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Boutas I, Kontogeorgi A, Dimitrakakis C, Kalantaridou SN. The expression of Galectin-3 in endometrial cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5699-5705. [PMID: 34241773 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is part of a protein group called lectins and acts as a multifunctional glycoprotein due to its expression location. Galectin-3 is expressed by different human tissues. It plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and the selection of tumor-related physiological and pathological activities. Galectin-3 has been utilized through the years as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for various types of cancers. METHODS AND RESULTS This review describes the outcomes of some studies on the matter that were selected appropriately through a review of the existing literature. These studies examined the levels of Galectin-3 expression in endometrial carcinomas, the outcomes, and the prognosis of these carcinomas. Two of the studies concluded that high expression of Galectin-3 is associated with a tumor's histological grade, type and depth. This enhanced nuclear Galectin-3 expression might assist in progression to atypia and neoplasia. The other three on the contrary concluded that malignant tumors had a decreased expression of Galectin-3 and that Galectin-3 played a suppressive role in tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS The part Galectin-3 might potentially have in metastasis of cancers and the offering of a better prognosis for patients is of high importance. To date, there is minimal literature regarding the effects of Galectin-3 and more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Boutas
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece.
| | - Adamantia Kontogeorgi
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantine Dimitrakakis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kaposdistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia N Kalantaridou
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
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Diagnostic Value of Galectin-3 in Distinguishing Invasive Encapsulated Carcinoma from Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasms with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122988. [PMID: 34203725 PMCID: PMC8232163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reclassification of NIFTP raised the need for rebuilding the clinical, histologic, cytological and molecular parameters, including re-evaluation of the previously examined biomarkers, for assisting in the diagnosis of this subset of indolent noninvasive tumors from invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC). In this retrospective study, Galectin-3 (Gal-3) IHC staining on patient’s thyroid tissues showed a statistically significant higher cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression in invasive EFVPTC than in NIFTP and other benign subgroups. Our findings refined the diagnostic value of Gal-3 expression as an ancillary marker in identifying NIFTP among encapsulated follicular variant nodules. Abstract Background: non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), which is considered as low-risk cancer, should be distinguished from the malignant invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC). Improved discrimination of NIFTPs from invasive EFVPTCs using a molecular biomarker test could provide useful insights into pre- and post-surgical management of the indeterminate thyroid nodule. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactosyl-binding molecule in the lectin group, is involved in different biological functions in well differentiated thyroid carcinomas. The aim of this study was to determine whether Gal-3 expression as a diagnostic marker could distinguish indolent NIFTP from invasive EFVPTC on tissue specimens from surgical thyroid nodules. Methods: immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear Gal-3 expression was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical tissues in four specific diagnostic subgroups- benign nodules, NIFTPs, EFVPTCs and lymphocytic/Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (LTs). Results: cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression (mean ± SD) was significantly increased in invasive EFVPTCs (4.80 ± 1.60) compared to NIFTPs (2.75 ± 1.58, p < 0.001) and benign neoplasms (2.09 ± 1.19, p < 0.001) with no significant difference between NIFTPs and benign lesions (p = 0.064). The presence of LT enhanced cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression (3.80 ± 1.32) compared to NIFTPs (p = 0.016) and benign nodules (p < 0.001). Nuclear Gal-3 expression in invasive EFVPTCs (1.84 ± 1.30) was significantly higher than in NIFTPs (1.00 ± 0.72, p = 0.001), but similar to benign nodules (1.44 ± 1.77, p = 0.215), thereby obviating its potential clinical application. Conclusions: our observations have indicated that increased cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression shows diagnostic potential in distinguishing NIFTP among encapsulated follicular variant nodules thereby serving as a possible ancillary test to H&E histopathological diagnostic criteria when LT interference is absent, to assist in the detection of the invasive EFVPTC among such nodules.
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Kim SJ, Chun KH. Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32172730 PMCID: PMC7196190 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and regulates diverse functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, mRNA splicing, apoptosis induction, immune surveillance and inflammation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and cancer-cell metastasis. Galectin-3 is also recommended as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of various diseases, including heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Galectin-3 exists as a cytosol, is secreted in extracellular spaces on cells, and is also detected in nuclei. It has been found that galectin-3 has different functions in cellular localization: (i) Extracellular galectin-3 mediates cell attachment and detachment. (ii) cytosolic galectin-3 regulates cell survival by blocking the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and (iii) nuclear galectin-3 supports the ability of the transcriptional factor for target gene expression. In this review, we focused on the role of galectin-3 on translocation from cytosol to nucleus, because it happens in a way independent of carbohydrate recognition and accelerates cancer progression. We also suggested here that intracellular galecin-3 could be a potent therapeutic target in cancer therapy. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(4): 173-180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University; Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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4
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Wang Y, Liu S, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Meng X, Song N. Prognostic role of galectin-3 expression in patients with solid tumors: a meta-analysis of 36 eligible studies. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 30410421 PMCID: PMC6215616 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 as a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been found to be involved in tumor cell growth, anti-apoptosis, adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion, and distant metastases, indicating that it may play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. However, their results remain debatable and inconclusive. Hence, this meta-analysis was performed to clarify the precise predictive value of galectin-3 in various cancers. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched comprehensively for eligible studies up to July 15, 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of OS or DFS/PFS/RFS were calculated to demonstrate their associations. Results A total of 36 relevant studies were ultimately enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results shed light on the significant association of elevated galectin-3 expression with reduced OS or DFS/RFS/PFS in overall cancer patients (pooled HR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.42–2.27, I2= 67.3%, p < 0.01; pooled HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.04–2.37, I2= 67.1%, p = 0.001). In tumor type subgroup analysis, we found high expression of galectin-3 was correlated with shorter OS or DFS/RFS/PFS in colorectal cancer (pooled HR = 3.05, 95% CI 2.13–4.35, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.734; pooled HR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.82–3.41, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.738; respectively) and meanwhile it merely associated with reduced OS in ovarian cancer or non-small cell lung cancer (pooled HR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.38–3.64, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.910; pooled HR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.48–2.88, I2= 0.0%, p = 0.563; separately). Conclusions Taken together, our results suggested that galectin-3 played an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, indicating it could be a promising biomarker and a novel therapeutic target for them. Further studies were warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Qijie Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Xianghu Meng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
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Bartolazzi A, Sciacchitano S, D'Alessandria C. Galectin-3: The Impact on the Clinical Management of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020445. [PMID: 29393868 PMCID: PMC5855667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an evolutionarily-conserved family of lectin molecules, which can be expressed intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix, as well. Galectins bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and are functionally active in converting glycan-related information into cell biological programs. Altered glycosylation notably occurring in cancer cells and expression of specific galectins provide, indeed, a fashionable mechanism of molecular interactions able to regulate several tumor relevant functions, among which are cell adhesion and migration, cell differentiation, gene transcription and RNA splicing, cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, several galectin molecules also play a role in regulating the immune response. These functions are strongly dependent on the cell context, in which specific galectins and related glyco-ligands are expressed. Thyroid cancer likely represents the paradigmatic tumor model in which experimental studies on galectins' glycobiology, in particular on galectin-3 expression and function, contributed greatly to the improvement of cancer diagnosis. The discovery of a restricted expression of galectin-3 in well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTC), compared to normal and benign thyroid conditions, contributed also to promoting preclinical studies aimed at exploring new strategies for imaging thyroid cancer in vivo based on galectin-3 immuno-targeting. Results derived from these recent experimental studies promise a further improvement of both thyroid cancer diagnosis and therapy in the near future. In this review, the biological role of galectin-3 expression in thyroid cancer, the validation and translation to a clinical setting of a galectin-3 test method for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules and a galectin-3-based immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging of thyroid cancer in vivo are presented and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Blood Proteins
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Galectin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Galectin 3/genetics
- Galectin 3/immunology
- Galectins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Nodule/drug therapy
- Thyroid Nodule/genetics
- Thyroid Nodule/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Saint Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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6
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Role of Galectins in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122740. [PMID: 29258207 PMCID: PMC5751341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins that bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and are characterized by carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). Galectins exploit several biological functions, including angiogenesis, regulation of immune cell activities and cell adhesion, in both physiological and pathological processes, as tumor progression. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) malignancy characterized by the tight adhesion between tumoral PCs and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, leading to the increase of PC survival and drug resistance, MM-induced neo-angiogenesis, immunosuppression and osteolytic bone lesions. In this review, we explore the expression profiles and the roles of galectin-1, galectin-3, galectin-8 and galectin-9 in the pathophysiology of MM. We focus on the role of these lectins in the interplay between MM and BM microenvironment cells showing their involvement in MM progression mainly through the regulation of PC survival and MM-induced angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. The translational impact of these pre-clinical pieces of evidence is supported by recent data that indicate galectins could be new attractive targets to block MM cell growth in vivo and by the evidence that the expression levels of LGALS1 and LGALS8, genes encoding for galectin-1 and galectin-8 respectively, correlate to MM patients’ survival.
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7
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Posttranscriptional regulation of Galectin-3 by miR-128 contributes to colorectal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15242-15251. [PMID: 28146425 PMCID: PMC5362483 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrated that Galectin-3 protein level was frequently up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and tissues. Galectin-3 up-regulation correlated with CRC progression and predicted a shorter overall survival of CRC patients. Galectin-3 overexpression attenuated the chemo-sensitivity of cancer cells, but enhanced the potential invasiveness. To explore the mechanism for Galectin-3 dysregulation, we found that miR-128 level was frequently down-regulated in CRC and negatively correlated with Galectin-3 level. Using bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we showed that miR-128 could directly target Galectin-3 to repress its protein level. MiR-128 decrease associated with CRC progression and predicted a worse overall survival of CRC patients. Ectopic miR-128 expression enhanced the chemo-sensitivity of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited the potential invasiveness. Galectin-3 expression impaired the cancer suppressive effects of miR-128. These data highlighted the role of miR-128/Galectin-3 axis in colorectal cancer.
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8
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Albi E, Krüger M, Hemmersbach R, Lazzarini A, Cataldi S, Codini M, Beccari T, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Curcio F. Impact of Gravity on Thyroid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E972. [PMID: 28471415 PMCID: PMC5454885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and mental health requires a correct functioning of the thyroid gland, which controls cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous, and immune systems, and affects behavior and cognitive functions. Microgravity, as occurs during space missions, induces morphological and functional changes within the thyroid gland. Here, we review relevant experiments exposing cell cultures (normal and cancer thyroid cells) to simulated and real microgravity, as well as wild-type and transgenic mice to hypergravity and spaceflight conditions. Well-known mechanisms of damage are presented and new ones, such as changes of gene expression for extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton proteins, thyrocyte phenotype, sensitivity of thyrocytes to thyrotropin due to thyrotropin receptor modification, parafollicular cells and calcitonin production, sphingomyelin metabolism, and the expression and movement of cancer molecules from thyrocytes to colloids are highlighted. The identification of new mechanisms of thyroid injury is essential for the development of countermeasures, both on the ground and in space, against thyroid cancer. We also address the question whether normal and cancer cells show a different sensitivity concerning changes of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, via Ponchielli 4, 06073 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Curcio
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Cantara S, Marzocchi C, Pilli T, Cardinale S, Forleo R, Castagna MG, Pacini F. Molecular Signature of Indeterminate Thyroid Lesions: Current Methods to Improve Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040775. [PMID: 28383480 PMCID: PMC5412359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) represents the gold standard for determining the nature of thyroid nodules. It is a reliable method with good sensitivity and specificity. However, indeterminate lesions remain a diagnostic challenge and researchers have contributed molecular markers to search for in cytological material to refine FNAC diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgeries. Nowadays, several "home-made" methods as well as commercial tests are available to investigate the molecular signature of an aspirate. Moreover, other markers (i.e., microRNA, and circulating tumor cells) have been proposed to discriminate benign from malignant thyroid lesions. Here, we review the literature and provide data from our laboratory on mutational analysis of FNAC material and circulating microRNA expression obtained in the last 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Marzocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Tania Pilli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Sandro Cardinale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Forleo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Furio Pacini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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10
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Ulivieri A, Magi F, Porcelli T, Amendola S, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Trovato MC, Salehi LB, Bartolazzi A. Combined clinical and ultrasound follow-up assists in malignancy detection in Galectin-3 negative Thy-3 thyroid nodules. Endocrine 2016; 54:139-147. [PMID: 26475496 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of galectin-3 ThyroTest in the preoperative evaluation of cytologically indeterminate (Thy-3) thyroid nodules has been largely validated by retrospective and prospective multicentre studies. Here we report the results of galectin-3 ThyroTest routinely applied in the management of Thy-3 nodules in combination with clinical and ultrasonography (US) examination, in which galectin-3 positive nodules were directly referred to surgery whereas galectin-3 negative lesions were considered for clinical and US long-term follow-up. A cohort of 331 patients, bearing 340 thyroid Thy-3 nodules, was enrolled and subjected to galectin-3 expression analysis. A total of 256 galectin-3 negative nodules were directed to periodical clinical and US examination, while 84 galectin-3 positive cases were referred to surgery. Excluding 63 dropout patients plus 15 patients that were operated because of clinical reasons the remaining 176 galectin-3 negative nodules were followed with clinical and US examination for an average period of 31 months. During the follow-up, the volume of galectin-3 negative nodules was unchanged in 85 cases (48 %), reduced in 47 (27 %), and increased in 44 (25 %). Based on combined clinical features and US follow-up results, a total of 36 out of 191 galectin-3 negative nodules (19 %) were referred to surgery, with a final histological finding of 28 benign lesions, three follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP), and five malignant lesions, corresponding to a 7 % false negative rate. In the group of 84 galectin-3 positive nodules, we detected 65 thyroid cancers with a prevalence of 77 %, 12 FT-UMPs, and 7 false positive lesions, corresponding to a 4 % false positive rate. A total of 150 patients were not operated and are still under clinical and US monitoring while surgery was performed in 118 patients with a final 70 thyroid cancers diagnosed, corresponding to a 59 % prevalence of malignancy detected at surgery and to a 26 % prevalence of malignancy among the entire Thy-3 nodule population. Galectin-3 ThyroTest is an easy and cheap diagnostic procedure that integrates conventional fine-needle-aspiration cytology, reduces the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies and increases the rate of malignancy at surgery. Clinical and US follow-up of galectin-3 negative lesions allows to further reduce false negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Amendola
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario "G. Martino", via Consolare Valeria, Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Laboratory of Surgical and Experimental Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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Xu Y, Li C, Sun J, Li J, Gu X, Xu W. Antitumor effects of galectin-3 inhibition in human renal carcinoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1365-73. [PMID: 26846978 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216630839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are thought to be prognosticators for survival in renal cell cancer. However, the biological activity of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in renal carcinoma cells is still debated. In this study, immunohistochemical staining confirmed a high expression of Gal-3 in tumor tissue from renal cell carcinoma. Critically, Gal-3 expression was related to tumor cell differentiation. Consistent with Gal-3 expression in renal cell cancer, strong expression of Gal-3 was also observed in several renal tumor cell lines but not in normal renal cells. A Gal-3 high-expression cell line Caki-1 was chosen to study the biological activity of Gal-3. Using short hairpin RNA method, Gal-3 expression in Caki-1 cells was knocked down. We evidenced that Gal-3 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, induced Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at G1 phase. Mechanically, Cyclin D1 expression decreased, but p27 increased after Gal-3 knockdown. Taken together, these results suggest that Gal-3 is related to the development of renal cell cancer and could serve as a target to therapy renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Changfu Li
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jiahang Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jingshu Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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12
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Circulating Galectin-1 and 90K/Mac-2BP Correlated with the Tumor Stages of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:306964. [PMID: 26448934 PMCID: PMC4584037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/306964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background. The simultaneous correlation of serum galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP levels with clinical stages of patients with colorectal cancer has not yet been clarified. We plan to measure the serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP of patients at different stages of colorectal cancer and analyze the correlation of these galectins with stages of colorectal cancers. Methods. 198 colorectal cancer patients (62 ± 13 (range 31–85) years old, 43.6% female) were recruited for this study. Subjects' blood samples were checked for serum galectin-1, galectin-3, 90K/Mac-2BP, and carcinoembryonic antigen by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We determined the correlation between plasma concentrations with clinical tumor stages. Results. Colorectal cancer patients with larger cancer sizes (stages T3, T4 rather than T1, T2) have higher serum 90K/Mac-2BP (P = 0.014) and patients with lymph node metastasis have higher serum galectin-1 (P = 0.002) but there was not a significant correlation between galectin-3 and tumor staging of colon cancer. In colorectal cancer patients even with normal carcinoembryonic antigen, serum galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis. Conclusions. We found 90K/Mac-2BP correlated with the size of colorectal cancer. Galectin-1 but not galectin-3 was associated with lymph node metastasis. Galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients with normal serum carcinoembryonic antigen.
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Kim KH, Kwon YK, Cho CK, Lee YW, Lee SH, Jang SG, Yoo BC, Yoo HS. Galectin-3-independent Down-regulation of GABABR1 due to Treatment with Korean Herbal Extract HAD-B Reduces Proliferation of Human Colon Cancer Cells. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 15:19-30. [PMID: 25780644 PMCID: PMC4331940 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2012.15.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many efforts have shown multi-oncologic roles of galectin-3 for cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms by which galectin-3 is involved in cell proliferation are not yet fully understood, especially in human colon cancer cells. METHODS To cluster genes showing positively or negatively correlated expression with galectin-3, we employed human colon cancer cell lines, SNU-61, SNU-81, SNU-769B, SNU-C4 and SNU-C5 in high-throughput gene expression profiling. Gene and protein expression levels were determined by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The proliferation rate of human colon cancer cells was measured by using a 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Expression of γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor 1 (GABABR1) showed a positive correlation with galectin-3 at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. Downregulation of galectin-3 decreased not only GABABR1 expression but also the proliferation rate of human colon cancer cells. However, Korean herbal extract, HangAmDan-B (HAD-B), decreased expression of GABABR1 without any expressional change of galectin-3, and offset γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enhanced human colon cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our present study confirmed that GABABR1 expression was regulated by galectin-3. HAD-B induced galectin-3-independent down-regulation of GABABR1, which resulted in a decreased proliferation of human colon cancer cells. The therapeutic effect of HAD-B for the treatment of human colon cancer needs to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Kyun Kwon
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Weol Lee
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So-Hyun Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang-Geun Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong-Chul Yoo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hwa-Seong Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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Li D, Mei H, Pu J, Xiang X, Zhao X, Qu H, Huang K, Zheng L, Tong Q. Intelectin 1 suppresses the growth, invasion and metastasis of neuroblastoma cells through up-regulation of N-myc downstream regulated gene 2. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:47. [PMID: 25889839 PMCID: PMC4359454 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed the potential roles of intelectin 1 (ITLN1) in tumorigenesis. However, its functions and underlying mechanisms in neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, still remain largely unknown. METHODS Human neuroblastoma cell lines were treated with recombinant ITLN1 protein or stably transfected with ITLN1 expression and short hairpin RNA vectors. Gene expression and signaling pathway were detected by western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Gene promoter activity and transcription factor binding were detected by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Growth and aggressiveness of tumor cells were measured by MTT colorimetry, colony formation, scratch assay, matrigel invasion assay, and nude mice model. RESULTS Mining of public microarray databases revealed that N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was significantly correlated with ITLN1 in NB. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that secretory ITLN1 facilitated the NDRG2 expression, resulting in down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), in NB cell lines SH-SY5Y, SK-N-BE(2), and SK-N-SH. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor crucial for NDRG2 expression, was up-regulated by ITLN1 in NB cells via inactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Ectopic expression of ITLN1 suppressed the growth, invasion and metastasis of NB cells in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of ITLN1 promoted the growth, invasion, and metastasis of NB cells. In addition, rescue experiments in ITLN1 over-expressed or silenced NB cells showed that restoration of NDRG2 expression prevented the tumor cells from ITLN1-mediated changes in these biological features. In clinical NB tissues, ITLN1 was down-regulated and positively correlated with NDRG2 expression. Patients with high ITLN1 or NDRG2 expression had greater survival probability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ITLN1 functions as a tumor suppressor that affects the growth, invasion and metastasis of NB through up-regulation of NDRG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Mei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Jiarui Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China. .,Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China. .,Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
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15
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Elsharkawy SL, AbdEl-Aal WE, Esmal RS, Ali HH, Mahfouz SM, El-Habashi A. Preoperative Evaluation of Thyroid Epithelial Lesions by DNA Ploidy and Galectin-3 Expression in FNAC. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the value of DNA ploidy and galectins-3 immunostain in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid epithelial lesions.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients presenting with thyroid enlargement were included in this study and referred by clinicians for FNA. Routine cytological evaluation was done on PAP  stained slides according to the WHO criteria and at least three slides were prepared for routine cytological examinations. The nuclear DNA analysis was performed at the Pathology Department, National Research Center using the Leica Qwin 500 Image Analyzer (LEICA Imaging Systems Ltd, Cambridge, England). Galectin-3 expression was investigated in all tissues using streptavidin-biotin technique.RESULTS: Conventional Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 60 cases could diagnose malignancy with a sensitivity of 60%, negative predictive value (NPV) 71.4%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 80%. The aneuploidy was significantly associated with malignancy, with sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 83.3% and accuracy 88.3%. On using galectin-3 immunocytochemichal stain on cell blocks prepared from FNA the values were improved, sensitivity 93.3% specificity 86.7% and overall accuracy 90% and it was noticed that galectin-3 over expression was significantly associated with malignancy.CONCLUSIONS: From the results of this study we can consider that DNA ploidy and Galectin-3 could refine the FNA results and increase its sensitivity as a screening test from sensitivity(60%) to reach sensitivity (93.3%), thus decreasing the false negative cases. From this study, it is concluded that the application of ancillary techniques as galectin-3 immunocytochemical markers may become a reliable indicator for surgical intervention, DNA ploidy measurements on the other hand may be of value in galectin-3 negative cases to determine the behavior of the lesion in such cases & refine the preoperative assessment by out ruling false negative cases.
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16
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Albi E, Curcio F, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. How microgravity changes galectin-3 in thyroid follicles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:652863. [PMID: 25328888 PMCID: PMC4190981 DOI: 10.1155/2014/652863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After long-term exposure to real microgravity thyroid gland in vivo undergoes specific changes, follicles are made up of larger thyrocytes that produce more cAMP and express more thyrotropin-receptor, caveolin-1, and sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin-synthase; parafollicular spaces lose C cells with consequent reduction of calcitonin production. Here we studied four immunohistochemical tumor markers (HBME-1, MIB-1, CK19, and Galectin-3) in thyroid of mice housed in the Mouse Drawer System and maintained for 90 days in the International Space Station. Results showed that MIB-1 proliferative index and CK19 are negative whereas HBME-1 and Galectin-3 are overexpressed. The positivity of Galectin-3 deserves attention not only for its expression but also and especially for its localization. Our results highlighted that, in microgravity conditions, Galectin-3 leaves thyrocytes and diffuses in colloid. It is possible that the gravity force contributes to the maintenance of the distribution of the molecules in both basal membrane side and apical membrane side and that the microgravity facilitates slippage of Galectin-3 in colloid probably due to membrane remodelling-microgravity induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Samuela Cataldi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Remo Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Loreti
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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Carvalho RS, Fernandes VC, Nepomuceno TC, Rodrigues DC, Woods NT, Suarez-Kurtz G, Chammas R, Monteiro AN, Carvalho MA. Characterization of LGALS3 (galectin-3) as a player in DNA damage response. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:840-50. [PMID: 24755837 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is an orchestrated process encompassing the injury detection to its complete resolution. DNA double-strand break lesions are repaired mainly by two distinct mechanisms: the error-free homologous recombination (HR) and the error-prone non-homologous end-joining. Galectin-3 (GAL3) is the unique member of the chimeric galectins subfamily and is reported to be involved in several cancer development and progression related events. Recently our group described a putative protein interaction between GAL3 and BARD1, the main partner of breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene product BRCA1, both involved in HR pathway. In this report we characterized GAL3/BARD1 protein interaction and evaluated the role of GAL3 in DDR pathways using GAL3 silenced human cells exposed to different DNA damage agents. In the absence of GAL3 we observed a delayed DDR response activation, as well as a decrease in the G 2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest associated with HR pathway. Moreover, using a TAP-MS approach we also determined the protein interaction network of GAL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Roger Chammas
- Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Marcelo A Carvalho
- Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Farmacologia; Instituto Nacional de Câncer; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Veschi V, Petroni M, Cardinali B, Dominici C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Giannini G. Galectin-3 impairment of MYCN-dependent apoptosis-sensitive phenotype is antagonized by nutlin-3 in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49139. [PMID: 23152863 PMCID: PMC3494673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in about 20–25% of human neuroblastomas and characterizes the majority of the high-risk cases, which display less than 50% prolonged survival rate despite intense multimodal treatment. Somehow paradoxically, MYCN also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis, understanding the molecular mechanisms of which might be relevant for the therapy of MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We recently reported that the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN is linked to stabilization of p53 and its proapoptotic kinase HIPK2. In MYCN primed neuroblastoma cells, further activation of both HIPK2 and p53 by Nutlin-3 leads to massive apoptosis in vitro and to tumor shrinkage and impairment of metastasis in xenograft models. Here we report that Galectin-3 impairs MYCN-primed and HIPK2-p53-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Galectin-3 is broadly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and is repressed by MYCN to induce the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. Despite its reduced levels, Galectin-3 can still exert residual antiapoptotic effects in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells, possibly due to its specific subcellular localization. Importantly, Nutlin-3 represses Galectin-3 expression, and this is required for its potent cell killing effect on MYCN amplified cell lines. Our data further characterize the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN, expand our understanding of the activity of MDM2-p53 antagonists and highlight Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker for the tailored p53 reactivation therapy in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK) R8∶04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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19
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Radosavljevic G, Volarevic V, Jovanovic I, Milovanovic M, Pejnovic N, Arsenijevic N, Hsu DK, Lukic ML. The roles of Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and tumor progression. Immunol Res 2012; 52:100-10. [PMID: 22418727 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a unique chimera-type member of the β-galactoside-binding soluble lectin family, is widely expressed in numerous cells. Here, we discuss the role of Galectin-3 in T-cell-mediated inflammatory (auto) immunity and tumor rejection by using Galectin-3-deficient mice and four disease models of human pathology: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Con-A-induced hepatitis, multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes (MLD-STZ diabetes) and metastatic melanoma. We present evidence which suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important pro-inflammatory role in Con-A-induced hepatitis by promoting the activation of T lymphocytes, NKT cells and DCs, cytokine secretion, prevention of M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis of mononuclear cells, and it leads to severe liver injury. In addition, experiments in Galectin-3-"knock-out" mice indicate that Galectin-3 is also involved in immune-mediated β-cell damage and is required for diabetogenesis in MLD-STZ model by promoting the expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17 and iNOS in immune and accessory effector cells. Next, our data demonstrated that Galectin-3 plays an important disease-exacerbating role in EAE through its multifunctional roles in preventing cell apoptosis and increasing IL-17 and IFN-gamma synthesis, but decreasing IL-10 production. Finally, based on our findings, we postulated that expression of Galectin-3 in the host may also facilitate melanoma metastasis by affecting tumor cell adhesion and modulating anti-melanoma immune response, in particular innate antitumor immunity. Taken together, we discuss the evidence of pro-inflammatory and antitumor activities of Galectin-3 and suggest that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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20
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de Matos LL, Del Giglio AB, Matsubayashi CO, de Lima Farah M, Del Giglio A, da Silva Pinhal MA. Expression of CK-19, galectin-3 and HBME-1 in the differentiation of thyroid lesions: systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:97. [PMID: 22888980 PMCID: PMC3523001 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To distinguish between malignant and benign lesions of the thyroid gland histological demonstration is often required since the fine-needle aspiration biopsy method applied pre-operatively has some limitations. In an attempt to improve diagnostic accuracy, markers using immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques have been studied, mainly cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), galectin-3 (Gal-3) and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1). However, current results remain controversial. The aim of the present article was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of CK-19, Gal-3 and HBME-1 markers, as well as their associations, in the differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid lesions. Methods A systematic review of published articles on MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library was performed. After establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 66 articles were selected. The technique of meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy was employed and global values of sensitivity, specificity, area under the summary ROC curve, and diagnostic odds ratio (dOR) were calculated. Results For the immunohistochemistry technique, the positivity of CK-19 for the diagnosis of malignant thyroid lesions demonstrated global sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 73%; for Gal-3, sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 81%; and for HBME-1, sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 83%. The association of the three markers determined sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 97%, and diagnostic odds ratio of 95.1. Similar results were also found for the immunocytochemistry assay. Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that the three immunomarkers studied are accurate in pre- and postoperative diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Nevertheless, the search for other molecular markers must continue in order to enhance this diagnostic accuracy since the results found still show a persistency of false-negative and false-positive tests. Virtual slides Http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/3436263067345159
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Lavra L, Rinaldo C, Ulivieri A, Luciani E, Fidanza P, Giacomelli L, Bellotti C, Ricci A, Trovato M, Soddu S, Bartolazzi A, Sciacchitano S. The loss of the p53 activator HIPK2 is responsible for galectin-3 overexpression in well differentiated thyroid carcinomas. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20665. [PMID: 21698151 PMCID: PMC3117790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an anti-apoptotic molecule involved in thyroid cells transformation. It is specifically overexpressed in thyroid tumour cells and is currently used as a preoperative diagnostic marker of thyroid malignancy. Gal-3 expression is downregulated by wt-p53 at the transcriptional level. In well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTCs) there is an unexplained paradoxical concomitant expression of Gal-3 and wt-p53. HIPK2 is a co-regulator of different transcription factors, and modulates basic cellular processes mainly through the activation of wt-p53. Since we demonstrated that HIPK2 is involved in p53-mediated Gal-3 downregulation, we asked whether HIPK2 deficiency might be responsible for such paradoxical Gal-3 overexpression in WDTC. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed HIPK2 protein and mRNA levels, as well as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the HIPK2 locus (7q32-34), in thyroid tissue samples. HIPK2 protein levels were high in all follicular hyperplasias (FHs) analyzed. Conversely, HIPK2 was undetectable in 91.7% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) and in 60.0% of follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs). HIPK2 mRNA levels were upregulated in FH compared to normal thyroid tissue (NTT), while PTC showed mean HIPK2 mRNA levels lower than FH and, in 61.5% of cases, also lower than NTT. We found LOH at HIPK-2 gene locus in 37.5% of PTCs, 14.3% of FTCs and 18.2% of follicular adenomas. To causally link these data with Gal-3 upregulation, we performed in vitro experiments, using the PTC-derived K1 cells, in which HIPK2 expression was manipulated by RNA interference (RNAi) or plasmid-mediated overexpression. HIPK2 RNAi was associated with Gal-3 upregulation, while HIPK2 overexpression with Gal-3 downregulation. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that HIPK2 expression and function are impaired in WDTCs, in particular in PTCs, and that this event explains Gal-3 overexpression typically observed in these types of tumours. Therefore, HIPK2 can be considered as a new tumour suppressor gene for thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lavra
- Research Center, St. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Rinaldo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emidio Luciani
- Department of Pathology, St. Andrea Universitary Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Fidanza
- Research Center, St. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Chair of Surgery, University of Rome “Sapienza”, St. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Departement of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Trovato
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Policlinico “G Martino Universitary Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (S. Sciacchitano); (S. Soddu); (AB)
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, St. Andrea Universitary Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cellular and Molecular Tumour Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (S. Sciacchitano); (S. Soddu); (AB)
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Research Center, St. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Departement of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (S. Sciacchitano); (S. Soddu); (AB)
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22
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Song S, Mazurek N, Liu C, Sun Y, Ding QQ, Liu K, Hung MC, Bresalier RS. Galectin-3 mediates nuclear beta-catenin accumulation and Wnt signaling in human colon cancer cells by regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1343-9. [PMID: 19190323 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays an essential role in colon carcinogenesis. Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding protein, has been implicated in Wnt signaling, but the precise mechanisms by which galectin-3 modulates the Wnt pathway are unknown. In the present study, we determined the effects of galectin-3 on the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in colon cancer cells, as well as the mechanisms involved. Galectin-3 levels were manipulated in human colon cancer cells by stable transfection of galectin-3 antisense, short hairpin RNA, or full-length galectin-3 cDNA, and effects on beta-catenin levels, subcellular distribution, and Wnt signaling were determined. Galectin-3 levels correlated with beta-catenin levels in a variety of colon cancer cell lines. Down-regulation of galectin-3 resulted in decreased beta-catenin protein levels but no change in beta-catenin mRNA levels, suggesting that galectin-3 modulates beta-catenin by another mechanism. Reduction of galectin-3 led to reduced nuclear beta-catenin with a concomitant decrease in TCF4 transcriptional activity and expression of its target genes. Conversely, transfection of galectin-3 cDNA into colon cancer cells increased beta-catenin expression and TCF4 transcriptional activity. Down-regulation of galectin-3 resulted in AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) dephosphorylation and increased GSK activity, increasing beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation. Ly294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and dominant-negative AKT, suppressed TCF4 transcriptional activity induced by galectin-3 whereas LiCl, a GSK-3beta inhibitor, increased TCF4 activity, mimicking the effects of galectin-3. These results suggest that galectin-3 mediates Wnt signaling, at least in part, by regulating GSK-3beta phosphorylation and activity via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway, and, thus, the degradation of beta-catenin in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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23
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Bartolazzi A, D'Alessandria C, Parisella MG, Signore A, Del Prete F, Lavra L, Braesch-Andersen S, Massari R, Trotta C, Soluri A, Sciacchitano S, Scopinaro F. Thyroid cancer imaging in vivo by targeting the anti-apoptotic molecule galectin-3. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3768. [PMID: 19020658 PMCID: PMC2582451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases with age, average 4–7% for the U.S.A. adult population, but it is much higher (19–67%) when sub-clinical nodules are considered. About 90% of these lesions are benign and a reliable approach to their preoperative characterization is necessary. Unfortunately conventional thyroid scintigraphy does not allow the distinction among benign and malignant thyroid proliferations but it provides only functional information (cold or hot nodules). The expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule galectin-3 is restricted to cancer cells and this feature has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. We show here the possibility to obtain thyroid cancer imaging in vivo by targeting galectin-3. Methods The galectin-3 based thyroid immuno-scintigraphy uses as radiotracer a specific 99mTc-radiolabeled mAb. A position-sensitive high-resolution mini-gamma camera was used as imaging capture device. Human galectin-3 positive thyroid cancer xenografts (ARO) and galectin-3 knockout tumors were used as targets in different experiments in vivo. 38 mice with tumor mass of about 1 gm were injected in the tail vein with 100 µCi of 99mTc-labeled mAb to galectin-3 (30 µg protein/in 100 µl saline solution). Tumor images were acquired at 1 hr, 3 hrs, 6 hrs, 9 hrs and 24 hrs post injection by using the mini-gamma camera. Findings Results from different consecutive experiments show an optimal visualization of thyroid cancer xenografts between 6 and 9 hours from injection of the radiotracer. Galectin-3 negative tumors were not detected at all. At 6 hrs post-injection galectin-3 expressing tumors were correctly visualized, while the whole-body activity had essentially cleared. Conclusions These results demonstrate the possibility to distinguish preoperatively benign from malignant thyroid nodules by using a specific galectin-3 radio-immunotargeting. In vivo imaging of thyroid cancer may allow a better selection of patients referred to surgery. The possibility to apply this method for imaging and treatment of other galectin-3 expressing tumors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pathology Research Laboratory, St. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AB); (FS)
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gemma Parisella
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Del Prete
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pathology Research Laboratory, St. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lavra
- S. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AfaR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, II Faculty of Medicine, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Massari
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Trotta
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soluri
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- S. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AfaR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, II Faculty of Medicine, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Scopinaro
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AB); (FS)
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24
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Sakaki M, Oka N, Nakanishi R, Yamaguchi K, Fukumori T, Kanayama HO. Serum level of galectin-3 in human bladder cancer. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2008; 55:127-32. [PMID: 18319555 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We examine serum level of galectin-3 in patients with bladder cancer. We used serum samples of 67 patients with urological diseases and classified these patients into bladder cancer group (n=43) and control group (n=24). Galectin-3 concentration was measured by ELISA (Human Galectin-3 Assay Kit, IBL). And we selected the patient with high serum galectin-3 concentration (Urothelial Carcinoma, G3, pT3a pN0M0), we performed immunohistochemical staining with the VECTASTAIN ABC (Avidin Biotinylated enzyme Complex) system. Median value of serum galectin-3 concentration was 1068 pg/ml (range 551-2028) in the cancer group vs 584 pg/ml (range 259-1262) in controls. Serum galectin-3 concentration of the bladder cancer patients was statistically higher than that of controls (p<0.0005). There was no apparent correlation in serum galectin-3 concentration with the clinico-pathological features such as stage and grade. Higher expression of galectin-3 was observed in bladder cancer tissue than in normal bladder tissue. We suggest the measurement of serum galectin-3 is useful for diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sakaki
- Department of Urology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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25
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Türköz HK, Oksüz H, Yurdakul Z, Ozcan D. Galectin-3 expression in tumor progression and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2008; 19:92-6. [PMID: 18581271 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-008-9033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 plays important roles in cell adhesion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, neoplastic transformation, and metastasis. Galectin-3 expression has been evaluated in various malignant neoplasms to determine its effectiveness in differential diagnosis from benign lesions and its effects on carcinogenesis. There are few and somewhat controversial results regarding its changes through cancer progression in thyroid malignancies. We studied the presence of galectin-3 expression immunohistochemically and its relation with tumor invasiveness and lymph node metastasis in 89 cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Galectin overexpression was less frequent in cases with lymph node metastases compared with cases without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). Metastatic foci in lymph nodes showed a lower degree of galectin-3 overexpression than their primary lesions (P = 0.001). Degree of galectin-3 overexpression was also lower in larger tumors (P = 0.009). Additionally, a decreased level of galectin-3 overexpression was observed at the invasive edges of the tumors (P = 0.001). Galectin-3 overexpression is more profound in early stages of papillary carcinoma, and its expression intensity decreases during tumor progression. This finding is consistent with roles for galectin-3 in cell adhesion to other tumor cells and the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin K Türköz
- Okmeydani Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Patoloji Servisi, Darulaceze caddesi, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
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26
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Prieto VG, Mourad-Zeidan AA, Melnikova V, Johnson MM, Lopez A, Diwan AH, Lazar AJF, Shen SS, Zhang PS, Reed JA, Gershenwald JE, Raz A, Bar-Eli M. Galectin-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and pattern of sun exposure in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6709-15. [PMID: 17121890 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most studies accept a multistep pathogenic process in melanoma that may include the phases of benign nevi and dysplastic nevi, melanoma, and metastatic melanoma. Dysregulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis is probably involved in melanoma progression and response to therapy. We have studied the expression of galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding protein involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, in a large series of melanocytic lesions, and correlated the expression with clinical and histologic features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue microarray blocks of 94 melanocytic lesions were semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of galectin-3. RESULTS Primary and metastatic melanomas expressed galectin-3 at a significantly higher level than nevi in both cytoplasm and nuclei (P<0.0073). There was a significant association between anatomic source (as indirect indication of level of sun-exposure) and cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Lymph node and visceral metastases had a higher level of expression than s.c. lesions (P<0.004). Interestingly, there was an almost significant finding of worse survival in those patients with lesions showing higher levels of cytoplasmic than nuclear galectin-3 expression (log-rank test, P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Melanocytes accumulate galectin-3 with tumor progression, particularly in the nucleus. The strong association of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in lesions of sun-exposed areas suggests an involvement of UV light in activation of galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.
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27
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Cecchinelli B, Lavra L, Rinaldo C, Iacovelli S, Gurtner A, Gasbarri A, Ulivieri A, Del Prete F, Trovato M, Piaggio G, Bartolazzi A, Soddu S, Sciacchitano S. Repression of the antiapoptotic molecule galectin-3 by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2-activated p53 is required for p53-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4746-57. [PMID: 16738336 PMCID: PMC1489111 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00959-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin 3 (Gal-3), a member of the beta-galactoside binding lectin family, exhibits antiapoptotic functions, and its aberrant expression is involved in various aspects of tumor progression. Here we show that p53-induced apoptosis is associated with transcriptional repression of Gal-3. Previously, it has been reported that phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46 is important for transcription of proapoptotic genes and induction of apoptosis and that homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is specifically involved in these functions. We show that HIPK2 cooperates with p53 in Gal-3 repression and that this cooperation requires HIPK2 kinase activity. Gene-specific RNA interference demonstrates that HIPK2 is essential for repression of Gal-3 upon induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, expression of a nonrepressible Gal-3 prevents HIPK2- and p53-induced apoptosis. These results reveal a new apoptotic pathway induced by HIPK2-activated p53 and requiring repression of the antiapoptotic factor Gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cecchinelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy
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28
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Carpi A, Naccarato AG, Iervasi G, Nicolini A, Bevilacqua G, Viacava P, Collecchi P, Lavra L, Marchetti C, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A. Large needle aspiration biopsy and galectin-3 determination in selected thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA-cytology. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:204-9. [PMID: 16804521 PMCID: PMC2360621 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)-cytology is widely used for the preoperative characterisation of thyroid nodules but this task is difficult for follicular lesions, which often remain undefined. We propose a strategy for improving the preoperative characterisation of selected follicular thyroid proliferations, which is based on large needle aspiration biopsy (LNAB) and galectin-3 expression analysis. Eighty-five thyroid specimens were obtained by LNAB (20-gauge needles) from thyroid nodules with indeterminate follicular FNA-cytology. Aspirated material was processed as a tissue microbiopsy to obtain cell blocks for both cyto/histo-morphological evaluation and galectin-3 expression analysis, by using a purified monoclonal antibody to galectin-3 and a biotin-free immunoperoxidase staining method. Preoperative diagnosis was compared to the final histology. LNAB and cell-block technique allow a preliminary distinction between nodules with a homogeneous microfollicular/trabecular structure, as frequently observed in tumours, and lesions with mixed normo-micro-macrofollicular architecture, as observed in goitre. Furthermore, LNAB provides optimal substrates for galectin-3 expression analysis. Among 85 cases tested, 14 galectin-3-positive cases were discovered preoperatively (11 thyroid cancers and three adenomas confirmed at the final histology), whereas galectin-3-negative cases were 71 (one carcinoma and 70 benign proliferations at the final histology). Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of this integrated morphologic and phenotypic diagnostic approach were 91.6, 97.2 and 95.3%, respectively. In conclusion, LNAB plus galectin-3 expression analysis when applied preoperatively to selected thyroid nodules candidate to surgery can potentially reduce unnecessary thyroid resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carpi
- Departments of Reproduction and Ageing, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - A G Naccarato
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa Italy
| | - A Nicolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Bevilacqua
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Viacava
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Collecchi
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - L Lavra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - C Marchetti
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
| | - S Sciacchitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - A Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, CCK R8:04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy. E-mail:
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29
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Oka N, Nakahara S, Takenaka Y, Fukumori T, Hogan V, Kanayama HO, Yanagawa T, Raz A. Galectin-3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by activating Akt in human bladder carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7546-53. [PMID: 16140916 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic molecule galectin-3 was previously shown to regulate CD95, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Here, we question the generality of the phenomenon by studying a different member of this family of proteins [e.g., TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which induces apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells]. Overexpression of galectin-3 in J82 human bladder carcinoma cells rendered them resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (wortmannin and LY-294002) blocked the galectin-3 protecting effect. Because Akt is a major downstream PI3K target reported to play a role in TRAIL-induced apoptosis, we questioned the possible relationship between galectin-3 and Akt. Parental J82 and the control vector-transfected J82 cells (barely detectable galectin-3) exhibit low level of constitutively active Akt, resulting in sensitivity to TRAIL. On the other hand, J82 cells overexpressing galectin-3 cells expressed a high level of constitutively active Akt and were resistant to TRAIL. Moreover, the blockage of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in J82 cells seemed to be mediated by Akt through the inhibition of BID cleavage. These results suggest that galectin-3 involves Akt as a modulator molecule in protecting bladder carcinoma cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Oka
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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30
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Stillman BN, Mischel PS, Baum LG. New roles for galectins in brain tumors--from prognostic markers to therapeutic targets. Brain Pathol 2005; 15:124-32. [PMID: 15912884 PMCID: PMC8095905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, brain tumors continue to be the leading cause of cancer-related death in patients under 35 years of age, demonstrating the need for better prognostic and therapeutic targets. Galectins, a family of mammalian carbohydrate binding proteins, are involved in many processes important for tumor survival and dissemination, including proliferation, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, intracellular signaling, cell adhesion, and cell migration. Several galectins are expressed in human brain, with many galectins demonstrating altered expression during tumor progression. Thus, galectins and the functions regulated by this family of proteins are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of brain cancer. This review highlights the roles of galectins in cancer and specifically, the developing field of galectins in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N. Stillman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif
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31
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Nucera C, Mazzon E, Caillou B, Violi MA, Moleti M, Priolo C, Sturniolo G, Puzzolo D, Cavallari V, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F. Human galectin-3 immunoexpression in thyroid follicular adenomas with cell atypia. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:106-12. [PMID: 15887854 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human galectin-3 (hgal-3) is a beta-galactoside binding protein involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Increasing hgal-3 immunoexpression has been reported in several human tumors, including thyroid carcinomas, but not in benign thyroid lesions. We analyzed the immunolocalization of hgal-3 in cell compartments of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Hgal-3 immunoperoxidase reaction was carried out on 133 thyroid tissue samples obtained from 113 patients; 20 of these were normal (NT), 85 were benign thyroid lesions [20 colloid nodules (CN), 21 nodular hyperplasias (NH), 7 focal lymphocytic thyroiditis (FLT), 15 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 22 follicular adenomas (FA)], 25 differentiated carcinomas [15 papillary carcinomas (PC), 6 follicular carcinomas (FC) and 4 Hürthle cell carcinomas (HC)] and 3 anaplastic carcinomas (AC). Among the malignant thyroid lesions, hgal-3 was detected in 12/15 (80%) PC, 3/4 (75%) HC and in 4/6 (66.6%) FC, but in none of the 3 AC. Conversely, hgal-3 immunoexpression was absent in NT and in all benign thyroid lesions, but 1/15 HT and 10/22 (45.4%) FA. In the latter, hgal-3 was mostly expressed in microfollicular areas and in five of the six atypical FA. Hgal-3 cytoplasmic-perinuclear immunolocalization was observed in the majority of thyroid carcinomas and in more than half of the FA, theoretically suggesting an involvement of this protein in thyroid tumorigenesis throughout an antiapoptotic activity. Moreover, hgal-3 expression in FA might anticipate the likelihood of evolution of these benign lesions towards malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nucera
- Clinical-Experimental Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Members of the galectin family are presently known to participate in cellular homeostasis by modulating cell growth, controlling cell cycle progression, and inducing or inhibiting apoptosis. Both intracellular and extracellular activities of galectins have been described, with the former typically independent of lectin activity, and the latter mediated by lectin activity. Galectin-1 and -3 are recognized as activators and inducers of cell stasis in extracellular capacities. Galectin-1, -7, -8, -9 and -12 are characterized as promoters or inducers of apoptosis, while galectin-3 is demonstrated as an inhibitor of apoptosis intracellularly. Localization studies of galectins have established that these proteins can segregate into multiple intracellular compartments, and the preference for segregation is dependent on the status of the cell. Localization would, therefore, likely correspond to compartmental function. While galectin-1 and -3 have been the most abundantly expressed and extensively studied, and therefore, the members best understood, expanding interest in galectins has resulted in description of new members that display more restricted expression patterns, suggesting more specific activity. Nevertheless, as demonstrated for many members, it appears that a major feature of the galectin family is the homeostatic regulation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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33
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Hoyer KK, Pang M, Gui D, Shintaku IP, Kuwabara I, Liu FT, Said JW, Baum LG, Teitell MA. An anti-apoptotic role for galectin-3 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:893-902. [PMID: 14982843 PMCID: PMC1614710 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased resistance to apoptosis promotes lymphomagenesis with aberrant expression of cell survival proteins such as BCL-2 and c-MYC occurring in distinct lymphoma subtypes. Galectin-3 is an anti-apoptotic protein that protects T cells, macrophages, and breast carcinoma cells from death triggered by a variety of agents. We have found high levels of galectin-3 protein expression in a subset of B-cell neoplasms including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multiple myeloma (MM), in both cell lines and patient samples. However, we failed to detect galectin-3 in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), follicular lymphoma (FL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), MALT lymphoma or B-small lymphocytic lymphoma (B-SLL) cell lines or patient samples. To determine whether galectin-3 expression protects B cells from apoptosis, galectin-3-negative BL cells were transfected with a galectin-3 expressing plasmid, which resulted in markedly increased resistance to anti-Fas-induced cell death. In contrast, galectin-3-positive PEL cells transfected with an amino-terminal truncated galectin-3 vector showed increased sensitivity to anti-Fas induced apoptosis. During normal B-cell development, galectin-3 expression was lowest in germinal center and plasma B cells, from which DLBCL, PEL, and MM derive, and highest in long-lived naïve and memory B cells. This pattern of expression suggests that aberrantly increased galectin-3 levels in specific B-cell populations may yield a protective advantage during transformation and/or progression of certain B-cell neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Galectin 3/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, myc/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina K Hoyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA
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