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de Kermenguy F, Benzazon N, Maury P, Vauclin R, M'hamdi M, Cifliku V, Limkin E, Diallo I, Morel D, Milewski C, Clémenson C, Mondini M, Deutsch E, Robert C. LymphoDose: a lymphocyte dose estimation framework-application to brain radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:105009. [PMID: 38593817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3c8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Severe radiation-induced lymphopenia occurs in 40% of patients treated for primary brain tumors and is an independent risk factor of poor survival outcomes. We developed anin-silicoframework that estimates the radiation doses received by lymphocytes during volumetric modulated arc therapy brain irradiation.Approach. We implemented a simulation consisting of two interconnected compartmental models describing the slow recirculation of lymphocytes between lymphoid organs (M1) and the bloodstream (M2). We used dosimetry data from 33 patients treated with chemo-radiation for glioblastoma to compare three cases of the model, corresponding to different physical and biological scenarios: (H1) lymphocytes circulation only in the bloodstream i.e. circulation inM2only; (H2) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs i.e. circulation inM1andM2interconnected; (H3) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs and deep-learning computed out-of-field (OOF) dose to head and neck (H&N) lymphoid structures. A sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters was also performed.Main results. For H1, H2 and H3 cases respectively, the irradiated fraction of lymphocytes was 99.8 ± 0.7%, 40.4 ± 10.2% et 97.6 ± 2.5%, and the average dose to irradiated pool was 309.9 ± 74.7 mGy, 52.6 ± 21.1 mGy and 265.6 ± 48.5 mGy. The recirculation process considered in the H2 case implied that irradiated lymphocytes were irradiated in the field only 1.58 ± 0.91 times on average after treatment. The OOF irradiation of H&N lymphoid structures considered in H3 was an important contribution to lymphocytes dose. In all cases, the estimated doses are low compared with lymphocytes radiosensitivity, and other mechanisms could explain high prevalence of RIL in patients with brain tumors.Significance. Our framework is the first to take into account OOF doses and recirculation in lymphocyte dose assessment during brain irradiation. Our results demonstrate the need to clarify the indirect effects of irradiation on lymphopenia, in order to potentiate the combination of radio-immunotherapy or the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- François de Kermenguy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathan Benzazon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Pauline Maury
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Meissane M'hamdi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Vjona Cifliku
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Elaine Limkin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Ibrahima Diallo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Daphné Morel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Candice Milewski
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Clémenson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Michele Mondini
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
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Gillespie A, Yirsaw A, Kim S, Wilson K, McLaughlin J, Madigan M, Loonie K, Britton E, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Gunasekaran KP, Telfer J, Baldwin CL. Gene characterization and expression of the γδ T cell co-receptor WC1 in sheep. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103911. [PMID: 33137393 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are known to express the hybrid co-receptor/pattern recognition receptor WC1 on their γδ T cells but details of the ovine WC1 multigenic array and gene expression were unknown. Annotation of the sheep genome assembly (Oar_rambouillet_v1.0) yielded 15 complete and 42 partial WC1 genes predicted to code for six different protein structures. RT-PCR amplification of the most distal scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain known as a1, which serves as the gene signature, from genomic and cDNA templates verified the majority of annotated genes. As for cattle and goats, sheep a1 domain sequences included WC1.1 and WC1.2 types. A unique ovine gene, WC1-16, had multiple SRCR a-pattern domains in tandem similar to one found in goats. Intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 transcripts had splice variants that may affect signal transduction. The larger number of WC1 genes in sheep and differences in structures and splice variants relative to cattle could have implications in expression patterns and engagement of γδ T cells by pathogens or vaccine constructs.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cattle
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome/genetics
- Goats
- Membrane Glycoproteins/classification
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sheep/genetics
- Sheep/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Al Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Julie McLaughlin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Mackenzie Madigan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Kathleen Loonie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Emily Britton
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Karthick P Gunasekaran
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, 140 Governors Drive, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Janice Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA.
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Myeloid-like γδ T cell subset in the immune response to an experimental Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 233:110184. [PMID: 33454621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a numerically significant subset of immune cells in ruminants, where they may comprise up to 70 % of all peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in young animals and 25 % in adults. These cells can be activated through traditional TCR-dependent mechanisms, or alternatively in a TCR-independent manner by pattern recognition receptors and have been shown to uptake antigen, as well as process and present it to αβ T cells. We have identified a novel CD11b+ subset of γδ T cells in normal sheep peripheral blood. An increase in the frequency of these cells in sheep peripheral blood in response to immunization with an experimental recombinant subunit Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine was observed. However, injection of the vaccine adjuvant ISA-25VG alone without the recombinant RVF virus antigens demonstrated the same effect, pointing to an antigen-independent innate immune function of CD11b+ γδ T cells in response to the adjuvant. In vitro studies showed repeatable increases of CD11b-, CD14-, CD86-, CD40-, CD72-, and IFNγ- expressing γδ T cells in PBMCs after 24 h of incubation in the absence of a mitogen. Moreover, the majority of these myeloid-like γδ T cells were demonstrated to process exogenous antigen even in the absence of mitogen. ConA activation increased CD25- and MHCII- expression in γδ T cells, but not the myeloid associated receptors CD14 or CD11b or co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 and CD40. Considering the role of CD11b and CD14 in the activation of innate immunity, we hypothesize that this subpopulation of sheep γδ T cells may function as innate antigen presenting and pro-inflammatory cells during immune responses. The results presented here also suggest that stress molecules and/or damage-associated molecular patterns may be involved in triggering antigen presenting and pro-inflammatory functions of γδ T cells, given their appearance in vitro in the absence of specific stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that the early appearance of γδ T cells following adjuvant administration and their possible role in early activation of αβ T cell subsets may non-specifically contribute to augmented innate immunity and may promote strong initiation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines in general.
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4
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McDaniel MM, Ganusov VV. Estimating Residence Times of Lymphocytes in Ovine Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1492. [PMID: 31379805 PMCID: PMC6646577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of lymphocytes to recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen is well established. Sheep have been used as an experimental system to study lymphocyte recirculation for decades and multiple studies document accumulation and loss of intravenously (i.v.) transferred lymphocytes in efferent lymph of various ovine LNs. Yet, surprisingly little work has been done to accurately quantify the dynamics of lymphocyte exit from the LNs and to estimate the average residence times of lymphocytes in ovine LNs. In this work we developed a series of mathematical models based on fundamental principles of lymphocyte recirculation in the body under non-inflammatory (resting) conditions. Our analysis suggested that in sheep, recirculating lymphocytes spend on average 3 h in the spleen and 20 h in skin or gut-draining LNs with a distribution of residence times in LNs following a skewed gamma (lognormal-like) distribution. Our mathematical models also suggested an explanation for a puzzling observation of the long-term persistence of i.v. transferred lymphocytes in the efferent lymph of the prescapular LN (pLN); the model predicted that this is a natural consequence of long-term persistence of the transferred lymphocytes in circulation. We also found that lymphocytes isolated from the skin-draining pLN have a 2-fold increased entry rate into the pLN as opposed to the mesenteric (gut-draining) LN (mLN). Likewise, lymphocytes from mLN had a 3-fold increased entry rate into the mLN as opposed to entry rate into pLN. In contrast, these cannulation data could not be explained by preferential retention of cells in LNs of their origin. Taken together, our work illustrates the power of mathematical modeling in describing the kinetics of lymphocyte migration in sheep and provides quantitative estimates of lymphocyte residence times in ovine LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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5
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Li F, Hao X, Chen Y, Bai L, Gao X, Lian Z, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. The microbiota maintain homeostasis of liver-resident γδT-17 cells in a lipid antigen/CD1d-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2017; 7:13839. [PMID: 28067223 PMCID: PMC5227332 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota control regional immunity using mechanisms such as inducing IL-17A-producing γδ T (γδT-17) cells in various tissues. However, little is known regarding hepatic γδT cells that are constantly stimulated by gut commensal microbes. Here we show hepatic γδT cells are liver-resident cells and predominant producers of IL-17A. The microbiota sustain hepatic γδT-17 cell homeostasis, including activation, survival and proliferation. The global commensal quantity affects the number of liver-resident γδT-17 cells; indeed, E. coli alone can generate γδT-17 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Liver-resident γδT-17 cell homeostasis depends on hepatocyte-expressed CD1d, that present lipid antigen, but not Toll-like receptors or IL-1/IL-23 receptor signalling. Supplementing mice in vivo or loading hepatocytes in vitro with exogenous commensal lipid antigens augments the hepatic γδT-17 cell number. Moreover, the microbiota accelerate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through hepatic γδT-17 cells. Thus, our work describes a unique liver-resident γδT-17 cell subset maintained by gut commensal microbes through CD1d/lipid antigens. γδ T cells are major producers of IL-17A in response to microbial infection. Here the authors show that a high load of commensal microbes can maintain homeostasis of IL-17A+ γδ T cells in the liver via CD1d antigen presentation, with implications for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Li
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Li Bai
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Zhexiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Science), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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6
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Dassanayake RP, Truscott TC, Zhuang D, Schneider DA, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Young AJ, Stanton JB, Davis WC, O'Rourke KI. Classical natural ovine scrapie prions detected in practical volumes of blood by lamb and transgenic mouse bioassays. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:179-86. [PMID: 25549221 PMCID: PMC4483501 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is diagnosed antemortem in sheep by detecting misfolded isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) in lymphoid follicles of the rectal mucosa and nictitating membranes. Assay sensitivity is limited if (a) the biopsy is collected early during disease development, (b) an insufficient number of follicles is collected, or (c) peripheral accumulation of PrPSc is reduced or delayed. A blood test would be convenient for mass live animal scrapie testing. Currently approved techniques, however, have their own detection limits. Novel detection methods may soon offer a non-animal-based, rapid platform with detection sensitivities that rival the prion bioassay. In anticipation, we sought to determine if diseased animals could be routinely identified with a bioassay using B lymphocytes isolated from blood sample volumes commonly collected for diagnostic purposes in small ruminants. Scrapie transmission was detected in five of six recipient lambs intravenously transfused with B lymphocytes isolated from 5~10 mL of blood from a naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Additionally, scrapie transmission was observed in 18 ovinized transgenic Tg338 mice intracerebrally inoculated with B lymphocytes isolated from 5~10 mL of blood from two naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Based on our findings, we anticipate that these blood sample volumes should be of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630,
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Geherin SA, Lee MH, Wilson RP, Debes GF. Ovine skin-recirculating γδ T cells express IFN-γ and IL-17 and exit tissue independently of CCR7. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:87-97. [PMID: 23838472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells continuously survey extralymphoid tissues, providing key effector functions during infection and inflammation. Despite their importance, the function and the molecules that drive migration of skin-recirculating γδ T cells are poorly described. Here we found that γδ T cells traveling in the skin-draining afferent lymph of sheep are effectors that produce IFN-γ or IL-17 and express high levels of the skin- and inflammation-seeking molecule E-selectin ligand. Consistent with a role for chemokine receptor CCR7 in mediating T cell exit from extralymphoid tissues, conventional CD4 and CD8T cells in skin-draining lymph were enriched in their expression of CCR7 compared to their skin-residing counterparts. In contrast, co-isolated γδ T cells in skin or lymph lacked expression of CCR7, indicating that they use alternative receptors for egress. Skin-draining γδ T cells were unresponsive to many cutaneous and inflammatory chemokines, including ligands for CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, CCR10, and CXCR3, but showed selective chemotaxis toward the cutaneously expressed CCR6 ligand CCL20. Moreover, IL-17(+) γδ T cells were the most CCL20-responsive subset of γδ T cells. The data suggest that γδ T cells survey the skin and sites of inflammation and infection, entering via CCR6 and E-selectin ligand and leaving independent of the CCR7-CCL21 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye A Geherin
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Abstract
Nonhematopoietic stromal cells of secondary lymphoid organs form important scaffold and fluid transport structures, such as lymph node (LN) trabeculae, lymph vessels, and conduits. Furthermore, through the production of chemokines and cytokines, these cells generate a particular microenvironment that determines lymphocyte positioning and supports lymphocyte homeostasis. IL-7 is an important stromal cell-derived cytokine that has been considered to be derived mainly from T-cell zone fibroblastic reticular cells. We show here that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are a prominent source of IL-7 both in human and murine LNs. Using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic IL-7-Cre mice, we found that fibroblastic reticular cells and LECs strongly up-regulated IL-7 expression during LN remodeling after viral infection and LN reconstruction after avascular transplantation. Furthermore, IL-7-producing stromal cells contributed to de novo formation of LyveI-positive lymphatic structures connecting reconstructed LNs with the surrounding tissue. Importantly, diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion of IL-7-producing stromal cells completely abolished LN reconstruction. Taken together, this study identifies LN LECs as a major source of IL-7 and shows that IL-7-producing stromal cells are critical for reconstruction and remodeling of the distinct LN microenvironment.
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Geherin SA, Fintushel SR, Lee MH, Wilson RP, Patel RT, Alt C, Young AJ, Hay JB, Debes GF. The skin, a novel niche for recirculating B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6027-35. [PMID: 22561151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B cells infiltrate the skin in many chronic inflammatory diseases caused by autoimmunity or infection. Despite potential contribution to disease, skin-associated B cells remain poorly characterized. Using an ovine model of granulomatous skin inflammation, we demonstrate that B cells increase in the skin and skin-draining afferent lymph during inflammation. Surprisingly, skin B cells are a heterogeneous population that is distinct from lymph node B cells, with more large lymphocytes as well as B-1-like B cells that coexpress high levels of IgM and CD11b. Skin B cells have increased MHC class II, CD1, and CD80/86 expression compared with lymph node B cells, suggesting that they are well-suited for T cell activation at the site of inflammation. Furthermore, we show that skin accumulation of B cells and Ab-secreting cells during inflammation increases local Ab titers, which could augment host defense and autoimmunity. Although skin B cells express typical skin-homing receptors, such as E-selectin ligand and α-4 and β-1 integrins, they are unresponsive to ligands for chemokine receptors associated with T cell homing into skin. Instead, skin B cells migrate toward the cutaneously expressed CCR6 ligand CCL20. Our data support a model in which B cells use CCR6-CCL20 to recirculate through the skin, fulfilling a novel role in skin immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye A Geherin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Shekhar S, Milling S, Yang X. Migration of γδ T cells in steady-state conditions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:1-5. [PMID: 22520944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The orchestrated migration of T lymphocytes is important for generating immunity and maintaining immunological tolerance. T lymphocytes can be divided into two populations, αβ T cells and γδ T cells, on the basis of their expression of different forms of the T cell receptor (TCR). γδ T cells represent an innate subset of T lymphocytes that play an important role in early immune response against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. γδ T cells are abundant in the epithelial tissues. In ruminants and pigs, they constitute a major proportion of the blood lymphocyte pool, unlike in rodents and humans. Although recent studies using large animals have suggested that epithelial γδ T cells are the major source of γδ T cells in peripheral blood, and that they recirculate between epithelial tissues and blood via lymphatics, the migration pattern of these cells is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on γδ T cell migration under steady-state conditions. A deeper understanding of γδ T cell migration may enable therapeutic modulation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room-523, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Vrieling M, Santema W, Van Rhijn I, Rutten V, Koets A. γδ T Cell Homing to Skin and Migration to Skin-Draining Lymph Nodes Is CCR7 Independent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:578-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Shekhar S, Milling S, Jenkins C, MacPherson G. Identification and phenotypic characterization of γδ T cells in rat lymph. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:168-71. [PMID: 21862089 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells represent an unconventional subset of T lymphocytes that are abundant in epithelial tissues and serve as an early immune defense against microbes. We have, for the first time, identified γδ T cells in steady-state thoracic duct lymph (TDL) from rats. The lymph contains γδ T cells expressing CD8 but not CD4, CD25, MHC-II or CD103. The percentage of TDL γδ T cells in rats does not change when the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are surgically removed. Our data suggest that a proportion of γδ T cells migrate from the intestine into rat TDL, under steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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13
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Brown MN, Fintushel SR, Lee MH, Jennrich S, Geherin SA, Hay JB, Butcher EC, Debes GF. Chemoattractant receptors and lymphocyte egress from extralymphoid tissue: changing requirements during the course of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4873-82. [PMID: 20833836 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory/effector T cells traffic efficiently through extralymphoid tissues, entering from the blood and leaving via the afferent lymph. During inflammation, T cell traffic into the affected tissue dramatically increases; however, the dynamics and mechanisms of T cell exit from inflamed tissues are poorly characterized. In this study, we show, using both a mouse and a sheep model, that large numbers of lymphocytes leave the chronically inflamed skin. Many T cells capable of producing IFN-γ and IL-17 also entered the draining afferent lymph, demonstrating that memory/effector T cells egress from sites of inflammation. Whereas efficient egress from acutely inflamed skin required lymphocyte-expressed CCR7, chronic inflammation promoted significant CCR7-independent exit as well. Lymphocyte exit at late time points of inflammation was sensitive to pertussis toxin but was only partially affected by the drug FTY720, implying the contribution of alternative chemoattractant receptors other than spingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. Our data show that CCR7 is an important receptor for lymphocyte egress from both resting and inflamed extralymphoid tissues, but that alternative exit receptors come into play during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan N Brown
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Kodera M, Grailer JJ, Karalewitz APA, Subramanian H, Steeber DA. T lymphocyte migration to lymph nodes is maintained during homeostatic proliferation. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2008; 14:211-224. [PMID: 18312727 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927608080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The immune system maintains appropriate cell numbers through regulation of cell proliferation and death. Normal tissue distribution of lymphocytes is maintained through expression of specific adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors such as L-selectin and CCR7, respectively. Lymphocyte insufficiency or lymphopenia induces homeostatic proliferation of existing lymphocytes to increase cell numbers. Interestingly, homeostatic proliferation of T lymphocytes induces a phenotypic change from naïve- to memory-type cell. Naïve T cells recirculate between blood and lymphoid tissues whereas memory T cells migrate to nonlymphoid sites such as skin and gut. To assess effects of homeostatic proliferation on migratory ability of T cells, a murine model of lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation was used. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester-labeled wild-type splenocytes were adoptively transferred into recombination activation gene-1-deficient mice and analyzed by flow cytometry, in vitro chemotactic and in vivo migration assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Homeostatically proliferated T cells acquired a mixed memory-type CD44high L-selectinhigh CCR7low phenotype. Consistent with this, chemotaxis to secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine in vitro was reduced by 22%-34%. By contrast, no differences were found for migration or entry into lymph nodes during in vivo migration assays. Therefore, T lymphocytes that have undergone homeostatic proliferation recirculate using mechanisms similar to naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kodera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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15
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Poggi A, Zancolli M, Catellani S, Borsellino G, Battistini L, Zocchi MR. Migratory Pathways of T Cells and Response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 Ligands: Adhesion Molecules Involved and Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:68-78. [PMID: 17804534 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gammadelta T lymphocytes are thought to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. In this work, we discuss the characteristics of these cells and possible implications in the pathogenesis of MS, focusing on the mechanism(s) underlying extravasation and tissue localization. Phenotype and transendothelial migration of gammadelta T cells from healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting MS were studied. In MS patients the V delta 2 T cell subset, expressing NKRP1A/CD161 adhesion molecule, is expanded and capable of transendothelial migration. V delta 1/V delta 2 subsets use distinct signal transduction pathways: V delta 1 cells lack NKRP1A and express PECAM-1/CD31, which drives transmigration, while V delta 2 cells are PECAM-1 negative and use NKRP1A. V delta 2 migration is coupled with CAMKII, whereas V delta 1 depend on PI-3K. NKRP1A and PECAM-1 selectively activate the two pathways: indeed, oligomerization of NKRP1A on V delta 2 T cells leads to CAMKII activation, occupancy of PECAM-1 on V delta 1 cells triggers the PI-3K-dependent Akt/PKB pathway. Moreover, V delta 2 T cells are CXCR3(bright)CXCR4(dull), while V delta 1 are mostly CXCR4(+). V delta 1 and V delta 2 cells transmigrate in response to IP-10/CXCL10 and SDF-1/CXCL12 according to the expression of their specific receptors. In a fraction of V delta 1 T cells coexpressing CXCR3 and CXCR4, the homeostatic chemokine 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 is more effective. IP-10/CXCL10 or 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 and SDF-1/CXCL12-induced transmigration is coupled to PI-3K/Akt/PKB, but only CXCR3 is capable of inducing CAMKII activation. We suggest that both subsets of gammadelta T lymphocytes may migrate to the site of lesion in MS using two different signaling pathways to extravasate and responding to different chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poggi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology D, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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16
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Elkington RA, Mahony TJ. A blowfly strike vaccine requires an understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Vaccine 2007; 25:5133-45. [PMID: 17531359 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phase-out of Mulesing by 2010 means the Australian wool industry requires immediate and viable alternatives for the control and prevention of blowfly strike, an economically important parasitic disease of sheep. In this review we have analysed previous research aimed toward the development of a vaccine against blowfly strike and the reasons why the approaches taken were unsuccessful at the time. Close scrutiny has provided new insight into this host-parasite interaction and identified new opportunities for the development of a vaccine. Here we propose that addressing immunosuppression together with the induction of cellular immunity is likely to result in an anti-blowfly strike vaccine, as opposed to the use of "standard" approaches aimed at inducing humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elkington
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Level 6, North Tower, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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17
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Blumerman SL, Wang F, Herzig CTA, Baldwin CL. Molecular cloning of bovine chemokine receptors and expression by WC1+ gammadelta T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:87-102. [PMID: 16762412 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors mediate leukocyte migration into secondary lymphoid tissues and localization to peripheral inflammation sites. We describe full-length cDNA sequences of bovine chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR7, CXCR3 and CXCR5 and transcript expression by WC1(+)gammadelta T cells, a unique cell population with proinflammatory characteristics that comprises a large proportion of mononuclear cells in young ruminants. Bovine chemokine sequences were more similar to those of humans than were murine sequences to humans', ranging from 84% to 91%. Transcript analysis showed that antigen stimulation of WC1(+)gammadelta T cells induced IFN-gamma production and substantially increased CCR5 and CXCR3 expression when compared with freshly isolated (ex vivo) cells. CCR7 transcripts were minimally expressed in ex vivo and proliferating WC1(+)gammadelta T cells and CXCR5 expression was negligible. These results confirm the proinflammatory nature of WC1(+)gammadelta T cells is reflected by its chemokine receptor expression and suggest WC1(+)gammadelta T cells are unlikely to transit through secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Blumerman
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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18
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Dedieu L, Balcer-Rodrigues V, Cisse O, Diallo M, Niang M. Characterisation of the lymph node immune response following Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides SC infection in cattle. Vet Res 2006; 37:579-91. [PMID: 16641018 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony (MmmSC), is still a major cattle disease in Africa. Development of long-term protective vaccines, the only relevant strategy to achieve CBPP eradication, requires the characterisation of the protective immune mechanism. To this aim, the present study investigated the cellular immune response persisting in the lymph nodes of cattle infected naturally and experimentally by contact, one year post exposure. The lymph node cell composition, MmmSC responsiveness and phenotype of the MmmSC-responding lymphocytes were compared between animals according to the different outcomes of the infection. To unravel the protective mechanism, the study focussed on the MmmSC-specific memory immune response generated in recovered cattle, known to develop long-term immunity and to be resistant to reinfection. An MmmSC-specific immune response, mediated by IFNgamma-secreting CD4 T-cells, was detected in the lymph nodes of all recovered cattle. Furthermore, the magnitude of this immune response was significantly higher in animals with complete recovery than in recovered animals presenting lung sequestra. The findings suggest that, in recovered cattle, a subset of MmmSC-primed IFNgamma-secreting CD4 T-cells homed to the regional lymph nodes as MmmSC-specific memory T-cells, likely responsible for the protective anamnestic response. Induction and expansion of this subset of MmmSC-specific CD4 memory T-cells might be a major goal to develop efficient long term protective vaccines against CBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dedieu
- CIRAD, Animal Health Programme, TA30/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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19
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Bimczok D, Rothkötter HJ. Lymphocyte migration studies. Vet Res 2006; 37:325-38. [PMID: 16611551 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For maintenance of immunity and tolerance, the organs and tissues of the organism are connected by migrating lymphoid cells. Understanding lymphocyte migration is essential for many disorders and diseases-- especially in the mucosa-lined organs. Detailed analyses of migrating lymphocytes have been performed in many species, especially in laboratory animals. However, important experiments in lymphocyte migration have been carried out in large animals, for example sheep, cattle and pigs. These species allow experimental procedures like in situ-organ labelling, lymphocyte retransfusion studies or lymph vessel cannulations. Such studies have made an important contribution to the understanding of the overall principles of lymphocyte migration especially in the mucosal immune system. Major results on the specific migration of naïve and memory T cells through lymphoid organs, the re-distribution of gamma/delta T cells in the intestinal immune system and the emigration of newly produced B cells from the ileal Peyer's patches have been obtained in large animals. Since there are growing numbers of markers for large animals, and molecular biology methods are available in these species, experiments in large animals will be an essential tool for the understanding of lymphocyte migration especially in mucosal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Poggi A, Carosio R, Fenoglio D, Brenci S, Murdaca G, Setti M, Indiveri F, Scabini S, Ferrero E, Zocchi MR. Migration of V delta 1 and V delta 2 T cells in response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands in healthy donors and HIV-1-infected patients: competition by HIV-1 Tat. Blood 2003; 103:2205-13. [PMID: 14630801 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that HIV-1-infected patients have increased concentrations of circulating V delta 1 T cells (2.2%-9.0% of T lymphocytes; healthy donors, 1.0%-2%) and, in some instances, V delta 2 T cells (3.5%-4.8% vs 2.0%-3.3%). In these patients, both V delta 1 and V delta 2 T cells are CXCR3+CXCR4+, whereas in healthy donors CXCR4 was preferentially expressed on V delta 1 T lymphocytes. gamma delta T cells transmigrated across endothelial monolayers, in response to interferon-gamma-inducing protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), or both, according to the expression of the specific receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4. Interestingly, 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 was more effective than IP-10/CXCL10 on V delta 1 CXCR3+ cells, whereas V delta 2 CXCR3+ cells were driven more efficiently by IP-10/CXCL10. IP-10/CXCL10- and SDF-1/CXCL12-induced transmigration was dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), as demonstrated by the use of the specific blockers wortmannin and LY294002 and by the activation of the downstream serine kinase Akt/PKB on ligation of CXCR3 and CXCR4. Occupancy of CXCR3, but not of CXCR4, led to CAMKII activation; accordingly, the CAMKII inhibitors KN62 and KN93 decreased IP-10/CXCL10- but not SDF-1/CXCL12-driven transmigration. Finally, HIV-1 Tat, which is present in the serum of HIV-1-infected patients, interferes with the chemotactic activity of these chemokines because of the cysteine-rich domain of the protein, which contains CXC and CC chemokine-like sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Female
- Gene Products, tat/chemistry
- Gene Products, tat/metabolism
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1
- Humans
- Ligands
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute fo Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
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21
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Fulgenzi A, Ferrero E, Gasparini M, Casati R, Colombo FR, Gerundini P, Ferrero ME. Technetium-99m scintigraphy to visualize T-cell homing in vivo: a preclinical study. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:633-42. [PMID: 12900289 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(03)00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of lymphocyte distribution is very usefulness in monitoring therapeutic treatments. We present here a method employed in clinical practice, the scintigraphy, to study in the rat the physiologic lymphocyte traffic. Rat T cells labeled with 99mTc were injected in syngeneic animals, and their fate was studied by serial scintigraphic scanning. Sorted naïve CD4+ CD45RC(bright) T cells homed to lymphoid organs and accumulated in spleen. CD4+ CD45RC(dim) memory lymphocytes first reached the liver and the lungs and recirculated. The results obtained by using the scintigraphic method to in vivo study the lymphocyte homing in rats are comparable to those obtained with previously used experimental methods. We consider the scintigraphic method a useful tool to in vivo track lymphocytes and to address therapeutic treatment in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fulgenzi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Phenotypic and functional characterization of blood gammadelta T cells in sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:242-9. [PMID: 12724124 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200210-1226oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced lymphocyte dysfunction may be implicated in endothelial cell damage in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. gammadelta T cells' unique migration, cytotoxic features, and accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques are considered critical in cardiovascular disorders. We characterized the phenotype, cytokine profile, adhesion properties, and cytotoxicity of gammadelta T cells in patients with OSA and control subjects. The following is a summary of our major findings regarding OSA gammadelta T cells: (1) a significant increase in the expression of the inhibitory natural killer B1 receptors was found; (2) the intracellular content of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin-8 was increased, and the content of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 was decreased; (3) gammadelta T cells of patients with OSA adhered significantly more avidly to nonactivated endothelial cells in culture than those of control subjects; (4) L-selectin expression was higher; (5) anti-E/P-selectin antibodies and anti-TNF-alpha antibodies decreased the adhesion index of OSA gammadelta T lymphocytes/endothelial cells but not of control subjects; and (6) cytotoxicity of OSA gammadelta T lymphocytes against endothelial cells in culture was 2.5-fold higher than that of control subjects and could be prevented by pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha. Collectively these data implicate gammadelta T lymphocyte function in atherogenic sequelae in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dyugovskaya
- Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, POB 9649, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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23
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Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Romero A, Esquifino AI. Effect of cadmium on lymphocyte subsets distribution in thymus and spleen. J Physiol Biochem 2003; 59:43-8. [PMID: 12903904 DOI: 10.1007/bf03179867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to analyze the possible dose dependent effects of cadmium on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets within the thymus and spleen. Cadmium accumulation was also evaluated in these tissues. For this purpose, adult male rats were exposed for one month to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 ppm of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the drinking water. In both spleen and thymus, the B lymphocytes increased with the doses of 5 and 10 ppm of CdCl2, and decreased with the doses of 25-100 ppm. In spleen, the doses of 25 and 50 ppm decreased CD4+ cells and the doses of 5 and 10 ppm increased CD8+ cells, while the percentage of thymus T, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4(+)-CD8+ cells was not modified by cadmium treatment at any dose used in this study. After cadmium exposure, the metal was accumulated in the spleen only from the dose of 50 ppm on, and in the thymus, from the dose of 10 ppm on. In conclusion, although the accumulation of the metal is higher in thymus than in spleen, the metal affected CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes at the spleen but not at the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lafuente
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Campus de Orense, Las Lagunas, 32004 Orense, Spain.
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24
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Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Farré M, Pichini S, Di Carlo S, Roset PN, Palmi I, Ortuño J, Menoyo E, Segura J, de la Torre R. Cell-mediated immune response in MDMA users after repeated dose administration: studies in controlled versus noncontrolled settings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 965:421-33. [PMID: 12105117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") produces time-dependent immune dysfunction in humans. Recreational use of MDMA generally includes repeated drug consumption, often in association with other drugs, such as alcohol and cannabis. In the laboratory setting, repeated MDMA administration to healthy MDMA consumers produced a time-dependent immune dysfunction similar to that observed with the ingestion of a single dose, and the first of the two administrations paralleled the time-course of MDMA-induced cortisol stimulation kinetics and MDMA plasma concentrations. A significant decrease in CD4 T-helper cells with simultaneous increase in natural killer (NK) cell and a decrease in functional responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation was observed. Response to the second dose was either long-lasting compared with the first dose or disproportionate and did not show any parallelism with cortisol and MDMA plasma concentrations. This circumstance extended the critical period during which immunocompetence is highly impaired as a result of MDMA use. Accumulation of MDMA in the body of a poor metabolizer induced higher immunomodulatory effects with statistically significant differences in NK cell function compared with extensive metabolizers. When basal values of lymphocyte subsets were examined in a population of recreational MDMA users participating in different clinical trials, alterations in several immunological parameters were observed. The absolute number of lymphocytes, in particular T lymphocytes and CD4 T-helper cell subsets, showed a trend toward reduced values, although cell counts were within normal limits. By contrast, NK cells in MDMA consumers were reduced to one-third of those from healthy persons. A statistically significant decrease in affected immune parameters was recorded during a 2-year observation period in a subgroup of recreational MDMA users. These permanent alterations in immunologic homeostasis may result in impairment of general health and subsequent increased susceptibility to infection and immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacifici
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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