtCESA1 led to a ~ 3% relative increase in seed protein content (P = 0.04) and a ~ 3% relative decrease in oil content (P = 0.02), but caused no alteration in soluble glucose levels. On the contrary, AtCESA9 RNAi lines did not display a significant reduction in seed oil, protein or soluble glucose content. Taken together, our results indicate that the seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA1 causes alterations in seed storage compound accumulation, while the effect of AtCESA9 on carbon partitioning is absent or minor in Arabidopsis.

Emulsifying and Anti-Oxidative Properties of Proteins Extracted from Industrially Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Press-Cake

One of the functional proteins in rapeseed—the amphiphilic protein oleosin—could be used to stabilize emulsions. The objectives of this study were to extract oleosins from cold-pressed rapeseed press-cake, optimize the extraction process, and investigate their emulsifying and anti-oxidative capacity. The proteins were recovered from industrially cold-pressed rapeseed press-cake at different alkali pHs. Emulsifying properties and oxidation rates were assessed. Oleosin extracted at pH 9 stabilized smaller emulsion droplets than oleosin extracted at pH 12, although the protein yield was higher at pH 12. Emulsions were formulated from flaxseed oil and corn oil and were stabilized by oleosin, bovine serum albumin, de-oiled lecithin and Tween 20 h and the emulsions were stored in accelerated conditions (30 °C) for 12 days. Oleosin stabilized emulsions to the same extent as commercial food-grade emulsifiers. Flaxseed oil emulsions stabilized by oleosin had a significantly lower concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) which indicates a lower oxidation rate compared to BSA, de-oiled lecithin and Tween 20. For corn oil emulsions, oleosin and BSA had a similar capacity to delay oxidation and were significantly more efficient compared to de-oiled lecithin and Tween 20. Rapeseed oleosin recovered from cold-pressed rapeseed press-cake could be a suitable natural emulsifier with anti-oxidation properties.

Effect of static-state fermentation on volatile composition in rapeseed meal

BACKGROUND

Fermented rapeseed meal has been used as an alternative protein source for animal feed, but the volatile compounds and how their contents change during fermentation have not been reported. To clarify the effect of static-state fermentation on its aroma, the volatile compounds of rapeseed meal during different stages of fermentation were analyzed using an electronic nose system and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The results suggested that the volatile compounds in the raw rapeseed meal, mostly hydrocarbons and some aldehydes, were lost. The levels of the volatile compounds resulting from microbial metabolism, especially pyrazines, greatly increased during fermentation. Nonanal was the dominant volatile measured in the headspace of raw rapeseed meal. However, the volatile compounds found at high concentrations in rapeseed meal after 5 days of fermentation were tetramethylpyrazine, followed by butanoic acid, benzenepropanenitrile, 2-methylbutanoic acid, trimethylamine, 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine, and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine.

CONCLUSION

The fermentation process could significantly change the composition and content of volatile compounds in rapeseed meal. The results may provide reference data for studies on the choice of fermentation period and formation mechanism of flavor substances in fermented rapeseed meal. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of phytic acid mutants in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) by large-scale screening of mutant populations through amplicon sequencing

Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is an important oil crop in temperate regions, which originated from hybridization of Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. Owing to its polyploidy, the functional study of single genes is cumbersome. Phytic acid is considered as an antinutritive compound, and we aimed to knock out the underlying synthesis and transporter genes to identify low phytic acid mutants. We implemented a high-throughput next-generation sequencing screening protocol for an ethylmethane sulfonate population of 7680 plants in six gene families (BnMIPS, BnMIK, Bn2-PGK, BnIPK1, BnIPK2, and BnMRP5) with two paralogues for each gene. A total of 1487 mutations were revealed, and the vast majority (96%) were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, the characterization of double mutants of Bn.2-PGK2 showed a significant reduction of phytic acid contents. We propose to use three-dimensional pooling combined with amplicon stacking and next-generation sequencing to identify mutations in polyploid oilseed rape in a fast and cost-effective manner for complex metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the mutants identified in Bn2-PGK2 might be a very valuable resource for industrial production of oilseed rape protein for human consumption.

The Effects of Oil Extraction Methods on Recovery Yield and Emulsifying Properties of Proteins from Rapeseed Meal and Press Cake

The agricultural sector is thought to be responsible for around 30% of the anthropogenic climate change and it is well established that high meat consumption has a tremendous impact on the environment. Rapeseed is mainly used for production of vegetable oil, but press cake has high protein content with the potential for incorporation into new plant protein-based foods. Protein was recovered from press cakes generated from different oil pressing processes. Industrially cold-pressed, hot-pressed, and solvent-extracted rapeseed press cake and the effect of heat treatment in the recovery process was assessed. Protein recovery yield, protein concentration and emulsifying properties were analyzed. Cold-pressed rapeseed press cake (RPC) recovered in the absence of heat, yielded the highest protein recovery (45%) followed by hot-pressed rapeseed meal (RM) (26%) and solvent-extracted RM (5%). Exposure to heat during recovery significantly reduced the yield for cold-pressed RPC but no difference was found for hot-pressed RM. The protein recovery yield was improved for solvent-extracted RM when heat was applied in the recovery process. The ability to stabilize emulsions was highest for protein recovered from cold-pressed RPC, followed by hot-pressed RM and solvent-extracted RM, and was in the same range as commercial emulsifying agents. Heat treatment during recovery significantly reduced the emulsifying properties for all pressing methods examined. This study suggests that cold-pressed rapeseed press cake without heat in the recovery process could be a successful strategy for an efficient recovery of rapeseed protein with good emulsifying properties.

Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Canola Protein Isolate Films As Improved by Cellulose Nanocrystals

The effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) (12, 24, and 36% w/w) on the microstructure and mechanical and thermal properties of canola protein isolate films were evaluated. The incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals led to homogeneous films, and new Fourier transform infrared peaks appeared at 1055 cm^-1, indicating the presence and the interaction of CNCs with proteins and glycerol. The addition of CNCs also improved the thermal stability of the films, since higher temperatures were required for their thermal decomposition. In addition, CNC addition resulted in an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in elongation at break values due to strong interactions between the OH groups in proteins, glycerol, and CNCs.

The Rapeseed Potential in Poland and Germany in the Context of Production, Legislation, and Intellectual Property Rights

Rapeseed is an essential crop which is used in many different areas as edible oil, biodiesel, lubricant, and feed. It is one of the most popular oil crops in Europe (63% of oilseeds production in 2017). The current study highlights the potential for further rapeseed development in European Union (EU), with special emphasis on Germany (19% of EU production) and Poland (12% of EU production). The study focused on three factors: cultivation area, volume of production and the numbers of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), particularly patents granted for rapeseed or rapeseed-related inventions and plant variety rights. Possible further obstacles to development, such as current legal framework, were also taken under consideration. The analyzed statistical data shows that both the cultivation area, as well as the volume of production of rapeseed fluctuated in the last decade in both examined countries, while the numbers for European patent publications and Community Plant Variety Rights showed a rising trend, indicating investments in the Research and Development (R&D) of the crop. The data analysis seems to confirm a hypothesis that there is a potential for the development of rapeseed as a versatile, multi-use crop; however, the current EU GMO policies and a legal uncertainty as to the status of products of certain modern gene editing techniques may hamper making optimal use of this potential.

Stability of sunflower and rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions supplemented with ethanol-treated rapeseed meal protein isolate

A protein isolate (ERPI) was prepared from ethanol-treated rapeseed meal and used as a stabilizing agent in sunflower and rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions. The aim of the current study was to explore the influence of protein and oil concentrations on initial stability of sunflower and rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions by evaluating Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and particle size distribution. The 7-day dynamics of emulsion stability was investigated by turbidity measurement as well. A 32 factorial design was applied to assess the significance of oil (5%, 10% and 15% w/w) and ERPI protein (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% w/w) addition on stability of the emulsions. The results demonstrated that the increase of oil concentrations from 5 to 15% positively influenced the initial stability of sunflower and rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions. In both oil types, ERPI protein supplementation at all levels resulted in significant differences in the stability of 5% and 10% oil emulsions but did not alter the initial stability of the emulsions prepared with either 15% sunflower or rapeseed oil. With a few exceptions, there was a good agreement between Gibbs free energy data and microstructural profiles of the emulsions. Overall, emulsions with all sunflower oil concentrations and 1.0% ERPI protein exhibited better initial and a 7-day stability dynamics compared to all rapeseed oil-based emulsions. The study demonstrated the potential of ethanol-treated rapeseed meal protein isolate to serve as an emulsifying agent in sunflower and rapeseed oil containing emulsions.

Seed Yield Components and Seed Quality of Oilseed Rape Are Impacted by Sulfur Fertilization and Its Interactions With Nitrogen Fertilization

Although the impact of sulfur (S) availability on the seed yield and nutritional quality of seeds has been demonstrated, its impact coupled with nitrogen (N) availability remains poorly studied in oilseed rape. A deeper knowledge of S and N interactions on seed yield components and seed quality could improve S and N fertilization management in a sustainable manner. To address this question, our goals were to determine the effects of nine different S fertilization management strategies (i) in interaction with different levels of N fertilization and (ii) according to the timing of application (by delaying and fractionating the S inputs) on agronomic performances and components of seed yield. The impact of these various managements of S and N fertilizations was also investigated on the seed quality with a focus on the composition of SSPs (mainly represented by napins and cruciferins). Our results highlighted synergetic effects on S and N use efficiencies at optimum rates of S and N inputs and antagonistic effects at excessive rates of one of the two elements. The data indicated that adjustment of S and N fertilization may lead to high seed yield and seed protein quality in a sustainable manner, especially in the context of reductions in N inputs. Delaying S inputs improved the seed protein quality by significantly increasing the relative abundance of napin (a SSP rich in S-containing amino acids) and decreasing the level of a cruciferin at 30 kDa (a SSP with low content of S-amino acids). These observations suggest that fractionated or delayed S fertilizer inputs could provide additional insights into the development of N and S management strategies to maintain or improve seed yield and protein quality. Our results also demonstrated that the S% in seeds and the napin:30 kDa-cruciferin ratio are highly dependent on S/N fertilization in relation to S supply. In addition, we observed a strong relationship between S% in seeds and the abundance of napin as well as the napin:30 kDa-cruciferin ratio, suggesting that S% may be used as a relevant index for the determination of protein quality in seeds in terms of S-containing amino acids.

Controlled fermentation of rapeseed presscake by Rhizopus, and its effect on some components with relevance to human nutrition

The use of rapeseed protein could contribute to meeting the increasing demand for plant proteins with high biological value in human nutrition. In order to make rapeseed presscake fit for human consumption, the presscake was fermented by using the tempeh mould, Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus. Fermentation was satisfactory at initial levels of added acetic acid of 40-60 mmoles/Kg, a_w of 0.97, pasteurization, surface inoculation and incubation at 32 °C and 90-95% relative humidity. It was crucial to stop the fermentation once the mould had grown and metabolized sufficiently but before a major rise in pH and subsequent growth of acid-sensitive sporeforming bacteria occurred. Some degradation of glucosinolates, cell wall polysaccharides and phenolic compounds was found, but there was some evidence that growth and metabolism of the mould also depended on the texture of the presscake, as these factors affect the oxygen supply to the mould. In conclusion, it is possible to ferment rapeseed presscake by using the "Tempeh starter" Rhizopus oligosporus, but in order to use the resulting product to enrich various foods with protein or replace other proteins, the degree of degradation of undesired compounds should be further standardized, especially by the control of the pH, oxygen supply, and fermentation time.

In Vitro Digestibility of Rapeseed and Bovine Whey Protein Mixtures

Partial replacement of animal protein sources with plant proteins is highly relevant for the food industry, but potential effects on protein digestibility need to be established. In this study, the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of four protein sources and their mixtures (50:50 w/w ratio) was investigated using a transient pepsin hydrolysis (1 h) followed by pancreatin (1 h). The protein sources consisted of napin-rich rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) protein concentrates (RPCs; RP1, RP2) prepared in pilot scale and major bovine whey proteins (WPs; α-LA, alpha-lactalbumin; β-LG, beta-lactoglobulin). IVPD of individual protein sources was higher for WPs compared to RPCs. The RP2/β-LG mixture resulted in an unexpected high IVPD equivalent to β-LG protein alone. Protein mixtures containing RP1 showed a new IVPD response type due to the negative influence of a high trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) level. Improved IVPD of RP1 alone and in protein mixtures was obtained by lowering the TIA level using dithiothreitol (DTT). These results showed that napin-rich protein products prepared by appropriate processing can be combined with specific WPs in mixtures to improve the IVPD.

Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand

Commonly cultivated Brassicaceae mustards, namely garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), white mustard (Brassica alba), Ethiopian mustard (B. carinata), Asian mustard (B. juncea), oilseed rape (B. napus), black mustard (B. nigra), rapeseed (B. rapa), white ball mustard (Calepina irregularis), ball mustard (Neslia paniculata), treacle mustard (Erysimum repandum), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Asian hedge mustard (S. orientale), smooth mustard (S. erysimoides) and canola are the major economically important oilseed crops in many countries. Mustards were naturalized to Australia and New Zealand and Australia is currently the second largest exporter of Brassicaceae oilseeds to meet the global demand for a healthy plant-derived oil, high in polyunsaturated fats. Apart from providing edible oil, various parts of these plants and many of their phytochemicals have been used traditionally for both agronomic as well as medicinal purposes, with evidence of their use by early Australian and New Zealand settlers and also the indigenous population. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of traditional and agronomic uses of Brassicaceae oilseeds and mustards with a focus on their importance in Australia and New Zealand.

Nitrogen balance after a single oral consumption of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volúbilis L.) protein compared to soy protein: a randomized study in humans

Sacha inchi is a seed produced in the Peruvian Amazonian and its oil is recognized by the lowering lipids effect in humans. The remaining material transformed to flour has a higher amount of protein, but, the nitrogen balance once ingested orally has not been studied. The present study was designed to evaluate the nitrogen balance after single consumption of 30 g of sacha inchi flour and compared with that obtained after consumption of 30 g soybean flour in adult men and women. This was a double-blind cohort study in 15 men and 15 women between 18 and 55 years old. Fifteen subjects received soy meal and 15 subjects received sacha inchi meal. Group receiving sacha inchi flour has comparable initial parameters as those receiving soybean flour (p > 0.05). Blood samples at different times were obtained. Urine for 24 h was collected to calculate nitrogen balance, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Plasma insulin levels increased post-prandial with a peak at 30 min. Thereafter, a reduction occurred. The magnitude of changes in insulin levels was similar in sacha inchi and soybean groups (p < 0.05). Lipid profile and inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) was not different at 0 or 24 h after sacha inchi or soy flour administration. The nitrogen balance was negative in the study but similar between both groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, protein consumption of sacha inchi flour has the same nitrogen balance as soybean flour, shows acceptability for a single consumption and does not present serious adverse effects.

Impact of Power Ultrasound on Antihypertensive Activity, Functional Properties, and Thermal Stability of Rapeseed Protein Hydrolysates

The effects of power ultrasound pretreatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH), angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, amino acid composition, surface hydrophobicity, protein solubility, and thermal stability of ACE inhibition of rapeseed protein hydrolysates were evaluated. Ultrasonic pretreatments before enzymolysis in terms of power and exposure time increased the DH and ACE inhibitory activities over the control (without sonication). In this study, maximum DH 22.07% and ACE inhibitory activity 72.13% were achieved at 600 W and 12 min pretreatment. Compared to the hydrolysates obtained without sonication, the amino acid profile of ultrasound pretreated hydrolysates showed significant changes particularly in the proline content and hydrophobic amino acids with an increased rate of 2.47% and 6.31%, respectively. Ultrasound pretreatment (600 watts, 12 min) improved functional properties of protein hydrolysates over control by enhancing surface hydrophobicity and solubility index with an increased rate of 130.76% and 34.22%. Moreover, the stability test showed that the ACE inhibitory activity remains stable against heat treatments. However, extensive heat, prolonged heating time, and alkaline conditions were not in the favor of stability test, while under mild heat and acidic conditions their ACE inhibitory activities were not significantly different from unheated samples.