1
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Hori A, Toyoura S, Fujiwara M, Taniguchi R, Kano Y, Yamano T, Hanayama R, Nakayama M. MHC class I-dressing is mediated via phosphatidylserine recognition and is enhanced by polyI:C. iScience 2024; 27:109704. [PMID: 38680663 PMCID: PMC11046299 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to cross-presentation, cross-dressing plays an important role in the induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. In the process of cross-dressing, conventional dendritic cells (DCs) acquire major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) from other cells and subsequently prime CD8+ T cells via the pre-formed antigen-MHCI complexes without antigen processing. However, the mechanisms underlying the cross-dressing pathway, as well as the relative contributions of cross-presentation and cross-dressing to CD8+ T cell priming are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that DCs rapidly acquire MHCI-containing membrane fragments from dead cells via the phosphatidylserine recognition-dependent mechanism for cross-dressing. The MHCI dressing is enhanced by a TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C). Further, polyI:C promotes not only cross-presentation but also cross-dressing in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that cross-dressing as well as cross-presentation is involved in inflammatory diseases associated with cell death and type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Hori
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Saori Toyoura
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Miyu Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ren Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kano
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamano
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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2
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Latanova A, Karpov V, Starodubova E. Extracellular Vesicles in Flaviviridae Pathogenesis: Their Roles in Viral Transmission, Immune Evasion, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2144. [PMID: 38396820 PMCID: PMC10889558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The members of the Flaviviridae family are becoming an emerging threat for public health, causing an increasing number of infections each year and requiring effective treatment. The consequences of these infections can be severe and include liver inflammation with subsequent carcinogenesis, endothelial damage with hemorrhage, neuroinflammation, and, in some cases, death. The mechanisms of Flaviviridae pathogenesis are being actively investigated, but there are still many gaps in their understanding. Extracellular vesicles may play important roles in these mechanisms, and, therefore, this topic deserves detailed research. Recent data have revealed the involvement of extracellular vesicles in steps of Flaviviridae pathogenesis such as transmission, immune evasion, and inflammation, which is critical for disease establishment. This review covers recent papers on the roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of Flaviviridae and includes examples of clinical applications of the accumulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (E.S.)
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3
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Chanda D, Del Rivero T, Ghimire R, More S, Mitrani MI, Bellio MA, Channappanavar R. Acellular Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:273. [PMID: 38400048 PMCID: PMC10892347 DOI: 10.3390/v16020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fatal pneumonia. Excessive inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the key driver of ARDS and lethal disease. Several FDA-approved drugs that suppress virus replication are in clinical use. However, despite strong evidence for the role of virus-induced inflammation in severe COVID-19, no effective anti-inflammatory drug is available to control fatal inflammation as well as efficiently clear the virus. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify biologically derived immunomodulators that suppress inflammation and promote antiviral immunity. In this study, we evaluated acellular human amniotic fluid (acAF) containing extracellular vesicles (hAF-EVs) as a potential non-toxic and safe biologic for immunomodulation during COVID-19. Our in vitro results showed that acAF significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine production in TLR2/4/7 and SARS-CoV-2 structural protein-stimulated mouse macrophages. Importantly, an intraperitoneal administration of acAF reduced morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. A detailed examination of SARS-CoV-2-infected lungs revealed that the increased protection in acAF-treated mice was associated with reduced viral titers and levels of inflammatory myeloid cell infiltration. Collectively, our results identify a novel biologic that has potential to suppress excessive inflammation and enhance survival following SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the translational potential of acAF against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Chanda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (D.C.); (R.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Tania Del Rivero
- Organicell Regenerative Medicine, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (T.D.R.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Roshan Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (D.C.); (R.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (D.C.); (R.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Ines Mitrani
- Organicell Regenerative Medicine, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (T.D.R.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Michael A. Bellio
- Organicell Regenerative Medicine, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (T.D.R.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (D.C.); (R.G.); (S.M.)
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4
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Qiao XX, Shi HB, Xiao L. Serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 modulates the resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil via regulating miR-653/ZEB2 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:243. [PMID: 37845688 PMCID: PMC10577907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a major obstacle causing chemotherapy failure, and enabling cancer progression. Exosome excreted by cancer cells is participated in cancer progression and chemoresistance, and can be used as an prognostic biomarker. Previous studies have revealed that serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 is over-expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) sufferers and suggested it as a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. This work will to investigate the role and mechanism of serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in mediating resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in CRC. METHODS Serum and tissue samples were collected from 60 patients with CRC/ benign intestinal disease, and 60 healthy control. Exosomes were isolated and identified from serum samples and cell cultured media with TEM, WB, NTA, and flow cytometry. qRT-PCR and WB were performed to evaluate mRNA expressions of exosomal has-circ-0004771 and miR-653, and ZEB2 protein expression, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis abilities were assessed with BrdU and colony formation assay, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was over-expressed in CRC serum and cell cultured media, while miR-653 was lower-expressed in CRC tissues and cells. Negative correlations existed between exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in the patients' serum/cell culture media and miR-653 in CRC tissues/cells, and between miR-653 and ZEB2 in CRC cells. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in CRC cell cultured media was positively related to ZEB2 in CRC cells. MiR-653 was associated with poor prognosis of CRC patients, and its upregulation restrained CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and stimulated apoptosis. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was higher-expressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC serum and cell cultured media, miR-653 was downregulated and ZEB2 was overexpressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. In vitro, exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in cell cultured media may be involved in 5-FU-resistance by modulating miR-653/ZEB2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS miR-653 plays as a tumour suppressor in CRC progression, and serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 may be a predictive biomarker for 5-FU-resistance in CRC patients, potentially through miR-653/ZEB2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Qiao
- The Third Clinical Medical College (School of Clinical Medicine), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Hui-Bo Shi
- Department of Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- The Third Clinical Medical College (School of Clinical Medicine), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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5
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Addison MM, Ellis GI, Leslie GJ, Zawadzky NB, Riley JL, Hoxie JA, Eisenlohr LC. HIV-1-Infected CD4 + T Cells Present MHC Class II-Restricted Epitope via Endogenous Processing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:864-873. [PMID: 36130133 PMCID: PMC9512365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells (TCD4+s) play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. Canonically, TCD4+s are activated by peptides derived from extracellular ("exogenous") Ags displayed in complex with MHC class II (MHC II) molecules on the surfaces of "professional" APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, activated human TCD4+s, which express MHC II, are not typically considered for their APC potential because of their low endocytic capacity and the exogenous Ag systems historically used for assessment. Using primary TCD4+s and monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors, we show that activated human TCD4+s are highly effective at MHC II-restricted presentation of an immunodominant HIV-1-derived epitope postinfection and subsequent noncanonical processing and presentation of endogenously produced Ag. Our results indicate that, in addition to marshalling HIV-1-specific immune responses during infection, TCD4+s also act as APCs, leading to the activation of HIV-1-specific TCD4+s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Addison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Gavin I. Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - George J. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Noah B. Zawadzky
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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6
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Pathophysiology of Sepsis and Genesis of Septic Shock: The Critical Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169274. [PMID: 36012544 PMCID: PMC9409099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains a major public health issue due to the associated morbidity and mortality. Despite an improvement in the understanding of the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying its genesis and a growing number of studies exploring an even higher range of targeted therapies, no significant clinical progress has emerged in the past decade. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear more and more as an attractive approach for cell therapy both in experimental and clinical models. Pre-clinical data suggest a cornerstone role of these cells and their secretome in the control of the host immune response. Host-derived factors released from infected cells (i.e., alarmins, HMGB1, ATP, DNA) as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., LPS, peptidoglycans) can activate MSCs located in the parenchyma and around vessels to upregulate the expression of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors that influence, respectively, immune cell recruitment and stem cell mobilization. However, the way in which MSCs exert their beneficial effects in terms of survival and control of inflammation in septic states remains unclear. This review presents the interactions identified between MSCs and mediators of immunity and tissue repair in sepsis. We also propose paradigms related to the plausible roles of MSCs in the process of sepsis and septic shock. Finally, we offer a presentation of experimental and clinical studies and open the way to innovative avenues of research involving MSCs from a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic point of view in sepsis.
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7
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Huber J, Griffin MF, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Exosomes: A Tool for Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:101-113. [PMID: 33297857 PMCID: PMC8892957 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been repeatedly shown to be a valuable source for cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine, including bony tissue repair. However, engraftment at the injury site is poor. Recently, it has been suggested that MSCs and other cells act through a paracrine signaling mechanism. Exosomes are nanostructures that have been implicated in this process. They carry DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication directly modulating their target cell at a transcriptional level. In a bone microenvironment, they have been shown to increase osteogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In the following review, we will discuss the most advanced and significant knowledge of biological functions of exosomes in bone regeneration and their clinical applications in osseous diseases. Impact statement Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to be a promising tool in bone tissue engineering. Recently, it has been suggested that they secrete exosomes containing messenger RNA, proteins, and lipids, thus acting through paracrine signaling mechanisms. Considering that exosomes are nonteratogenic and have low immunogenic potential, they could potentially replace stem-cell based therapy and thus eradicate the risk of neoplastic transformation associated with cell transplantations in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Huber
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Address correspondence to: Julika Huber, MD, Dr. med, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
| | - Michelle F. Griffin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Address correspondence to: Natalina Quarto, PhD, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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8
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Haque S, Swami P, Khan A. S. Typhi derived vaccines and a proposal for outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as potential vaccine for typhoid fever. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105082. [PMID: 34265371 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a serious systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), spread by the feco-oral route and closely associated with poor food hygiene and inadequate sanitation. Nearly 93% of S. Typhi strains have acquired antibiotic resistance against most antibiotics. Vaccination is the only promising way to prevent typhoid fever. This review covers the nature and composition of S. Typhi, pathogenecity and mode of infection, epidemiology, and nature of drug resistance. Several components (Vi-polysaccharides, O-antigens, flagellar antigens, full length OMPs, and short peptides from OMPs) of S. Typhi have been utilized for vaccine design for protection against typhoid fever. Vaccine delivery systems also contribute to efficacy of the vaccines. In this study, we propose to develop S. Typhi derived OMVs as vaccine for protection against typhoid fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabirul Haque
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Pooja Swami
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal, Pradesh, India.
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9
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Popowski KD, Dinh PC, George A, Lutz H, Cheng K. Exosome therapeutics for COVID-19 and respiratory viruses. VIEW 2021; 2:20200186. [PMID: 34766162 PMCID: PMC7995024 DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral diseases are a leading cause of mortality in humans. They have proven to drive pandemic risk due to their complex transmission factors and viral evolution. However, the slow production of effective antiviral drugs and vaccines allows for outbreaks of these diseases, emphasizing a critical need for refined antiviral therapeutics. The delivery of exosomes, a naturally secreted extracellular vesicle, yields therapeutic effects for a variety of diseases, including viral infection. Exosomes and viruses utilize similar endosomal sorting pathways and mechanisms, providing exosomes with the potential to serve as a therapeutic that can target, bind, and suppress cellular uptake of various viruses including the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here, we review the relationship between exosomes and respiratory viruses, describe potential exosome therapeutics for viral infections, and summarize progress toward clinical translation for lung-derived exosome therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D. Popowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Phuong‐Uyen C. Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Arianna George
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Halle Lutz
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh/Chapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmaceuticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Troyer Z, Alhusaini N, Tabler CO, Sweet T, de Carvalho KIL, Schlatzer DM, Carias L, King CL, Matreyek K, Tilton JC. Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12112. [PMID: 34188786 PMCID: PMC8213968 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread rapidly and became a global pandemic in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for viral entry and binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, making it a major target of the immune system - particularly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that are induced by infection or vaccines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membraned particles constitutively released by cells, including virally-infected cells. EVs and viruses enclosed within lipid membranes share some characteristics: they are small, sub-micron particles and they overlap in cellular biogenesis and egress routes. Given their shared characteristics, we hypothesized that EVs released from spike-expressing cells could carry spike and serve as decoys for anti-spike nAbs, promoting viral infection. Here, using mass spectrometry and nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC) approaches, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be incorporated into EVs. Furthermore, we show that spike-carrying EVs act as decoy targets for convalescent patient serum-derived nAbs, reducing their effectiveness in blocking viral entry. These findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and highlight the complex interplay between viruses, extracellular vesicles, and the immune system that occurs during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Troyer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Najwa Alhusaini
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Caroline O. Tabler
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Thomas Sweet
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Daniela M. Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Lenore Carias
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Kenneth Matreyek
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - John C. Tilton
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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11
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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12
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Pal S, Mirzakhanyan Y, Gershon P, Tifrea DF, de la Maza LM. Induction of protection in mice against a respiratory challenge by a vaccine formulated with exosomes isolated from Chlamydia muridarum infected cells. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:87. [PMID: 33014435 PMCID: PMC7501220 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine if exosomes, isolated from Chlamydia muridarum infected HeLa cells (C. muridarum-exosomes), induce protective immune responses in mice following vaccination using CpG plus Montanide as adjuvants. Exosomes, collected from uninfected HeLa cells and PBS, formulated with the same adjuvants, were used as negative controls. Mass spectrometry analyses identified 113 C. muridarum proteins in the C. muridarum-exosome preparation including the major outer membrane protein and the polymorphic membrane proteins. Vaccination with C. muridarum-exosomes elicited robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to C. muridarum elementary bodies. Following vaccination, mice were challenged intranasally with C. muridarum. Compared to the negative controls, mice immunized with C. muridarum-exosomes were significantly protected as measured by changes in body weight, lungs' weight, and number of inclusion forming units recovered from lungs. This is the first report, of a vaccine formulated with Chlamydia exosomes, shown to elicit protection against a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Paul Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Luis M. de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
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13
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Kumar A, Kodidela S, Tadrous E, Cory TJ, Walker CM, Smith AM, Mukherjee A, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis and Their Potential Role in Therapeutic Intervention. Viruses 2020; 12:E887. [PMID: 32823684 PMCID: PMC7472073 DOI: 10.3390/v12080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown their potential as a carrier of molecular information, and they have been involved in physiological functions and diseases caused by viral infections. Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. They are released via a direct outward budding and fission of plasma membrane blebs into the extracellular space to either facilitate virus propagation or regulate the immune responses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate virulence factors including viral protein and viral genetic material, and thus can resemble noninfectious viruses. Interactions of EVs with recipient cells have been shown to activate signaling pathways that may contribute to a sustained cellular response towards viral infections. EVs, by utilizing a complex set of cargos, can play a regulatory role in viral infection, both by facilitating and suppressing the infection. EV-based antiviral and antiretroviral drug delivery approaches provide an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the literature on EVs, their associated involvement in transmission in viral infections, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Crystal Martin Walker
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Amber Marie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ahona Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
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14
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Forsyth KS, Roy NH, Peauroi E, DeHaven BC, Wold ED, Hersperger AR, Burkhardt JK, Eisenlohr LC. Ectromelia-encoded virulence factor C15 specifically inhibits antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells post peptide loading. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008685. [PMID: 32745153 PMCID: PMC7425992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox and monkeypox pose severe threats to human health. Other orthopoxviruses are comparably virulent in their natural hosts, including ectromelia, the cause of mousepox. Disease severity is linked to an array of immunomodulatory proteins including the B22 family, which has homologs in all pathogenic orthopoxviruses but not attenuated vaccine strains. We demonstrate that the ectromelia B22 member, C15, is necessary and sufficient for selective inhibition of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell activation by immunogenic peptide and superantigen. Inhibition is achieved not by down-regulation of surface MHC- II or co-stimulatory protein surface expression but rather by interference with antigen presentation. The appreciable outcome is interference with CD4+ T cell synapse formation as determined by imaging studies and lipid raft disruption. Consequently, CD4+ T cell activating stimulus shifts to uninfected antigen-presenting cells that have received antigen from infected cells. This work provides insight into the immunomodulatory strategies of orthopoxviruses by elucidating a mechanism for specific targeting of CD4+ T cell activation, reflecting the importance of this cell type in control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Forsyth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elise Peauroi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian C. DeHaven
- Department of Biology, La Salle University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erik D. Wold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Hersperger
- Department of Biology, Albright College, Reading, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Xunian Z, Kalluri R. Biology and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3100-3110. [PMID: 32639675 PMCID: PMC7469857 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells with the potential to differentiate into several cell types. MSC‐based therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for various diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the paracrine effects of MSC are partially exerted by the secretion of soluble factors, in particular exosomes. MSC‐derived exosomes are involved in intercellular communication through transfer of proteins, RNA, DNA and bioactive lipids, which might constitute a novel intercellular communication mode. This review illustrates the current knowledge on the composition and biological functions as well as the therapeutic potential of MSC‐derived exosomes in cancer, with a focus on clinical translation opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xunian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Schneider DJ, Smith KA, Latuszek CE, Wilke CA, Lyons DM, Penke LR, Speth JM, Marthi M, Swanson JA, Moore BB, Lauring AS, Peters-Golden M. Alveolar macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit endosomal fusion of influenza virus. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105057. [PMID: 32643835 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial cells (ECs) are the lone resident lung cells positioned to respond to pathogens at early stages of infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important vectors of paracrine signaling implicated in a range of (patho)physiologic contexts. Here we demonstrate that AMs, but not ECs, constitutively secrete paracrine activity localized to EVs which inhibits influenza infection of ECs in vitro and in vivo. AMs exposed to cigarette smoke extract lost the inhibitory activity of their secreted EVs. Influenza strains varied in their susceptibility to inhibition by AM-EVs. Only those exhibiting early endosomal escape and high pH of fusion were inhibited via a reduction in endosomal pH. By contrast, strains exhibiting later endosomal escape and lower fusion pH proved resistant to inhibition. These results extend our understanding of how resident AMs participate in host defense and have broader implications in the defense and treatment of pathogens internalized within endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schneider
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catrina E Latuszek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danny M Lyons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Speth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matangi Marthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Bedford JG, Infusini G, Dagley LF, Villalon-Letelier F, Zheng MZM, Bennett-Wood V, Reading PC, Wakim LM. Airway Exosomes Released During Influenza Virus Infection Serve as a Key Component of the Antiviral Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:887. [PMID: 32477358 PMCID: PMC7236881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells that have an important biological function in intercellular communication by transferring biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNAs to neighboring or distant cells. While a role for exosomes in antimicrobial defense has recently emerged, currently very little is known regarding the nature and functional relevance of exosomes generated in vivo, particularly during an active viral infection. Here, we characterized exosomes released into the airways during influenza virus infection. We show that these vesicles dynamically change in protein composition over the course of infection, increasing expression of host proteins with known anti-influenza activity, and viral proteins with the potential to trigger host immune responses. We show that exosomes released into the airways during influenza virus infection trigger pulmonary inflammation and carry viral antigen that can be utilized by antigen presenting cells to drive the induction of a cellular immune response. Moreover, we show that attachment factors for influenza virus, namely α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acids, are present on the surface of airway exosomes and these vesicles have the ability to neutralize influenza virus, thereby preventing the virus from binding and entering target cells. These data reveal a novel role for airway exosomes in the antiviral innate immune defense against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Bedford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Infusini
- Department of Medical Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- Department of Medical Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fernando Villalon-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming Z M Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicki Bennett-Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Characterization from Periprosthetic Joint Synovial Fluid in Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020516. [PMID: 32075029 PMCID: PMC7074102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise an as yet insufficiently investigated intercellular communication pathway in the field of revision total joint arthroplasty (RTJA). This study examined whether periprosthetic joint synovial fluid contains EVs, developed a protocol for their isolation and characterized them with respect to quantity, size, surface markers as well as documented their differences between aseptic implant failure (AIF) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). EV isolation was accomplished using ultracentrifugation, electron microscopy (EM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis evaluated EV presence as well as particle size and quantity. EV surface markers were studied by a bead-based multiplex analysis. Using our protocol, EM confirmed the presence of EVs in periprosthetic joint synovial fluid. Higher EV particle concentrations and decreased particle sizes were apparent for PJI. Multiplex analysis confirmed EV-typical surface epitopes and revealed upregulated CD44 and HLA-DR/DP/DQ for AIF, as well as increased CD40 and CD105. Our protocol achieved isolation of EVs from periprosthetic joint synovial fluid, confirmed by EM and multiplex analysis. Characterization was documented with respect to size, concentration and epitope surface signature. Our results indicate various differences between PJI and AIF EVs. This pilot study enables new research approaches and rising diagnostic opportunities in the field of RTJA.
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19
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Zheng B, Zhou J, Wang H. Host microRNAs and exosomes that modulate influenza virus infection. Virus Res 2020; 279:197885. [PMID: 31981772 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate over half of human protein-coding genes and play a vital role in cellular development, proliferation, metabolism, and homeostasis. Exosomes are rounded or cup-like extracellular vesicles that carry proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids for release and exchange messages between cells involved in various cellular processes. Influenza virus is a substantial public health challenge. The expression of host miRNAs is altered in response to stimulation by influenza virus. These dysregulated miRNAs directly or indirectly target viral genes to regulate viral replication and stimulate or suppress innate immune responses and cell apoptosis during viral infection. Exosomes released by infected cells are associated with the transfer of antigens and key molecules that activate and modulate immune function. Dysregulation of miRNAs and secretion of exosomes are associated with pathogenicity and immune regulation during influenza infection. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the information available regarding host miRNAs and exosomes that are involved in the modulation of influenza virus infection and will facilitate the development of preventative or therapeutic strategies against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojia Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, and Deparment of Medical Microbiology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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20
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Anczurowski M, Sugata K, Matsunaga Y, Yamashita Y, Wang CH, Guo T, Murata K, Saijo H, Kagoya Y, Saso K, Butler MO, Hirano N. Chaperones of the class I peptide-loading complex facilitate the constitutive presentation of endogenous antigens on HLA-DP84GGPM87. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Kremer AN, Zonneveld MI, Kremer AE, van der Meijden ED, Falkenburg JHF, Wauben MHM, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Griffioen M. Natural T-cell ligands that are created by genetic variants can be transferred between cells by extracellular vesicles. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1621-1631. [PMID: 30011060 PMCID: PMC6220790 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a central role as helper cells in adaptive immunity. Presentation of exogenous antigens in MHC class II by professional antigen-presenting cells is a crucial step in induction of specific CD4 T cells in adaptive immune responses. For efficient induction of immunity against intracellular threats such as viruses or malignant transformations, antigens from HLA class II-negative infected or transformed cells need to be transferred to surrounding antigen-presenting cells to allow efficient priming of naive CD4 T cells. Here we show indirect antigen presentation for a subset of natural HLA class II ligands that are created by genetic variants and demonstrated that (neo)antigens can be transferred between cells by extracellular vesicles. Intercellular transfer by extracellular vesicles was not dependent on the T-cell epitope, but rather on characteristics of the full-length protein. This mechanism of (neo)antigen transfer from HLA class II-negative cells to surrounding antigen-presenting cells may play a crucial role in induction of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita N Kremer
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marijke I Zonneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Edith D van der Meijden
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Griffioen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Keshavarz M, Dianat-Moghadam H, Sofiani VH, Karimzadeh M, Zargar M, Moghoofei M, Biglari H, Ghorbani S, Nahand JS, Mirzaei H. miRNA-based strategy for modulation of influenza A virus infection. Epigenomics 2018; 10:829-844. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is known worldwide as a threat associated with human and livestock diseases. Hence, identification of physiological and molecular aspects of influenza A could contribute to better design of therapeutic approaches for reducing adverse effects associated with disease caused by this virus. miRNAs are epigenetic regulators playing important roles in many pathological processes that help in progression of influenza A. Besides miRNAs, exosomes have ememrged as other effective players in influenza A pathogenesis. Exosomes exert their effects via targeting their cargos (e.g., DNAs, mRNA, miRNAs and proteins) to recipient cells. Here, we summarized various roles of miRNAs and exosomes in influenza A pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted therapeutic applications of miRNAs and exosomes in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medicine Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Zargar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Biglari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering & Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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23
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Dean I, Dzinic SH, Bernardo MM, Zou Y, Kimler V, Li X, Kaplun A, Granneman J, Mao G, Sheng S. The secretion and biological function of tumor suppressor maspin as an exosome cargo protein. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8043-8056. [PMID: 28009978 PMCID: PMC5352381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin is an epithelial-specific tumor suppressor shown to exert its biological effects as an intracellular, cell membrane-associated, and secreted free molecule. A recent study suggests that upon DNA-damaging g-irradiation, tumor cells can secrete maspin as an exosome-associated protein. To date, the biological significance of exosomal secretion of maspin is unknown. The current study aims at addressing whether maspin is spontaneously secreted as an exosomal protein to regulate tumor/stromal interactions. We prepared exosomes along with cell extracts and vesicle-depleted conditioned media (VDCM) from normal epithelial (CRL2221, MCF-10A and BEAS-2B) and cancer (LNCaP, PC3 and SUM149) cell lines. Atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed similar size distribution patterns and surface zeta potentials between the normal cells-derived and tumor cells-derived exosomes. Electron microscopy revealed that maspin was encapsulated by the exosomal membrane as a cargo protein. While western blotting revealed that the level of exosomal maspin from tumor cell lines was disproportionally lower relative to the levels of corresponding intracellular and VDCM maspin, as compared to that from normal cell lines, maspin knockdown in MCF-10A cells led to maspin-devoid exosomes, which exhibited significantly reduced suppressive effects on the chemotaxis activity of recipient NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. These data are the first to demonstrate the potential of maspin delivered by exosomes to block tumor-induced stromal response, and support the clinical application of exosomal maspin in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivory Dean
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA.,Current address: Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sijana H Dzinic
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA
| | - M Margarida Bernardo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA
| | - Vickie Kimler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, MI, USA.,Current address: Ocular Structure and Imaging Facility, Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, USA
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA.,Current address: Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA.,Current address: Variantyx, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - James Granneman
- The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA.,The Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, MI, USA
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24
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Changes Cargo Composition of Exosome Released from Airway Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:387. [PMID: 29321591 PMCID: PMC5762922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles known to carry biologically active molecules, including RNA, DNA and proteins. Viral infections can induce profound changes in exosome composition, and exosomes have been implicated in viral transmission and pathogenesis. No information is current available regarding exosome composition and function during infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. In this study, we characterized exosomes released from RSV-infected lung carcinoma-derived A549 cells. RNA deep sequencing revealed that RSV exosomes contain a diverse range of RNA species like messenger and ribosomal RNA fragments, as well as small noncoding RNAs, in a proportion different from exosomes isolated from mock-infected cells. We observed that both RNA and protein signatures of RSV were present in exosomes, however, they were not able to establish productive infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes isolated from RSV-infected cells were able to activate innate immune response by inducing cytokine and chemokine release from human monocytes and airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that exosomes may play an important role in pathogenesis or protection against disease, therefore understating their role in RSV infection may open new avenues for target identification and development of novel therapeutics.
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Huang X, Karabudak A, Comber JD, Philip M, Morcol T, Philip R. A novel immunization approach for dengue infection based on conserved T cell epitopes formulated in calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2612-2625. [PMID: 28933657 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1369639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) is the etiologic agent of dengue fever, the most significant mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. Most DV vaccine approaches are focused on generating antibody mediated responses; one such DV vaccine is approved for use in humans but its efficacy is limited. While it is clear that T cell responses play important role in DV infection and subsequent disease manifestations, fewer studies are aimed at developing vaccines that induce robust T cells responses. Potent T cell based vaccines require 2 critical components: the identification of specific T cell stimulating MHC associated peptides, and an optimized vaccine delivery vehicle capable of simultaneously delivering the antigens and any required adjuvants. We have previously identified and characterized DV specific HLA-A2 and -A24 binding DV serotypes conserved epitopes, and the feasibility of an epitope based vaccine for DV infection. In this study, we build on those previous studies and describe an investigational DV vaccine using T cell epitopes incorporated into a calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CaPNP) delivery system. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of functional immunogenicity of DV CaPNP/multipeptide formulations in vitro and in vivo and demonstrates the CaPNP/multipeptide vaccine is capable of inducing T cell responses against all 4 serotypes of DV. This synthetic vaccine is also cost effective, straightforward to manufacture, and stable at room temperature in a lyophilized form. This formulation may serve as an effective candidate DV vaccine that protects against all 4 serotypes as either a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tulin Morcol
- b Captivate Pharmaceuticals , Doylestown , PA , USA
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26
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Selmaj I, Mycko MP, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. The role of exosomes in CNS inflammation and their involvement in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 306:1-10. [PMID: 28385180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive immune cells recognizing myelin antigens lead to demyelination and axonal injury. Mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of MS have not been fully elucidated, particularly those underlying initiation of immune system dysfunction. For example, it is not known how reactivity against CNS components is generated within the peripheral immune system. In this review, we propose that a significant contribution to the immunoregulatory events may derive from a cell-to-cell communication system involving the production, secretion and transfer of extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Herein, we discuss in detail the biogenesis and roles of these cell surface-generated vesicles from the standpoint of receptors and their cargo, microRNA. It is well known that exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus may contribute to the spread of brain antigens to the periphery. Further understanding of exosome-dependent mechanisms in MS should provide a novel angle to the analysis of the pathogenesis of this disease. Finally, we launch the idea that exosomes and their contents may serve as biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cedric S Raine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Cui C, Xu JM, Wang YL. Role of exosomes in diagnosis of digestive system cancers. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4644-4651. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i35.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that are secreted by their host cells and distributed in the blood, saliva, urine, and other body fluids. Exosomes have emerged as a novel important mediator in facilitating intercellular communication by virtue of regulatory molecules in its cargo (nucleic acids and proteins) and inducing physiological and genetic changes in targeted cells. Exosomes can be released in many and perhaps all biological fluids, and tumor-derived or -associated exosomes are emerging as key players in intercellular communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment through horizontal transfer of information via their cargo. Exosomes could be serving as a novel means for tumor genetic detection and potential biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prognostics. This article reviews recent progress in the understanding of the role of exosomes in diagnosis of digestive system cancers.
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Cypryk W, Lorey M, Puustinen A, Nyman TA, Matikainen S. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Released from Human Macrophages upon Influenza A Virus Infection. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:217-227. [PMID: 27723984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are aggressive pathogens that cause acute respiratory diseases and annual epidemics in humans. Host defense against IAV infection is initiated by macrophages, which are the principal effector cells of the innate immune system. We have previously shown that IAV infection of human macrophages is associated with robust secretion of proteins via conventional and unconventional protein release pathways. Here we have characterized unconventional, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated protein secretion in human macrophages during IAV infection using proteomics, bioinformatics, and functional studies. We demonstrate that at 9 h postinfection a robust EV-mediated protein secretion takes place. We identified 2359 human proteins from EVs of IAV-infected macrophages compared with 1448 proteins identified from EVs of control cells. Bioinformatic analysis shows that many proteins involved in translation, like components of spliceosome machinery and the ribosome, are secreted in EVs in response to IAV infection. Our data also shows that EVs derived from IAV-infected macrophages contain fatty acid-binding proteins, antiviral cytokines, copper metabolism Murr-1 domain proteins, and autophagy-related proteins. In addition, our data suggest that secretory autophagy plays a role in activating EV-mediated protein secretion during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Cypryk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Lorey
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Rheumatology , 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Puustinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine , Sognsvannsveien 20, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Rheumatology , 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Control of ADAM17 activity by regulation of its cellular localisation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35067. [PMID: 27731361 PMCID: PMC5059621 DOI: 10.1038/srep35067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important, irreversible step in many signalling pathways is the shedding of membrane-anchored proteins. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 is one of the major sheddases involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including regeneration, differentiation, and cancer progression. This central role in signalling implies that ADAM17 activity has to be tightly regulated, including at the level of localisation. Most mature ADAM17 is localised intracellularly, with only a small amount at the cell surface. We found that ADAM17 is constitutively internalised by clathrin-coated pits and that physiological stimulators such as GPCR ligands induce ADAM17-mediated shedding, but do not alter the cell-surface abundance of the protease. In contrast, the PKC-activating phorbol ester PMA, often used as a strong inducer of ADAM17, causes not only proteolysis by ADAM17 but also a rapid increase of the mature protease at the cell surface. This is followed by internalisation and subsequent degradation of the protease. Eventually, this leads to a substantial downregulation of mature ADAM17. Our results therefore imply that physiological activation of ADAM17 does not rely on its relocalisation, but that PMA-induced PKC activity drastically dysregulates the localisation of ADAM17.
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Burrello J, Monticone S, Gai C, Gomez Y, Kholia S, Camussi G. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:83. [PMID: 27597941 PMCID: PMC4992732 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regulation of the immune system, whereby an immune response may be enhanced or supressed by EVs depending on their cell of origin and its functional state. EVs derived from antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for instance, have been involved in both innate and acquired (or adaptive) immune responses, as Ag carriers or presenters, or as vehicles for delivering active signaling molecules. On the other hand, tumor and stem cell derived EVs have been identified to exert an inhibitory effect on immune responses by carrying immuno-modulatory effectors, such as transcriptional factors, non-coding RNA (Species), and cytokines. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have also been reported to impair dendritic cell maturation and to regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of B cells. They have been shown to control natural killer cell activity and to suppress the innate immune response (IIR). Studies reporting the role of EVs on T lymphocyte modulation are controversial. Discrepancy in literature may be due to stem cell culture conditions, methods of EV purification, EV molecular content, and functional state of both parental and target cells. However, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were shown to play a more suppressive role by shifting T cells from an activated to a T regulatory phenotype. In this review, we will discuss how stem cell-derived EVs may contribute toward the modulation of the immune response. Collectively, stem cell-derived EVs mainly exhibit an inhibitory effect on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Burrello
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticone
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Torino, Italy
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31
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Duvallet E, Boulpicante M, Yamazaki T, Daskalogianni C, Prado Martins R, Baconnais S, Manoury B, Fahraeus R, Apcher S. Exosome-driven transfer of tumor-associated Pioneer Translation Products (TA-PTPs) for the MHC class I cross-presentation pathway. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1198865. [PMID: 27757298 PMCID: PMC5048765 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1198865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune reactions against non-self-epitopes require activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells via cross-presentation of MHC class I-restricted peptides by professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs), with the consequent detection and elimination of cells expressing the same antigens via the endogenous (direct) pathway. The source of peptides for the endogenous pathway is constituted of alternative mRNA translation products; however, it is still unclear which source of peptides is used for cross-presentation. Furthermore, the presentation of non-canonical translation products, produced during a non-conventional translation event, on class I molecules of tumor cells has been reported but how these peptides are generated, presented to pAPCs, and their capacity to stimulate CD8+ T cells is still not known. Here, we report that pioneer translation peptides (PTPs) derived from intron or exon pre-mRNAs can serve as tumor-associated antigens (TA-PTPs) and are delivered from the producing tumor cells to pAPCs via exosomes where they are processed by the cytosolic pathway. Injection of TA-PTPs and tumor-derived exosomes efficiently induce CD8+ T-cell proliferation and prevent tumor growth in mice. Our results show that TA-PTPs represent an efficient source of antigenic peptides for CD8+ T cell activation and that full-length proteins are not required for cross-presentation. These findings can have interesting implications for generating tolerance and for designing vectors to generate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Duvallet
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Unité 1015 département d'immunologie , Villejuif, France
| | - Mathilde Boulpicante
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Unité 1015 département d'immunologie , Villejuif, France
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Unité 1015 département d'immunologie , Villejuif, France
| | - Chrysoula Daskalogianni
- Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm UMR1162, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire , Paris, France and RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rodrigo Prado Martins
- Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm UMR1162, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire , Paris, France and RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sonia Baconnais
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, CNRS UMR8126, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay , Villejuif, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- INEM, U1151-CNRS UMR8253 , Paris, France and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de medicine , Paris, France
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm UMR1162, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire , Paris, France and RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sébastien Apcher
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Unité 1015 département d'immunologie , Villejuif, France
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Coulon PG, Richetta C, Rouers A, Blanchet FP, Urrutia A, Guerbois M, Piguet V, Theodorou I, Bet A, Schwartz O, Tangy F, Graff-Dubois S, Cardinaud S, Moris A. HIV-Infected Dendritic Cells Present Endogenous MHC Class II-Restricted Antigens to HIV-Specific CD4+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:517-32. [PMID: 27288536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that CD4(+) T cells recognize antigenic peptides (epitopes) derived solely from incoming, exogenous, viral particles or proteins. However, alternative sources of MHC class II (MHC-II)-restricted Ags have been described, in particular epitopes derived from newly synthesized proteins (so-called endogenous). In this study, we show that HIV-infected dendritic cells (DC) present MHC-II-restricted endogenous viral Ags to HIV-specific (HS) CD4(+) T cells. This endogenous pathway functions independently of the exogenous route for HIV Ag presentation and offers a distinct possibility for the immune system to activate HS CD4(+) T cells. We examined the implication of autophagy, which plays a crucial role in endogenous viral Ag presentation and thymic selection of CD4(+) T cells, in HIV endogenous presentation. We show that infected DC do not use autophagy to process MHC-II-restricted HIV Ags. This is unlikely to correspond to a viral escape from autophagic degradation, as infecting DC with Nef- or Env-deficient HIV strains did not impact HS T cell activation. However, we demonstrate that, in DC, specific targeting of HIV Ags to autophagosomes using a microtubule-associated protein L chain 3 (LC3) fusion protein effectively enhances and broadens HS CD4(+) T cell responses, thus favoring an endogenous MHC-II-restricted presentation. In summary, in DC, multiple endogenous presentation pathways lead to the activation of HS CD4(+) T cell responses. These findings will help in designing novel strategies to activate HS CD4(+) T cells that are required for CTL activation/maintenance and B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Grégoire Coulon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Clémence Richetta
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Angéline Rouers
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- CNRS, FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, Centre d'Études d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Alejandra Urrutia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France; Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; and
| | - Anne Bet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Cardinaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France; Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; and
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33
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Robbins PD, Dorronsoro A, Booker CN. Regulation of chronic inflammatory and immune processes by extracellular vesicles. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1173-80. [PMID: 27035808 DOI: 10.1172/jci81131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cell types release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are derived either from multivesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane. EVs contain a subset of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the cell from which they are derived. EV factors, particularly small RNAs such as miRNAs, likely play important roles in cell-to-cell communication both locally and systemically. Most of the functions associated with EVs are in the regulation of immune responses to pathogens and cancer, as well as in regulating autoimmunity. This Review will focus on the different modes of immune regulation, both direct and indirect, by EVs. The therapeutic utility of EVs for the regulation of immune responses will also be discussed.
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34
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Gerlach JQ, Griffin MD. Getting to know the extracellular vesicle glycome. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1071-81. [PMID: 26888195 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse population of complex biological particles with diameters ranging from approximately 20 to 1000 nm. Tremendous interest in EVs has been generated following a number of recent, high-profile reports describing their potential utility in diagnostic, prognostic, drug delivery, and therapeutic roles. Subpopulations, such as exosomes, are now known to directly participate in cell-cell communication and direct material transfer. Glycomics, the 'omic' portion of the glycobiology field, has only begun to catalog the surface oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structures and also the carbohydrate-binding proteins found on and inside EVs. The EV glycome undoubtedly contains vital clues essential to better understanding the function, biogenesis, release and transfer of vesicles, however getting at this information is technically challenging and made even more so because of the small physical size of the vesicles and the typically minute yield from physiological-scale biological samples. Vesicle micro-heterogeneity which may be related to specific vesicle origins and functions presents a further challenge. A number of primary studies carried out over the past decade have turned up specific and valuable clues regarding the composition and roles of glycan structures and also glycan binding proteins involved EV biogenesis and transfer. This review explores some of the major EV glycobiological research carried out to date and discusses the potential implications of these findings across the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Q Gerlach
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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35
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Zhou Z, Reyes-Vargas E, Escobar H, Rudd B, Rockwood AL, Delgado JC, He X, Jensen PE. Type 1 diabetes associated HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 molecules are relatively resistant to HLA-DM mediated release of invariant chain-derived CLIP peptides. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:834-45. [PMID: 26707565 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HLA-DM is essential for editing peptides bound to MHC class II, thus influencing the repertoire of peptides mediating selection and activation of CD4(+) T cells. Individuals expressing HLA-DQ2 or DQ8, and DQ2/8 trans-dimers, have elevated risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cells coexpressing DM with these DQ molecules were observed to express elevated levels of CLIP (Class II associated invariant chain peptide). Relative resistance to DM-mediated editing of CLIP was further confirmed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis of eluted peptides, which also demonstrated peptides from known T1D-associated autoantigens, including a shared epitope from ZnT8 that is presented by all four major T1D-susceptible DQ molecules. Assays with purified recombinant soluble proteins confirmed that DQ2-CLIP complexes are highly resistant to DM editing, whereas DQ8-CLIP is partially sensitive to DM, but with an apparent reduction in catalytic potency. DM sensitivity was enhanced in mutant DQ8 molecules with disruption of hydrogen bonds that stabilize DQ8 near the DM-binding region. Our findings show that T1D-susceptible DQ2 and DQ8 share significant resistance to DM editing, compared with control DQ molecules. The relative resistance of the T1D-susceptible DQ molecules to DM editing and preferential presentation of T1D-associated autoantigenic peptides may contribute to the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Brant Rudd
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alan L Rockwood
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Julio C Delgado
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter E Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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36
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Sharma A, Khatun Z, Shiras A. Tumor exosomes: cellular postmen of cancer diagnosis and personalized therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:421-37. [PMID: 26784674 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles 'exosomes' are secreted by cells for intercellular communication during normal and pathological conditions. Exosomes carry biomacromolecules from cell-of-origin and, therefore, represent molecular bioprint of the cell. Tumor-derived exosomes or TDEx modulate tumor microenvironment by transfer of macromolecules locally as well as at distant metastatic sites. Due to their biological stability, TDEx are rich source of biomarkers in cancer patients. TDEx focused cancer diagnosis allows liquid biopsy-based tumor typing and may facilitate therapy response monitoring by developing novel exosomes diagnostics. Therefore, efficient and specific capturing of exosomes for subsequent amplification of the biomessages; for example, DNA, RNA, miRNA can reinvent cancer diagnosis. Here, in this review, we discuss advancements in exosomes isolation strategies, presence of exosomes biomarkers and importance of TDEx in gauging tumor heterogeneity for their potential use in cancer diagnosis, therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Pvt Ltd, L4, 100 NCL Innovation Park, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007
| | - Zamila Khatun
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Pvt Ltd, L4, 100 NCL Innovation Park, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
| | - Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007
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Miller MA, Ganesan APV, Luckashenak N, Mendonca M, Eisenlohr LC. Endogenous antigen processing drives the primary CD4+ T cell response to influenza. Nat Med 2015; 21:1216-22. [PMID: 26413780 PMCID: PMC4629989 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By convention, CD4+ T lymphocytes recognize foreign and self peptides derived from internalized antigens in combination with MHC class II molecules. Alternative pathways of epitope production have been identified but their contributions to host defense have not been established. We show here in a mouse infection model that the CD4+ T cell response to influenza, critical for durable protection from the virus, is driven principally by unconventional processing of antigen synthesized within the infected antigen-presenting cell, not by classical processing of endocytosed virions or material from infected cells. Investigation of the cellular components involved, including the H2-M molecular chaperone, the proteasome, and gamma-interferon inducible lysosomal thiol reductase revealed considerable heterogeneity in the generation of individual epitopes, an arrangement that ensures peptide diversity and broad CD4+ T cell engagement. These results could fundamentally revise strategies for rational vaccine design and may lead to key insights into the induction of autoimmune and anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asha Purnima V Ganesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Luckashenak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Mendonca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Koch R, Aung T, Vogel D, Chapuy B, Wenzel D, Becker S, Sinzig U, Venkataramani V, von Mach T, Jacob R, Truemper L, Wulf GG. Nuclear Trapping through Inhibition of Exosomal Export by Indomethacin Increases Cytostatic Efficacy of Doxorubicin and Pixantrone. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:395-404. [PMID: 26369630 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although R-CHOP-based immunochemotherapy cures significant proportions of patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma, tumor cell susceptibility to chemotherapy varies, with mostly fatal outcome in cases of resistant disease. We and others have shown before that export of cytostatic drugs contributes to drug resistance. Now we provide a novel approach to overcome exosome-mediated drug resistance in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used well-established centrifugation protocols to purify exosomes from DLBCL cell lines and detected anthracyclines using FACS and HPLC. We used shRNA knockdown of ABCA3 to determine ABCA3 dependence of chemotherapy susceptibility and monitored ABCA3 expression after indomethacin treatment using qPCR. Finally, we established an in vivo assay using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to determine the synergy of anthracycline and indomethacin treatment. RESULTS We show increased efficacy of the anthracycline doxorubicin and the anthracenedione pixantrone by suppression of exosomal drug resistance with indomethacin. B-cell lymphoma cells in vitro efficiently extruded doxorubicin and pixantrone, in part compacted in exosomes. Exosomal biogenesis was critically dependent on the expression of the ATP-transporter A3 (ABCA3). Genetic or chemical depletion of ABCA3 augmented intracellular retention of both drugs and shifted the subcellular drug accumulation to prolonged nuclear retention. Indomethacin increased the cytostatic efficacy of both drugs against DLBCL cell lines in vitro and in vivo in a CAM assay. CONCLUSIONS We propose pretreatment with indomethacin toward enhanced antitumor efficacy of anthracyclines and anthracenediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Koch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thiha Aung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Vogel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Wenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Becker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Sinzig
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tobias von Mach
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Truemper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerald G Wulf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany.
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Exosomes and Their Role in the Life Cycle and Pathogenesis of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3204-25. [PMID: 26102580 PMCID: PMC4488737 DOI: 10.3390/v7062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles actively released into the extracellular space, whose content reflect the physiological/pathological state of the cells they originate from. These vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication and transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Their role in viral infections is just beginning to be appreciated. RNA viruses are an important class of pathogens and affect millions of people worldwide. Recent studies on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Dengue Virus (DENV) have demonstrated that exosomes released from infected cells harbor and deliver many regulatory factors including viral RNA and proteins, viral and cellular miRNA, and other host functional genetic elements to neighboring cells, helping to establish productive infections and modulating cellular responses. Exosomes can either spread or limit an infection depending on the type of pathogen and target cells, and can be exploited as candidates for development of antiviral or vaccine treatments. This review summarizes recent progress made in understanding the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections with an emphasis on their potential contribution to pathogenesis.
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40
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Roles of lymphatic endothelial cells expressing peripheral tissue antigens in CD4 T-cell tolerance induction. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6771. [PMID: 25857745 PMCID: PMC4403767 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) directly express peripheral tissue antigens and induce CD8 T-cell deletional tolerance. LECs express MHC-II molecules, suggesting they might also tolerize CD4 T cells. We demonstrate that when β-galactosidase (β-gal) is expressed in LECs, β-gal-specific CD8 T cells undergo deletion via the PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3/MHC-II pathways. In contrast, LECs do not present endogenous β-gal in the context of MHC-II molecules to β-gal-specific CD4 T cells. Lack of presentation is independent of antigen localization, as membrane-bound haemagglutinin and I-Eα are also not presented by MHC-II molecules. LECs express invariant chain and cathepsin L, but not H2-M, suggesting that they cannot load endogenous antigenic peptides onto MHC-II molecules. Importantly, LECs transfer β-gal to dendritic cells, which subsequently present it to induce CD4 T-cell anergy. Therefore, LECs serve as an antigen reservoir for CD4 T-cell tolerance, and MHC-II molecules on LECs are used to induce CD8 T-cell tolerance via LAG-3. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) induce peripheral tolerance of CD8 T cells. Here the authors show that LECs cannot directly tolerize CD4 T cells as they lack the machinery for loading the antigenic peptide to MHC-II; instead, LECs pass these antigens to dendritic cells that induce CD4 tolerance.
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41
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Gu H, Overstreet AMC, Yang Y. Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anne-Marie C. Overstreet
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Vilasi A, Fiume I, Tatè R, Capasso G. Employing extracellular vesicles for non-invasive renal monitoring: A captivating prospect. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:66-80. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fascinating nano-sized subjects extensively studied over the recent years across several disparate disciplines. EVs are endlessly secreted into the extracellular microenvironment by most cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs encompass a variety of molecular constituents from their cell of origin, such as lipids, cell specific proteins and RNAs, thus constituting an informative resource for studying molecular events at the cellular level. There are three main classes of EVs classified based on their size, content, biogenesis and biological functions: exosomes, shedding microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Besides cell culture supernatants, biological fluids have also been shown to contain different types of EVs. Amongst the various body fluids, the study of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as a source of candidate biomarkers gained much attention, since: (1) urine can be non-invasively collected in large amounts; and (2) the isolated uEVs are stable for a relatively long period of time. Here, we review the important aspects of urinary extracellular vesicles which are fast gaining attention as a promising future tool for the non-invasive monitoring of urinary tract. Recent advancements in the purification and analysis of uEVs and collection of their constituents in rapidly developing public databases, allow their better exploitation in molecular diagnostics. As a result, a growing number of studies have shown that changes in expression profile at the RNA and/or protein levels of uEVs reveal the molecular architectures of underlying key pathophysiological events of different clinically important diseases with kidney involvement.
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Jaworski E, Narayanan A, Van Duyne R, Shabbeer-Meyering S, Iordanskiy S, Saifuddin M, Das R, Afonso PV, Sampey GC, Chung M, Popratiloff A, Shrestha B, Sehgal M, Jain P, Vertes A, Mahieux R, Kashanchi F. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells secrete exosomes that contain Tax protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22284-305. [PMID: 24939845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax controls many critical cellular pathways, including host cell DNA damage response mechanisms, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes play critical roles during pathogenic viral infections as delivery vehicles for host and viral components, including proteins, mRNA, and microRNA. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from HTLV-1-infected cells contain unique host and viral proteins that may contribute to HTLV-1-induced pathogenesis. We found exosomes derived from infected cells to contain Tax protein and proinflammatory mediators as well as viral mRNA transcripts, including Tax, HBZ, and Env. Furthermore, we observed that exosomes released from HTLV-1-infected Tax-expressing cells contributed to enhanced survival of exosome-recipient cells when treated with Fas antibody. This survival was cFLIP-dependent, with Tax showing induction of NF-κB in exosome-recipient cells. Finally, IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells that received Tax-containing exosomes were protected from apoptosis through activation of AKT. Similar experiments with primary cultures showed protection and survival of peripheral blood mononuclear cells even in the absence of phytohemagglutinin/IL-2. Surviving cells contained more phosphorylated Rb, consistent with the role of Tax in regulation of the cell cycle. Collectively, these results suggest that exosomes may play an important role in extracellular delivery of functional HTLV-1 proteins and mRNA to recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jaworski
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Shabana Shabbeer-Meyering
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Ravi Das
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Philippe V Afonso
- the Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR3569, F-75015 Paris, France, and
| | - Gavin C Sampey
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Myung Chung
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Mohit Sehgal
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902
| | - Pooja Jain
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902
| | - Akos Vertes
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- the Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labelisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer," International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69364 Cedex 07, France
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110,
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44
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Robbins PD, Morelli AE. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol 2014. [PMID: 24566916 DOI: 10.1038/nri362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are small membrane vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane. Most, if not all, cell types release extracellular vesicles, which then enter the bodily fluids. These vesicles contain a subset of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are derived from the parent cell. It is thought that extracellular vesicles have important roles in intercellular communication, both locally and systemically, as they transfer their contents, including proteins, lipids and RNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles are involved in numerous physiological processes, and vesicles from both non-immune and immune cells have important roles in immune regulation. Moreover, extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics are being developed and clinically tested for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Given the tremendous therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles, this Review focuses on their role in modulating immune responses, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Robbins
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #3B3, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology and T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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45
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Nour AM, Modis Y. Endosomal vesicles as vehicles for viral genomes. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:449-54. [PMID: 24746011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic pathway is the principal cell entry pathway for large cargos and pathogens. Among the wide variety of specialized lipid structures within endosomes, the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed in early endosomes (EEs) and transferred to late endosomal compartments are emerging as critical effectors of viral infection and immune recognition. Various viruses deliver their genomes into these ILVs, which serve as vehicles to transport the genome to the nuclear periphery for replication. When secreted as exosomes, ILVs containing viral genomes can infect permissive cells or activate immune responses in myeloid cells. We therefore propose that endosomal ILVs and exosomes are key effectors of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Nour
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are small membrane vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane. Most, if not all, cell types release extracellular vesicles, which then enter the bodily fluids. These vesicles contain a subset of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are derived from the parent cell. It is thought that extracellular vesicles have important roles in intercellular communication, both locally and systemically, as they transfer their contents, including proteins, lipids and RNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles are involved in numerous physiological processes, and vesicles from both non-immune and immune cells have important roles in immune regulation. Moreover, extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics are being developed and clinically tested for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Given the tremendous therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles, this Review focuses on their role in modulating immune responses, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Adrian E. Morelli
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology and T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Eisenlohr LC, Luckashenak N, Apcher S, Miller MA, Sinnathamby G. Beyond the classical: influenza virus and the elucidation of alternative MHC class II-restricted antigen processing pathways. Immunol Res 2012; 51:237-48. [PMID: 22101673 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells (T(CD4+)) are activated by peptides, generally 13-17 amino acids in length, presented at the cell surface in combination with highly polymorphic MHC class II molecules. According to the classical model, these peptides are generated by endosomal digestion of internalized antigen and loaded onto MHC class II molecules in the late endosome. Historically, this "exogenous" pathway has been defined through the extensive use of purified proteins. However, the relatively recent use of clinically relevant antigens, those of influenza virus in our case, has revealed several additional pathways of peptide production, including some that are truly "endogenous", entailing synthesis of the protein within the infected cell. Indeed, some peptides appear to be created only via endogenous processing. The cell biology that underlies these alternative pathways remains poorly understood as do their relative contributions to defence against infectious agents and cancer, and the triggering of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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48
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Dragovic SM, Hill T, Christianson GJ, Kim S, Elliott T, Scott D, Roopenian DC, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing control CD4+ Th cell responses by regulating indirect presentation of MHC class II-restricted cytoplasmic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6683-92. [PMID: 21572029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ags derived from viruses, cytosolic bacteria, tumors, and allografts are presented to T cells by MHC class I or class II molecules. In the case of class II-restricted Ags, professional APCs acquire them during uptake of dead class II-negative cells and present them via a process called indirect presentation. It is generally assumed that the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery, which supplies peptides for presentation by class I molecules, plays very little role in indirect presentation of class II-restricted cytoplasmic Ags. Remarkably, upon testing this assumption, we found that proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing, but not tapasin, partially destroyed or removed cytoplasmic class II-restricted Ags, such that their inhibition or deficiency led to dramatically increased Th cell responses to allograft (HY) and microbial (Listeria monocytogenes) Ags, both of which are indirectly presented. This effect was neither due to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation nor competition for Ag between class I and class II molecules. From these findings, a novel model emerged in which the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery regulates the quantity of cytoplasmic peptides available for presentation by class II molecules and, hence, modulates Th cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan M Dragovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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