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Li Y, Fan F, Liu Q. Cytisine-N-methylene-(5,7,4 '-trihydroxy)- isoflavone ameliorates ischemic stroke-induced brain injury in mouse by regulating the oxidative stress and BDNF-Trkb/Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176512. [PMID: 38493912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel compound Cytisine-N-methylene-(5,7,4'-trihydroxy)- isoflavone (LY01) found in the Sophora alopecuroides L is a neuroprotective agent. However, the effect and potential mechanism of LY01 treatment for ischemic stroke (IS) have not been fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to demonstrate whether LY01 can rescue ischemic stroke-induced brain injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). RESULTS Our results show that intragastric administration of LY01 improves ischemic stroke behaviors in mice, as demonstrated by neurological score, infarct volume, cerebral water content, rotarod test for activity. Compared with the model group, the ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) and LY01 reversed the neurological score, infarct volume, cerebral water content, rotarod test in model mice. Further analysis showed that the LY01 rescued oxidative stress in the model mice, which was reflected in the increased levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde in the serum of the model mice. Moreover, the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), Bax, Bcl-2, (p)-tropomysin related kinase B (p-Trkb) was restored and the expression of Bax, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brains of the model mice was inhibited through LY01 treatment. In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data, after giving LY01, the expression in the brains of model mice was that, IL-10 increased and IL-1β, Bax, Bcl-2 decreased. Furthermore, the results indicated that LY01 improved cell viability, reactive oxygen species content, and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation induced by OGD/R in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Bax and caspase-3 activity was upregulated compared to the before after treatment with LY01. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that LY01 reversed ischemic stroke by reducing oxidative stress and activating the BDNF-TrkB/Akt pathway and exerted a neuroprotective action against OGD/R injury via attenuation, a novel approach was suggested to treat ischemic stroke. Our observations justify the traditional use of LY01 for a treatment of IS in nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Center on Translational Neuroscience, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Fangcheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Center on Translational Neuroscience, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Qingshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Center on Translational Neuroscience, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China.
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Gasparini C, Iori S, Pietropoli E, Bonato M, Giantin M, Barbarossa A, Bardhi A, Pilastro A, Dacasto M, Pauletto M. Sub-acute exposure of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOA and GenX induces significant changes in the testis transcriptome and reproductive traits. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108703. [PMID: 38705092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are frequently detected in the environment and are linked to adverse reproductive health outcomes in humans. Although legacy PFAS have been phased out due to their toxicity, alternative PFAS are increasingly used despite the fact that information on their toxic effects on reproductive traits is particularly scarce. Here, we exposed male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) for a short period (21 days) to an environmentally realistic concentration (1 ppb) of PFOA, a legacy PFAS, and its replacement compound, GenX, to assess their impact on reproductive traits and gene expression. Exposure to PFAS did not impair survival but instead caused sublethal effects. Overall, PFAS exposure caused changes in male sexual behaviour and had detrimental effects on sperm motility. Sublethal variations were also seen at the transcriptional level, with the modulation of genes involved in immune regulation, spermatogenesis, and oxidative stress. We also observed bioaccumulation of PFAS, which was higher for PFOA than for GenX. Our results offer a comprehensive comparison of these two PFAS and shed light on the toxicity of a newly emerging alternative to legacy PFAS. It is therefore evident that even at low concentrations and with short exposure, PFAS can have subtle yet significant effects on behaviour, fertility, and immunity. These findings underscore the potential ramifications of pollution under natural conditions and their impact on fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gasparini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131, Padova, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, I-90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - S Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - E Pietropoli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - M Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - A Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - A Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - A Pilastro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131, Padova, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, I-90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - M Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
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3
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Lisetto M, Fattorini M, Lanza A, Gerdol M, Griffin M, Wang Z, Ferrara F, Sblattero D. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Three Zebrafish Transglutaminases 2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12041. [PMID: 37569416 PMCID: PMC10419279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein widely distributed in various tissues and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. However, its actual role in biological processes is often controversial as TG2 shows different effects in these processes depending on its localization, cell type, or experimental conditions. We characterized the enzymatic and functional properties of TG2 proteins expressed in Danio rerio (zebrafish) to provide the basis for using this established animal model as a reliable tool to characterize TG2 functions in vivo. We confirmed the existence of three genes orthologous to human TG2 (zTGs2) in the zebrafish genome and their expression and function during embryonic development. We produced and purified the zTGs2s as recombinant proteins and showed that, like the human enzyme, zTGs2 catalyzes a Ca2+ dependent transamidation reaction that can be inhibited with TG2-specific inhibitors. In a cell model of human fibroblasts, we also demonstrated that zTGs2 can mediate RGD-independent cell adhesion in the extracellular environment. Finally, we transfected and selected zTGs2-overexpressing HEK293 cells and demonstrated that intracellular zTGs2 plays a very comparable protective/damaging role in the apoptotic process, as hTG2. Overall, our results suggest that zTGs2 proteins behave very similarly to the human ortholog and pave the way for future in vivo studies of TG2 functions in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisetto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariagiulia Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Lanza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Griffin
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
| | | | - Daniele Sblattero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
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4
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Zhang S, Fu B, Xiong Y, Zhao Q, Xu S, Lin X, Wu H. Tgm2 alleviates LPS-induced apoptosis by inhibiting JNK/BCL-2 signaling pathway through interacting with Aga in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108178. [PMID: 34607226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an unusual systemic infection caused by bacteria, which is a life-threatening organ dysfunction. The innate immune system plays an important role in this process; however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Using the LPS + treated mouse model, we found that the survival rate of Tgm2-/- mice was lower than that of the control group, while the inflammation was much higher. We further showed that Tgm2 suppressed apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK/BCL-2 signaling pathway. More importantly, Tgm2 interacted with Aga and regulated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis induced by LPS. Our findings elucidated a protective mechanism of Tgm2 during LPS stimulation and may provide a new reference target for the development of novel anti-infective drugs from the perspective of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qingting Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shiyao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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5
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Tempest R, Guarnerio S, Maani R, Cooper J, Peake N. The Biological and Biomechanical Role of Transglutaminase-2 in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112788. [PMID: 34205140 PMCID: PMC8199963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is the most highly and ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase enzyme family and is primarily involved in protein cross-linking. TG2 has been implicated in the development and progression of numerous cancers, with a direct role in multiple cellular processes and pathways linked to apoptosis, chemoresistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem cell phenotype. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is critical in the formation, progression, and eventual metastasis of cancer, and increasing evidence points to a role for TG2 in matrix remodelling, modulation of biomechanical properties, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. There is growing interest in targeting the TME therapeutically in response to advances in the understanding of its critical role in disease progression, and a number of approaches targeting biophysical properties and biomechanical signalling are beginning to show clinical promise. In this review we aim to highlight the wide array of processes in which TG2 influences the TME, focussing on its potential role in the dynamic tissue remodelling and biomechanical events increasingly linked to invasive and aggressive behaviour. Drug development efforts have yielded a range of TG2 inhibitors, and ongoing clinical trials may inform strategies for targeting the biomolecular and biomechanical function of TG2 in the TME.
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6
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Zhan J, Wang S, Li F, Ji C, Wu H. Global characterization of dose-dependent effects of cadmium in clam Ruditapes philippinarum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116443. [PMID: 33486241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is being frequently detected in marine organisms. However, dose-dependent effects of Cd challenged unraveling the toxicological mechanisms of Cd to marine organisms and developing biomarkers. Here, the dose-dependent effects of Cd on clams Ruditapes philippinarum following exposure to 5 doses of Cd (3, 9, 27, 81, 243 μg/L) were investigated using benchmark dose (BMD) method. By model fitting, calculation of BMD values was performed on transcriptomic profiles, metals concentrations, and antioxidant indices. Cd exposure induced not only significant Cd accumulation in clams, but also marked alterations of essential metals such as Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe. Gene regulation posed little influence on essential metal homeostasis, indicated by poor enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with metal binding and metal transport in lower concentrations of Cd-treated groups. BMD analysis on biological processes and pathways showed that peptide cross-linking was the most sensitive biological process to Cd exposure, followed by focal adhesion, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, and apoptosis. Occurrence of apoptosis was also confirmed by TUENL-positive staining in gills and hepatopancreas of clams treated with Cd. Furthermore, many DEGs, such as transglutaminases (TGs), metallothionein (MT), STEAP2-like and laccase, which presented linear or monotonic curves and relatively low BMD values, were potentially preferable biomarkers in clams to Cd. Overall, BMD analysis on transcriptomic profiles, metals concentrations and biochemical endpoints unraveled the sensitiveness of key events in response to Cd treatments, which provided new insights in exploring the toxicological mechanisms of Cd in clams as well as biomarker selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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7
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Neuronal and Endothelial Transglutaminase-2 Expression during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2020; 461:140-154. [PMID: 33253822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutiminase-2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) using global knockout mice and TG2 selective inhibitors. Previous studies have identified the expression of TG2 in subsets of macrophages-microglia and astrocytes after EAE. The aims of the current investigation were to examine neuronal expression of TG2 in rodent models of chronic-relapsing and non-relapsing EAE and through co-staining with intracellular and cell death markers, provide insight into the putative role of TG2 in neuronal pathology during disease progression. Here we report that under normal physiological conditions there is a low basal expression of TG2 in the nucleus of neurons, however following EAE or MS, robust induction of cytoplasmic TG2 occurs in most neurons surrounding perivascular lesion sites. Importantly, TG2-positive neurons also labeled for phosphorylated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3. In white and gray matter lesions, high levels of TG2 were also found within the vasculature and endothelial cells as well as in tissue migrating pericytes or fibroblasts, though rarely did TG2 colocalize with cells identified with glial cell markers (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). TG2 induction occurred concurrently with the upregulation of the blood vessel permeability factor and angiogenic molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Extracellular TG2 was found to juxtapose with fibronectin, within and surrounding blood vessels. Though molecular and pharmacological studies have implicated TG2 in the induction and severity of EAE, the cell autonomous functions of this multifunctional enzyme during disease progression remains to be elucidated.
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8
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Cho SY, Lee S, Yeom J, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Shin JW, Kwon MA, Lee KB, Jeong EM, Ahn HS, Shin DM, Kim K, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates hypoxia-induced selective mRNA translation via polyamination of 4EBPs. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e201900565. [PMID: 32075852 PMCID: PMC7032569 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the role of transglutaminase 2 in selective mRNA translation of hypoxic cancer cells by polyamination-dependent modulation of 4EBPs, providing a target for cancer treatment. Hypoxia selectively enhances mRNA translation despite suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity, contributing to gene expression reprogramming that promotes metastasis and survival of cancer cells. Little is known about how this paradoxical control of translation occurs. Here, we report a new pathway that links hypoxia to selective mRNA translation. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a hypoxia-inducible factor 1–inducible enzyme that alters the activity of substrate proteins by polyamination or crosslinking. Under hypoxic conditions, TG2 polyaminated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-bound eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4EBPs) at conserved glutamine residues. 4EBP1 polyamination enhances binding affinity for Raptor, thereby increasing phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and cap-dependent translation. Proteomic analyses of newly synthesized proteins in hypoxic cells revealed that TG2 activity preferentially enhanced the translation of a subset of mRNA containing G/C-rich 5′UTRs but not upstream ORF or terminal oligopyrimidine motifs. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical regulator in hypoxia-induced selective mRNA translation and provide a promising molecular target for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yeom
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sung Ahn
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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High frequency electrical stimulation promotes expression of extracellular matrix proteins from human astrocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4369-4375. [PMID: 31267326 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of deep brain stimulation (DBS), a neurosurgical treatment for certain movement disorders and other neurologic conditions, are well documented, but DBS mechanisms remain largely unexplained. DBS is thought to modulate pathological neural activity. However, although astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, play a significant role in neurotransmission, chemical homeostasis and synaptic plasticity, their role in DBS has not been fully examined. To investigate astrocytic function in DBS, we applied DBS-like high frequency electrical stimulation for 24 h to human astrocytes in vitro and analyzed single cell transcriptome mRNA profile. We found that DBS-like high frequency stimulation negatively impacts astrocyte metabolism and promotes the release of extracellular matrix (matricellular) proteins, including IGFBP3, GREM1, IGFBP5, THBS1, and PAPPA. Our results suggest that astrocytes are involved in the long-term modulation of extra cellular matrix environments and that they may influence persistent cell-to-cell interaction and help maintain neuromodulation over time.
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10
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Wang J, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Qiu C, Zhu L, Zhao N, Liu Z. Matrine alleviates AGEs- induced cardiac dysfunctions by attenuating calcium overload via reducing ryanodine receptor 2 activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 842:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
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12
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Goedert L, Pereira CG, Roszik J, Plaça JR, Cardoso C, Chen G, Deng W, Yennu-Nanda VG, Silva WA, Davies MA, Espreafico EM. RMEL3, a novel BRAFV600E-associated long noncoding RNA, is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36711-36718. [PMID: 27167340 PMCID: PMC5095033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work identified RMEL3 as a lncRNA with enriched expression in melanoma. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data confirmed RMEL3 enriched expression in melanoma and demonstrated its association with the presence of BRAFV600E. RMEL3 siRNA-mediated silencing markedly reduced (95%) colony formation in different BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines. Multiple genes of the MAPK and PI3K pathways found to be correlated with RMEL3 in TCGA samples were experimentally confirmed. RMEL3 knockdown led to downregulation of activators or effectors of these pathways, including FGF2, FGF3, DUSP6, ITGB3 and GNG2. RMEL3 knockdown induces gain of protein levels of tumor suppressor PTEN and the G1/S cyclin-Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27, as well as a decrease of pAKT (T308), BRAF, pRB (S807, S811) and cyclin B1. Consistently, knockdown resulted in an accumulation of cells in G1 phase and subG0/G1 in an asynchronously growing population. Thus, TCGA data and functional experiments demonstrate that RMEL3 is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling, and its knockdown decrease BRAFV600E melanoma cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Goedert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano G Pereira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Clinical Oncology, Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele Cardoso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vashisht Gopal Yennu-Nanda
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wilson A Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Center for Integrative System Biology (CISBi-NAP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael A Davies
- Clinical Oncology, Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enilza M Espreafico
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Algarni AS, Hargreaves AJ, Dickenson JM. Activation of transglutaminase 2 by nerve growth factor in differentiating neuroblastoma cells: A role in cell survival and neurite outgrowth. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:113-129. [PMID: 29242118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NGF (nerve growth factor) and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) play important roles in neurite outgrowth and modulation of neuronal cell survival. In this study, we investigated the regulation of TG2 transamidase activity by NGF in retinoic acid-induced differentiating mouse N2a and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. TG2 transamidase activity was determined using an amine incorporation and a peptide cross linking assay. In situ TG2 activity was assessed by visualising the incorporation of biotin-X-cadaverine using confocal microscopy. The role of TG2 in NGF-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth was investigated by monitoring hypoxia-induced cell death and appearance of axonal-like processes, respectively. The amine incorporation and protein crosslinking activity of TG2 increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with NGF in N2a and SH-SY5Y cells. NGF mediated increases in TG2 activity were abolished by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON (Z-ZON-Val-Pro-Leu-OMe; Benzyloxycarbonyl-(6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucinyl)-l-valinyl-l-prolinyl-l-leucinmethylester) and R283 (1,3,dimethyl-2[2-oxo-propyl]thio)imidazole chloride) and by pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (PKB) and protein kinase C (PKC), and removal of extracellular Ca2+. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated NGF induced in situ TG2 activity. TG2 inhibition blocked NGF-induced attenuation of hypoxia-induced cell death and neurite outgrowth in both cell lines. Together, these results demonstrate that NGF stimulates TG2 transamidase activity via a ERK1/2, PKB and PKC-dependent pathway in differentiating mouse N2a and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, NGF-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth are dependent upon TG2. These results suggest a novel and important role of TG2 in the cellular functions of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanood S Algarni
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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14
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Vyas FS, Nelson CP, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in A 1 adenosine receptor- and β 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning against hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced cell death in H9c2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:144-160. [PMID: 29208472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically-induced pre- and post-conditioning represent attractive therapeutic strategies to reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery and following myocardial infarction. We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity is modulated by the A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The primary aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning in the H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were exposed to 8h hypoxia (1% O2) followed by 18h reoxygenation, after which cell viability was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial reduction of MTT, lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activation. N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; A1 adenosine receptor agonist), formoterol (β2-adrenoceptor agonist) or isoprenaline (non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist) were added before hypoxia/reoxygenation (pre-conditioning) or at the start of reoxygenation following hypoxia (post-conditioning). Pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning with CPA and isoprenaline significantly reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. In contrast, formoterol did not elicit protection. Pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (Gi/o-protein inhibitor), DPCPX (A1 adenosine receptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibitors (Z-DON and R283) attenuated the A1 adenosine receptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Similarly, pertussis toxin, ICI 118,551 (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibition attenuated the isoprenaline-induced cell survival. Knockdown of TG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated CPA and isoprenaline-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Finally, proteomic analysis following isoprenaline treatment identified known (e.g. protein S100-A6) and novel (e.g. adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) protein substrates for TG2. These results have shown that A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced protection against simulated hypoxia/reoxygenation occurs in a TG2 and Gi/o-protein dependent manner in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni S Vyas
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Carl P Nelson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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15
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Meshram DD, Pike CV, Coussons PJ. Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 activity increases cisplatin cytotoxicity in a model of human hepatocarcinoma chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Lee SJ, Lee KB, Son YH, Shin J, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hong AY, Bae HW, Kwon MA, Lee WJ, Kim JH, Lee DH, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates UV-induced skin inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cytokine production. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3148. [PMID: 29072680 PMCID: PMC5680918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation elicits acute inflammation in the skin by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes. However, the downstream protein target(s) that link UV radiation to the activation of signaling pathways responsible for cytokine expression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we report a novel role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a member of the TG enzyme family whose activities are critical for cornified envelope formation, in mediating UV-induced inflammation. Our results showed that TG2-deficient mice exhibited reduced inflammatory responses to UV irradiation, including reduced erythema, edema, dilation of blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Using primary mouse keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, we found that UV irradiation-induced cytokine production by activating TG2, but not by upregulating TG2 expression, and that ER calcium release triggered by the UV-induced activation of phospholipase C was required for TG2 activation. Moreover, TG2 activity enhanced p65 phosphorylation, leading to an increase in NF-κB transcriptional activity. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical mediator of cytokine expression in the UV-induced inflammatory response of keratinocytes, and suggest that TG2 inhibition might be useful for preventing UV-related skin disorders, such as photoaging and skin cancer caused by chronic UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Cheongju University College of Health Science, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Algarni AS, Hargreaves AJ, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in PAC 1 receptor mediated protection against hypoxia-induced cell death and neurite outgrowth in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 128:55-73. [PMID: 28065858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PAC1 receptor and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) play important roles in neurite outgrowth and modulation of neuronal cell survival. In this study, we investigated the regulation of TG2 activity by the PAC1 receptor in retinoic acid-induced differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. TG2 transamidase activity was determined using an amine incorporation and a peptide cross linking assay. In situ TG2 activity was assessed by visualising the incorporation of biotin-X-cadaverine using confocal microscopy. TG2 phosphorylation was monitored via immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The role of TG2 in PAC1 receptor-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth was investigated by monitoring hypoxia-induced cell death and appearance of axonal-like processes, respectively. The amine incorporation and protein crosslinking activity of TG2 increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27). PACAP-27 mediated increases in TG2 activity were abolished by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON and R283 and by pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase A (KT 5720 and Rp-cAMPs), protein kinase C (Ro 31-8220), MEK1/2 (PD 98059), and removal of extracellular Ca2+. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated PACAP-27 induced in situ TG2 activity. TG2 inhibition blocked PACAP-27 induced attenuation of hypoxia-induced cell death and outgrowth of axon-like processes. TG2 activation and cytoprotection were also observed in human SH-SY5Y cells. Together, these results demonstrate that TG2 activity was stimulated downstream of the PAC1 receptor via a multi protein kinase dependent pathway. Furthermore, PAC1 receptor-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth are dependent upon TG2. These results highlight the importance of TG2 in the cellular functions of the PAC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanood S Algarni
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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18
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Transglutaminase-2 is Involved in Cell Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cell Line U2OS Under Hypoxia Condition. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 72:283-8. [PMID: 25561282 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of solid bone cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Hypoxia is an ordinary phenomenon in solid tumor tissues and can induce cell apoptosis but the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect and the molecular mechanism of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) on cell apoptosis in osteosarcoma U2OS cells under hypoxia. We found the enzymatic activity of TG2 is significantly increased and the expression of TG2 is remarkably up-regulated under hypoxia condition. Cell apoptotic rate is markedly increased upon knockdown of TG2 by siRNA under hypoxia. We further investigated the mechanism of cell apoptosis and found Bax protein is significantly increased after depletion of TG2 under hypoxia. Moreover, our data also show that cytochrome C (Cyt C) is significantly increased in cytoplasm and markedly decreased in mitochondria of U2OS cells after depletion of TG2 under hypoxia. Our results suggest that TG2 can inhibit tumor cell apoptosis through down-regulation of Bax and prevention of release Cyt C from mitochondria into cytoplasm.
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19
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Zhang J, Ding YR, Wang R. Inhibition of tissue transglutaminase promotes Aβ-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1534-1542. [PMID: 27665848 PMCID: PMC5260835 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) catalyzes proteins, including β-amyloid (Aβ), to cross-link as a γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine structure isopeptide, which is highly resistant to proteolysis. Thus, tTG plays an important role in protein accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the effect of an irreversible tTG inhibitor, NTU283, on Aβ mimic-induced AD pathogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS Western blot and in-cell Western analyses were used to detect tTG and isopeptide (representing the enzyme activity of tTG) protein levels. Moreover, Hoechst and PI co-staining was performed, and caspase-3 and caspase-7 activities and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were determined to evaluate the effects of NTU283 on apoptosis. RESULTS The results confirmed that tTG activity was inhibited by NTU283 20-500 μmol/L in a concentration-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y cells. Contrary to our expectations, however, the isopeptide bonds were increased when cells were co-treated with Aβ and NTU283. In addition, NTU283 alone did not induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. However, when co-applied with Aβ, NTU283 promoted rather than inhibited Aβ-induced apoptosis. Consistent with the apoptotic rate, pretreating cells with different concentrations of NTU283 and Aβ significantly increased the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-7 as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. CONCLUSION Irreversible inhibition of tTG activity did not block but rather promoted Aβ-induced apoptosis, which indicated that tTG has complex functions in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-rong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Kumar A, Sivanandam TM, Thakur MK. Presenilin 2 overexpression is associated with apoptosis in Neuro2a cells. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:71-75. [PMID: 28123824 PMCID: PMC5234515 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins of the aspartyl protease family. Initially, they were reported to be associated with the early onset of familial, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. PS1 has been implicated in several crucial brain functions including developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, and processing of various molecules, while PS2 has been poorly studied and is considered to be a compensatory partner of PS1. Certain controversial reports have suggested that PS2 has a role in apoptosis, though the underlying mechanism is not clear. To ascertain the role of PS2 in apoptosis, mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro2a) were transfected with a cDNA construct encoding full length mouse PS2 and analyzed for viability, expression of PS1, PS2, Bax and p53, Bax protein, and status of chromatin condensation. Our results showed reduced viability, condensed chromatin and higher expression of Bax at mRNA and protein levels, but no change in the expression of p53 and PS1 in PS2-overexpressing Neuro2a cells. Thus, it is evident that PS2, independent of PS1, is associated with apoptosis via a Bax-mediated pathway. These findings might help in the understanding of the involvement of PS2 in apoptosis and its associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India; Centre for Genomics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474 011, India
| | - T M Sivanandam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - M K Thakur
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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21
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Aydin O, Akyuz F, Tekin N, Ustuner M, Degirmenci I, Burukoglu D, Ozden H. Effect of retinyl acetate on transglutaminase 2 activity in carcinogen treated rat liver. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:342-51. [PMID: 27089473 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1170879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated in wound healing, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and cell survival. TG2 activity increases following acute and chronic liver injury; however, the role of TG2 in tumors, is controversial. TG2 is a retinoid-inducible enzyme. We investigated the effects of retinyl acetate (RA) on the activity and levels of TG2 during the initiation and promotion stages of liver cancer. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) was used as initiator and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used as promoter in our model of carcinogenesis. Rats were divided into four groups of 24: control, corn oil control, p-DAB + TCDD, and p-DAB + TCDD + RA. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at days 30, 60, 90 and 120. TG2 activity decreased in the p-DAB + TCDD treated group, but TG2 immunostaining scores did not change by days 90 and 120. Neither TG2 enzyme activity nor the immunostaining score of TG2 protein changed in the tissues of the p-DAB + TCDD + RA group by days 90 and 120. TG2 activity was not be ameliorated by RA during the initiation or promotion stages of carcinogen induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Aydin
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - F Akyuz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - N Tekin
- b Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Mc Ustuner
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - I Degirmenci
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - D Burukoglu
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - H Ozden
- e Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
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22
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Wang G, Fu L, Chen F. Study of the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of transglutaminase II on apoptosis in the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3425-3428. [PMID: 26788145 PMCID: PMC4665165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the apoptosis phenomenon in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line, and transglutaminase II (TG2) expression. The relationship between the anti-apoptotic mechanism of TG2 and the expression of cytochrome c as well as caspase-3 under hypoxic conditions was also verified. A hypoxic culture of MG-63 cells was prepared. The hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were established, and the cultures were incubated for 12 h under hypoxic conditions. TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level were investigated. Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the TG2 nucleus and cytoplasm were measured. The apoptotic rate was also monitored. The results showed that TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically insignificant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, a comparison of the two groups in the cytoplasm yielded no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, the protein levels in the cytoplasm were significantly lower than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group, with differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences in apoptotic rates between the hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were also statistically significant (P<0.05). Under hypoxic conditions, a high TG2 expression inhibited the apoptosis of the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. This effect was probably associated with its suppressive activity on the transportation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wang
- Department of Bone Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Limei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fangmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
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23
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24
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Monocytic Tissue Transglutaminase in a Rat Model for Reversible Acute Rejection and Chronic Renal Allograft Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:429653. [PMID: 26063971 PMCID: PMC4431319 DOI: 10.1155/2015/429653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection is a major risk factor for chronic allograft injury (CAI). Blood leukocytes interacting with allograft endothelial cells during acute rejection were suggested to contribute to the still enigmatic pathogenesis of CAI. We hypothesize that tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2), a multifunctional protein and established marker of M2 macrophages, is involved in acute and chronic graft rejection. We focus on leukocytes accumulating in blood vessels of rat renal allografts (Fischer-344 to Lewis), an established model for reversible acute rejection and CAI. Monocytes in graft blood vessels overexpress Tgm2 when acute rejection peaks on day 9 after transplantation. Concomitantly, caspase-3 is activated, suggesting that Tgm2 expression is linked to apoptosis. After resolution of acute rejection on day 42, leukocytic Tgm2 levels are lower and activated caspase-3 does not differ among isografts and allografts. Cystamine was applied for 4 weeks after transplantation to inhibit extracellular transglutaminase activity, which did, however, not reduce CAI in the long run. In conclusion, this is the first report on Tgm2 expression by monocytes in vivo. Tgm2 may be involved in leukocytic apoptosis and thus in reversion of acute rejection. However, our data do not support a role of extracellular transglutaminase activity as a factor triggering CAI during self-limiting acute rejection.
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25
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Cho SY, Lee JH, Ju MK, Jeong EM, Kim HJ, Lim J, Lee S, Cho NH, Park HH, Choi K, Jeon JH, Kim IG. Cystamine induces AIF-mediated apoptosis through glutathione depletion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:619-31. [PMID: 25549939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystamine and its reduced form cysteamine showed protective effects in various models of neurodegenerative disease, including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Other lines of evidence demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of cysteamine on duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer development. However, the mechanism for cystamine cytotoxicity remains poorly understood. Here, we report a new pathway in which cystamine induces apoptosis by targeting apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). By screening of various cell lines, we observed that cystamine and cysteamine induce cell death in a cell type-specific manner. Comparison between cystamine-sensitive and cystamine-resistant cell lines revealed that cystamine cytotoxicity is not associated with unfolded protein response, reactive oxygen species generation and transglutaminase or caspase activity; rather, it is associated with the ability of cystamine to trigger AIF nuclear translocation. In cystamine-sensitive cells, cystamine suppresses the levels of intracellular glutathione by inhibiting γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase expression that triggers AIF translocation. Conversely, glutathione supplementation completely prevents cystamine-induced AIF translocation and apoptosis. In rats, cysteamine administration induces glutathione depletion and AIF translocation leading to apoptosis of duodenal epithelium. These results indicate that AIF translocation through glutathione depletion is the molecular mechanism of cystamine toxicity, and provide important implications for cystamine in the neurodegenerative disease therapeutics as well as in the regulation of AIF-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-kyeong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Tiwari P, Sahay S, Pandey M, Qadri SSYH, Gupta KP. Combinatorial chemopreventive effect of butyric acid, nicotinamide and calcium glucarate against the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mouse skin tumorigenesis attained by enhancing the induction of intrinsic apoptotic events. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 226:1-11. [PMID: 25478867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We explored the basis of the combinatorial chemopreventive effect of butyric acid (BA), nicotinamide (NA) and calcium glucarate (CAG) on mouse skin exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). We studied the effects of topical application of DMBA in the presence or absence of BA, NA and CAG on the regulators of apoptosis. DMBA treatment suppressed Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cyt c, Apaf1, caspase-9, -3 mediated apoptosis. Downregulation of p21 and upregulation of Bcl-2, mut p53 were also observed in only DMBA treated mice. Simultaneous application of BA, NA and CAG induced a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, characterized by a rise in the Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cyt c, upregulation of Apaf1 with down-stream activation of caspase-9, -3. Furthermore treatment with BA, NA and CAG demonstrated an upregulation of p21 and downregulation of Bcl-2, mut p53. But this effect was enhanced in the presence of all the three compounds together in combination. Chemoprevention by a combination of BA, NA and CAG by inducing the apoptosis, the natural cell death, suggest the importance of the potential combinational strategies capable of preventing skin tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Tiwari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Satya Sahay
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Manuraj Pandey
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Syed S Y H Qadri
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishna P Gupta
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
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Lee JH, Jeong J, Jeong EM, Cho SY, Kang JW, Lim J, Heo J, Kang H, Kim IG, Shin DM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates transglutaminase 2 leading to protein aggregation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:849-55. [PMID: 24481335 PMCID: PMC3976127 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) contributes to a variety of protein conformational disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases and age-related cataracts. The accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which promotes either repair or degradation of the damaged proteins. Inadequate UPR results in protein aggregation that may contribute to the development of age-related degenerative diseases. TGase2 is a calcium-dependent enzyme that irreversibly modifies proteins by forming cross-linked protein aggregates. Intracellular TGase2 is activated by oxidative stress which generates large quantities of unfolded proteins. However, the relationship between TGase2 activity and UPR has not yet been established. In the present study, we demonstrated that ER stress activated TGase2 in various cell types. TGase2 activation was dependent on the ER stress-induced increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration but not on the TGase2 protein expression level. Enzyme substrate analysis revealed that TGase2-mediated protein modification promoted protein aggregation concurrently with decreasing water solubility. Moreover, treatment with KCC009, a TGase2 inhibitor, abrogated ER stress-induced TGase2 activation and subsequent protein aggregation. However, TGase2 activation had no effect on ER stress-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of misfolded proteins activates TGase2, which further accelerates the formation of protein aggregates. Therefore, we suggest that inhibition of TGase2 may be a novel strategy by which to prevent the protein aggregation in age-related degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Mot AI, Wedd AG, Sinclair L, Brown DR, Collins SJ, Brazier MW. Metal attenuating therapies in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:1717-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yang L, Lan C, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Guo J, Wan S, Yang S, Wang R, Fang D. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) sensitizes human gastric cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:383-9. [PMID: 23871247 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of the nitrous oxide (NO)-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. METHODS The MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cellular proliferation and markers of apoptosis, respectively. Expression levels of caspases-8, and 9 were determined by Western blot. Changes in Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) activity, NO production, and caspase activation were also evaluated. RESULTS We found that TRAIL induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer cell lines, and that this effect was mediated by NO production, and activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways of apoptosis. In addition, we found that the NO-donor SNP sensitizes gastric cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Treatment of cells with both TRAIL and SNP resulted in increased activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9 and NO release. Inhibition of caspase-8 blocked cell TRAIL-induced apoptosis, while a selective caspase-9 inhibitor was unable to prevent apoptosis induced by either TRAIL or TRAIL plus SNP. Inhibition of NOS could block the activation of caspase-9, but had no obvious effect on cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS SNP-sensitized gastric cancer cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity by stimulating the release of NO, in turn facilitating the mitochondria-mediated signal transduction pathway. The engagement of the mitochondria signaling pathways along with the TRAIL death receptor signaling pathway synergistically increase levels of apoptosis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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31
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35)-associated transglutaminase 6 mutants sensitize cells to apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23206699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. In our previous study, using exome sequencing and linkage analysis, two missense mutations of the transglutaminase 6 (TGM6) gene were identified as causative for SCA35. TGM6 encodes transglutaminase 6 (TG6), a member of the transglutaminase family of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group and the γ-carboxamide group of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine. However, the precise role of TG6 in contributing to SCA35 remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the subcellular distribution, expression and in vitro activity of two missense mutations of TG6 (D327G, L517W) and found that both mutants exhibited decreased transglutaminase activity and stability. Furthermore, overexpressing the TG6 mutants sensitized cells to staurosporine-induced apoptosis by increasing the activity of caspases. We propose that the pro-apoptotic role of these mutants might underlie the pathogenesis of SCA35.
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32
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Williams MJ, Almén MS, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. What model organisms and interactomics can reveal about the genetics of human obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3819-34. [PMID: 22618246 PMCID: PMC11114734 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genes associated with human body weight. While some of these genes are large fields within obesity research, such as MC4R, POMC, FTO and BDNF, the majority do not have a clearly defined functional role explaining why they may affect body weight. Here, we searched biological databases and discovered 33 additional genes associated with human obesity (CADM2, GIPR, GPCR5B, LRP1B, NEGR1, NRXN3, SH2B1, FANCL, GNPDA2, HMGCR, MAP2K5, NUDT3, PRKD1, QPCTL, TNNI3K, MTCH2, DNAJC27, SLC39A8, MTIF3, RPL27A, SEC16B, ETV5, HMGA1, TFAP2B, TUB, ZNF608, FAIM2, KCTD15, LINGO2, POC5, PTBP2, TMEM18, TMEM160). We find that the majority have orthologues in distant species, such as D. melanogaster and C. elegans, suggesting that they are important for the biology of most bilateral species. Intriguingly, signalling cascade genes and transcription factors are enriched among these obesity genes, and several of the genes show properties that could be useful for potential drug discovery. In this review, we demonstrate how information from several distant model species, interactomics and signalling pathway analysis represents an important way to better understand the functional diversity of the surprisingly high number of molecules that seem to be important for human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus S. Almén
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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KIM HYEJEONG, HAN MINHO, KIM GIYOUNG, CHOI YOUNGWHAN, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Hexane extracts of garlic cloves induce apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species in Hep3B human hepatocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1757-63. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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34
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High cytosolic free calcium level signals apoptosis through mitochondria-caspase mediated pathway in rat eggs cultured in vitro. Apoptosis 2012; 17:439-48. [PMID: 22311472 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to find out whether an increase of cytosolic free calcium level induces egg apoptosis through mitochondria-caspase mediated pathway. To increase cytosolic free calcium level and morphological apoptotic changes, ovulated eggs were cultured in Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) free media-199 with or without various concentrations of calcium ionophore (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 μM) for 3 h in vitro. The morphological apoptotic changes, cytosolic free calcium level, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) concentration, catalase activity, cytochrome c concentration, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities and DNA fragmentation were analyzed. Calcium ionophore induced morphological apoptotic features in a concentration-dependent manner followed by degeneration at higher concentrations (3 and 4 μM). Calcium ionophore increased cytosolic free calcium level, induced generation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and inhibited catalase activity in treated eggs. The increased H(2)O(2) concentration was associated with increased cytochrome c concentration, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities that resulted in the induction of morphological features characteristic of egg apoptosis. The increased caspase-3 activity finally induced DNA fragmentation as evidenced by TUNEL positive staining in calcium ionophore-treated eggs. These findings suggest that high cytosolic free calcium level induces generation of H(2)O(2) that leads to egg apoptosis through mitochondria-caspase mediated pathway.
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35
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Liu C, Bai Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Sottejeau Y, Liu L, Li X, Lingrel JB, Malhotra D, Cooper CJ, Shapiro JI, Xie ZJ, Tian J. Reduction of Na/K-ATPase potentiates marinobufagenin-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocyte apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16390-8. [PMID: 22451662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in cardiac Na/K-ATPase have been documented in patients with heart failure. Reduction of Na/K-ATPase α1 also contributes to the deficiency in cardiac contractility in animal models. Our previous studies demonstrate that reduction of cellular Na/K-ATPase causes cell growth inhibition and cell death in renal proximal tubule cells. To test whether reduction of Na/K-ATPase in combination with increased cardiotonic steroids causes cardiac myocyte death and cardiac dysfunction, we examined heart function in Na/K-ATPase α1 heterozygote knock-out mice (α1(+/-)) in comparison to wild type (WT) littermates after infusion of marinobufagenin (MBG). Adult cardiac myocytes were also isolated from both WT and α1(+/-) mice for in vitro experiments. The results demonstrated that MBG infusion increased myocyte apoptosis and induced significant left ventricle dilation in α1(+/-) mice but not in their WT littermates. Mechanistically, it was found that in WT myocytes MBG activated the Src/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which further increased phosphorylation of ribosome S6 kinase (S6K) and BAD (Bcl-2-associated death promoter) and protected cells from apoptosis. In α1(+/-) myocytes, the basal level of phospho-BAD is higher compared with WT myocytes, but MBG failed to induce further activation of the mTOR pathway. Reduction of Na/K-ATPase also caused the activation of caspase 9 but not caspase 8 in these cells. Using cultures of neonatal cardiac myocytes, we demonstrated that inhibition of the mTOR pathway by rapamycin also enabled MBG to activate caspase 9 and induce myocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxuan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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36
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Botezatu L, Sievers S, Gama-Norton L, Schucht R, Hauser H, Wirth D. Genetic aspects of cell line development from a synthetic biology perspective. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 127:251-284. [PMID: 22068842 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells can be regarded as factories for the production of relevant proteins. The advances described in this chapter towards the development of cell lines with higher productivity capacities, certain metabolic and proliferation properties, reduced apoptosis and other features must be regarded in an integrative perspective. The systematic application of systems biology approaches in combination with a synthetic arsenal for targeted modification of endogenous networks are proposed to lead towards the achievement of a predictable and technologically advanced cell system with high biotechnological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botezatu
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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38
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Transglutaminase 2: biology, relevance to neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:392-410. [PMID: 22212614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and the aggregation of disease-specific pathogenic proteins in hallmark neuropathologic lesions. Many of these proteins, including amyloid Αβ, tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin, are cross-linked by the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Additionally, the expression and activity of TG2 is increased in affected brain regions in these disorders. These observations along with experimental evidence in cellular and mouse models suggest that TG2 can contribute to the abnormal aggregation of disease causing proteins and consequently to neuronal damage. This accumulating evidence has provided the impetus to develop inhibitors of TG2 as possible neuroprotective agents. However, TG2 has other enzymatic activities in addition to its cross-linking function and can modulate multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, synaptic function, signal transduction and transcription regulation. These diverse properties must be taken into consideration in designing TG2 inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of TG2, its various physiologic functions and our current understanding about its role in degenerative diseases of the brain. We also describe the different approaches to designing TG2 inhibitors that could be developed as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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39
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Park JS, Shin DY, Lee YW, Cho CK, Kim GY, Kim WJ, Yoo HS, Choi YH. Apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects of the whole skin of Venenum bufonis in A549 human lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1210-9. [PMID: 22200726 PMCID: PMC3584623 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of the whole skin of Venenum bufonis on apoptotic and anti-invasive activity in A549 human lung cancer cells were investigated. Treatment with extract of the whole skin of V. bufonis (SVB) resulted in a significant decrease in cell growth of A549 cells, depending on dosage, which was associated with apoptosis induction, as proved by chromatin condensation and accumulation of apoptotic fraction. SVB treatment induced expression of death receptor-related proteins, such as death receptor 4, which further triggered activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid. In addition, the increase in apoptosis by SVB treatment was correlated with dysfunction of mitochondria, activation of caspase-9 and -3, downregulation of IAP family proteins, such as XIAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, and concomitant degradation of activated caspase-3-specific target proteins, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and β-catenin proteins. However, z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3-specific inhibitor, blocked SVB-induced apoptosis and increased the survival rate of SVB-treated cells, indicating that activation of caspase-3 plays a key role in SVB-induced apoptosis. In addition, within concentrations that were not cytotoxic to A549 cells, SVB induced marked inhibition of cell motility and invasiveness. Activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in AGS cells were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with SVB, and this was also correlated with a decrease in expression of their mRNA and proteins, and upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expression. Further studies are needed; however, the results indicated that SVB induces apoptosis of A549 cells through a signaling cascade of death receptor-mediated extrinsic as well as mitochondria-mediated intrinsic caspase pathways. Our data also demonstrated that MMPs are critical targets of SVB-induced anti-invasiveness in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seok Park
- Department of East-West Cancer Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea
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40
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Park C, Jin CY, Hwang HJ, Kim GY, Jung JH, Kim WJ, Yoo YH, Choi YH. J7, a methyl jasmonate derivative, enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:86-93. [PMID: 22079975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO2L), a member of the TNF gene superfamily, induces apoptosis upon engagement of cognate death receptors. While TRAIL is relatively non-toxic to normal cells, it selectively induces apoptosis in many transformed cells. Nevertheless, some human hepatoma cells are particularly resistant to the effects of TRAIL. In this study, we show that J7, a novel methyl jasmonate analogue, sensitizes TRAIL-resistant HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicate that J7 substantially enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis, compared with treatment with either agent alone. Combined treatment with J7 and TRAIL effectively induced Bid cleavage, down-regulation of XIAP, cIAP-1 and Bcl-xL, activation of caspases, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and phopholipase γ-1. In addition, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed a significant increase in cells following exposure to J7 in a time-dependent manner. However, the cytotoxic effects induced by co-treatment with J7 and TRAIL were markedly attenuated by caspase inhibitors, indicating an important role for caspases. Administration of N-acetyl cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, also resulted in significant inhibition of apoptosis induced by combinatory treatment with J7 and TRAIL. These results support a mechanism whereby J7 plus TRAIL induces apoptosis of HepG2 human hepatoma cells through a signaling cascade involving a ROS-mediated caspase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614 052, Republic of Korea
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Tetraarsenic Hexoxide Induces Beclin-1-Induced Autophagic Cell Death as well as Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in U937 Human Leukemic Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:201414. [PMID: 21912568 PMCID: PMC3170805 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetraarsenic hexaoxide (As4O6) has been used in Korean folk remedy for the treatment of cancer since the late 1980s, and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is currently used as a chemotherapeutic agent. However, evidence suggests that As4O6-induced cell death pathway was different from that of As2O3. Besides, the anticancer effects and mechanisms of As4O6 are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the anticancer activities of As4O6 on apoptosis and autophagy in U937 human leukemic cells. The growth of U937 cells was inhibited by As4O6 treatment in a dose- and a time-dependent manner, and IC50 for As4O6 was less than 2 μM. As4O6 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and Beclin-1-induced autophagy, both of which were significantly attenuated by Bcl-2 augmentation and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment. This study suggests that As4O6 should induce Beclin-1-induced autophagic cell death as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis and that it might be a promising agent for the treatment of leukemia.
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