1
|
Wang J, Li G, Liu S, Miao J, Sun Q, Gu W, Mao X. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 by thyroid hormone triggers abnormal B-cell activation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1007. [PMID: 37773690 PMCID: PMC10540142 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breakdown of tolerance and abnormal activation of B cells is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). High levels of thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in GD progression. However, the interactions between THs and abnormal activation of B cells remain elusive. This study aimed to explore the effect of high levels of THs on TLR4 expression and abnormal B cell differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from patients with GD and healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the frequency of B cells, their subsets, and TLR4 expression in B cells. A high-level T3 mouse model was used to study the interaction between THs and the TLR4 signalling pathway. RESULTS We found that the frequencies of CD19+ , CD19+ TLR4+ , CD19+ CD86+ , and CD19+ CD138+ B cells were significantly higher, as were the expression levels of MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 and MRP8, MRP14, and MRP6 messenger RNA (mRNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with GD. In high-level T3 mice models, the serum MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 levels and the TLR4 mRNA expression in PBMCs were significantly higher. TLR4 mRNA, protein expression, and cytokines downstream of TLR4, such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear transcription factor-κB, were also increased in mouse spleen mononuclear cells. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that high levels of T3 can induce abnormal differentiation and activation of B cells by promoting TLR4 overexpression and provide novel insights into the roles of THs in the pathogenesis of GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guo‐Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing‐Jing Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wen‐Sha Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han Z, Chen L, Peng H, Zheng H, Lin Y, Peng F, Fan Y, Xie X, Yang S, Wang Z, Yuan L, Wei X, Chen H. The role of thyroid hormone in the renal immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110172. [PMID: 37086678 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for proper kidney growth and development. The kidney is not only the organ of thyroid hormone metabolism but also the target organ of thyroid hormone. Kidney disease is a common type of kidney damage, mainly including different types of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and renal cell carcinoma. The kidney is often damaged by an immune response directed against its antigens or a systemic immune response. A variety of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune kidney disease. Recent studies have found that thyroid hormone plays an indispensable role in the immune microenvironment of various kidney diseases. Thyroid hormones regulate the activity of neutrophils, and dendritic cells express triiodothyronine receptors. Compared to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism has a greater effect on neutrophils. Furthermore, in adaptive immune systems, thyroid hormone may activate T lymphocytes through several underlying mechanisms, such as mediating NF-κB, protein kinase C signalling pathways, and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased T lymphocyte activation. The present review discusses the effects of thyroid hormone metabolism regulation in the immune microenvironment on the function of various immune cells, especially neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. Although there are not enough data at this stage to conclude the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may influence autoimmune kidney disease by regulating the renal immune microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyan Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyao Peng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Peng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunhe Fan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuli Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Simin Yang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Lianyungang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiuyan Wei
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valli E, Dalotto-Moreno T, Sterle HA, Méndez-Huergo SP, Paulazo MA, García SI, Pirola CJ, Klecha AJ, Rabinovich GA, Cremaschi GA. Hypothyroidism-associated immunosuppression involves induction of galectin-1-producing regulatory T cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22865. [PMID: 36934391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200884r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism exerts deleterious effects on immunity, but the precise role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in immunoregulatory and tolerogenic programs is barely understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying hypothyroid-related immunosuppression by examining the regulatory role of components of the HPT axis. We first analyzed lymphocyte activity in mice overexpressing the TRH gene (Tg-Trh). T cells from Tg-Trh showed increased proliferation than wild-type (WT) euthyroid mice in response to polyclonal activation. The release of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines was also increased in Tg-Trh and TSH levels correlated with T-cell proliferation. To gain further mechanistic insights into hypothyroidism-related immunosuppression, we evaluated T-cell subpopulations in lymphoid tissues of hypothyroid and control mice. No differences were observed in CD3/CD19 or CD4/CD8 ratios between these strains. However, the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly increased in hypothyroid mice, and not in Tg-Trh mice. Accordingly, in vitro Tregs differentiation was more pronounced in naïve T cells isolated from hypothyroid mice. Since Tregs overexpress galectin-1 (Gal-1) and mice lacking this lectin (Lgals1-/- ) show reduced Treg function, we investigated the involvement of this immunoregulatory lectin in the control of Tregs in settings of hypothyroidism. Increased T lymphocyte reactivity and reduced frequency of Tregs were found in hypothyroid Lgals1-/- mice when compared to hypothyroid WT animals. This effect was rescued by the addition of recombinant Gal-1. Finally, increased expression of Gal-1 was found in Tregs purified from hypothyroid WT mice compared with their euthyroid counterpart. Thus, a substantial increase in the frequency and activity of Gal-1-expressing Tregs underlies immunosuppression associated with hypothyroid conditions, with critical implications in immunopathology, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Valli
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena A Sterle
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago P Méndez-Huergo
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Paulazo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia I García
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Cardiología Molecular., Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Biología de Sistemas de Enfermedades Complejas, Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia J Klecha
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Cremaschi
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Madrid E, Rangel-Ramírez MA, Mendoza-León MJ, Álvarez-Mardones O, González PA, Kalergis AM, Opazo MC, Riedel CA. Risk Factors from Pregnancy to Adulthood in Multiple Sclerosis Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137080. [PMID: 35806081 PMCID: PMC9266360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a robust inflammatory response against myelin sheath antigens, which causes astrocyte and microglial activation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple genetic predispositions and environmental factors are known to influence the immune response in autoimmune diseases, such as MS, and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Although the predisposition to suffer from MS seems to be a multifactorial process, a highly sensitive period is pregnancy due to factors that alter the development and differentiation of the CNS and the immune system, which increases the offspring’s susceptibility to develop MS. In this regard, there is evidence that thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation, such as hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia, may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as MS. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the gestational period for the development of MS in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Madrid
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Oscar Álvarez-Mardones
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Manuel Montt 948, Providencia 7500000, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wenzek C, Boelen A, Westendorf AM, Engel DR, Moeller LC, Führer D. The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system - where we stand and why we need to know about it. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:R65-R77. [PMID: 35175936 PMCID: PMC9010816 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were proposed to interfere with the central regulation of systemic TH levels. Conversely, THs regulate innate and adaptive immune responses as immune cells are direct target cells of THs. Accordingly, they express different components of local TH action, such as TH transporters or receptors, but our picture of the interplay between THs and the immune system is still incomplete. This review provides a critical overview of current knowledge regarding the interaction of THs and the immune system with the main focus on local TH action within major innate and adaptive immune cell subsets. Thereby, this review aims to highlight open issues which might help to infer the clinical relevance of THs in host defence in the context of different types of diseases such as infection, ischemic organ injury or cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Führer;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grondman I, de Nooijer AH, Antonakos N, Janssen NAF, Mouktaroudi M, Leventogiannis K, Medici M, Smit JWA, van Herwaarden AE, Joosten LAB, van der Veerdonk FL, Pickkers P, Kox M, Jaeger M, Netea MG, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea-Maier RT. The Association of TSH and Thyroid Hormones With Lymphopenia in Bacterial Sepsis and COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1994-2009. [PMID: 33713408 PMCID: PMC7989224 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lymphopenia is a key feature of immune dysfunction in patients with bacterial sepsis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, but the cause is largely unknown. Severely ill patients may present with thyroid function abnormalities, so-called nonthyroidal illness syndrome, and several studies have linked thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to homeostatic regulation and function of lymphocyte populations. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to test the hypothesis that abnormal thyroid function correlates with lymphopenia in patients with severe infections. METHODS A retrospective analysis of absolute lymphocyte counts, circulating TSH, T4, free T4 (FT4), T3, albumin, and inflammatory biomarkers was performed in 2 independent hospitalized study populations: bacterial sepsis (n = 224) and COVID-19 patients (n = 161). A subgroup analysis was performed in patients with severe lymphopenia and normal lymphocyte counts. RESULTS Only T3 significantly correlated (ρ = 0.252) with lymphocyte counts in patients with bacterial sepsis, and lower concentrations were found in severe lymphopenic compared to nonlymphopenic patients (n = 56 per group). Severe lymphopenic COVID-19 patients (n = 17) showed significantly lower plasma concentrations of TSH, T4, FT4, and T3 compared to patients without lymphopenia (n = 18), and demonstrated significantly increased values of the inflammatory markers interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and ferritin. Remarkably, after 1 week of follow-up, the majority (12 of 15) of COVID-19 patients showed quantitative recovery of their lymphocyte numbers, whereas TSH and thyroid hormones remained mainly disturbed. CONCLUSION Abnormal thyroid function correlates with lymphopenia in patients with severe infections, like bacterial sepsis and COVID-19, but future studies need to establish whether a causal relationship is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aline H de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Antonakos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nico A F Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Mouktaroudi
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases and Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van der Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author (and to whom reprints should be addressed): Romana Netea-Maier, MD PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Tel: +31-24-3614599, Email
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Park S, Zhu X, Kim M, Zhao L, Cheng SY. Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1 Mutants Impair B Lymphocyte Development in a Mouse Model. Thyroid 2021; 31:994-1002. [PMID: 33267733 PMCID: PMC8349714 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) gene cause resistance to thyroid hormone (RTHα). RTHα patients exhibit very mild abnormal thyroid function test results (serum triiodothyronine can be high-normal to high; thyroxine normal to low; thyrotropin is normal or mildly raised) but manifest hypothyroid symptoms with growth retardation, delayed bone development, and anemia. Much has been learned about the in vivo molecular actions in TRα1 mutants affecting abnormal growth, bone development, and anemia by using a mouse model of RTHα (Thra1PV/+ mice). However, it is not clear whether TRα1 mutants affect lymphopoiesis in RTHα patients. The present study addressed the question of whether TRα1 mutants could cause defective lymphopoiesis. Methods: We assessed lymphocyte abundance in the peripheral circulation and in the lymphoid organs of Thra1PV/+ mice. We evaluated the effect of thyroid hormone on B cell development in the bone and spleen of these mice. We identified key transcription factors that are directly regulated by TRα1 in the regulation of B cell development. Results: Compared with wild-type mice, a significant reduction in B cells, but not in T cells, was detected in the peripheral circulation, bone marrow, and spleen of Thra1PV/+ mice. The expression of key transcription regulators of B cell development, such as Ebf1, Tcf3, and Pax5, was significantly decreased in the bone marrow and spleen of Thra1PV/+ mice. We further elucidated that the Ebf1 gene, essential for lineage specification in the early B cell development, was directly regulated by TRα1. Thus, mutations of TRα1 could impair B cell development in the bone marrow via suppression of key regulators of B lymphopoiesis. Conclusions: Analysis of lymphopoiesis in a mouse model of RTHα showed that B cell lymphopoiesis was suppressed by TRα1 mutations. The suppressed development of B cells was, at least in part, via inhibition of the expression of key regulators, Ebf1, Tcf3, and Pax5, by TRα1 mutations. These findings suggest that the mutations of the THRA gene in patients could lead to B cell deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minjun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to: Sheue-Yann Cheng, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room: 5128A2, 37 Convent Drive MSC 4264, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lafontaine N, Campbell PJ, Castillo-Fernandez JE, Mullin S, Lim EM, Kendrew P, Lewer M, Brown SJ, Huang RC, Melton PE, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Dudbridge F, Spector TD, Wright MJ, Martin NG, McRae AF, Panicker V, Zhu G, Walsh JP, Bell JT, Wilson SG. Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Thyroid Function Traits Identifies Novel Associations of fT3 With KLF9 and DOT1L. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2191-e2202. [PMID: 33484127 PMCID: PMC8063248 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating concentrations of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) are partly heritable traits. Recent studies have advanced knowledge of their genetic architecture. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), may be important in pituitary-thyroid axis regulation and action, but data are limited. OBJECTIVE To identify novel associations between fT3, fT4, and TSH and differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in the genome in subjects from 2 Australian cohorts. METHOD We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of thyroid function parameters and DNAm using participants from: Brisbane Systems Genetics Study (median age 14.2 years, n = 563) and the Raine Study (median age 17.0 years, n = 863). Plasma fT3, fT4, and TSH were measured by immunoassay. DNAm levels in blood were assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays. Analyses employed generalized linear mixed models to test association between DNAm and thyroid function parameters. Data from the 2 cohorts were meta-analyzed. RESULTS We identified 2 DMPs with epigenome-wide significant (P < 2.4E-7) associations with TSH and 6 with fT3, including cg00049440 in KLF9 (P = 2.88E-10) and cg04173586 in DOT1L (P = 2.09E-16), both genes known to be induced by fT3. All DMPs had a positive association between DNAm and TSH and a negative association between DNAm and fT3. There were no DMPs significantly associated with fT4. We identified 23 differentially methylated regions associated with fT3, fT4, or TSH. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated associations between blood-based DNAm and both fT3 and TSH. This may provide insight into mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone action and/or pituitary-thyroid axis function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lafontaine
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Correspondence: Nicole Lafontaine, MBBS, BMedSci, RACP, Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Level 1, Building C, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Purdey J Campbell
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Shelby Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ee Mun Lim
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vijay Panicker
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jaeger M, Sloot YJE, Horst RT, Chu X, Koenen HJPM, Koeken VACM, Moorlag SJCFM, de Bree CJ, Mourits VP, Lemmers H, Dijkstra H, Medici M, van Herwaarden AE, Joosten I, Joosten LAB, Li Y, Smit JWA, Netea MG, Netea-Maier RT. Thyrotrophin and thyroxine support immune homeostasis in humans. Immunology 2021; 163:155-168. [PMID: 33454989 PMCID: PMC8114202 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocrine and the immune systems interact by sharing receptors for hormones and cytokines, cross‐control and feedback mechanisms. To date, no comprehensive study has assessed the impact of thyroid hormones on immune homeostasis. By studying immune phenotype (cell populations, antibody concentrations, circulating cytokines, adipokines and acute‐phase proteins, monocyte–platelet interactions and cytokine production capacity) in two large independent cohorts of healthy volunteers of Western European descent from the Human Functional Genomics Project (500FG and 300BCG cohorts), we identified a crucial role of the thyroid hormone thyroxin (T4) and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) on the homeostasis of lymphocyte populations. TSH concentrations were strongly associated with multiple populations of both effector and regulatory T cells, whereas B‐cell populations were significantly associated with free T4 (fT4). In contrast, fT4 and TSH had little impact on myeloid cell populations and cytokine production capacity. Mendelian randomization further supported the role of fT4 for lymphocyte homeostasis. Subsequently, using a genomics approach, we identified genetic variants that influence both fT4 and TSH concentrations and immune responses, and gene set enrichment pathway analysis showed enrichment of fT4‐affected gene expression in B‐cell function pathways, including the CD40 pathway, further supporting the importance of fT4 in the regulation of B‐cell function. In conclusion, we show that thyroid function controls the homeostasis of the lymphoid cell compartment. These findings improve our understanding of the immune responses and open the door for exploring and understanding the role of thyroid hormones in the lymphocyte function during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette J E Sloot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology (LMI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vera P Mourits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lemmers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helga Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Laboratory for Diagnostics (RLD), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology (LMI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pawlik-Pachucka E, Budzinska M, Wicik Z, Domaszewska-Szostek A, Owczarz M, Roszkowska-Gancarz M, Gewartowska M, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Age-associated increase of thyroid hormone receptor β gene promoter methylation coexists with decreased gene expression. Endocr Res 2018; 43:246-257. [PMID: 29733698 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1469648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is not established if healthy aging of the thyroid axis is associated with alterations other than changes in hormone secretion. METHODS The expression of thyroid hormone receptor β gene (THRB) was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from young, elderly, and long-lived individuals. The interaction between the 3'UTR of TRβ1 mRNA and selected miRNAs was measured using pmirGLO reporter vector. Methylation of the THRB CpG island was analyzed using methylation-sensitive restriction/RT-PCR and bisulfite sequencing methods. RESULTS Old age was associated with a significantly lower amount of total TRβ mRNA (p = 0.033) and of TRβ1 mRNA (p = 0.02). Older age was also associated with significantly higher methylation of the THRB promoter (restriction/RT-PCR: p = 0.0023, bisulfite sequencing: p = 0.0004). Higher methylation corresponded to a lower expression of the THRB mRNA, but this correlation did not reach the level of significance. miR-26a interacted with two sites in the 3'UTR of the TRβ1 mRNA leading to the decrease of the reporter protein activity (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005), and miR-496 interacted with one of the two putative binding sites which also decreased the reporter protein activity (p < 0.0001). Analysis of the expression of miR-21, miR-26a, miR-146a, miR-181a, miR-221, and miR-496 showed that the expression of miR-26a was significantly decreased in old subjects (p = 0.017), while the levels of other miRNAs were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Age-related decrease of THRB expression in PBMC of elderly and long-lived humans might be, in part, a result of the increased methylation of its promoter, but is unrelated to the activity of the miRNAs analyzed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Pawlik-Pachucka
- a Department of Human Epigenetics , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- b Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology , Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Monika Budzinska
- b Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology , Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- a Department of Human Epigenetics , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Owczarz
- b Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology , Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Gewartowska
- a Department of Human Epigenetics , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- a Department of Human Epigenetics , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- b Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology , Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bradley D, Liu J, Blaszczak A, Wright V, Jalilvand A, Needleman B, Noria S, Renton D, Hsueh W. Adipocyte DIO2 Expression Increases in Human Obesity but Is Not Related to Systemic Insulin Sensitivity. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:2464652. [PMID: 30116736 PMCID: PMC6079440 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2464652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deiodinase type II (D2), encoded by DIO2, catalyzes the conversion of T4 to bioactive T3. T3 not only stimulates adaptive thermogenesis but also affects adipose tissue (AT) lipid accumulation, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and potentially systemic metabolism. Although better defined in brown AT, the precise role of DIO2 expression in white AT remains largely unknown, with data derived only from whole fat. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipocyte-specific gene expression of DIO2 differs between obese and lean patients and whether these differences relate to alterations in mitochondrial function, fatty acid flux, inflammatory cytokines/adipokines, and ultimately insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, adipocytes of 73 obese and 21 lean subjects were isolated and subjected to gene expression analyses. Our results demonstrate that obese compared to lean human individuals have increased adipocyte-specific DIO2 expression in both SAT and VAT. Although higher DIO2 was strongly related to reduced fatty acid synthesis/oxidation and mitochondrial function, we found no relationship to proinflammatory cytokines or insulin resistance and no difference based on diabetic status. Our results suggest that adipocyte-derived DIO2 may play a role in weight maintenance but is likely not a major contributor to obesity-related insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bradley
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joey Liu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alecia Blaszczak
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valerie Wright
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anahita Jalilvand
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley Needleman
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sabrena Noria
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Renton
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Willa Hsueh
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Xue Y, Cao C, Huang J, Hong Q, Hai T, Jia Q, Wang X, Qin G, Yao J, Wang X, Zheng Q, Zhang R, Li Y, Luo A, Zhang N, Shi G, Wang Y, Ying H, Liu Z, Wang H, Meng A, Zhou Q, Wei H, Liu F, Zhao J. Thyroid hormone regulates hematopoiesis via the TR-KLF9 axis. Blood 2017; 130:2161-70. [PMID: 28972010 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-783043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases, for which the underlying mechanisms remain unknown; it is often accompanied by anemia and immunodeficiency in patients. Here, we created a severe CH model together with anemia and T lymphopenia to mimic the clinical features of hypothyroid patients by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in Bama miniature pigs. A novel recessive c.1226A>G transition of the dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene was identified as the causative mutation. This mutation hindered the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thus contributed to thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis failure. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the thymuses showed that Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) was predominantly downregulated in hypothyroid mutants. KLF9 was verified to be directly regulated by TH in a TH receptor (TR)-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of klf9 in zebrafish embryos impaired hematopoietic development including erythroid maturation and T lymphopoiesis. Our findings suggest that the TR-KLF9 axis is responsible for the hematopoietic dysfunction and might be exploited for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for thyroid diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jara EL, Muñoz-Durango N, Llanos C, Fardella C, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Modulating the function of the immune system by thyroid hormones and thyrotropin. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:76-83. [PMID: 28216261 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a close bidirectional communication and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones (THs) can exert responses in various immune cells, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, affecting several inflammation-related processes (such as, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytokines production). The interactions between the endocrine and immune systems have been shown to contribute to pathophysiological conditions, including sepsis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. Under these conditions, TH therapy could contribute to restoring normal physiological functions. Here we discuss the effects of THs and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the immune system and the contribution to inflammation and pathogen clearance, as well as the consequences of thyroid pathologies over the function of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are transcription factors regulated by small molecules. The functions of NHRs range from development of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, to regulation of differentiation and function of DCs, macrophages and T cells. The human genome has 48 classic (hormone and vitamin receptors) and nonclassic (all others) NHRs; 17 nonclassic receptors are orphans, meaning that the endogenous ligand is unknown. Understanding the function of orphan NHRs requires the identification of their natural ligands. The mevalonate pathway, including its sterol and nonsterol intermediates and derivatives, is a source of ligands for many classic and nonclassic NHRs. For example, cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates (CBIs) are natural ligands for RORγ/γt. CBIs are universal endogenous metabolites in mammalian cells, and to study NHRs that bind CBIs requires ligand-free reporters system in sterol auxotroph cells. Furthermore, RORγ/γt shows broad specificity to sterol lipids, suggesting that RORγ/γt is either a general sterol sensor or specificity is defined by an abundant endogenous ligand. Unlike other NHRs, which regulate specific metabolic pathways, there is no connection between the genetic programs induced by RORγ/γt and ligand biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the roles of nonclassic NHRs and their potential ligands in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Santori
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stevenson TJ, Prendergast BJ. Photoperiodic time measurement and seasonal immunological plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:76-88. [PMID: 25456046 PMCID: PMC4405432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in immunity are common in nature, and changes in day length are sufficient to trigger enhancement and suppression of immune function in many vertebrates. Drawing primarily on data from Siberian hamsters, this review describes formal and physiological aspects of the neuroendocrine regulation of seasonal changes in mammalian immunity. Photoperiod regulates immunity in a trait-specific manner, and seasonal changes in gonadal hormone secretion and thyroid hormone signaling all participate in seasonal immunomodulation. Photoperiod-driven changes in the hamster reproductive and immune systems are associated with changes in iodothyronine deiodinase-mediated thyroid hormone signaling, but photoperiod exerts opposite effects on select aspects of the epigenetic regulation of reproductive neuroendocrine and lymphoid tissues. Photoperiodic changes in immunocompetence may explain a proportion of the annual variance in disease incidence and severity in nature, and provide a useful framework to help understand brain-immune interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bloise FF, Oliveira FLD, Nobrega AF, Vasconcellos R, Cordeiro A, Paiva LSD, Taub DD, Borojevic R, Pazos-Moura CC, Mello-Coelho VD. High levels of circulating triiodothyronine induce plasma cell differentiation. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:305-17. [PMID: 24363450 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hyperthyroidism on B-cell physiology are still poorly known. In this study, we evaluated the influence of high-circulating levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on bone marrow, blood, and spleen B-cell subsets, more specifically on B-cell differentiation into plasma cells, in C57BL/6 mice receiving daily injections of T3 for 14 days. As analyzed by flow cytometry, T3-treated mice exhibited increased frequencies of pre-B and immature B-cells and decreased percentages of mature B-cells in the bone marrow, accompanied by an increased frequency of blood B-cells, splenic newly formed B-cells, and total CD19(+)B-cells. T3 administration also promoted an increase in the size and cellularity of the spleen as well as in the white pulp areas of the organ, as evidenced by histological analyses. In addition, a decreased frequency of splenic B220(+) cells correlating with an increased percentage of CD138(+) plasma cells was observed in the spleen and bone marrow of T3-treated mice. Using enzyme-linked immunospot assay, an increased number of splenic immunoglobulin-secreting B-cells from T3-treated mice was detected ex vivo. Similar results were observed in mice immunized with hen egg lysozyme and aluminum adjuvant alone or together with treatment with T3. In conclusion, we provide evidence that high-circulating levels of T3 stimulate plasma cytogenesis favoring an increase in plasma cells in the bone marrow, a long-lived plasma cell survival niche. These findings indicate that a stimulatory effect on plasma cell differentiation could occur in untreated patients with Graves' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fonseca Bloise
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Health Sciences Building, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-150, Brazil National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stevenson TJ, Onishi KG, Bradley SP, Prendergast BJ. Cell-autonomous iodothyronine deiodinase expression mediates seasonal plasticity in immune function. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 36:61-70. [PMID: 24145050 PMCID: PMC3974869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual rhythms in morbidity and mortality are well-documented, and host defense mechanisms undergo marked seasonal phenotypic change. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exhibit striking immunological plasticity following adaptation to short winter day lengths (SD), including increases in blood leukocytes and in the magnitude of T cell-mediated immune responses. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is rate-limited by tissue-level expression of iodothyronine deiodinase types II and III (dio2, dio3), and dio2/dio3 expression in the central nervous system gate TH-dependent transduction of photoperiod information into the neuroendocrine system. THs are also potent immunomodulators, but their role in seasonal immunobiology remains unexamined. Here we report that photoperiod-driven changes in triiodothyronine (T3) signaling mediate seasonal changes in multiple aspects of immune function. Transfer from long days (LD) to SD inhibited leukocyte dio3 expression, which increased cellular T4→T3 catabolism. T3 was preferentially localized in the lymphocyte cytoplasm, consistent with a non-nuclear role of T3 in lymphoid cell differentiation and maturation. Exposure to SD upregulated leukocyte DNA methyltransferase expression and markedly increased DNA methylation in the dio3 proximal promoter region. Lastly, to bypass low endogenous T3 biosynthesis in LD lymphocytes, LD hamsters were treated with T3, which enhanced T cell-dependent delayed-type hypersensitivity inflammatory responses and blood leukocyte concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, mimicking effects of SD on these immunophenotypes. T3 signaling represents a novel mechanism by which environmental day length cues impact the immune system: changes in day length alter lymphoid cell T3-signaling via epigenetic transcriptional control of dio3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Kenneth G Onishi
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean P Bradley
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Van der Weerd K, Van Hagen PM, Schrijver B, Kwekkeboom DJ, De Herder WW, Ten Broek MRJ, Postema PTE, Van Dongen JJM, Staal FJT, Dik WA. The peripheral blood compartment in patients with Graves' disease: activated T lymphocytes and increased transitional and pre-naive mature B lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:256-64. [PMID: 23901889 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that involves aberrant B and T lymphocyte responses. Detailed knowledge about lymphocyte subpopulation composition will therefore enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of GD and might support the development of new immunomodulatory treatment approaches. The aim of this study was to gain detailed insight into the composition of the peripheral blood lymphocyte compartment in GD before and during anti-thyroid drug therapy. Major B and T lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated by flow cytometry in peripheral blood from newly diagnosed GD patients (n = 5), GD patients treated with anti-thyroid drugs (n = 4), patients with recurrent GD (n = 7) and healthy controls (HC; n = 10). In GD patients, numbers of activated T lymphocytes [human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)⁺ and CD25⁺] were increased. The B lymphocyte compartment in GD was characterized by significantly higher numbers of transitional (CD38(high) CD27⁻, P < 0.03) and pre-naive mature (CD38(low) CD27⁻ IgD⁺ CD5⁺, P < 0.04) B lymphocytes, while memory populations were slightly decreased. The increased numbers of CD5⁺, transitional and pre-naive mature B lymphocytes correlated positively with fT4 plasma levels. GD is associated with increased numbers of activated T lymphocytes and transitional and pre-naive mature CD5⁺ B lymphocytes within the peripheral blood. The increase in CD5⁺ B lymphocytes was due mainly to an increase in transitional and pre-naive mature B lymphocytes. Increased fT4 plasma levels might be associated with this increase in transitional and pre-naive mature CD5⁺ B lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Van der Weerd
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albornoz EA, Carreño LJ, Cortes CM, Gonzalez PA, Cisternas PA, Cautivo KM, Catalán TP, Opazo MC, Eugenin EA, Berman JW, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Gestational hypothyroidism increases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adult offspring. Thyroid 2013; 23:1627-37. [PMID: 23777566 PMCID: PMC3868374 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal thyroid hormones play a fundamental role in appropriate fetal development during gestation. Offspring that have been gestated under maternal hypothyroidism suffer cognitive impairment. Thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation can significantly impact the central nervous system by altering the migration, differentiation, and function of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Given that gestational hypothyroidism alters the immune cell ratio in offspring, it is possible that this condition could result in higher sensitivity for the development of autoimmune diseases. METHODS Adult mice gestated under hypothyroidism were induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty-one days after EAE induction, the disease score, myelin content, immune cell infiltration, and oligodendrocyte death were evaluated. RESULTS We observed that mice gestated under hypothyroidism showed higher EAE scores after disease induction during adulthood compared to mice gestated in euthyroidism. In addition, spinal cord sections of mice gestated under hypothyroidism that suffered EAE in adulthood showed higher demyelination, CD4(+) and CD8(+) infiltration, and increased oligodendrocyte death. CONCLUSIONS These results show for the first time that a deficiency in maternal thyroid hormones during gestation can influence the outcome of a central nervous system inflammatory disease, such as EAE, in their offspring. These data strongly support evaluating thyroid hormones in pregnant women and treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy to prevent increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Albornoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia M. Cortes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Cisternas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kelly M. Cautivo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tamara P. Catalán
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Cecilia Opazo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Andrés Bello National University and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iddah MA, Macharia BN, Ng'wena AG, Keter A, Ofulla AV. Thryroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at moi teaching and referral hospital, Western kenya. ISRN Endocrinol 2013; 2013:385940. [PMID: 23691348 DOI: 10.1155/2013/385940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders on thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels have not been documented. Study Population. Patients treated for thyroid disorders at the MTRH between January 2008 and December 2011. Objectives. To determine the thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at the MTRH, western Kenya. Methodology. A retrospective study in which patient data and stored samples of patients, who presented with thyroid pathologies, underwent thyroidectomy, and histological examinations are done. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) blood levels, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelet counts, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed. Results. Male : female ratio was 1 : 10.9 with female representing 368 (95%). The median age was 41 (IQR: 32–48) with a range of 14–89 years. HHormonal levels for immunological thyroid disease patients were higher (P = 0.0232; 0.040) for TSH and (T3) for those aged 30–39 years, respectively. The WBCs, RBCs, HGB, and platelets in immunological thyroid disease were not statistically significant with P values of 0.547, 0.205, 0.291, and 0.488 respectively. Conclusion. The presence of anaemia due to low RBCs in thyroid disease is not significantly associated with thyroid hormone with a P value of 0.512.
Collapse
|
21
|
Trabalon M, Schaal B. It takes a mouth to eat and a nose to breathe: abnormal oral respiration affects neonates' oral competence and systemic adaptation. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:207605. [PMID: 22811731 DOI: 10.1155/2012/207605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian, including human, neonates are considered to be obligate nose breathers. When constrained to breathe through their mouth in response to obstructed or closed nasal passages, the effects are pervasive and profound, and sometimes last into adulthood. The present paper briefly surveys neonates' and infants' responses to this atypical mobilisation of the mouth for breathing and focuses on comparisons between human newborns and infants and the neonatal rat model. We present the effects of forced oral breathing on neonatal rats induced by experimental nasal obstruction. We assessed the multilevel consequences on physiological, structural, and behavioural variables, both during and after the obstruction episode. The effects of the compensatory mobilisation of oral resources for breathing are discussed in the light of the adaptive development of oromotor functions.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Diehl CJ, Barish GD, Downes M, Chou MY, Heinz S, Glass CK, Evans RM, Witztum JL. Research resource: Comparative nuclear receptor atlas: basal and activated peritoneal B-1 and B-2 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:529-45. [PMID: 21273443 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve murine B cells are typically divided into three subsets based on functional and phenotypic characteristics: innate-like B-1 and marginal zone B cells vs. adaptive B-2 cells, also known as follicular or conventional B cells. B-1 cells, the innate-immune-like component of the B cell lineage are the primary source of natural antibodies and have been shown to modulate autoimmune diseases, human B-cell leukemias, and inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis. On the other hand, B-2 cells are the principal mediators of the adaptive humoral immune response and represent an important pharmacological target for various conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and lymphomas. Using the resources of the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas program, we used quantitative real-time PCR to assess the complement of the 49 murine nuclear receptor superfamily expressed in quiescent and toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated peritoneal B-1 and B-2 cells. We report the expression of 24 nuclear receptors in basal B-1 cells and 25 nuclear receptors in basal B-2 cells, with, in some cases, dramatic changes in response to TLR 4 or TLR 2/1 stimulation. Comparative nuclear receptor profiling between B-1 and peritoneal B-2 cells reveals a highly concordant expression pattern, albeit at quantitatively dissimilar levels. We also found that splenic B cells express 23 nuclear receptors. This catalog of nuclear receptor expression in B-1 and B-2 cells provides data to be used to better understand the specific roles of nuclear receptors in B cell function, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gelhaye M, Padzys GS, Olry JC, Thornton SN, Martrette JM, Trabalon M. Mother-pup interactions during a short olfactory deprivation period in young rats. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:303-16. [PMID: 21271560 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of short-term bilateral naris occlusion (inducing olfactory deprivation) on mother-pup interactions, suckling behavior and hormonal status during post-natal development in Wistar rats were studied. Bilateral naris occlusion was performed on 8-day-old rat pups and its effects were evaluated at Day 9 and at Day 15. The narins opened spontaneously between Day 12 and 14. Olfactory-deprived pups exhibited a greater level of corticosterone at both ages versus untreated or sham animals. Olfactory deprivation via naris occlusion, in young rats, alters mother-pup interactions with a decrease in the duration of mother-pup retrieving and an increase in pup licking. Olfactory-deprived pups showed also a lower mean duration of nursing and a decrease in nipple attachment, which appeared related to difficulties in finding the nipple. Olfactory-deprived pups had difficulty recognizing their nest. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by a diminution in milk ingested and growth retardation associated with a reduced level of thyroxin at both 9 and 15 days of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gelhaye
- Université H. Poincaré, B.P.70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Papaioannou G, Michelis FV, Papamichael K, Karga H, Tiligada E. Blood lymphocyte blastogenesis in patients with thyroid dysfunction: ex vivo response to mitogen activation and cyclosporin A. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:265-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
26
|
Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Rasmussen AK, Bock T, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Kaas A, Buschard K. Iodine and tri-iodo-thyronine reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the autoimmune prone BB rats. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:131-8. [PMID: 19021014 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802438774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones modulate the immune system and metabolism, influence insulin secretion, and cause decreased glucose tolerance. Thyroid hormones have been described to change the incidence of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in Bio-Breeding/Worcester (BB) rats but it is unknown how these hormones affect the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim was to investigate the influence of changes in thyroid function during postnatal development on the prevalence of T1DM in BB rats and the influence of T3 on the beta cell mass in non-diabetic Wistar rats. BB rats were treated with sodium iodine (NaI) or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) neonatally or with tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) during adolescence. At the age of 19 weeks the incidence of T1DM and the degree of insulitis were evaluated. The influence of T3 treatment on the beta cell mass was evaluated in Wistar rats by unbiased stereological methods. The incidence of T1DM in control BB rats was 68% at the age of 19 weeks. NaI and T3 reduced the incidence, whereas TSH had no effect. In Wistar rats T3 treatment increased the beta cell mass per bodyweight. The modulation of thyroid function during postnatal development may thus affect the precipitation of T1DM in genetically susceptible individuals.
Collapse
|
27
|
Nandakumar DN, Koner BC, Vinayagamoorthi R, Nanda N, Negi VS, Goswami K, Bobby Z, Hamide A. Activation of NF-kappaB in lymphocytes and increase in serum immunoglobulin in hyperthyroidism: possible role of oxidative stress. Immunobiology 2007; 213:409-15. [PMID: 18472049 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated oxidative stress, serum IgM and IgG, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling in lymphocytes of hyperthyroidism patients. GSH content in lymphocytes was significantly lower and serum malondialdehyde, IgM and IgG levels were significantly higher in hyperthyroidism as compared to controls. In lymphocytes, the NF-kappaB signaling pathway was studied by western blot analysis of p65 and p-IkappaBalpha. Density of p-IkappaBalpha and p65 (in nuclear fraction) was significantly higher in hyperthyroidism as compared to controls. The density of p-IkappaBalpha and p65 had significant positive correlation with serum malondialdehyde level and negative correlation with lymphocyte GSH level in hyperthyroid cases. The serum IgG and IgM levels were correlated significantly with density of p-IkappaBalpha and p65. As immunoglobulin production is regulated by the NF-kappaB pathway, we conclude that the oxidative stress-induced activation of the NF-kappaB pathway might play a role in the rise of serum immunoglobulin level in hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Nandakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry-6, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grymuła K, Paczkowska E, Dziedziejko V, Baśkiewicz-Masiuk M, Kawa M, Baumert B, Celewicz Z, Gawrych E, Machaliński B. The influence of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine on human haematopoiesis. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:302-15. [PMID: 17531076 PMCID: PMC6496427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thyroid hormones mediate many physiological and developmental functions in humans. The role of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in normal human haematopoiesis at the cellular and molecular levels has not been determined. In this study, it was revealed that the human haematopoietic system might be directly depended on T3 influence. MATERIALS AND METHODS We detected the TRalpha1 and TRbeta1 gene expression at the mRNA level in human cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow CD34(+)-enriched progenitor cells, using the RT-PCR method. Furthermore, we performed Western blotting to prove TRalpha1 and TRbeta1 expression occurs at the protein level in human cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow CD34(+) cells. In addition, the examined populations of cells were exposed in serum-free conditions to increasing doses of T3 and were subsequently investigated for clonogenic growth of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit and erythrocyte burst-forming unit in methylcellulose cultures, and for the level of apoptosis, by employing annexin V staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling method. We investigated expression levels of apoptosis-related Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) genes in the examined cells. RESULTS We found that exposure to higher and lower than normal concentration of thyroid hormone significantly influenced clonogenecity and induced apoptosis in human haematopoietic progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the understanding of the role of thyroid disorders in normal human haematopoiesis and indicates a direct influence of T3 on this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Grymuła
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
It has been known for decades that the neuroendocrine system can both directly and indirectly influence the developmental and functional activity of the immune system. In contrast, far less is known about the extent to which the immune system collaborates in the regulation of endocrine activity. This is particularly true for immune-endocrine interactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Although thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can be produced by many types of extra-pituitary cells--including T cells, B cells, splenic dendritic cells, bone marrow hematopoietic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and lymphocytes--the functional significance of those TSH pathways remains elusive and historically has been largely ignored from a research perspective. There is now, however, evidence linking cells of the immune system to the regulation of thyroid hormone activity in normal physiological conditions as well as during times of immunological stress. Although the mechanisms behind this are poorly understood, they appear to reflect a process of local intrathyroidal synthesis of TSH mediated by a population of bone marrow cells that traffic to the thyroid. This hitherto undescribed cell population has the potential to microregulate thyroid hormone secretion leading to critical alterations in metabolic activity independent of pituitary TSH output, and it has expansive implications for understanding mechanisms by which the immune system may act to modulate neuroendocrine function during times of host stress. In this article, the basic underpinnings of the hematopoietic-thyroid connection are described, and a model is presented in which the immune system participates in the regulation of thyroid hormone activity during acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Room 3.094F, Dental Branch, 6516 MD Anderson Boulevard, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vinayagamoorthi R, Koner BC, Kavitha S, Nandakumar DN, Padma Priya P, Goswami K. Potentiation of humoral immune response and activation of NF-kappaB pathway in lymphocytes in experimentally induced hyperthyroid rats. Cell Immunol 2006; 238:56-60. [PMID: 16472792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of hyperthyroid state on humoral immune response and NF-kappaB signaling in lymphocytes. Male Wistar rats were treated with l-thyroxin for four weeks. Animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after three weeks of l-thyroxin treatment. After one week of immunization, serum anti-SRBC titer was measured and NF-kappaB signaling was studied in lymphocytes by Western blot analysis of p-IKB-alpha, IKB-alpha, and p65. These results were compared with that of control rats. Antibody response and density of p-IKB-alpha and p65 were significantly higher in l-thyroxin treated rats in comparison to controls. The antibody response was found to have significant correlation with density of p-IKB-alpha and p65. Our results indicate that NF-kappaB signaling pathway in lymphocytes is activated in hyperthyroid state which might play a role in potentiation of antibody response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Vinayagamoorthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lam SH, Sin YM, Gong Z, Lam TJ. Effects of thyroid hormone on the development of immune system in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:325-35. [PMID: 15935159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of thyroxine (T4) and methimazole (MMI) on the development of the zebrafish immune system were investigated using continuous immersion treatment experiments. The effects of the treatments on thymus development were determined using computer-aided thymus morphometric analyses on in situ hybridization serial sections of the thymus while the effects on immune-related gene expression levels were monitored using quantitative real-time PCR. The findings indicate that thymus development and thymopoiesis, as indicated by thymus size, thymus Rag-1-positive region, and TCRAC expression level, were affected by T4 and MMI-treatments. With the exception of Ikaros, MMI-treated fish has lower immune-related gene expression levels, although it is not certain whether the effect resulted indirectly from the concomitant growth-retardation and/or directly from an effect on lymphopoiesis itself. The findings were comparable with those in mammalian system, thus providing the first evidence that the thyroid relationship with thymus development and lymphopoiesis is likely to be conserved from fish to higher vertebrates. It suggests the possibility of using zebrafish as a model system to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid hormone-dependent disorders in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stagi S, Azzari C, Bindi G, Galluzzi F, Nanni S, Salti R, Vierucci A. Undetectable serum IgA and low IgM concentration in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Immunol 2005; 116:94-8. [PMID: 15925836 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some studies suggest thyroid hormones may regulate the human immune system. In order to evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on antibody production, we evaluated serum IgA and IgM concentrations in 83 children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH), diagnosed by neonatal screening. Patients were compared to two healthy, age-matched control groups. Patients with permanent CH had a significantly higher frequency of undetectable IgA concentrations (thyroid agenesis, P<10(-5); thyroid ectopy, P=0.013) and lower concentrations of IgA (thyroid agenesis, P<10(-6); thyroid ectopy, P<10(-5); dyshormonogenesis, P=0.0002) and IgM (thyroid agenesis, P=0.0002; thyroid ectopy, P<10(-6); dyshormonogenesis, P=0.0017) compared to control group. No difference was observed between patients with transient hypothyroidism and controls. A significant correlation was observed between serum IgA and IgM concentrations and fT4 levels. IgA and IgM deficiency is correlated with the severity of congenital hypothyroidism and may help to evaluate the duration and severity of thyroid hormone deficiency during prenatal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, A. Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Angelin-Duclos C, Domenget C, Kolbus A, Beug H, Jurdic P, Samarut J. Thyroid hormone T3 acting through the thyroid hormone α receptor is necessary for implementation of erythropoiesis in the neonatal spleen environment in the mouse. Development 2005; 132:925-34. [PMID: 15673575 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) mediate many physiological and developmental functions in vertebrates. All these functions are mediated by binding of the active form of the TH T3 to the specific nuclear receptors TRα and TRβ, which are transcription factors. Using mutant mice lacking TRs or deficient for TH production, we show that T3 influences neonatal erythropoiesis through TRα. The effect of T3 and TRα is restricted to this developmental window and is specific for the spleen but not for other erythropoietic organs. We show that T3 via TRα affects late steps of erythrocytic development, promoting the proliferation of late basophilic erythroblasts. In vitro, this effect is exerted directly on erythrocytic cells. In vivo, the action of T3 is also intrinsic to spleen erythrocytic progenitors, as shown by grafting experiments of splenocytes derived from wildtype and TRα knockout (TRα0/0) mice into wild-type and TRα0/0 irradiated recipients. Our results indicate that defective spleen erythropoiesis in hypothyroid and TRα0/0mice results from impaired recognition of the spleen environment by the mutant erythrocytic progenitors. The data presented support a model in which T3 signaling through TRα is essential for the implementation of the transient spleen erythropoiesis at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angelin-Duclos
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5161, INRA 1237, IFR128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Csaba G, Kovács P, Pállinger E. Effect of the inhibition of triiodothyronine (T3) production by thiamazole on the T3 and serotonin content of immune cells. Life Sci 2005; 76:2043-52. [PMID: 15826872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) and serotonin are present in the cells of immune system (blood, peritoneal and thymic lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of the blood and peritoneal fluid, mast cells). In the present experiments the effect of thiamazole, an antithyroid drug was studied on the content of these two hormones in immune cells after one and two weeks of continuous treatment (by drinking water, containing 30 mg/100 ml thiamazole, ad libitum) in adult male rats, using flow cytometric and confocal microscopic analysis. In thymic lymphocytes both hormone contents significantly increased in both time points. A significant decrease of T3 was observed in peritoneal monocytes and granulocytes also in both time points, in peritoneal mast cells after one week and in blood lymphocytes after two weeks. Serotonin content in addition to the elevated thymic values (in both measurements) was significantly reduced in blood lymphocytes after two weeks. Confocal microscopy demonstrated heterogeneous cell populations with disparate hormone content and mostly diffuse localization The experiments call attention to the presence of T3 in the immune cells and to its variable concentration under the effect of a thyrostatic drug as well, as to the T3-serotonin relationship in the cells of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Plateroti M, Angelin-duclos C, Flamant F, Samarut J. Tissues Specific Action of Thyroid Hormones: Insights from Knock out Animal Models. In: Beck-peccoz P, editor. Syndromes of Hormone Resistance on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Boston: Springer US; 2004. pp. 13-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-7852-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
36
|
Abstract
Developmental plasticity in helminth life cycles serves, in most cases, to increase the probability of transmission between hosts, suggesting that the necessity to achieve transmission is a prominent selective pressure in the evolution of this phenomenon. Some evidence suggests that digenean trematodes from the genus Schistosoma are also capable of limited developmental responses to host factors. Here we review the currently available data on this phenomenon and attempt to draw comparisons with similar processes in the life cycles of other helminths. At present the biological significance of developmental responses by schistosomes under laboratory conditions remains unclear. Further work is needed to determine whether developmental plasticity plays any role in increasing the probability of schistosome transmission and life cycle propagation under adverse conditions, as it does in other helminth life cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Davies
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The genes encoding thyroid hormone receptor alpha and beta (TRalpha and TRbeta) encode four thyroid hormone receptors and four variant isoforms with antagonistic properties. Because of this complexity, numerous models of TR mutation have been developed to understand the functions of specific receptors. In total, 13 mutant strains are now available. Phenotype analysis has shown that the two genes serve distinct functions: TRalpha is crucial for postnatal development and cardiac function, whereas TRbeta mainly controls inner ear and retina development, liver metabolism and thyroid hormone levels. These mouse mutant strains also provide us with the unique opportunity to address the respective contribution of each receptor isoform and isotype in vivo and highlight the in vivo importance of the ligand-independent function of the TR gene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon UMR CNRS 5665 LA INRA 913, 46 Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon CEDEX07, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saule P, Adriaenssens E, Delacre M, Chassande O, Bossu M, Auriault C, Wolowczuk I. Early variations of host thyroxine and interleukin-7 favor Schistosoma mansoni development. J Parasitol 2002; 88:849-55. [PMID: 12435119 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0849:evohta]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni induces, in the vertebrate host, cutaneous production of interleukin-7 (IL-7), which is beneficial for parasite establishment and development. Infection of mice deficient in IL-7 expression leads to parasite dwarfism. Because similar findings were previously described in hypothyroid mice, this study aimed to elucidate the potential link between IL-7 and thyroid hormones (THs), using several models including hypo- and hyperthyroid mice, modified either transiently or constitutively. Mice treated with thyroxine led to increased worm numbers and development of giant worms, whereas an iodine-deficient diet reduced parasite maturation, egg laying, and liver pathology. Conversely, mice genetically deficient for either of the nuclear TH receptors displayed normal worm development despite modifications in hormone levels, suggesting that thyroxine action is mediated through host receptors. In addition, no modification of antibody titers has been evidenced in thyroxine-treated mice, whereas antibody levels were altered in transgenic animals. These observations suggest that the immune system is not likely to be involved in the modifications of parasite development reported in this study. Interestingly, concomitant treatment with IL-7 and thyroxine had a synergistic effect, leading to recovery of very large worms, thus raising questions about the complexity of interactions between IL-7 and metabolic hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquine Saule
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8527, Institut de Biologie de Lille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Gasparini N, Orlando F, Stecconi R, Muzzioli M, Isani G, Carpenè E. Metallothioneins (I+II) and thyroid-thymus axis efficiency in old mice: role of corticosterone and zinc supply. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:675-94. [PMID: 11850030 PMCID: PMC7127331 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymic atrophy or thymus absence causes depressed thyroid-thymus axis (TTA) efficiency in old, young propyl-thiouracil (PTU) (experimental hypothyroidism) and in young-adult thymectomised (Tx) mice, respectively. Altered zinc turnover may be also involved in depressed TTA efficiency. Zinc turnover is under the control of zinc-bound metallothioneins (Zn-MTs) synthesis. Thyroid hormones, corticosterone and nutritional zinc affect Zn-MT induction. Zn-MT releases zinc in young-adult age during transient oxidative stress for prompt immune response. In constant oxidative stress (ageing and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy), high liver Zn-MTs, low zinc ion bioavailability and depressed TTA efficiency appear. This last finding suggested that MT might not release zinc during constant oxidative stress leading to impaired TTA efficiency. The aim of this work/study is to clarify the role of Zn-MTs (I+II) in TTA efficiency during development and ageing. The main results are (1) Old and PTU mice display high corticosterone, enhanced liver MTmRNA, low zinc and depressed TTA efficiency restored by zinc supply. Increased survival and no significant increments in basal liver Zn-MTs proteins occur in old and PTU mice after zinc supply. (2) Lot of zinc ions bound with MT in the liver from old mice than young (HPLC). (3) Young-adult Tx mice, evaluated at 15 days from thymectomy, display high MTmRNA and nutritional-endocrine-immune damage restored by zinc supply or by thymus grafts from old zinc-treated mice. (4) Young-adult Tx mice, but evaluated at 40 days from thymectomy, display natural normalisation in MTmRNA and nutritional-endocrine-immune profile with survival similar to normal mice. (5) Stressed (constant dark for 10 days) mice overexpressing MT display low zinc, depressed immunity, reduced thymic cortex, high corticosterone, altered thyroid hormones turnover showing a likeness with old mice. These findings, taken altogether, show that corticosterone is pivotal in MTs induction under stress. MTs bind preferentially zinc ions in constant oxidative stress, but with no release of zinc from MT leading to impaired TTA efficiency. Zinc supply restores the defect because zinc has no interference in affecting pre-existing Zn-MTs protein concentrations in old and PTU mice. Therefore, free zinc ions are available for TTA efficiency after zinc supply. Thymus from old zinc-treated mice induces the same restoring effect when transplanted in Tx recipients. However, Tx mice display natural normalisation in MTmRNA and in nutritional-endocrine-immune profile in the long run. Therefore, Zn-MTs (I+II) are crucial in zinc homeostasis for endocrine-immune efficiency during the entire life assuming a role of potential and novel 'biological clock of ageing'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Section: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Immunology Centre, Research Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics Nino Masera, Italian National Research Centre on Ageing, Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Flamant F, Poguet AL, Plateroti M, Chassande O, Gauthier K, Streichenberger N, Mansouri A, Samarut J. Congenital hypothyroid Pax8(-/-) mutant mice can be rescued by inactivating the TRalpha gene. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:24-32. [PMID: 11773436 DOI: 10.1210/mend.16.1.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice devoid of all TRs are viable, whereas Pax8(-/-) mice, which lack the follicular cells producing T4 and T3 in the thyroid gland, die during the first weeks of postnatal life. A precise comparison between the two types of mutants reveals that their phenotypes are similar, but the defects in spleen, bone, and small intestine are more pronounced in Pax8(-/-) mice. This is interpreted as the result of a negative effect of the unliganded TR on thyroid hormone target genes expression in the Pax8(-/-) mutants. Pax8/TRalpha compound mutants can survive to adulthood, and the expression of target genes is partially restored. This demonstrates the importance of TRalpha aporeceptor activity in several aspects of postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5665 LA INRA913, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gauthier K, Plateroti M, Harvey CB, Williams GR, Weiss RE, Refetoff S, Willott JF, Sundin V, Roux JP, Malaval L, Hara M, Samarut J, Chassande O. Genetic analysis reveals different functions for the products of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha locus. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:4748-60. [PMID: 11416150 PMCID: PMC87157 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.14.4748-4760.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by the TRalpha (NR1A1) and TRbeta (NR1A2) loci. These genes are transcribed into multiple variants whose functions are unclear. Analysis by gene inactivation in mice has provided new insights into the functional complexity of these products. Different strategies designed to modify the TRalpha locus have led to strikingly different phenotypes. In order to analyze the molecular basis for these alterations, we generated mice devoid of all known isoforms produced from the TRalpha locus (TRalpha(0/0)). These mice are viable and exhibit reduced linear growth, bone maturation delay, moderate hypothermia, and reduced thickness of the intestinal mucosa. Compounding TRalpha(0) and TRbeta(-) mutations produces viable TRalpha(0/0)beta(-/-) mice, which display a more severe linear growth reduction and a more profound hypothermia as well as impaired hearing. A striking phenotypic difference is observed between TRalpha(0/0) and the previously described TRalpha(-/-) mice, which retain truncated TRDeltaalpha isoforms arising from a newly described promoter in intron 7. The lethality and severe impairment of the intestinal maturation in TRalpha(-/-) mice are rescued in TRalpha(0/0) animals. We demonstrate that the TRDeltaalpha protein isoforms, which are natural products of the TRalpha locus, are the key determinants of these phenotypical differences. These data reveal the functional importance of the non-T3-binding variants encoded by the TRalpha locus in vertebrate postnatal development and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 5665 CNRS, LA 913 INRA, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The postnatal development of rat microglia is marked by an important increase in the number of microglial cells and the growth of their ramified processes. We studied the role of thyroid hormone in microglial development. The distribution and morphology of microglial cells stained with isolectin B4 or monoclonal antibody ED1 were analyzed in cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of developing rats rendered hypothyroid by prenatal and postnatal treatment with methyl-thiouracil. Microglial processes were markedly less abundant in hypothyroid pups than in age-matched normal animals, from postnatal day 4 up to the end of the third postnatal week of life. A delay in process extension and a decrease in the density of microglial cell bodies, as shown by cell counts in the developing cingulate cortex of normal and hypothyroid animals, were responsible for these differences. Conversely, neonatal rat hyperthyroidism, induced by daily injections of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), accelerated the extension of microglial processes and increased the density of cortical microglial cell bodies above physiological levels during the first postnatal week of life. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunological analyses indicated that cultured cortical ameboid microglial cells expressed the alpha1 and beta1 isoforms of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Consistent with the trophic and morphogenetic effects of thyroid hormone observed in situ, T3 favored the survival of cultured purified microglial cells and the growth of their processes. These results demonstrate that thyroid hormone promotes the growth and morphological differentiation of microglia during development.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
An extensive, and controversial, literature concluding that prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and thyroid hormones are critical immunoregulatory factors has accumulated. However, recent studies of mice deficient in the production of these hormones or expression of their receptors indicate that there are only a few instances in which these hormones are required for lymphocyte development or antigen responsiveness. Instead, a case is made that their primary role is to counteract the effects of negative immunoregulatory factors, such as glucocorticoids, which are produced when the organism is subjected to major stressors. The immunoprotective actions of PRL, GH, IGF-I, and/or thyroid hormones in these instances may ensure immune system homeostasis and reduce the susceptibility to stress-induced disease. These immuno-enhancing effects could be exploited clinically in instances where the immune system is depressed due to illness or various treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T(3)) activates nuclear receptor transcription factors, encoded by the TRalpha (NR1A1) and TRbeta (NR1A2) genes, to regulate target gene expression. Several TR isoforms exist, and studies of null mice have identified some unique functions for individual TR variants, although considerable redundancy occurs, raising questions about the specificity of T(3) action. Thus, it is not known how diverse T(3) actions are regulated in target tissues that express multiple receptor variants. I have identified two novel TRbeta isoforms that are expressed widely and result from alternative mRNA splicing. TRbeta3 is a 44.6-kDa protein that contains an unique 23-amino-acid N terminus and acts as a functional receptor. TRDeltabeta3 is a 32.8-kDa protein that lacks a DNA binding domain but retains ligand binding activity and is a potent dominant-negative antagonist. The relative concentrations of beta3 and Deltabeta3 mRNAs vary between tissues and with changes in thyroid status, indicating that alternative splicing is tissue specific and T(3) regulated. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms of T(3) action and define a new level of specificity that may regulate thyroid status in tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Williams
- ICSM Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dorshkind K, Horseman ND. The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev 2000; 21:292-312. [PMID: 10857555 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.21.3.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature suggesting that PRL, GH, IGF-I, and thyroid hormones play an important role in immunity has evolved. Because the use of one or more of these hormones as immunostimulants in humans is being considered, it is of critical importance to resolve their precise role in immunity. This review addresses new experimental evidence from analysis of lymphocyte development and function in mice with genetic defects in expression of these hormones or their receptors that calls into question the presumed role played by some of these hormones and reveals unexpected effects of others. These recent findings from the mutant mouse models are integrated and placed in context of the wider literature on endocrine-immune system interactions. The hypothesis that will be developed is that, with the exception of a role for thyroid hormones in B cell development, PRL, GH, and IGF-I are not obligate immunoregulators. Instead, they apparently act as anabolic and stress-modulating hormones in most cells, including those of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90095-1732, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|