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Pardy RD, Wallbank BA, Striepen B, Hunter CA. Immunity to Cryptosporidium: insights into principles of enteric responses to infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:142-155. [PMID: 37697084 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parasites replicate within intestinal epithelial cells and are an important cause of diarrhoeal disease in young children and in patients with primary and acquired defects in T cell function. This Review of immune-mediated control of Cryptosporidium highlights advances in understanding how intestinal epithelial cells detect this infection, the induction of innate resistance and the processes required for activation of T cell responses that promote parasite control. The development of a genetic tool set to modify Cryptosporidium combined with tractable mouse models provide new opportunities to understand the principles that govern the interface between intestinal epithelial cells and the immune system that mediate resistance to enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bethan A Wallbank
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Rui B, Lei Z, Ning X, Liu Y, Li M. Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and innate lymphoid cells in intestinal mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1171680. [PMID: 37304260 PMCID: PMC10249960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosa is colonized by thousands of microorganisms, which participate in a variety of physiological functions. Intestinal dysbiosis is closely associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which include NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s and LTi cells, are a type of innate immune cells. They are enriched in the mucosal tissues of the body, and have recently received extensive attention. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play important roles in various intestinal mucosal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), allergic disease, and cancer. Therefore, studies on ILCs and their interaction with the gut microbiota have great clinical significance owing to their potential for identifying pharmacotherapy targets for multiple related diseases. This review expounds on the progress in research on ILCs differentiation and development, the biological functions of the intestinal microbiota, and its interaction with ILCs in disease conditions in order to provide novel ideas for disease treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Li
- *Correspondence: Yinhui Liu, ; Ming Li,
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3
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Bastos-Amador P, Duarte EL, Torres J, Caldeira AT, Silva I, Salvador C, Assunção R, Alvito P, Ferreira M. Maternal dietary exposure to mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 promotes intestinal immune alterations and microbiota modifications increasing infection susceptibility in mouse offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113596. [PMID: 36603704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi occurring in food that are toxic to animals and humans. Early-life mycotoxins exposure has been linked to diverse pathologies. However, how maternal exposure to mycotoxins impacts on the intestinal barrier function of progeny has not been explored. Here, exposure of pregnant and lactating C57Bl/6J female mice to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 400 μg/kg body weight/day; 3 times a week) in gelatine pellets, from embryonic day (E)11.5 until weaning (postnatal day 21), led to gut immunological changes in progeny. The results showed an overall increase of lymphocyte number in intestine, a reduction of expression of epithelial genes related to microbial defence, as well as a decrease in cytokine production by intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). While susceptibility to chemically induced colitis was not worsened, immune alterations were associated with changes in gut microbiota and with a higher vulnerability to infection by the protozoan Eimeria vermiformis at early-life. Together these results show that maternal dietary exposure to AFB1 can dampen intestinal barrier homeostasis in offspring decreasing their capability to tackle intestinal pathogens. These data provide insights to understand AFB1 potential harmfulness in early-life health in the context of intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bastos-Amador
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Júlio Torres
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Silva
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Cátia Salvador
- HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Dietary Weizmannia coagulans Strain SANK70258 Ameliorates Coccidial Symptoms and Improves Intestinal Barrier Functions of Broilers by Modulating the Intestinal Immunity and the Gut Microbiota. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010096. [PMID: 36678444 PMCID: PMC9864622 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms by which Weizmannia coagulans SANK70258 (WC) supplementation improved growth performance and coccidial symptoms, we assessed the gene expressions and the microbiota compositions in the small intestinal tissues and digestas of coccidium-infected broilers previously given WC or lasalocid-A sodium (AM). WC supplementation significantly upregulated the gene expressions related to intestinal immunity and barrier functions, such as IL17A, IL17F, IL10, cathelicidin-2 and pIgR. Body weights, and Claudin-1 and IL10 expressions were positively correlated (r = 0.41, p < 0.05 and r = 0.37, p = 0.06, respectively), whereas lesion scores of the small intestine and IL17A expression were negatively correlated (r = −0.33, p = 0.09). The microbiota analysis detected that genus Alistipes was more abundant in WC-supplemented broilers than in control, and positively correlated with body weights and Claudin-1 expression (r = 0.61, p < 0.05 and r = 0.51, p < 0.05, respectively). Intriguingly, genus Enterococcus was most abundant in WC-supplemented broilers and positively correlated with IL17A expression (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). Interestingly, Escherichia-Shigella was significantly more abundant in the small intestinal digestas of AM-administered broilers than in those of control. To summarize, WC supplementation modulated and immunostimulated the microbiotas of broilers, specifically genera Alistipes and Enterococcus, which led to the improvement of weight gain and coccidial symptoms, without disrupting the intestinal microbiota compositions, as AM did.
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Balard A, Heitlinger E. Shifting focus from resistance to disease tolerance: A review on hybrid house mice. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8889. [PMID: 35571751 PMCID: PMC9077717 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have been proposed to modulate the fitness of hybridizing hosts in part based on observations in the European house mouse hybrid zone (HMHZ), a tension zone in which hybrids show reduced fitness. We here review evidence (1) for parasite load differences in hybrid versus parental mice and (2) for health and fitness effects of parasites promoting or preventing introgression and hybridization. The question of relative resistance or susceptibility of hybrids to parasites in the HMHZ has long been controversial. Recent field studies found hybrids to be more resistant than mice from parental subspecies against infections with pinworms and protozoans (Eimeria spp.). We argue that the field studies underlying the contradictory impression of hybrid susceptibility have limitations in sample size, statistical analysis and scope, focusing only on macroparasites. We suggest that weighted evidence from field studies indicate hybrid resistance. Health is a fitness component through which resistance can modulate overall fitness. Resistance, however, should not be extrapolated directly to a fitness effect, as the relationship between resistance and health can be modulated by tolerance. In our own recent work, we found that the relationship between health and resistance (tolerance) differs between infections with the related species E. falciformis and E. ferrisi. Health and tolerance need to be assessed directly and the choice of parasite has made this difficult in previous experimental studies of house mice. We discuss how experimental Eimeria spp. infections in hybrid house mice can address resistance, health and tolerance in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Balard
- Department of Molecular Parasitology Institute for Biology Humboldt University Berlin (HU) Berlin Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite‐Host Interactions Leibniz‐Institut for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. Berlin Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular Parasitology Institute for Biology Humboldt University Berlin (HU) Berlin Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite‐Host Interactions Leibniz‐Institut for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. Berlin Germany
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Restriction of viral replication, rather than T cell immunopathology, drives lethality in MNV CR6-infected STAT1-deficient mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0206521. [PMID: 35107369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02065-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that viral components of the microbiota can contribute to intestinal homeostasis and protection from local inflammatory or infectious insults. However, host-derived mechanisms that regulate the virome remain largely unknown. Here, we use colonization with the model commensal murine norovirus (MNV CR6) to interrogate host-directed mechanisms of viral regulation, and show that STAT1 is a central coordinator of both viral replication and antiviral T cell responses. In addition to restricting CR6 replication to the intestinal tract, we show that STAT1 regulates antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, and prevents systemic viral-induced tissue damage and disease. Despite altered T cell responses that resemble those that mediate lethal immunopathology in systemic viral infections in STAT1-deficient mice, depletion of adaptive immune cells and their associated effector functions had no effect on CR6-induced disease. However, therapeutic administration of an antiviral compound limited viral replication, preventing viral-induced tissue damage and death without impacting the generation of inflammatory antiviral T cell responses. Collectively, our data show that STAT1 restricts MNV CR6 replication within the intestinal mucosa, and that uncontrolled viral replication mediates disease rather than the concomitant development of dysregulated antiviral T cell responses in STAT1-deficient mice. Importance The intestinal microbiota is a collection of bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses that colonize the mammalian gut. Co-evolution of the host and microbiota has required development of immunological tolerance to prevent ongoing inflammatory responses against intestinal microbes. Breakdown of tolerance to bacterial components of the microbiota can contribute to immune activation and inflammatory disease. However, the mechanisms that are necessary to maintain tolerance to viral components of the microbiome, and the consequences of loss of tolerance, are less well understood. Here, we show that STAT1 is integral for preventing escape of a commensal-like virus, murine norovirus CR6 (MNV CR6) from the gut, and that in the absence of STAT1, mice succumb to infection-induced disease. In contrast to other systemic viral infections, mortality of STAT1-deficient mice is not driven by immune-mediated pathology. Our data demonstrates the importance of host-mediated geographical restriction of commensal-like viruses.
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Ho DT, Pham HHS, Aota W, Matsubayashi M, Tsuji N, Hatabu T. Reduction of macrophages by carrageenan decreases oocyst output and modifies local immune reaction in chick cecum with Eimeria tenella. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:59-66. [PMID: 34252703 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the disease severity and local immune responses in macrophage-depleted chicks with Eimeria tenella. Macrophages were reduced by intraperitoneal injection of a carrageenan solution at 12, 13, and 16 days old, whereas the control group received intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline. Both chick groups were orally inoculated with E. tenella sporulated oocysts at 14 days old. Feces were collected daily, which were then quantified for oocysts. The chicks were sacrificed on day 5, and the ceca were collected for histopathological observation. The gene expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Macrophage-depleted chicks have been observed to shed a significantly reduced number of fecal oocysts compared to the infected control group. The parasite burden score in cecum specimens of macrophage-depleted chicks was significantly lower than those of infected control on day 5 after infection. Furthermore, macrophage reduction yielded significantly lower cecum histopathological scores and CD4 expression than those of the infected control group. The expression of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-22, interferon-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase was also noted to be significantly upregulated in both infected control and macrophage-depleted chicks compared to uninfected chicks. IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and perforin expressions were also higher with macrophage depletion than in both control groups. These results suggest that macrophages serve as an invasive gate or a transporting vehicle to the site of first merogony. Furthermore, mononuclear phagocytes may play an important role in local immune responses, thus contributing to parasite development during early E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi Ho
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue City 49116, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Hoang Son Pham
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Aota
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hatabu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Balard A, Jarquín‐Díaz VH, Jost J, Mittné V, Böhning F, Ďureje Ľ, Piálek J, Heitlinger E. Coupling between tolerance and resistance for two related Eimeria parasite species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13938-13948. [PMID: 33391692 PMCID: PMC7771152 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance (host capacity to reduce parasite burden) and tolerance (host capacity to reduce impact on its health for a given parasite burden) manifest two different lines of defense. Tolerance can be independent from resistance, traded off against it, or the two can be positively correlated because of redundancy in underlying (immune) processes. We here tested whether this coupling between tolerance and resistance could differ upon infection with closely related parasite species. We tested this in experimental infections with two parasite species of the genus Eimeria. We measured proxies for resistance (the (inverse of) number of parasite transmission stages (oocysts) per gram of feces at the day of maximal shedding) and tolerance (the slope of maximum relative weight loss compared to day of infection on number of oocysts per gram of feces at the day of maximal shedding for each host strain) in four inbred mouse strains and four groups of F1 hybrids belonging to two mouse subspecies, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus. We found a negative correlation between resistance and tolerance against Eimeria falciformis, while the two are uncoupled against Eimeria ferrisi. We conclude that resistance and tolerance against the first parasite species might be traded off, but evolve more independently in different mouse genotypes against the latter. We argue that evolution of the host immune defenses can be studied largely irrespective of parasite isolates if resistance-tolerance coupling is absent or weak (E. ferrisi) but host-parasite coevolution is more likely observable and best studied in a system with negatively correlated tolerance and resistance (E. falciformis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Balard
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
- Leibniz‐Institut für Zoo‐ und Wildtierforschung (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.BerlinGermany
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín‐Díaz
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
- Leibniz‐Institut für Zoo‐ und Wildtierforschung (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.BerlinGermany
| | - Jenny Jost
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
| | - Vivian Mittné
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
| | - Francisca Böhning
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
| | - Ľudovít Ďureje
- Research Facility StudenecInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Research Facility StudenecInstitute of Vertebrate BiologyCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute for BiologyHumboldt University Berlin (HU)BerlinGermany
- Leibniz‐Institut für Zoo‐ und Wildtierforschung (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.BerlinGermany
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Shohan M, Dehghani R, Khodadadi A, Dehnavi S, Ahmadi R, Joudaki N, Houshmandfar S, Shamshiri M, Shojapourian S, Bagheri N. Interleukin-22 and intestinal homeostasis: Protective or destructive? IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1585-1602. [PMID: 32365282 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of IL-10 family cytokines with various immunologic functions. As its name implies, IL-22 is known to be secreted mainly by Th22 cells, a recently discovered lineage of CD4+ T cells. Also, Th17, Th1, natural killer cells, γδT cells, and innate immune cells along with some nonlymphoid cells have been confirmed as secondary cellular sources of IL-22. Different cell types such as bronchial and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and tubular epithelial cells are affected by IL-22. Both pathologic and protective roles have been attributed to IL-22 in maintaining gut homeostasis and inflammation. According to the latest fast-growing investigations, IL-22 is significantly involved in various pathologies including allergic diseases, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer development. Regulating gut immune responses, barrier integrity, and inflammation is dependent on a diverse complex of cytokines and mediators which are secreted by mucosal immune cells. Several investigations have been designed to recognize the role of IL-22 in gastrointestinal immunity. This article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on this issue and clarify the potential of IL-22 to be used in the future therapeutic approaches of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shohan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razieh Dehghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Abuzar Children's Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nazanin Joudaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sheyda Houshmandfar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marziye Shamshiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samira Shojapourian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Wang Q, Huang Y, Zhou R, Wu K, Li W, Shi L, Xia Z, Tao K, Wang G, Wang G. Regulation and function of IL-22 in peritoneal adhesion formation after abdominal surgery. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:105-117. [PMID: 31148320 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesion occurs frequently after gastrointestinal/gynecological surgery. Tissue repair and regeneration are very important during this process. IL-22 is an important cytokine that is secreted from immune cells but functions on mesenchymal cells, such as mesothelial cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of IL-22 and its regulators during adhesion formation. Postsurgical peritoneal drainage fluid from patients and rodent models was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. It was observed that IL-22 expression in the abdominal cavity was rapidly induced 12 hours after surgery and then slowly decreased to a lower, steady level for up to 7 days after surgery. However, neutralizing IL-22 at the time point at which the highest level of expression was observed failed to reduce adhesion, but neutralizing IL-22 at a later time point, i.e., 3 days after surgery, prevented adhesion significantly. The IL-22 receptor was induced on the mesothelial membrane, and IL-22BP, an inhibitor of IL-22, was reduced 3 days after surgery. Furthermore, IFN-γ was identified to have the ability to induce IL-22R, and IL-18, which was induced by the infiltrating macrophages, was found to inhibit IL-22BP expression both in vivo and in vitro. Together, these data suggest that IL-22 may promote adhesion formation and that the regulation of IL-22, IL-22R, and IL-22BP may have therapeutic potential to prevent adhesion formation after surgery without disturbing the normal immune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zefeng Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Arendt MK, Knoll LJ, Cook ME. Oral antibody to interleukin-10 receptor 2, but not interleukin-10 receptor 1, as an effective Eimeria species immunotherapy in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3471-3480. [PMID: 30880340 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major gastrointestinal disease caused by several Eimeria species in floor raised chickens. Feeding an antibody to interleukin 10 (aIL-10) ameliorates the negative symptoms of coccidiosis in broilers, i.e., lack of weight gain, decreased feed conversion, and mortality. IL-10 signals by forming a ligand-receptor complex with IL-10 Receptor 1 (IL-10 R1) and IL-10 Receptor 2 (IL-10 R2). In this study, we hypothesize oral antibodies to the IL-10 receptors will neutralize the IL-10 signaling pathway equal to or better than aIL-10 to act as an oral anti-coccidiosis immunotherapy. A total of 5 sequential feed trials, set up as a 4 (diet antibody) × 2 (Eimeria challenge) factorial design, tested oral egg yolk antibodies to a total of 6 IL-10 R1 epitopes and 3 IL-10 R2 epitopes compared to a control antibody diet. A total of 10 pens of 5 chicks/pen/diet antibody/Eimeria challenge were housed for 21 d. On day 3 of age, chicks were either infected or not infected with a 10× dose of an Eimeria vaccine containing Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, and Eimeria maxima. Pen feed consumption and mean body weights were assessed weekly (d1, d7, d14, and d21); fecal oocyst shedding was assessed on day 10. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA. No significant interaction on chick weight was observed in chicks fed IL-10 R1 antibodies compared to chicks fed the control antibody was observed. In studies evaluating aIL-10 R2 oral antibodies, infected chicks fed aIL-10 R2: epitope 1 overcame the negative effects of Eimeria infection and had similar 21-d body weight to uninfected chicks (P4 = 0.07). We hypothesized that feeding oral antibodies to the IL-10 receptors would result in equivalent anti-coccidial benefits to aIL-10. However, none of the 6 antibodies to IL-10 R1 epitopes yielded any benefits during Eimeria infection compared to controls. A total of 2 oral antibodies to IL-10 R2 showed promising results equivalent to the aIL-10 immunotherapeutic. Immunofluorescence staining shows that the IL-10R2 significantly increases in abundance in response to Eimeria infection, whereas IL-10R1 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Arendt
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark E Cook
- Animal Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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12
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Kim WH, Chaudhari AA, Lillehoj HS. Involvement of T Cell Immunity in Avian Coccidiosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2732. [PMID: 31824509 PMCID: PMC6886378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria, which is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that invades through the intestinal tract to cause devastating disease. Upon invasion through the intestinal epithelial cells, a strong inflammatory response is induced that results in complete villous destruction, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and in severe cases, death. Since the life cycle of Eimeria parasites is complex and comprises several intra- and extracellular developmental stages, the host immune responses are diverse and complex. Interferon-γ-mediated T helper (Th)1 response was originally considered to be the predominant immune response in avian coccidiosis. However, recent studies on other avian T cell lineages such as Th17 and T regulatory cells have implicated their significant involvement in maintaining gut homeostasis in normal and disease states including coccidiosis. Therefore, there is a need to understand better their role in coccidiosis. This review focuses on research findings concerning the host immune response induced by avian coccidiosis in the context of T cell immunity, including expression of T-cell-related cytokines and surface molecules that determine the phenotype of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Atul A Chaudhari
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Alizadeh P, Ahmadpour E, Daryani A, Kazemi T, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Flynn RJ, Azadi Y, Rajabi S, Sandoghchian S. IL-17 and IL-22 elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding ROP13 associated with protection against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:10782-10788. [PMID: 30565688 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasitic protozoan, is capable of infecting man and all warm-blooded animals. Cell-mediated immunity is vital in mounting protective responses against T. gondii infection. Recent studies have shown that T-helper (Th) 17 responses may play a key role in parasite control. In this current study, we constructed a DNA vaccine encoding T. gondii ROP13 in a pcDNA vector. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with pcROP13 or controls and challenged with the RH strain of T. gondii. The results showed that immunization with pcROP13 could elicit an antibody response against T. gondii. The expression of the canonical Th17 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22, were significantly increased after immunization with pcROP13 compared with control groups ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, vaccination resulted in a significant decrease in parasite load ( p < 0.05). The induction of Th17 related cytokines, using a ROP13 DNA vaccine, against T. gondii should be considered as a potential vaccine approach for the control of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yaghob Azadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ivanova DL, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Sondgeroth KS, Munoz Gutierrez J, Bangoura B, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Protection, Pathology, and Adaptive Immunity During Apicomplexan Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30873151 PMCID: PMC6403415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a diverse and complex group of protozoan pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and Babesia spp. They infect a wide variety of hosts and are a major health threat to humans and other animals. Innate immunity provides early control and also regulates the development of adaptive immune responses important for controlling these pathogens. Innate immune responses also contribute to immunopathology associated with these infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been for a long time known to be potent first line effector cells in helping control protozoan infection. They provide control by producing IL-12 dependent IFNγ and killing infected cells and parasites via their cytotoxic response. Results from more recent studies indicate that NK cells could provide additional effector functions such as IL-10 and IL-17 and might have diverse roles in immunity to these pathogens. These early studies based their conclusions on the identification of NK cells to be CD3–, CD49b+, NK1.1+, and/or NKp46+ and the common accepted paradigm at that time that NK cells were one of the only lymphoid derived innate immune cells present. New discoveries have lead to major advances in understanding that NK cells are only one of several populations of innate immune cells of lymphoid origin. Common lymphoid progenitor derived innate immune cells are now known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and comprise three different groups, group 1, group 2, and group 3 ILC. They are a functionally heterogeneous and plastic cell population and are important effector cells in disease and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about each of these different types of ILCs in parasitic infection. Therefore, we will review what is known about NK cells in innate immune responses during different protozoan infections. We will discuss what immune responses attributed to NK cells might be reconsidered as ILC1, 2, or 3 population responses. We will then discuss how different ILCs may impact immunopathology and adaptive immune responses to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Juan Munoz Gutierrez
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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Wiedmer S, Erdbeer A, Volke B, Randel S, Kapplusch F, Hanig S, Kurth M. Identification and analysis of Eimeria nieschulzi gametocyte genes reveal splicing events of gam genes and conserved motifs in the wall-forming proteins within the genus Eimeria (Coccidia, Apicomplexa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:50. [PMID: 29210668 PMCID: PMC5718062 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa, Coccidia) provides a wide range of different species with different hosts to study common and variable features within the genus and its species. A common characteristic of all known Eimeria species is the oocyst, the infectious stage where its life cycle starts and ends. In our study, we utilized Eimeria nieschulzi as a model organism. This rat-specific parasite has complex oocyst morphology and can be transfected and even cultivated in vitro up to the oocyst stage. We wanted to elucidate how the known oocyst wall-forming proteins are preserved in this rodent Eimeria species compared to other Eimeria. In newly obtained genomics data, we were able to identify different gametocyte genes that are orthologous to already known gam genes involved in the oocyst wall formation of avian Eimeria species. These genes appeared putatively as single exon genes, but cDNA analysis showed alternative splicing events in the transcripts. The analysis of the translated sequence revealed different conserved motifs but also dissimilar regions in GAM proteins, as well as polymorphic regions. The occurrence of an underrepresented gam56 gene version suggests the existence of a second distinct E. nieschulzi genotype within the E. nieschulzi Landers isolate that we maintain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wiedmer
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Erdbeer
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate Volke
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Randel
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franz Kapplusch
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sacha Hanig
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kurth
- Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Osterloh A. Immune response against rickettsiae: lessons from murine infection models. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:403-417. [PMID: 28770333 PMCID: PMC5664416 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsiae are small intracellular bacteria that can cause life-threatening febrile diseases. Rickettsioses occur worldwide with increasing incidence. Therefore, a vaccine is highly desired. A prerequisite for the development of a vaccine is the knowledge of the immune response against these bacteria, in particular protective immunity. In recent years murine models of rickettsial infections have been established, and the study of immune response against rickettsiae in mice provided many new insights into protective and pathological immune reactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about immune mechanisms in protection and pathology in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Osterloh
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Passive immunization with Eimeria tenella gametocyte antigen 56 (EtGAM56) specific antibodies and active immunization trial with the epitope containing peptide. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:100-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Yang M, Meng F, Wang K, Gao M, Lu R, Li M, Zhao F, Huang L, Zhang Y, Cheng G, Wang X. Interleukin 17A as a good predictor of the severity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12934. [PMID: 29021577 PMCID: PMC5636901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early distinction between severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and mild MPP is still difficult. The aim of this study was to analyze cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and explore predicting factors of severe MPP in children. Retrospective analysis was performed on 150 children with MPP or bronchial foreign body (FB) admitted in our hospital. The mRNA levels of IL17A were found significantly lower in severe MPP group comparing with mild MPP group or FB group. However, no significant difference was found in the levels of IL4, IL10 or interferon beta1 (IFNβ1) between the two groups. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that IL17A can be used to distinguish severe MPP from mild MPP. These results were confirmed in a validation cohort including 40 MPP children from another hospital. IL17A levels were correlated with some clinical characters, such as refractoriness and pleural effusion. Lower IL17A levels were more likely to be found in refractory MPP children or in MPP children with pleural effusion. Moreover, the protein levels of IL17A in BALF were also found greatly decreased in children with severe MPP. Thus, decreased IL17A levels in BALF may be a valuable biomarker to identify severe MPP in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Man Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ruihua Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- The Bethune Medical School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fangxing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, 130051, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, 130051, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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19
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Veldhoen M. Interleukin 17 is a chief orchestrator of immunity. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:612-621. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Cytotoxic effector functions of T cells are not required for protective immunity against fatal Rickettsia typhi infection in a murine model of infection: Role of TH1 and TH17 cytokines in protection and pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005404. [PMID: 28222146 PMCID: PMC5336310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia (R.) typhi is an emerging febrile disease that can be fatal due to multiple organ pathology. Here we analyzed the requirements for protection against R. typhi by T cells in the CB17 SCID model of infection. BALB/c wild-type mice generate CD4+ TH1 and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells both of which are sporadically reactivated in persistent infection. Either adoptively transferred CD8+ or CD4+ T cells protected R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice from death and provided long-term control. CD8+ T cells lacking either IFNγ or Perforin were still protective, demonstrating that the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells is not essential for protection. Immune wild-type CD4+ T cells produced high amounts of IFNγ, induced the release of nitric oxide in R. typhi-infected macrophages and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro via IFNγ and TNFα. However, adoptive transfer of CD4+IFNγ-/- T cells still protected 30-90% of R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice. These cells acquired a TH17 phenotype, producing high amounts of IL-17A and IL-22 in addition to TNFα, and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. Surprisingly, the neutralization of either TNFα or IL-17A in CD4+IFNγ-/- T cell recipient mice did not alter bacterial elimination by these cells in vivo, led to faster recovery and enhanced survival compared to isotype-treated animals. Thus, collectively these data show that although CD4+ TH1 cells are clearly efficient in protection against R. typhi, CD4+ TH17 cells are similarly protective if the harmful effects of combined production of TNFα and IL-17A can be inhibited.
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21
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Khawar MB, Azam F, Sheikh N, Abdul Mujeeb K. How Does Interleukin-22 Mediate Liver Regeneration and Prevent Injury and Fibrosis? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2148129. [PMID: 28050571 PMCID: PMC5168458 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pluripotent T cell-derived cytokine which is a member of IL-10 cytokine family. It is the only interleukin produced by immune cells but does not target immune system components. IL-22 is mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and TH17, TH22, NK, and NKT cells and targets a number of body tissues including liver, pancreas, and other epithelial tissues. It provokes a series of downstream signaling pathways upon binding with IL-22R complex which protects liver damage through STAT3 activation. IL-22BP is an inhibitor of IL-22 which has 20-1000x more affinity to bind with IL-22 compared to IL-22R1 that inhibits IL-22 activity. Its level was found to be positively correlated with the severity of liver damage and fibrosis. So, the present review is an effort to reveal the exact mechanism lying in the hepatoprotective activity of IL-22 and some of its future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Azam
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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22
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Spencer JD, Jackson AR, Li B, Ching CB, Vonau M, Easterling RS, Schwaderer AL, McHugh KM, Becknell B. Expression and Significance of the HIP/PAP and RegIIIγ Antimicrobial Peptides during Mammalian Urinary Tract Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144024. [PMID: 26658437 PMCID: PMC4675559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve key roles in defending the urinary tract against invading uropathogens. To date, the individual contribution of AMPs to urinary tract host defense is not well defined. In this study, we identified Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (RegIIIγ) as the most transcriptionally up-regulated AMP in murine bladder transcriptomes following uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection. We confirmed induction of RegIIIγ mRNA during cystitis and pyelonephritis by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunoblotting demonstrates increased bladder and urinary RegIIIγ protein levels following UPEC infection. Immunostaining localizes RegIIIγ protein to urothelial cells of infected bladders and kidneys. Human patients with UTI have increased urine concentrations of the orthologous Hepatocarcinoma-Intestine-Pancreas / Pancreatitis Associated Protein (HIP/PAP) compared to healthy controls. Recombinant RegIIIγ protein does not demonstrate bactericidal activity toward UPEC in vitro, but does kill Staphylococcus saprophyticus in a dose-dependent manner. Kidney and bladder tissue from RegIIIγ knockout mice and wild-type mice contain comparable bacterial burden following UPEC and Gram-positive UTI. Our results demonstrate that RegIIIγ and HIP/PAP expression is induced during human and murine UTI. However, their specific function in the urinary tract remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Spencer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Jackson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina B. Ching
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Vonau
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew L. Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kirk M. McHugh
- Department of Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Becknell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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23
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Gao B. Interplay of interleukin-22 and its binding protein in controlling liver scarring. Hepatology 2015; 61:1121-3. [PMID: 25580805 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Deshpande P, Ortega Í, Sefat F, Sangwan VS, Green N, Claeyssens F, MacNeil S. Rocking media over ex vivo corneas improves this model and allows the study of the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1553-61. [PMID: 25655804 PMCID: PMC4349110 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to develop an in vitro cornea model to study the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on wound healing. METHODS Initial studies investigated how to maintain the ex vivo models for up to 4 weeks without loss of epithelium. To study the effect of cytokines, corneas were cultured with the interleukins IL-17A, IL-22, or a combination of IL-17A and IL-22, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effect of IL-17A on wound healing was then examined. RESULTS With static culture conditions, organ cultures deteriorated within 2 weeks. With gentle rocking of media over the corneas and carbon dioxide perfusion, the ex vivo models survived for up to 4 weeks without loss of epithelium. The cytokine that caused the most damage to the cornea was IL-17A. Under static conditions, wound healing of the central corneal epithelium occurred within 9 days, but only a single-layered epithelium formed whether the cornea was exposed to IL-17A or not. With rocking of media gently over the corneas, a multilayered epithelium was achieved 9 days after wounding. In the presence of IL-17A, however, there was no wound healing evident. Characterization of the cells showed that wherever epithelium was present, both differentiated cells and highly proliferative cells were present. CONCLUSIONS We propose that introducing rocking to extend the effective working life of this model and the introduction of IL-17A to this model to induce aspects of inflammation extend its usefulness to study the effects of agents that influence corneal regeneration under normal and inflamed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Deshpande
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ílida Ortega
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Virender S. Sangwan
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Marg, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nicola Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Li LJ, Gong C, Zhao MH, Feng BS. Role of interleukin-22 in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18177-88. [PMID: 25561785 PMCID: PMC4277955 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease thought to be mediated by the microbiota of the intestinal lumen and inappropriate immune responses. Aberrant immune responses can cause secretion of harmful cytokines that destroy the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to further inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines that was recently discovered to be mainly produced by both adaptive and innate immune cells. Several cytokines and many of the transcriptional factors and T regulatory cells are known to regulate IL-22 expression through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling cascades. This cytokine induces antimicrobial molecules and proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways, which help prevent tissue damage and aid in its repair. All of these processes play a beneficial role in IBD by enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and epithelial innate immunity. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the involvement of IL-22 in the pathogenesis of IBD, as well as its therapeutic potential.
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26
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Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2014; 74:5-17. [PMID: 25458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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Heitlinger E, Spork S, Lucius R, Dieterich C. The genome of Eimeria falciformis--reduction and specialization in a single host apicomplexan parasite. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:696. [PMID: 25142335 PMCID: PMC4287421 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phylum Apicomplexa comprises important unicellular human parasites such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium. Eimeria is the largest and most diverse genus of apicomplexan parasites and some species of the genus are the causative agent of coccidiosis, a disease economically devastating in poultry. We report a complete genome sequence of the mouse parasite Eimeria falciformis. We assembled and annotated the genome sequence to study host-parasite interactions in this understudied genus in a model organism host. RESULTS The genome of E. falciformis is 44 Mb in size and contains 5,879 predicted protein coding genes. Comparative analysis of E. falciformis with Toxoplasma gondii shows an emergence and diversification of gene families associated with motility and invasion mainly at the level of the Coccidia. Many rhoptry kinases, among them important virulence factors in T. gondii, are absent from the E. falciformis genome. Surface antigens are divergent between Eimeria species. Comparisons with T. gondii showed differences between genes involved in metabolism, N-glycan and GPI-anchor synthesis. E. falciformis possesses a reduced set of transmembrane transporters and we suggest an altered mode of iron uptake in the genus Eimeria. CONCLUSIONS Reduced diversity of genes required for host-parasite interaction and transmembrane transport allow hypotheses on host adaptation and specialization of a single host parasite. The E. falciformis genome sequence sheds light on the evolution of the Coccidia and helps to identify determinants of host-parasite interaction critical for drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Heitlinger
- />Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spork
- />Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Lucius
- />Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- />Computational RNA Biology and Ageing, Max Plank Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Straße 9b, 50913 Cologne, Germany
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28
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Schmid M, Heitlinger E, Spork S, Mollenkopf HJ, Lucius R, Gupta N. Eimeria falciformis infection of the mouse caecum identifies opposing roles of IFNγ-regulated host pathways for the parasite development. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:969-82. [PMID: 24368565 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular parasites reprogram host functions for their survival and reproduction. The extent and relevance of parasite-mediated host responses in vivo remains poorly studied, however. We utilized Eimeria falciformis, a parasite infecting the mouse intestinal epithelium, to identify and validate host determinants of parasite infection. Most prominent mouse genes induced during the onset of asexual and sexual growth of parasite comprise interferon γ (IFNγ)-regulated factors, e.g., immunity-related GTPases (IRGA6/B6/D/M2/M3), guanylate-binding proteins (GBP2/3/5/6/8), chemokines (CxCL9-11), and several enzymes of the kynurenine pathway including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). These results indicated a multifarious innate defense (tryptophan catabolism, IRG, GBP, and chemokine signaling), and a consequential adaptive immune response (chemokine-cytokine signaling and lymphocyte recruitment). The inflammation- and immunity-associated transcripts were increased during the course of infection, following influx of B cells, T cells, and macrophages to the parasitized caecum tissue. Consistently, parasite growth was enhanced in animals inhibited for CxCr3, a major receptor for CxCL9-11 present on immune cells. Interestingly, despite a prominent induction, mouse IRGB6 failed to bind and disrupt the parasitophorous vacuole, implying an immune evasion by E. falciformis. Furthermore, oocyst output was impaired in IFNγ-R(-/-) and IDO1(-/-) mice, both of which suggest a subversion of IFNγ signaling by the parasite to promote its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schmid
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spork
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Microarray and Genomics Core Facility, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Lucius
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nishith Gupta
- 1] Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany [2] Department of Parasitology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Meng Y, Wang X. Role of IL-22 in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2258-2264. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i16.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a novel IL-10 associated factor, was originally discovered in 2000. It has been found that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although IL-22 and its receptor have not been linked with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genetically, expression of IL-22 is augmented in patients with IBD. Despite the fact that IL-22 is correlated with disease activities in IBD patients, data from several preclinical models suggest that IL-22 exerts protective functions. IBD susceptibility genes such as IL-23R, IL-17 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are functionally associated with IL-22 directly or indirectly. These findings suggest that further studies on IL-22 would have the potential not only to analyze the fundamental mechanism of IBD but also to provide important rationale to develop novel therapeutic measures for this disorder.
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30
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Takeo T, Tanaka T, Matsubayashi M, Maeda H, Kusakisako K, Matsui T, Mochizuki M, Matsuo T. Molecular and phylogenetic characterizations of an Eimeria krijgsmanni Yakimoff & Gouseff, 1938 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) mouse intestinal protozoan parasite by partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:627-30. [PMID: 24780139 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we characterized an undocumented strain of Eimeria krijgsmanni by morphological and biological features. Here, we present a detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis of this organism. Namely, 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequences of E. krijgsmanni were analyzed to incorporate this species into a comprehensive Eimeria phylogeny. As a result, partial 18S rDNA sequence from E. krijgsmanni was successfully determined, and two different types, Type A and Type B, that differed by 1 base pair were identified. E. krijgsmanni was originally isolated from a single oocyst, and thus the result show that the two types might have allelic sequence heterogeneity in the 18S rDNA. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the two types of E. krijgsmanni 18S rDNA formed one of two clades among murine Eimeria spp.; these Eimeria clades reflected morphological similarity among the Eimeria spp. This is the third molecular phylogenetic characterization of a murine Eimeria spp. in addition to E. falciformis and E. papillata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Takeo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Maeda
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | | | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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31
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Intestinal IFN-γ production is associated with protection from clinical signs, but not with elimination of worms, in Echinostoma caproni infected-mice. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2037-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Del Cacho E, Gallego M, Lillehoj HS, Quílez J, Lillehoj EP, Ramo A, Sánchez-Acedo C. IL-17A regulates Eimeria tenella schizont maturation and migration in avian coccidiosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:25. [PMID: 24571471 PMCID: PMC3975951 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL17A is associated with the immunological control of various infectious diseases, its role in host response to Eimeria infections is not well understood. In an effort to better dissect the role of IL17A in host-pathogen interactions in avian coccidiosis, a neutralizing antibody (Ab) to chicken IL17A was used to counteract IL17A bioactivity in vivo. Chickens infected with Eimeria tenella and treated intravenously with IL17A Ab, exhibited reduced intracellular schizont and merozoite development, diminished lesion score, compared with untreated controls. Immunohistological evaluation of cecal lesions in the parasitized tissues indicated reduced migration and maturation of second-generation schizonts and reduced lesions in lamina propria and submucosa. In contrast, untreated and infected chickens had epithelial cells harboring second-generation schizonts, which extend into the submucosa through muscularis mucosa disruptions, maturing into second generation merozoites. Furthermore, IL17A Ab treatment was associated with increased parameters of Th1 immunity (IL2- and IFNγ- producing cells), reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diminished levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Finally, schizonts from untreated and infected chickens expressed S100, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 3 (WASF3), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) proteins as merozoites matured, whereas the expression of these proteins was absent in IL17A Ab-treated chickens. These results provide the first evidence that the administration of an IL17A neutralizing Ab to E. tenella-infected chickens inhibits the migration of parasitized epithelial cells, markedly reduces the production of ROS and MMP-9, and decreases cecal lesions, suggesting that IL17A might be a potential therapeutic target for coccidiosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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33
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Chapman HD, Barta JR, Blake D, Gruber A, Jenkins M, Smith NC, Suo X, Tomley FM. A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 83:93-171. [PMID: 23876872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs the animal agricultural industry many millions of dollars to control. In recent years, the modern tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to expand greatly our knowledge of these parasites and the disease they cause. Such studies are essential if we are to develop new means for the control of coccidiosis. In this chapter, selective aspects of the biology of these organisms, with emphasis on recent research in poultry, are reviewed. Topics considered include taxonomy, systematics, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, transfection, oocyst biogenesis, host cell invasion, immunobiology, diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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34
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Min W, Kim WH, Lillehoj EP, Lillehoj HS. Recent progress in host immunity to avian coccidiosis: IL-17 family cytokines as sentinels of the intestinal mucosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:418-428. [PMID: 23583525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to immune protection against coccidiosis are complex and include multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immunities. Innate immunity is mediated by various subpopulations of immune cells that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leading to the secretion of soluble factors with diverse functions. Adaptive immunity, which is important in conferring protection against subsequent reinfections, involves subtypes of T and B lymphocytes that mediate antigen-specific immune responses. Recently, global gene expression microarray analysis has been used in an attempt to dissect this complex network of immune cells and molecules during avian coccidiosis. These new studies emphasized the uniqueness of the innate immune response to Eimeria infection, and directly led to the discovery of previously uncharacterized host genes and proteins whose expression levels were modulated following parasite infection. Among these is the IL-17 family of cytokines. This review highlights recent progress in IL-17 research in the context of host immunity to avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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35
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Schmitt EG, Haribhai D, Jeschke JC, Co DO, Ziegelbauer J, Yan K, Iwakura Y, Mishra MK, Simpson P, Salzman NH, Williams CB. Chronic follicular bronchiolitis requires antigen-specific regulatory T cell control to prevent fatal disease progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5460-76. [PMID: 24163409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To study regulatory T (Treg) cell control of chronic autoimmunity in a lymphoreplete host, we created and characterized a new model of autoimmune lung inflammation that targets the medium and small airways. We generated transgenic mice that express a chimeric membrane protein consisting of hen egg lysozyme and a hemoglobin epitope tag under the control of the Clara cell secretory protein promoter, which largely limited transgene expression to the respiratory bronchioles. When Clara cell secretory protein-membrane hen egg lysozyme/hemoglobin transgenic mice were crossed to N3.L2 TCR transgenic mice that recognize the hemoglobin epitope, the bigenic progeny developed dense, pseudo-follicular lymphocytic peribronchiolar infiltrates that resembled the histological pattern of follicular bronchiolitis. Aggregates of activated IFN-γ- and IL-17A-secreting CD4(+) T cells as well as B cells surrounded the airways. Lung pathology was similar in Ifng(-/-) and Il17a(-/-) mice, indicating that either cytokine is sufficient to establish chronic disease. A large number of Ag-specific Treg cells accumulated in the lesions, and Treg cell depletion in the affected mice led to an interstitial spread of the disease that ultimately proved fatal. Thus, Treg cells act to restrain autoimmune responses, resulting in an organized and controlled chronic pathological process rather than a progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Schmitt
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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36
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Qiu J, Zhou L. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs and controls intestinal immunity and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:657-70. [PMID: 23975386 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unlike adaptive immune cells that require antigen recognition and functional maturation during infection, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) usually respond to pathogens promptly and serve as the first line of defense in infectious diseases. RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt)⁺ group 3 ILCs are one of the innate cell populations that have recently been intensively studied. During the fetal stage of development, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs (e.g., lymphoid tissue inducer cells) are required for lymphoid organogenesis. In adult mice, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs are abundantly present in the gut to exert immune defensive functions. Under certain circumstances, however, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs can be pathogenic and contribute to intestinal inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor, is widely expressed by various immune and non-immune cells. In the gut, the ligand for Ahr can be derived/generated from diet, microflora, and/or host cells. Ahr has been shown to regulate different cell populations in the immune system including RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, T helper (Th)17/22 cells, γδT cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Tr1 cells, and antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will focus on the development and function of RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, and discuss the role of Ahr in intestinal immunity and inflammation in mice and in humans. A better understanding of the function of Ahr in the gut is important for developing new therapeutic means to target Ahr in future treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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37
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Ivanov S, Renneson J, Fontaine J, Barthelemy A, Paget C, Fernandez EM, Blanc F, De Trez C, Van Maele L, Dumoutier L, Huerre MR, Eberl G, Si-Tahar M, Gosset P, Renauld JC, Sirard JC, Faveeuw C, Trottein F. Interleukin-22 reduces lung inflammation during influenza A virus infection and protects against secondary bacterial infection. J Virol 2013; 87:6911-24. [PMID: 23596287 PMCID: PMC3676141 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02943-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has redundant, protective, or pathogenic functions during autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Here, we addressed the potential role of IL-22 in host defense and pathogenesis during lethal and sublethal respiratory H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We show that IL-22, as well as factors associated with its production, are expressed in the lung tissue during the early phases of IAV infection. Our data indicate that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt)-positive αβ and γδ T cells, as well as innate lymphoid cells, expressed enhanced Il22 transcripts as early as 2 days postinfection. During lethal or sublethal IAV infections, endogenous IL-22 played no role in the control of IAV replication and in the development of the IAV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. During lethal infection, where wild-type (WT) mice succumbed to severe pneumonia, the lack of IL-22 did not accelerate or delay IAV-associated pathogenesis and animal death. In stark contrast, during sublethal IAV infection, IL-22-deficient animals had enhanced lung injuries and showed a lower airway epithelial integrity relative to WT littermates. Of importance, the protective effect of endogenous IL-22 in pulmonary damages was associated with a more controlled secondary bacterial infection. Indeed, after challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae, IAV-experienced Il22(-/-) animals were more susceptible than WT controls in terms of survival rate and bacterial burden in the lungs. Together, IL-22 plays no major role during lethal influenza but is beneficial during sublethal H3N2 IAV infection, where it limits lung inflammation and subsequent bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Ivanov
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Joelle Renneson
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Josette Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Barthelemy
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Elodie Macho Fernandez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Fany Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U874, Paris, France
| | - Carl De Trez
- Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels
| | - Michel-René Huerre
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unite de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U874, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Hopital Saint Vincent, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean Claude Sirard
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, Lille, France
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Kong Q, Xue Y, Wu W, Yang F, Liu Y, Gao M, Lai W, Pan X. IL-22 exacerbates the severity of CVB3-induced acute viral myocarditis in IL-17A-deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1329-35. [PMID: 23426605 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 has either proinflammatory or tissue‑protective properties, depending on the nature of the affected tissue and the local cytokine milieu, including the presence or absence of IL-17A co-expression. We have previously demonstrated that IL-22 has critical anti-inflammatory and antiviral roles in mice with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)‑induced acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) in the presence of IL-17A. However, whether IL-17A determines the function of IL-22 in AVMC remains unknown. Therefore, the present study, in continuation of our previous investigations, aimed to determine whether IL-22 plays a distinctly different role in the absence of IL-17A in AVMC by using IL-17A-deficient mice. Results demonstrated that the neutralization of IL-22 in IL-17A‑deficient mice alleviated the severity of myocarditis. This was demonstrated by the lower pathological scores of heart sections and ratios of heart weight/body weight (HW/BW), reduced production of activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, followed by increased viral replication and decreased levels of the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. Furthermore, the correlation between cardiac CVB3 RNA and IL-22 mRNA or IFN-γ mRNA was negative. In conclusion, IL-22 exacerbated the severity of AVMC and restrained viral replication in the absence of IL-17A. Spleen lymphocytes cultured with recombinant IL-17 (rIL-17) increased the production of IL-22. Combined with our previous data, these results indicate that IL-17A is not involved in regulating the antiviral role, however, may mediate the tissue-protective versus pathogenic properties of IL-22 in CVB3-induced AVMC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Behrends J, Renauld JC, Ehlers S, Hölscher C. IL-22 is mainly produced by IFNγ-secreting cells but is dispensable for host protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57379. [PMID: 23460846 PMCID: PMC3583848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory treatment of autoimmune diseases is associated with an increased risk of reactivation tuberculosis (TB). Besides interleukin (IL-17)A, IL-22 represents a classical T helper (TH)17 cytokine and shares similar pathological effects in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or arthritis. Whereas IL-17A supports protective immune responses during mycobacterial infections, the role of IL-22 after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is yet poorly characterized. Therefore, we here characterize the cell types producing IL-22 and the protective function of this cytokine during experimental TB in mice. Like IL-17A, IL-22 is expressed early after infection with Mtb in an IL-23-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the majority of IL-22-producing cells are not positive for IL-17A but have rather functional characteristics of interferon-gamma-producing TH1 cells. Although we found minor differences in the number of naive and central memory T cells as well as in the frequency of TH1 and polyfunctional T cells in mice deficient for IL-22, the absence of IL-22 does not affect the outcome of Mtb infection. Our study revealed that although produced by TH1 cells, IL-22 is dispensable for protective immune responses during TB. Therefore, targeting of IL-22 in inflammatory disease may represent a therapeutic approach that does not incur the danger of reactivation TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Behrends
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel (RCB), Borstel, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Ehlers
- Microbial Inflammation Research, RCB, Borstel, Germany
- Molecular Inflammation Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation-at-Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel (RCB), Borstel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation-at-Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Germany
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Kim S, Faris L, Cox CM, Sumners LH, Jenkins MC, Fetterer RH, Miska KB, Dalloul RA. Molecular characterization and immunological roles of avian IL-22 and its soluble receptor IL-22 binding protein. Cytokine 2012; 60:815-27. [PMID: 22980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 family, IL-22 is an important mediator in modulating tissue responses during inflammation. Through activation of STAT3-signaling cascades, IL-22 induces proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that help prevent tissue damage and aid in its repair. This study reports the cloning and expression of recombinant chicken IL-22 (rChIL-22) and its soluble receptor, rChIL22BP, and characterization of biological effects of rChIL-22 during inflammatory responses. Similar to observations with mammalian IL-22, purified rChIL-22 had no effect on either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or lymphocytes. This was due to the low expression of the receptor ChIL22RA1 chain compared to ChIL10RB chain. rChIL-22 alone did not affect chicken embryo kidney cells (CEKCs); however, co-stimulation of CEKCs with LPS and rChIL-22 enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and AMPs. Furthermore, rChIL-22 alone stimulated and induced acute phase reactants in chicken embryo liver cells (CELCs). These effects of rChIL-22 were abolished by pre-incubation of rChIL-22 with rChIL22BP. Together, this study indicates an important role of ChIL-22 on epithelial cells and hepatocytes during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Shachar I, Karin N. The dual roles of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of autoimmune diseases and their clinical implications. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:51-61. [PMID: 22949334 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0612293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are secreted, small cell-signaling protein molecules, whose receptors are expressed on immune cells. These factors play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, migration, and polarization into functional subtypes and in directing their biological functions. Much attention has been devoted to exploring the role of key inflammatory cytokines and promigratory chemokines in autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and allergic diseases, leading to development of therapeutic strategies that are based on their targeted neutralization. Recent studies, including those coming from our groups, show that several major proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, CCL2, and CXCL12, may also function as anti-inflammatory mediators and therefore, may have potential as anti-inflammatory drugs. Likewise, major anti-inflammatory mediators, such as TGF-β, may under certain conditions, in combination with other cytokines, exhibit proinflammatory function and direct the polarization of the highly inflammatory CD4(+) Th17 cells. We show here that the biological function of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is dependent on three key parameters: the local concentration of a given cytokine, the stage of disease in which it is administered, and its combination with other cytokines. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed, including two very recent studies summarizing clinical trials, in which low-dose administration of IL-2 was used to successfully suppress HCV and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Evidence of an increased pathogenic footprint in the lingual microbiome of untreated HIV infected patients. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:153. [PMID: 22838383 PMCID: PMC3438044 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opportunistic oral infections can be found in over 80% of HIV + patients, often causing debilitating lesions that also contribute to deterioration in nutritional health. Although appreciation for the role that the microbiota is likely to play in the initiation and/or enhancement of oral infections has grown considerably in recent years, little is known about the impact of HIV infection on host-microbe interactions within the oral cavity. In the current study, we characterize modulations in the bacterial composition of the lingual microbiome in patients with treated and untreated HIV infection. Bacterial species profiles were elucidated by microarray assay and compared between untreated HIV infected patients, HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, and healthy HIV negative controls. The relationship between clinical parameters (viral burden and CD4+ T cell depletion) and the loss or gain of bacterial species was evaluated in each HIV patient group. Results In untreated HIV infection, elevated viremia was associated with significantly higher proportions of potentially pathogenic Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Campylobacter species in the lingual microbiome than observed in healthy controls. The upsurge in the prevalence of potential pathogens was juxtaposed by diminished representation of commensal Streptococcus and Veillonella species. Colonization of Neisseria flavescens was lower in the lingual microbiome of HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy than in uninfected controls. Conclusions Our findings provide novel insights into the potential impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on the community structure of the oral microbiome, and implicate potential mechanisms that may increase the capacity of non-commensal species to gain a stronger foothold.
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Schmid M, Lehmann MJ, Lucius R, Gupta N. Apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria falciformis, co-opts host tryptophan catabolism for life cycle progression in mouse. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20197-207. [PMID: 22535959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, e.g. Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium species, induce an IFNγ-driven induction of host indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism in the kynurenine pathway. Induction of IDO1 supposedly depletes cellular levels of tryptophan in host cells, which is proposed to inhibit the in vitro growth of auxotrophic pathogens. In vivo function of IDO during infections, however, is not clear, let alone controversial. We show that Eimeria falciformis, an apicomplexan parasite infecting the mouse caecum, induces IDO1 in the epithelial cells of the organ, and the enzyme expression coincides with the parasite development. The absence or inhibition of IDO1/2 and of two downstream enzymes in infected animals is detrimental to the Eimeria growth. The reduced parasite yield is not due to a lack of an immunosuppressive effect of IDO1 in the parasitized IDO1(-/-) or inhibitor-treated mice because they did not show an accentuated Th1 and IFNγ response. Noticeably, the parasite development is entirely rescued by xanthurenic acid, a by-product of tryptophan catabolism inducing exflagellation in male gametes of Plasmodium in the mosquito mid-gut. Our data demonstrate a conceptual subversion of the host defense (IFNγ, IDO) by an intracellular pathogen for progression of its natural life cycle. Besides, we show utility of E. falciformis, a monoxenous parasite of a well appreciated host, i.e. mouse, to identify in vivo factors underlying the parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schmid
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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