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Seki N, Tsujimoto H, Tanemura S, Kikuchi J, Saito S, Sugahara K, Yoshimoto K, Akiyama M, Takeuchi T, Chiba K, Kaneko Y. Longitudinal analysis at pre- and post-flare of T peripheral helper and T follicular helper subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Lett 2024; 269:106905. [PMID: 39103125 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We focused to analyze the time-course changes at pre- and post-flare of T peripheral helper (Tph) cells and circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) before flare. METHODS This study included inactive (n = 29) and active (n = 55) patients with SLE. Tph subsets, Tfh subsets, CD11chi B cells, and plasma cells in the blood were determined by flow cytometry. The blood levels of cytokines including interferons (IFNs) were measured by electrochemiluminescence assay or cytokine beads array. RESULTS Active SLE patients exhibited the increased frequency of Tph1, Tph2, Tfh1, and Tfh2 subsets when compared to inactive patients, but no clear changes in the other subsets. During the treatment with medications, Tph1, Tph2, and Tfh2 subsets were significantly reduced along with disease activity and Tph1 and Tph2 subsets were positively correlated with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). The time course analysis of patients at pre- and post-flare revealed that in the patients at LLDAS before flare, Tph subsets and Tfh subsets were relatively low levels. At the flare, Tph cells, particularly Tph1 and Tph2 subsets, were increased and correlated with SLEDAI. Furthermore, the blood levels of IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, and IFN-λ1 were low in the patients with LLDAS before flare but these IFNs, particularly IFN-λ1, were increased along with flare. CONCLUSION Increased frequency of Tph1 and Tph2 subsets and elevated levels of serum IFN-λ1 are presumably critical for triggering of flare in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Seki
- Innovative Research division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Tsujimoto
- Innovative Research division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanemura
- Innovative Research division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Saito
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Sugahara
- Innovative Research division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Akiyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Chiba
- Innovative Research division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kaneko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Trunfio M, Bonora S, di Perri G, Calcagno A. Further considerations on the use of cerebrospinal fluid C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis among people with HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:1273-1275. [PMID: 38814718 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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3
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Trunfio M, Mighetto L, Napoli L, Atzori C, Nigra M, Guastamacchia G, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Cerebrospinal Fluid CXCL13 as Candidate Biomarker of Intrathecal Immune Activation, IgG Synthesis and Neurocognitive Impairment in People with HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:169-182. [PMID: 37166552 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasma C-X-C-motif chemokine ligand-13 (CXCL13) has been linked to disease progression and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH) and is a candidate target for immune-based strategies for HIV cure. Its role in central nervous system (CNS) of PLWH has not been detailed. We described CSF CXCL13 levels and its potential associations with neurological outcomes. Cross-sectional study enrolling PLWH without confounding for CXCL13 production. Subjects were divided according to CSF HIV-RNA in undetectable (< 20 cp/mL) and viremics. CSF CXCL13, and biomarkers of blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, intrathecal synthesis, and immune activation were measured by commercial immunoturbidimetric and ELISA assays. All subjects underwent neurocognitive assessment. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in subjects with intact BBB only. 175 participants were included. Detectable CSF CXCL13 was more common in the viremic (31.4%) compared to the undetectable group (13.5%; OR 2.9 [1.4-6.3], p = 0.006), but median levels did not change (15.8 [8.2-91.0] vs 10.0 [8.1-14.2] pg/mL). In viremics (n = 86), CXCL13 associated with higher CSF HIV-RNA, proteins, neopterin, intrathecal synthesis and BBB permeability. In undetectable participants (n = 89), CXCL13 associated with higher CD4+T-cells count, CD4/CD8 ratio, CSF proteins, neopterin, and intrathecal synthesis. The presence of CXCL13 in the CSF of undetectable participants was associated with increased odds of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (58.3% vs 28.6%, p = 0.041). Sensitivity analyses confirmed all these findings. CXCL13 is detectable in the CSF of PLWH that show increased intrathecal IgG synthesis and immune activation. In PLWH with CSF viral suppression, CXCL13 was also associated with neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Trunfio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy.
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mighetto
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Laura Napoli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Unit of Neurology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Marco Nigra
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Giulia Guastamacchia
- Unit of Neurology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Torino, 10144, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, 10149, Italy
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4
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119624. [PMID: 37298575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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5
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Guo Z, Chen F, Zhao S, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Bai L, Zhang Z, Li Y. IL-10 Promotes CXCL13 Expression in Macrophages Following Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076322. [PMID: 37047294 PMCID: PMC10093876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious livestock diseases in the world, posing a constant global threat to the animal trade and national economies. The chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), a biomarker for predicting disease progression in some diseases, was recently found to be increased in sera from mice infected with FMD virus (FMDV) and to be associated with the progression and severity of the disease. However, it has not yet been determined which cells are involved in producing CXCL13 and the signaling pathways controlling CXCL13 expression in these cells. In this study, the expression of CXCL13 was found in macrophages and T cells from mice infected with FMDV, and CXCL13 was produced in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by activating the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and JAK/STAT pathways following FMDV infection. Interestingly, CXCL13 concentration was decreased in sera from interleukin-10 knock out (IL-10-/-) mice or mice blocked IL-10/IL-10R signaling in vivo after FMDV infection. Furthermore, CXCL13 was also decreased in IL-10-/- BMDMs and BMDMs treated with anti-IL-10R antibody following FMDV infection in vitro. Lastly, it was demonstrated that IL-10 regulated CXCL13 expression via JAK/STAT rather than the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, the study demonstrated for the first time that macrophages and T cells were the cellular sources of CXCL13 in mice infected with FMDV; CXCL13 was produced in BMDMs via NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways; and IL-10 promoted CXCL13 expression in BMDMs via the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Guo
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-028-85528276 (Z.Z. & Y.L.)
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-028-85528276 (Z.Z. & Y.L.)
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6
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Endrawati KJ, Mulyantari NK, Herawati S, Lestari AAW, Wande IN, Wirawati IAP. The Correlation of CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Count and Chemokine Ligand 13 Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Receiving Anti-retrovirus Therapy in Sanglah Central General Hospital. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an infectious disease caused by the HIV-1 or HIV-2 virus. Cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T lymphocytes have an important role in the immune process. Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL13) is chemotactic for receptor-expressing cells (CXCR5), including B cells and follicular helper (Tfh) T cells. CXCL13 examination can be used to detect HIV antibodies and as a marker of disease progression and monitoring anti-retrovirus therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients. Giving ART will reduce CXCL13 levels and show B cell activation, so CXCL13 can be used as a new marker of immune or antibody formation during acute or chronic HIV infection. CXCL13 examination can be used to detect HIV antibodies and as a marker of disease progression and monitoring ART in HIV-infected patients. Giving ART will reduce CXCL13 levels and show B cell activation, so CXCL13 can be used as a new marker of immune or antibody formation during acute or chronic HIV infection.
AIM: The aim of the study was to propose a study on the relationship between CD4+ T lymphocyte levels and CXCL13 levels in HIV patients who had received ART at the Sanglah Central General Hospital (RSUP), Denpasar. This study was start from March 2021 to August 2021 at the Sanglah Central General Hospital.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design, conducted at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing and the Clinical Pathology Laboratory at Sanglah Central General Hospital with 55 samples include in inclusion criteria.
RESULTS: In this study, the mean age of the research subjects was 42.18 ± 10.31 years with 58.2% male, 41.8% female having received ART with a mean of 63 months. The average number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was 451.53 ± 295.118. Median CXCL13 level was 50,551. The correlation between CXCL13 levels and the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was −0.209. This correlation was not significant with p = 0.127 (p < 0.05), then partial correlation was performed. The partial correlation of CXCL13 levels and the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was −0.308, a negative direction indicating there was an inverse correlation. This correlation is a significant with p = 0.023 (p < 0.05) after partial correlation and is in the category of weak correlation.
CONCLUSIONS: There are a significant negative correlation after partial correlation of CXCL13 levels and the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV patients at Sanglah Hospital during the treatment phase.
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7
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Wang Y, Qian G, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Han W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xiong T, Zeng H, Yu X, Yu X, Zhang X, Xu J, Zou Q, Yan D. HIV-1 Vif suppresses antiviral immunity by targeting STING. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:108-121. [PMID: 34811497 PMCID: PMC8752805 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection-induced cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling activates innate immunity to produce type I interferon (IFN). The HIV-1 nonstructural protein viral infectivity factor (Vif) is essential in HIV-1 replication, as it degrades the host restriction factor APOBEC3G. However, whether and how it regulates the host immune response remains to be determined. In this study, we found that Vif inhibited the production of type I IFN to promote immune evasion. HIV-1 infection induced the activation of the host tyrosine kinase FRK, which subsequently phosphorylated the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) of Vif and enhanced the interaction between Vif and the cellular tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to inhibit type I IFN. Mechanistically, the association of Vif with SHP-1 facilitated SHP-1 recruitment to STING and inhibited the K63-linked ubiquitination of STING at Lys337 by dephosphorylating STING at Tyr162. However, the FRK inhibitor D-65495 counteracted the phosphorylation of Vif to block the immune evasion of HIV-1 and antagonize infection. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism through which HIV-1 evades antiviral immunity via the ITIM-containing protein to inhibit the posttranslational modification of STING. These results provide a molecular basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Basic Courses, NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Gui Qian
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yinan Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wendong Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tingrong Xiong
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hao Zeng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Quanming Zou
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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8
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How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2217-2242. [PMID: 34623425 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
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Lopes AP, Bekker CPJ, Hillen MR, Blokland SLM, Hinrichs AC, Pandit A, Kruize AA, Radstake TRDJ, van Roon JAG. The Transcriptomic Profile of Monocytes from Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome Is Associated With Inflammatory Parameters and Is Mimicked by Circulating Mediators. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701656. [PMID: 34413853 PMCID: PMC8368727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by infiltration of the exocrine glands and prominent B cell hyperactivity. Considering the key role of monocytes in promoting B cell hyperactivity, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis of CD14+ monocytes from patients with pSS, non-Sjögren's sicca (nSS), and healthy controls (HC). We demonstrated that the transcriptomic profile of pSS patients is enriched in intermediate and non-classical monocyte profiles, and confirmed the increased frequency of non-classical monocytes in pSS patients by flow-cytometry analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified four molecular signatures in monocytes from pSS patients, functionally annotated for processes related with translation, IFN-signaling, and toll-like receptor signaling. Systemic and local inflammatory features significantly correlated with the expression of these signatures. Furthermore, genes highly associated with clinical features in pSS were identified as hub-genes for each signature. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of the hub-genes identified four clusters of nSS and pSS patients, each with distinct inflammatory and transcriptomic profiles. One cluster showed a significantly higher percentage of pSS patients with higher prevalence of anti-SSA autoantibodies, interferon-score, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate compared to the other clusters. Finally, we showed that the identified transcriptomic differences in pSS monocytes were induced in monocytes of healthy controls by exposure to serum of pSS patients. Representative hub-genes of all four signatures were partially inhibited by interferon-α/β receptor blockade, indicating that the circulating inflammatory mediators, including type I interferons have a significant contribution to the altered transcriptional profile of pSS-monocytes. Our study suggests that targeting key circulating inflammatory mediators, such as type I interferons, could offer new insights into the important pathways and mechanisms driving pSS, and holds promise for halting immunopathology in Sjögren's Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Lopes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis P J Bekker
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Hillen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sofie L M Blokland
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anneline C Hinrichs
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aike A Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joel A G van Roon
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Wang Y, Roussel-Queval A, Chasson L, Hanna Kazazian N, Marcadet L, Nezos A, Sieweke MH, Mavragani C, Alexopoulou L. TLR7 Signaling Drives the Development of Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676010. [PMID: 34108972 PMCID: PMC8183380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects predominately salivary and lacrimal glands. SS can occur alone or in combination with another autoimmune disease like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we report that TLR7 signaling drives the development of SS since TLR8-deficient (TLR8ko) mice that develop lupus due to increased TLR7 signaling by dendritic cells, also develop an age-dependent secondary pathology similar to associated SS. The SS phenotype in TLR8ko mice is manifested by sialadenitis, increased anti-SSA and anti-SSB autoantibody production, immune complex deposition and increased cytokine production in salivary glands, as well as lung inflammation. Moreover, ectopic lymphoid structures characterized by B/T aggregates, formation of high endothelial venules and the presence of dendritic cells are formed in the salivary glands of TLR8ko mice. Interestingly, all these phenotypes are abrogated in double TLR7/8-deficient mice, suggesting that the SS phenotype in TLR8-deficient mice is TLR7-dependent. In addition, evaluation of TLR7 and inflammatory markers in the salivary glands of primary SS patients revealed significantly increased TLR7 expression levels compared to healthy individuals, that were positively correlated to TNF, LT-α, CXCL13 and CXCR5 expression. These findings establish an important role of TLR7 signaling for local and systemic SS disease manifestations, and inhibition of such will likely have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Lionel Chasson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Andrianos Nezos
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael H. Sieweke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Clio Mavragani
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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11
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Bekele Feyissa Y, Chiodi F, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. The Role of CXCL13 in Antibody Responses to HIV-1 Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638872. [PMID: 33732259 PMCID: PMC7959754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to germinal centers (GC), which leads to the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells. CXCL13 has been proposed as a general plasma biomarker for GC activities. In HIV-1 infected individuals, plasma CXCL13 levels have been associated with the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Moreover, CXCL13 production has been reported to be increased in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, which may drive increased downregulation of CXCR5. In this review, we address the role of CXCL13 in HIV-1 infected individuals with regard to GC formation, generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies after infection and vaccination, and AIDS-related B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele Feyissa
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Trovato M, Ibrahim HM, Isnard S, Le Grand R, Bosquet N, Borhis G, Richard Y. Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen. Viruses 2021; 13:263. [PMID: 33572146 PMCID: PMC7916050 DOI: 10.3390/v13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV+) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV+. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV+, the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of TFH massively polarized into TFH1-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of TFR limiting TFH/TFR competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21lo memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Stephane Isnard
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Gwenoline Borhis
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Yolande Richard
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
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13
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Chelvanambi M, Fecek RJ, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. STING agonist-based treatment promotes vascular normalization and tertiary lymphoid structure formation in the therapeutic melanoma microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001906. [PMID: 33526609 PMCID: PMC7852948 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of immune infiltration in tumors, especially CD8+ T cells, greatly impacts patient disease course and response to interventional immunotherapy. Enhancement of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) is a critical element of efficacious therapy and one that may be achieved via administration of agents that promote tumor vascular normalization (VN) and/or induce the development of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). METHODS Low-dose stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist ADU S-100 (5 µg/mouse) was delivered intratumorally to established subcutaneous B16.F10 melanomas on days 10, 14 and 17 post-tumor inoculation. Treated and control tumors were isolated at various time points to assess transcriptional changes associated with VN and TLS formation via quantitative PCR (qPCR), with corollary immune cell composition changes in isolated tissues determined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. In vitro assays were performed on CD11c+ BMDCs treated with 2.5 µg/mL ADU S-100 or CD11c+ DCs isolated from tumor digests and associated transcriptional changes analyzed via qPCR or profiled using DNA microarrays. For T cell repertoireβ-CDR3 analyses, T cell CDR3 was sequenced from gDNA isolated from splenocytes and enzymatically digested tumors. RESULTS We report that activation of STING within the TME leads to slowed melanoma growth in association with increased production of antiangiogenic factors including Tnfsf15 (Vegi) and Cxcl10, and TLS-inducing factors including Ccl19, Ccl21, Lta, Ltb and Light. Therapeutic responses resulting from intratumoral STING activation were characterized by improved VN, enhanced tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells and CD11c+ DCs and local TLS neogenesis, all of which were dependent on host expression of STING. Consistent with a central role for DC in TLS formation, ADU S-100-activated mCD11c+ DCs also exhibited upregulated expression of TLS promoting factors including lymphotoxin-α (LTA), interleukin (IL)-36, inflammatory chemokines and type I interferons in vitro and in vivo. TLS formation in ADU S-100-treated mice was associated with the development of a highly oligoclonal TIL repertoire enriched in expanded T cell clonotypes unique to the TME and not detected in the periphery. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the premise that i.t. delivery of low-dose STING agonist promotes VN and a proinflammatory TME supportive of TLS formation, enrichment in the TIL repertoire and tumor growth control.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/agonists
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structures/immunology
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structures/metabolism
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structures/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Chelvanambi
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Berchtold D, Priller J, Meisel C, Meisel A. Interaction of microglia with infiltrating immune cells in the different phases of stroke. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:1208-1218. [PMID: 33058417 PMCID: PMC8018083 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, in association with its complications, is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cerebral ischemia triggers an inflammatory response in the brain that is controlled by the activation of resident microglia as well as the infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells into the brain parenchyma. This inflammation has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on stroke outcome. The focus of this review lies on the functions of myeloid cells and their interaction with infiltrating lymphocytes in different phases of stroke. A detailed and time-specific understanding of the contribution of different immune cell subsets during the course of cerebral ischemia is crucial to specifically promote beneficial and inhibit detrimental effects of inflammation on stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berchtold
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and DZNE, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,UK DRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Park SM, Brooks AE, Chen CJJ, Sheppard HM, Loef EJ, McIntosh JD, Angel CE, Mansell CJ, Bartlett A, Cebon J, Birch NP, Dunbar PR. Migratory cues controlling B-lymphocyte trafficking in human lymph nodes. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:49-64. [PMID: 32740978 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B-cell migration within lymph nodes (LNs) is crucial to adaptive immune responses. Chemotactic gradients are proposed to drive migration of B cells into follicles, followed by their relocation to specific zones of the follicle during activation, and ultimately egress. However, the molecular drivers of these processes and the cells generating chemotactic signals that affect B cells in human LNs are not well understood. We used immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and functional assays to study molecular mechanisms of B-cell migration within human LNs, and found subtle but important differences to previous murine models. In human LNs we find CXCL13 is prominently expressed at the follicular edge, often associated with fibroblastic reticular cells located in these areas, whereas follicular dendritic cells show minimal contribution to CXCL13 expression. Human B cells rapidly downregulate CXCR5 on encountering CXCL13, but recover CXCR5 expression in the CXCL13-low environment. These data suggest that the CXCL13 gradient in human LNs is likely to be different from that proposed in mice. We also identify CD68+ CD11c+ PU.1+ tingible body macrophages within both primary and secondary follicles as likely drivers of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradient that mediates B-cell egress from LNs, through their expression of the S1P-degrading enzyme, S1P lyase. Based on our findings, we present a model of B-cell migration within human LNs, which has both similarities and interesting differences to that proposed for mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saem Mul Park
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Es Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chun-Jen J Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary M Sheppard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evert Jan Loef
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie D McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia J Mansell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam Bartlett
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Bohmwald K, Berrios RV, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. The Role of Dendritic Cells During Infections Caused by Highly Prevalent Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1513. [PMID: 32765522 PMCID: PMC7378533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of innate immune cells with major relevance in the establishment of an adaptive response, as they are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes. Since their discovery, several reports of their role during infectious diseases have been performed, highlighting their functions and their mechanisms of action. DCs can be categorized into different subsets, and each of these subsets expresses a wide arrange of receptors and molecules that aid them in the clearance of invading pathogens. Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine -a molecule of protein origin- strongly associated with antiviral immune responses. This cytokine is secreted by different cell types and is fundamental in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Particularly, DCs are one of the most important immune cells that produce IFN, with type I IFNs (α and β) highlighting as the most important, as they are associated with viral clearance. Type I IFN secretion can be induced via different pathways, activated by various components of the virus, such as surface proteins or genetic material. These molecules can trigger the activation of the IFN pathway trough surface receptors, including IFNAR, TLR4, or some intracellular receptors, such as TLR7, TLR9, and TLR3. Here, we discuss various types of dendritic cells found in humans and mice; their contribution to the activation of the antiviral response triggered by the secretion of IFN, through different routes of the induction for this important antiviral cytokine; and as to how DCs are involved in human infections that are considered highly frequent nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V Berrios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Borhis G, Trovato M, Ibrahim HM, Isnard S, Le Grand R, Bosquet N, Richard Y. Impact of BAFF Blockade on Inflammation, Germinal Center Reaction and Effector B-Cells During Acute SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32194549 PMCID: PMC7061218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B-cell dysfunctions and inefficient antibody response suggest germinal center (GC) impairments during HIV/SIV infection with possible contribution of overproduced B-cell activating factor (BAFF). To address this question, we compared proportions and functions of various B-cell subsets and follicular helper T-cells (TFH) in untreated (Placebo) and BR3-Fc treated (Treated) SIV-infected macaques. From day 2 post-infection (dpi), Treated macaques received one weekly injection of BR3-Fc molecule, a soluble BAFF antagonist, for 4 weeks. Whereas, the kinetics of CD4+ T-cell loss and plasma viral loads were comparable in both groups, BAFF blockade delayed the peak of inflammatory cytokines (CXCL10, IFNα), impaired the renewal of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and fostered the decline of plasma CXCL13 titers after 14 dpi. In Treated macaques, proportions of total and naïve B-cells were reduced in blood and spleen whereas SIV-induced loss of marginal zone (MZ) B-cells was only accentuated in blood and terminal ileum. Proportions of spleen GC B-cells and TFH were similar in both groups, with CD8+ T-cells and rare Foxp3+ being present in spleen GC. Regardless of treatment, sorted TFH produced similar levels of IL21, CXCL13, and IFNγ but no IL2, IL4, or BAFF and exhibited similar capacities to support IgG production by autologous or heterologous B-cells. Consistently, most TFH were negative for BAFF-R and TACI. Higher proportions of resting and atypical (CD21lo) memory B-cells were present in Treated macaques compared to Placebo. In both groups, we found higher levels of BAFF-R expression on MZ and resting memory B-cells but low levels on atypical memory B-cells. TACI was present on 20-30% of MZ, resting and atypical memory B-cells in Placebo macaques. BAFF blockade decreased TACI expression on these B-cell subsets as well as titers of SIV-specific and vaccine-specific antibodies arguing for BAFF being mandatory for plasma cell survival. Irrespective of treatment, GC B-cells expressed BAFF-R at low level and were negative for TACI. In addition to key information on spleen BAFF-R and TACI expression, our data argue for BAFF contributing to the GC reaction in terminal ileum but being dispensable for the generation of atypical memory B-cells and GC reaction in spleen during T-dependent response against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maria Trovato
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Isnard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yolande Richard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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18
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Rizzo MD, Crawford RB, Bach A, Sermet S, Amalfitano A, Kaminski NE. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Monocyte-Mediated Astrocyte Production of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 and Interleukin-6 in a Toll-Like Receptor 7-Stimulated Human Coculture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:191-201. [PMID: 31383729 PMCID: PMC7184191 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is widely used in the United States, with an estimated prevalence of 9.5%. Certain cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in particular, possess immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory activity. Depending on the context, the anti-inflammatory activity of cannabinoids may be beneficial (e.g., in treating inflammatory diseases) or detrimental to normal immune defense against pathogens. The potential beneficial effect of cannabinoids on chronic neuroinflammation has gained recent attention. Monocyte migration to the brain has been implicated as a key event in chronic neuroinflammation and in the etiology of central nervous system diseases including viral infection (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder). In the brain, monocytes can contribute to neuroinflammation through interactions with astrocytes, including inducing astrocyte secretion of cytokines and chemokines. In a human coculture system, monocyte-derived interleukin (IL)-1β due to Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) activation has been identified to promote astrocyte production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-6. THC treatment of the TLR7-stimulated coculture suppressed monocyte secretion of IL-1β, resulting in decreased astrocyte production of MCP-1 and IL-6. Furthermore, THC displayed direct inhibition of monocytes, as TLR7-stimulated monocyte monocultures treated with THC also showed suppressed IL-1β production. The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist, JWH-015, impaired monocyte IL-1β production similar to that of THC, suggesting that THC acts, in part, through CB2. THC also suppressed key elements of the IL-1β production pathway, including IL1B mRNA levels and caspase-1 activity. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the anti-inflammatory properties of THC suppress TLR7-induced monocyte secretion of IL-1β through CB2, which results in decreased astrocyte secretion of MCP-1 and IL-6. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Because cannabis use is highly prevalent in the United States and has putative anti-inflammatory properties, it is important to investigate the effect of cannabinoids on immune cell function. Furthermore, cannabinoids have garnered particular interest due to their potential beneficial effects on attenuating viral-induced chronic neuroinflammation. This study utilized a primary human coculture system to demonstrate that the major psychotropic cannabinoid in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and a cannabinoid receptor-2 selective agonist suppress specific monocyte-mediated astrocyte inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rizzo
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anthony Bach
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sera Sermet
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program (M.D.R.), Institute for Integrative Toxicology (M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Center for Research on Ingredient Safety (A.B., N.E.K.), and Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (A.A.), Osteopathic Medicine (A.A.), and Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.S., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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19
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Regulatory T cell CD4 &CD25 expression and chemokine C-X-C ligand 13 level before and after corticosteroid therapy in pediatric ITP patients. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2019.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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20
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Lofano G, Gorman MJ, Yousif AS, Yu WH, Fox JM, Dugast AS, Ackerman ME, Suscovich TJ, Weiner J, Barouch D, Streeck H, Little S, Smith D, Richman D, Lauffenburger D, Walker BD, Diamond MS, Alter G. Antigen-specific antibody Fc glycosylation enhances humoral immunity via the recruitment of complement. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/26/eaat7796. [PMID: 30120121 PMCID: PMC6298214 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) confer protection after passive immunization, but the immunological mechanisms that drive their development are poorly understood. Structural features of bNAbs indicate that they originate from extensive germinal center (GC) selection, which relies on persistent GC activity. However, why a fraction of infected individuals are able to successfully drive more effective affinity maturation is unclear. Delivery of antigens in the form of antibody-immune complexes (ICs), which bind to complement receptors (CRs) or Fc receptors (FcRs) on follicular dendritic cells, represents an effective mechanism for antigen delivery to the GC. We sought to define whether IC-FcR or CR interactions differ among individuals who develop bNAb responses to HIV. Enhanced Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions, via altered Fc glycosylation profiles, were observed among individuals with neutralizing antibody responses to HIV compared with those without neutralizing antibody activity. Moreover, both polyclonal neutralizer ICs and monoclonal IC mimics of neutralizer antibodies induced higher antibody titers, higher-avidity antibodies, and expanded GC B cell reactions after immunization of mice via accelerated antigen deposition within B cell follicles in a complement-dependent manner. Thus, these data point to a direct role for altered Fc profile/complement interactions in shaping the maturation of the humoral immune response, providing insights into how GC activity may be enhanced to drive affinity maturation in next-generation vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lofano
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institut für HIV Forschung, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susan Little
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Douglas Richman
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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21
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Bekele Y, Lemma M, Bobosha K, Yibeltal D, Nasi A, Gebre M, Nilsson A, Aseffa A, Howe R, Chiodi F. Homing defects of B cells in HIV-1 infected children impair vaccination responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:2348-2355. [PMID: 30914222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful vaccinations rely on antibody responses. Chemokine receptors play an important role in B cell homing to differentiation niches. We assessed CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR6 expression on B cells during HIV-1 infection and relate it to antibody responses against a HBV vaccine. METHODS Blood was obtained from 54 healthy controls and 38 ART-treated HIV-1 infected children, aviremic (n = 25) or viremic (n = 13). Frequency of naïve and memory B cell subsets was studied by immunostaining. Homing capacity of blood B cells to lymphoid and inflamed tissues was evaluated through CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR6 expression. Plasma CXCL12 and CXCL13 levels and antibody titers to HBV antigen were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of naïve and resting memory (RM) B cells in ART treated children was comparable to control subjects. Profound defects in the homing phenotypes of naïve and memory B cells were identified, with lower CXCR4 and CXCR5 expression. Increased CXCL13 levels were observed in infected children, inversely correlating to CXCR5 expressing B cell subpopulations. Antibody titers to HBV vaccine correlated with frequency of resting and switched memory B cells in HIV-1 infected children. CONCLUSIONS Homing defects of B cells to germinal center may underlie impaired vaccine responses during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mahlet Lemma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, College of Natural Sciences, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Yibeltal
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aikaterini Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meseret Gebre
- All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training (ALERT) Center Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Women's and Children Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Mehraj V, Ramendra R, Isnard S, Dupuy FP, Lebouché B, Costiniuk C, Thomas R, Szabo J, Baril JG, Trottier B, Coté P, LeBlanc R, Durand M, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Kema I, Zhang Y, Finkelman M, Tremblay C, Routy JP. CXCL13 as a Biomarker of Immune Activation During Early and Chronic HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:289. [PMID: 30846990 PMCID: PMC6393370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CXCL13 is preferentially secreted by Follicular Helper T cells (TFH) to attract B cells to germinal centers. Plasma levels of CXCL13 have been reported to be elevated during chronic HIV-infection, however there is limited data on such elevation during early phases of infection and on the effect of ART. Moreover, the contribution of CXCL13 to disease progression and systemic immune activation have been partially defined. Herein, we assessed the relationship between plasma levels of CXCL13 and systemic immune activation. Methods: Study samples were collected in 114 people living with HIV (PLWH) who were in early (EHI) or chronic (CHI) HIV infection and 35 elite controllers (EC) compared to 17 uninfected controls (UC). A subgroup of 11 EHI who initiated ART and 14 who did not were followed prospectively. Plasma levels of CXCL13 were correlated with CD4 T cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, plasma viral load (VL), markers of microbial translocation [LPS, sCD14, and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan], markers of B cell activation (total IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgG1-4), and inflammatory/activation markers like IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IDO-1 activity, and frequency of CD38+HLA-DR+ T cells on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Results: Plasma levels of CXCL13 were elevated in EHI (127.9 ± 64.9 pg/mL) and CHI (229.4 ± 28.5 pg/mL) compared to EC (71.3 ± 20.11 pg/mL), and UC (33.4 ± 14.9 pg/mL). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that CXCL13 remains significantly elevated after 14 months without ART (p < 0.001) and was reduced without normalization after 24 months on ART (p = 0.002). Correlations were observed with VL, CD4 T cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, LPS, sCD14, (1→3)-β-D-Glucan, total IgG, TNF-α, Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio, and frequency of CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4 and CD8 T cells. In addition, CMV+ PLWH presented with higher levels of plasma CXCL13 than CMV- PLWH (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Plasma CXCL13 levels increased with HIV disease progression. Early initiation of ART reduces plasma CXCL13 and B cell activation without normalization. CXCL13 represents a novel marker of systemic immune activation during early and chronic HIV infection and may be used to predict the development of non-AIDS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Health Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rayoun Ramendra
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jason Szabo
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Clinique Médicale Quartier Latin, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Pierre Coté
- Clinique Médicale Quartier Latin, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Madéleine Durand
- University of Montreal Hospital Health Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- University of Montreal Hospital Health Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Hematology Clinic, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Fischinger S, Boudreau CM, Butler AL, Streeck H, Alter G. Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:239-249. [PMID: 30547182 PMCID: PMC6373179 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most impactful public health interventions, preventing millions of new infections and deaths annually worldwide. However, emerging data suggest that vaccines may not protect all populations equally. Specifically, studies analyzing variation in vaccine-induced immunity have pointed to the critical impact of genetics, the environment, nutrition, the microbiome, and sex in influencing vaccine responsiveness. The significant contribution of sex to modulating vaccine-induced immunity has gained attention over the last years. Specifically, females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse events following vaccination than males. This enhanced immune reactogenicity among females is thought to render females more resistant to infectious diseases, but conversely also contribute to higher incidence of autoimmunity among women. Dissection of mechanisms which underlie sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity has implicated hormonal, genetic, and microbiota differences across males and females. This review will highlight the importance of sex-dependent differences in vaccine-induced immunity and specifically will address the role of sex as a modulator of humoral immunity, key to long-term pathogen-specific protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Institut für HIV Forschung, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Carolyn M Boudreau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Audrey L Butler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institut für HIV Forschung, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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24
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Leite Pereira A, Tchitchek N, Marcos Lopez E, Lambotte O, Le Grand R, Cosma A. A high-resolution mass cytometry analysis reveals a delay of cytokines production after TLR4 or TLR7/8 engagements in HIV-1 infected humans. Cytokine 2018; 111:97-105. [PMID: 30138900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation in both non-treated and treated patients. TLR-dependent mechanisms are strongly involved in the maintenance of this inflammation. Indeed, the residual replication of HIV, the potential viral co-infections, or the products issued from microbial translocation provide TLR ligands, which contribute to trigger innate immune responses. Maintaining this chronic inflammation leads to an exhaustion of the immune system. Therefore, the TLR-dependent responses could be altered in HIV-infected patients. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed high-resolution phenotyping using a mass cytometry panel of 34 cell markers. Whole blood cells from healthy, non-treated HIV-infected and ART-treated HIV-infected subjects were stimulated with LPS, R848 or Poly(I:C). We observed the immune responses induced in T-cells, B-cells, polymorphonuclear cells, NK cells, basophils, monocytes and dendritic cells. We observed that, for either LPS or R848 stimulations, the production of cytokines in monocytes and conventional dendritic cells was delayed in treated or non-treated HIV-infected patients, compared to healthy individuals. These results suggest that leukocytes from chronic HIV-infected patients are slower to respond following the sensing of pathogens and danger signals, which may be an important feature of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leite Pereira
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Service de Médecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique, 94276 Le Kremin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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25
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Cocaine evokes a profile of oxidative stress and impacts innate antiviral response pathways in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:431-443. [PMID: 29578037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and Zika virus (ZIKV) represent RNA viruses with neurotropic characteristics. Infected individuals suffer neurocognitive disorders aggravated by environmental toxins, including drugs of abuse such as cocaine, exacerbating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders through a combination of astrogliosis, oxidative stress and innate immune signaling; however, little is known about how cocaine impacts the progression of ZIKV neural perturbations. Impaired innate immune signaling is characterized by weakened antiviral activation of interferon signaling and alterations in inflammatory signaling, factors contributing to cognitive sequela associated with cocaine in HIV-1/ZIKV infection. We employed cellular/molecular biology techniques to test if cocaine suppresses the efficacy of astrocytes to initiate a Type 1 interferon response to HIV-1/ZIKV, in vitro. We found cocaine activated antiviral signaling pathways and type I interferon in the absence of inflammation. Cocaine pre-exposure suppressed antiviral responses to HIV-1/ZIKV, triggering antiviral signaling and phosphorylation of interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 to stimulate type I interferon gene transcription. Our data indicate that oxidative stress is a major driver of cocaine-mediated astrocyte antiviral immune responses. Although astrocyte antiviral signaling is activated following detection of foreign pathogenic material, oxidative stress and increased cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) can drive antiviral signaling via stimulation of pattern recognition receptors. Pretreatment with the glial modulators propentofylline (PPF) or pioglitazone (PIO) reversed cocaine-mediated attenuation of astrocyte responses to HIV-1/ZIKV. Both PPF/PIO protected against cocaine-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased dsDNA, antiviral signaling pathways and increased type I interferon, indicating that cocaine induces astrocyte type I interferon signaling in the absence of virus and oxidative stress is a major driver of cocaine-mediated astrocyte antiviral immunity. Lastly, PPF and PIO have therapeutic potential to ameliorate cocaine-mediated dysregulation of astrocyte antiviral immunity possibly via a myriad of protective actions including decreases in reactive phenotype and damaging immune factors.
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26
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Soper A, Kimura I, Nagaoka S, Konno Y, Yamamoto K, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Type I Interferon Responses by HIV-1 Infection: Association with Disease Progression and Control. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1823. [PMID: 29379496 PMCID: PMC5775519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its infection leads to the onset of several disorders such as the depletion of peripheral CD4+ T cells and immune activation. HIV-1 is recognized by innate immune sensors that then trigger the production of type I interferons (IFN-Is). IFN-Is are well-known cytokines eliciting broad anti-viral effects by inducing the expression of anti-viral genes called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Extensive in vitro studies using cell culture systems have elucidated that certain ISGs such as APOBEC3G, tetherin, SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1, MX dynamin-like GTPase 2, guanylate-binding protein 5, and schlafen 11 exert robust anti-HIV-1 activity, suggesting that IFN-I responses triggered by HIV-1 infection are detrimental for viral replication and spread. However, recent studies using animal models have demonstrated that at both the acute and chronic phase of infection, the role of IFN-Is produced by HIV or SIV infection in viral replication, spread, and pathogenesis, may not be that straightforward. In this review, we describe the pluses and minuses of HIV-1 infection stimulated IFN-I responses on viral replication and pathogenesis, and further discuss the possibility for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Soper
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shumpei Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoriyuki Konno
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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27
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Amodio D, Cotugno N, Macchiarulo G, Rocca S, Dimopoulos Y, Castrucci MR, De Vito R, Tucci FM, McDermott AB, Narpala S, Rossi P, Koup RA, Palma P, Petrovas C. Quantitative Multiplexed Imaging Analysis Reveals a Strong Association between Immunogen-Specific B Cell Responses and Tonsillar Germinal Center Immune Dynamics in Children after Influenza Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:538-550. [PMID: 29237774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Generation of Ag-specific humoral responses requires the orchestrated development and function of highly specialized immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs. We used a multiparametric approach combining flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and histocytometry to analyze, for the first time to our knowledge in children, tonsils from seasonal influenza-vaccinated children. We used these novel imaging assays to address the mucosal immune dynamics in tonsils investigating the spatial positioning, frequency, and phenotype of immune cells after vaccination. Vaccination was associated with a significantly higher frequency of follicular helper CD4 T cells compared with the unvaccinated control group. The imaging analysis revealed that potential suppressor (FOXP3hi) CD4 T cells are mainly located in extrafollicular areas. Furthermore, a significantly reduced frequency of both follicular and extrafollicular FOXP3hi CD4 T cells was found in the vaccine group compared with the control group. Levels of circulating CXCL13 were higher in those vaccinated compared with controls, mirroring an increased germinal center reactivity in the tonsils. Notably, a strong correlation was found between the frequency of tonsillar T follicular helper cells and tonsillar Ag-specific Ab-secreting cells. These data demonstrate that influenza vaccination promotes the prevalence of relevant immune cells in tonsillar follicles and support the use of tonsils as lymphoid sites for the study of germinal center reactions after vaccination in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Amodio
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Macchiarulo
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rocca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita De Vito
- Histopathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo M Tucci
- Unit of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Immunogenicity Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Immunogenicity Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Research Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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28
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Mabuka JM, Dugast AS, Muema DM, Reddy T, Ramlakhan Y, Euler Z, Ismail N, Moodley A, Dong KL, Morris L, Walker BD, Alter G, Ndung’u T. Plasma CXCL13 but Not B Cell Frequencies in Acute HIV Infection Predicts Emergence of Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1104. [PMID: 28943879 PMCID: PMC5596076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological events in acute HIV-1 infection before peak viremia (hyperacute phase) may contribute to the development of broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies. Here, we used pre-infection and acute-infection peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples from 22 women, including 10 who initiated antiretroviral treatment in Fiebig stages I-V of acute infection to study B cell subsets and B-cell associated cytokines (BAFF and CXCL13) kinetics for up to ~90 days post detection of plasma viremia. Frequencies of B cell subsets were defined by flow cytometry while plasma cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. We observed a rapid but transient increase in exhausted tissue-like memory, activated memory, and plasmablast B cells accompanied by decline in resting memory cells in untreated, but not treated women. B cell subset frequencies in untreated women positively correlated with viral loads but did not predict emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies measured 12 months post detection of plasma viremia. Plasma BAFF and CXCL13 levels increased only in untreated women, but their levels did not correlate with viral loads. Importantly, early CXCL13 but not BAFF levels predicted the later emergence of detectable cross-neutralizing antibodies at 12 months post detection of plasma viremia. Thus, hyperacute HIV-1 infection is associated with B cell subset changes, which do not predict emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies. However, plasma CXCL13 levels during hyperacute infection predicted the subsequent emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies, providing a potential biomarker for the evaluation of vaccines designed to elicit cross-neutralizing activity or for natural infection studies to explore mechanisms underlying development of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer M. Mabuka
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Muema
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yathisha Ramlakhan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zelda Euler
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Amber Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Krista L. Dong
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
- Institute for Medical and Engineering Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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29
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T follicular helper cells and antibody response to Hepatitis B virus vaccine in HIV-1 infected children receiving ART. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8956. [PMID: 28827754 PMCID: PMC5566956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HBV vaccine has 95% efficacy in children to prevent HBV infection and related cancer. We conducted a prospective study in HIV-1 infected children receiving ART (n = 49) and controls (n = 63) to assess humoral and cellular responses to HBV vaccine provided with three doses under an accelerated schedule of 4 weeks apart. At 1 month post-vaccination all children, except 4 HIV-1 infected, displayed protective antibody (ab) titers to HBV vaccine; ab titers were lower in infected children (P < 0.0001). Ab titers decreased (P < 0.0001) in both HIV-1 infected and control children at 6 months. The frequency of circulating Tfh (cTFh) cells was 20.3% for controls and 20.8% for infected children prior to vaccination and remained comparable post-vaccination. Cytokine expression by cTfh cells upon activation with HBV antigen was comparable in the two groups at baseline and 1 month post-vaccination. Higher plasma levels (P < 0.0001) of CXCL13 were found in infected children which correlated with cTfh cell frequency at baseline. In conclusion, a lower ab response to HBV vaccine was measured in HIV-1 infected children. The frequency and activation profile of cTfh cells was comparable in infected children and controls suggesting that cells other than Tfh cells are responsible for impaired ab response to HBV vaccine.
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30
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Dugast AS, Arnold K, Lofano G, Moore S, Hoffner M, Simek M, Poignard P, Seaman M, Suscovich TJ, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Lauffenburger D, Kwon DS, Keele BF, Alter G. Virus-driven Inflammation Is Associated With the Development of bNAbs in Spontaneous Controllers of HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:1098-1104. [PMID: 28158448 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanism(s) by which broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) emerge naturally following infection is crucial for the development of a protective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although previous studies have implicated high viremia and associated immune activation as potential drivers for the development of bNAbs, here we sought to unlink the effect of these 2 parameters by evaluating the key inflammatory predictors of bNAb development in HIV-infected individuals who spontaneously control HIV in the absence of antiretroviral therapy ("controllers"). Methods The breadth of antibody-mediated neutralization against 11 tier 2 or 3 viruses was assessed in 163 clade B spontaneous controllers of HIV. Plasma levels of 17 cytokines were screened in the same set of subjects. The relationship of the inflammatory signature was assessed in the context of viral blips or viral RNA levels in peripheral blood or gastrointestinal biopsies from aviremic controllers (<50 copies RNA/mL) and in the context of viral sequence diversity analysis in the plasma of viremic controllers (<50-2000 copies RNA/mL). Results A unique inflammatory profile, including high plasma levels of CXCL13, sCD40L, IP10, RANTES, and TNFα, was observed in HIV controllers who developed bNAbs. Interestingly, viral load and tissue viremia, but not intermittent viral blips, were associated with these cytokine profiles. However, viral diversity was not significantly associated with increased breadth in controllers. Conclusion These results suggest that low antigenic diversity in the setting of a unique inflammatory profile associated with antigen persistence may be linked to the evolution of neutralizing antibody breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lofano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Moore
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Hoffner
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Simek
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Liu C, Huang X, Werner M, Broering R, Ge J, Li Y, Liao B, Sun J, Peng J, Lu M, Hou J, Zhang X. Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:323. [PMID: 28386259 PMCID: PMC5362616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C–X–C-chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), the ligand for C–X–C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), is a major regulator of B-cell trafficking and plays an integral role in age-dependent clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the mouse model. However, the expression and function of CXCL13 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unknown. By use of liver cell subpopulations isolated from CHB patients, we found that CXCL13 mRNA was abundantly expressed in Kupffer cells (KCs), but not in primary hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Interestingly, KC isolated from HBV-positive liver had much higher level of CXCL13 expression than non-HBV-infected controls. And its expression was induced by toll-like receptor 3 ligand poly I:C stimulation. Moreover, intense expression of CXCL13 protein and accumulation of CD4+ T and B cells were evident in follicular-like structures in the liver tissue of CHB patients, which indicated its chemotactic effect on CXCR5+ CD4+ cells and B cells. Consistently, the levels of serum CXCL13 were significantly higher in the CHB patients than in healthy controls. Furthermore, CXCL13 concentration was increased in the complete response (CR) group during weeks 0–12 and did not change significantly during the course of telbivudine treatment, compared with the patients who didn’t achieve CR. In conclusion, the HBV-related increase of CXCL13 production in KC and serum CXCL13 level during telbivudine treatment might be associated with immune control of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Jun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Baolin Liao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There currently exists a poor understanding of how the innate immune system is activated upon HIV transmission and how this activation may affect systemic spread of HIV from the FRT. However, multiple mechanisms for how HIV is sensed have been deciphered using model systems with cell lines and peripheral blood-derived cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of HIV innate immune sensing and place this in the context of the FRT. Because HIV is somewhat unique as an STD that thrives under inflammatory conditions, the response of cells upon sensing HIV gene products can either promote or limit HIV infection depending on the context. Future studies should include investigations into how FRT-derived primary cells sense and respond to HIV to confirm conclusions drawn from non-mucosal cells. Understanding how cells of the FRT participate in and effect innate immune sensing of HIV will provide a clearer picture of what parameters during the early stages of HIV exposure determine transmission success. Such knowledge could pave the way for novel approaches for preventing HIV acquisition in women.
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34
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Vitner EB, Farfel-Becker T, Ferreira NS, Leshkowitz D, Sharma P, Lang KS, Futerman AH. Induction of the type I interferon response in neurological forms of Gaucher disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:104. [PMID: 27175482 PMCID: PMC4866012 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a key phenomenon in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which brain inflammation is engaged and delineating the key players in the immune response and their contribution to brain pathology is of great importance for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene and is a significant risk factor for Parkinson’s disease; in some forms of Gaucher disease, neuroinflammation is observed. Methods An unbiased gene profile analysis was performed on a severely affected brain area of a neurological form of a Gaucher disease mouse at a pre-symptomatic stage; the mouse used for this study, the Gbaflox/flox; nestin-Cre mouse, was engineered such that GBA1 deficiency is restricted to cells of neuronal lineage, i.e., neurons and macroglia. Results The 10 most up-regulated genes in the ventral posteromedial/posterolateral region of the thalamus were inflammatory genes, with the gene expression signature significantly enriched in interferon signaling genes. Interferon β levels were elevated in neurons, and interferon-stimulated genes were elevated mainly in microglia. Interferon signaling pathways were elevated to a small extent in the brain of another lysosomal storage disease mouse model, Krabbe disease, but not in Niemann-Pick C or Sandhoff mouse brain. Ablation of the type I interferon receptor attenuated neuroinflammation but had no effect on GD mouse viability. Conclusions Our results imply that the type I interferon response is involved in the development of nGD pathology, and possibly in other lysosomal storage diseases in which simple glycosphingolipids accumulate, and support the notion that interferon signaling pathways play a vital role in the sterile inflammation that often occurs during chronic neurodegenerative diseases in which neuroinflammation is present. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit of The Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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35
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Abstract
Significantly higher levels of plasma CXCL13 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13] were associated with the generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV in a large longitudinal cohort of HIV-infected individuals. Germinal centers (GCs) perform the remarkable task of optimizing B-cell Ab responses. GCs are required for almost all B-cell receptor affinity maturation and will be a critical parameter to monitor if HIV bnAbs are to be induced by vaccination. However, lymphoid tissue is rarely available from immunized humans, making the monitoring of GC activity by direct assessment of GC B cells and germinal center CD4(+) T follicular helper (GC Tfh) cells problematic. The CXCL13-CXCR5 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5] chemokine axis plays a central role in organizing both B-cell follicles and GCs. Because GC Tfh cells can produce CXCL13, we explored the potential use of CXCL13 as a blood biomarker to indicate GC activity. In a series of studies, we found that plasma CXCL13 levels correlated with GC activity in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice, immunized macaques, and HIV-infected humans. Furthermore, plasma CXCL13 levels in immunized humans correlated with the magnitude of Ab responses and the frequency of ICOS(+) (inducible T-cell costimulator) Tfh-like cells in blood. Together, these findings support the potential use of CXCL13 as a plasma biomarker of GC activity in human vaccine trials and other clinical settings.
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36
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Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Arainga M, Midkiff CC, Liu DX, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Preferential Destruction of Interstitial Macrophages over Alveolar Macrophages as a Cause of Pulmonary Disease in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:4884-91. [PMID: 26432896 PMCID: PMC4637238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that the AIDS virus differentially impacts two distinct subsets of lung macrophages. The predominant macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), alveolar macrophages (AMs), are routinely used in studies on human lung macrophages, are long-lived cells, and exhibit low turnover. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) inhabit the lung tissue, are not recovered with BAL, are shorter-lived, and exhibit higher baseline turnover rates distinct from AMs. We examined the effects of SIV infection on AMs in BAL fluid and IMs in lung tissue of rhesus macaques. SIV infection produced massive cell death of IMs that contributed to lung tissue damage. Conversely, SIV infection induced minimal cell death of AMs, and these cells maintained the lower turnover rate throughout the duration of infection. This indicates that SIV produces lung tissue damage through destruction of IMs, whereas the longer-lived AMs may serve as a virus reservoir to facilitate HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Mariluz Arainga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - David Xianhong Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112;
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Schwab A, Meyering SS, Lepene B, Iordanskiy S, van Hoek ML, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Extracellular vesicles from infected cells: potential for direct pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1132. [PMID: 26539170 PMCID: PMC4611157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections that result in natural or manmade spread of lethal biological agents are a concern and require national and focused preparedness. In this manuscript, as part of an early diagnostics and pathogen treatment strategy, we have focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs) that arise following infections. Although the field of biodefense does not currently have a rich resource in EVs literature, none the less, similar pathogens belonging to the more classical emerging and non-emerging diseases have been studied in their EV/exosomal contents and function. These exosomes are formed in late endosomes and released from the cell membrane in almost every cell type in vivo. These vesicles contain proteins, RNA, and lipids from the cells they originate from and function in development, signal transduction, cell survival, and transfer of infectious material. The current review focuses on how different forms of infection exploit the exosomal pathway and how exosomes can be exploited artificially to treat infection and disease and potentially also be used as a source of vaccine. Virally-infected cells can secrete viral as well as cellular proteins and RNA in exosomes, allowing viruses to cause latent infection and spread of miRNA to nearby cells prior to a subsequent infection. In addition to virally-infected host cells, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi can all release small vesicles that contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns, regulating the neighboring uninfected cells. Examples of exosomes from both virally and bacterially infected cells point toward a re-programming network of pathways in the recipient cells. Finally, many of these exosomes contain cytokines and miRNAs that in turn can effect gene expression in the recipient cells through the classical toll-like receptor and NFκB pathway. Therefore, although exosomes do not replicate as an independent entity, they however facilitate movement of infectious material through tissues and may be the cause of many pathologies seen in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA ; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
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