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In vitro activation and maturation of human mononuclear phagocytes by stimulation with liposomes coated with a neoglycolipid containing α1–3, α1–6-mannotriose. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:185-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2
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Allen RP, Bolandparvaz A, Ma JA, Manickam VA, Lewis JS. Latent, Immunosuppressive Nature of Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Microparticles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:900-918. [PMID: 30555893 PMCID: PMC6290919 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Use of biomaterials to spatiotemporally control the activation of immune cells is at the forefront of biomedical engineering research. As more biomaterial strategies are employed for immunomodulation, understanding the immunogenicity of biodegradable materials and their byproducts is paramount in tailoring systems for immune activation or suppression. Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), one of the most commonly studied polymers in tissue engineering and drug delivery, has been previously described on one hand as an immune adjuvant, and on the other as a nonactivating material. In this study, the effect of PLGA microparticles (MPs) on the maturation status of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs), the primary initiators of adaptive immunity, was investigated to decipher the immunomodulatory properties of this biomaterial. Treatment of bone marrow-derived DCs from C57BL/6 mice with PLGA MPs led to a time dependent decrease in the maturation level of these cells, as quantified by decreased expression of the positive stimulatory molecules MHCII, CD80, and CD86 as well as the ability to resist maturation following challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, this immunosuppression was dependent on the molecular weight of the PLGA used to fabricate the MPs, as higher molecular weight polymers required longer incubation to produce comparable dampening of maturation molecules. These phenomena were correlated to an increase in lactic acid both intracellularly and extracellularly during DC/PLGA MP coculture, which is postulated to be the primary agent behind the observed immune inhibition. This hypothesis is supported by our results demonstrating that resistance to LPS stimulation may be due to the ability of PLGA MP-derived lactic acid to inhibit the phosphorylation of TAK1 and therefore prevent NF-κB activation. This work is significant as it begins to elucidate how PLGA, a prominent biomaterial with broad applications ranging from tissue engineering to pharmaceutics, could modulate the local immune environment and offers insight on engineering PLGA to exploit its evolving immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley P. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amir Bolandparvaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vishal A. Manickam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Gilert A, Baruch L, Bronshtein T, Machluf M. PLGA-Listeriolysin O microspheres: Opening the gate for cytosolic delivery of cancer antigens. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:23. [PMID: 26888439 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for cancer protein vaccination largely aim to activate the cellular arm of the immune system against cancer cells. This approach, however, is limited since protein vaccines mostly activate the system's humoral arm instead. One way to overcome this problem is to enhance the cross-presentation of such proteins by antigen-presenting cells, which may consequently lead to intense cellular response. Here we examined the ability of listeriolysin O (LLO) incorporated into poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres to modify the cytosolic delivery of low molecular weight peptides and enhance their cross-presentation. PLGA microspheres were produced in a size suitable for uptake by phagocytic cells. The peptide encapsulation and release kinetics were improved by adding NaCl to the preparation. PLGA microspheres loaded with the antigenic peptide and incorporated with LLO were readily up-taken by phagocytic cells, which exhibited an increase in the expression of peptide-MHC-CI complexes on the cell surface. Furthermore, this system enhanced the activation of a specific T hybridoma cell line, thus simulating cytotoxic T cells. These results establish, for the first time, a proof of concept for the use of PLGA microspheres incorporated with a pore-forming agent and the antigen peptide of choice as a unique cancer protein vaccination delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gilert
- The Laboratory for Cancer Drug Delivery & Cell Based Technologies, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Limor Baruch
- The Laboratory for Cancer Drug Delivery & Cell Based Technologies, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Bronshtein
- The Laboratory for Cancer Drug Delivery & Cell Based Technologies, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marcelle Machluf
- The Laboratory for Cancer Drug Delivery & Cell Based Technologies, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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Yagi S, Abe M, Yamashita M, Mori K, Yamanishi H, Arimitsu E, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita E, Ikeda Y, Hiasa Y. Carbonic Anhydrate I Epitope Peptide Improves Inflammation in a Murine Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1835-46. [PMID: 27104825 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), a major cecal bacterial antigen, improves inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms in a murine model. The aim of this study was to identify the responsible epitope region within the CA I protein and evaluate its effect on inflammation using a murine IBD model. METHODS Candidate peptides within the CA I protein sequence that interact with major histocompatibility complex class II were chosen and their immune responses were evaluated using mesentery lymph nodes (MLNs) from a CD4CD25 T-cell transfer murine colitis model. Mice were treated with regulatory dendritic cells (Reg-DCs)-pulsed CA I peptide. We assessed their clinical signs, histopathology, induction of cytokines and transcription factors, and generation of CD103CD11c dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). RESULTS We identified 4 candidate epitope peptides of CA I. Among these, Reg-DCs pulsed with CA I 58-73 peptide (Reg-DCsCA I 58-73) alone ameliorated colitis. Reg-DCsCA I 58-73-treated mice showed higher mRNA expression levels of forkhead box protein 3, aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1a2, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin (Il)10, when compared with lower mRNA expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma and Il17a in MLNs. Compared with control mice, these mice also showed higher numbers of Foxp3CD4CD25 Tregs and CD103CD11c dendritic cells in MLNs and colon. Administration of Reg-DCsCA I 58-73 induced antigen-specific Tregs in MLNs of colitic mice. CONCLUSIONS CA I 58-73 peptide induces antigen-specific therapeutic effect in a murine IBD model using Reg-DCs, indicating that CA I 58-73 is a candidate epitope for IBD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yagi
- Departments of *Gastroenterology and Metabology, and†Immunology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Abstract
The exploitation of the physiologic processing and presenting machinery of dendritic cells (DCs) by in vivo loading of tumor-associated antigens may improve the immunogenic potential and clinical efficacy of DC-based cancer vaccines. The approach developed by our group was based on the clinical observation that some patients treated with the infusion of donor lymphocytes transduced to express the HSV-TK suicide gene for relapse of hematologic malignancies, after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, developed a T cell-mediated immune response specifically directed against the HSV-TK gene product.We demonstrated that lymphocytes genetically modified to express HSV-TK as well as self/tumor antigens, acting as antigen carriers, efficiently target DCs in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. The infusion of TRP-2-transduced lymphocytes induced the establishment of protective immunity and long-term memory in tumor-bearing mice by cross-presentation of the antigen mediated by the CD11c(+)CD8a(+) DCs subset. A similar approach was applied in a clinical setting. Ten patients affected by MAGE-3(+) metastatic melanoma were treated with autologous lymphocytes retrovirally transduced to express the MAGE-3 tumor antigen. In three patients, the treatment led to the increase of MAGE-3 specific CD8+ and CD4+ effectors and the development of long-term memory, which ultimately correlated with a favorable clinical outcome. Transduced lymphocytes represent an efficient way for in vivo loading of tumor-associated antigens of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Bruno C, Waeckerle-Men Y, Håkerud M, Kündig TM, Gander B, Johansen P. Photosensitizer and Light Pave the Way for Cytosolic Targeting and Generation of Cytosolic CD8 T Cells Using PLGA Vaccine Particles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:166-73. [PMID: 26019274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of CTLs is crucial in the immunological fight against cancer and many infectious diseases. To achieve this, vaccine Ags need to be targeted to the cytosol of dendritic cells, which can activate CD8 T cells via MHC class I (MHCI). Therefore, such targeting has become one of the major objectives of vaccine research. In this study, we aimed to bypass the unwanted and default MHC class II Ag presentation and trigger MHCI presentation by using a photosensitizer that, upon light activation, would facilitate cytosolic targeting of codelivered Ag. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles ∼1 μm size were loaded with OVA and the photosensitizer tetraphenyl chlorine disulphonate (TPCS2a) and administered intradermally in mice, which were illuminated 1 d later for activation of the photosensitizer. Immunization in the presence of TPCS2a significantly increased activation of CD8 T cells compared with immunization without TPCS2a and as measured by CD8 T cell proliferation, production of proinflammatory IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, and prevention of tumor growth. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated by granzyme B production in vitro and by in vivo killing of CFSE-labeled targets. CD4-dependent Ab responses were abrogated in mice immunized with TPCS2a-containing particles, suggesting that photosensitization facilitated a shift from default MHC class II toward MHCI Ag presentation. Hence, vaccine particles with Ag and photosensitizers proved an effective vehicle or adjuvant for stimulation of CTLs, and they may find potential application in therapeutic cancer vaccination and in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bruno
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; Vaccine Chemistry and Formulation Unit, Novartis Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Monika Håkerud
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Buhl T, Braun A, Forkel S, Möbius W, van Werven L, Jahn O, Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Zweckstetter M, Mempel M, Schön MP, Haenssle HA. Internalization routes of cell-penetrating melanoma antigen peptides into human dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:20-6. [PMID: 24372650 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimized delivery of antigens combined with sustainable maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for generation of effective antitumoral immune responses. Multiple approaches for ex vivo antigen loading and improvement in immunogenicity have been described. We have recently established a single-step protocol consisting of a fusion peptide (a sequence of the melanoma antigen Melan-A and a cationic cell-penetrating HIV TAT domain) bound in complexes with a toll-like receptor agonist. As the exact cellular uptake mechanisms of TAT-coupled antigens have been a matter of considerable debate and significantly depend on cell type, cargo and concentrations, we evaluated internalization routes into human immature DCs in comparison with non-phagocytic cell lines. We found that Melan-A-TAT fusion peptide uptake by DCs is mainly energy dependent, superior compared with polylysine-coupled Melan-A and significantly higher in DCs as compared with Jurkat cells or HUVECs. Furthermore, we could track the uptake of the fusion peptide exclusively through early endosomes to lysosome compartments after 90 min by fluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Specific endocytosis inhibitors revealed major internalization of the fusion peptide by DCs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, whereas uptake by non-phagocytic HUVECs differed significantly, involving macropinocytosis as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis. As our understanding of the processes involved in internalization of TAT-coupled cargos by human DCs broadens, and DC activation becomes available by single-step procedures as described, further development of simultaneous DC maturation and intra-cellular peptide targeting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Buhl
- Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Byrne KT, Zhang P, Steinberg SM, Turk MJ. Autoimmune vitiligo does not require the ongoing priming of naive CD8 T cells for disease progression or associated protection against melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1433-9. [PMID: 24403535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that has been shown to promote the longevity of memory T cell responses to melanoma. However, mechanisms whereby melanocyte/melanoma Ag-specific T cell responses are perpetuated in the context of vitiligo are not well understood. These studies investigate the possible phenomenon of naive T cell priming in hosts with melanoma-initiated, self-perpetuating, autoimmune vitiligo. Using naive pmel (gp10025-33-specific) transgenic CD8 T cells, we demonstrate that autoimmune melanocyte destruction induces naive T cell proliferation in skin-draining lymph nodes, in an Ag-dependent fashion. These pmel T cells upregulate expression of CD44, P-selectin ligand, and granzyme B. However, they do not downregulate CD62L, nor do they acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ, indicating a lack of functional priming. Accordingly, adult thymectomized mice exhibit no reduction in the severity or kinetics of depigmentation or long-lived protection against melanoma, indicating that the continual priming of naive T cells is not required for vitiligo or its associated antitumor immunity. Despite this, depletion of CD4 T cells during the course of vitiligo rescues the priming of naive pmel T cells that are capable of producing IFN-γ and persisting as memory, suggesting an ongoing and dominant mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells. This work reveals the complex regulation of self-reactive CD8 T cells in vitiligo and demonstrates the overall poorly immunogenic nature of this autoimmune disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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Leleux J, Roy K. Micro and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccine immunotherapy: an immunological and materials perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:72-94. [PMID: 23225517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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10
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Hanlon DJ, Aldo PB, Devine L, Alvero AB, Engberg AK, Edelson R, Mor G. Enhanced stimulation of anti-ovarian cancer CD8(+) T cells by dendritic cells loaded with nanoparticle encapsulated tumor antigen. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:597-609. [PMID: 21241402 PMCID: PMC3082607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer therapies are favored approaches to stimulate anti-tumor T-cell responses. Unfortunately, tolerance to tumor antigens is difficult to overcome. Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) are effective reagents in the delivery of drugs and tumor-associated antigens (TAA). In this study, we assessed the capacity of a PLGA NP-based delivery system to augment CD8 T-cell responses to ovarian cancer TAA. METHOD OF STUDY Human DC were generated from blood monocytes by conventional in vitro differentiation and loaded with either soluble tumor lysate or NP/lysate conjugates (NPL). These antigen-loaded DC were then used to stimulate autologous CD8(+) T cells. Cytokine production and activation markers were evaluated in the CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS DC loading with NPL increased cytokine production by stimulated CD8 T cells and induced T-cell expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, typical of anti-tumor immune responses. In contrast, delivery of naked tumor lysate antigens preferentially induced a T-cell profile characteristic of tolerization/exhaustion. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that delivery of TAA in NP enables DC to efficiently activate anti-tumor CD8(+) T cells. PLGA NP encapsulation of tumor-derived lysate protein antigens is an encouraging new preparative methodology for DC-based vaccination meriting clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Paulomi B. Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Lesley Devine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Ayesha B. Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Anna K. Engberg
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Richard Edelson
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
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Ma W, Smith T, Bogin V, Zhang Y, Ozkan C, Ozkan M, Hayden M, Schroter S, Carrier E, Messmer D, Kumar V, Minev B. Enhanced presentation of MHC class Ia, Ib and class II-restricted peptides encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles: a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2011; 9:34. [PMID: 21450109 PMCID: PMC3078865 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many peptide-based cancer vaccines have been tested in clinical trials with a limited success, mostly due to difficulties associated with peptide stability and delivery, resulting in inefficient antigen presentation. Therefore, the development of suitable and efficient vaccine carrier systems remains a major challenge. Methods To address this issue, we have engineered polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles incorporating: (i) two MHC class I-restricted clinically-relevant peptides, (ii) a MHC class II-binding peptide, and (iii) a non-classical MHC class I-binding peptide. We formulated the nanoparticles utilizing a double emulsion-solvent evaporation technique and characterized their surface morphology, size, zeta potential and peptide content. We also loaded human and murine dendritic cells (DC) with the peptide-containing nanoparticles and determined their ability to present the encapsulated peptide antigens and to induce tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. Results We confirmed that the nanoparticles are not toxic to either mouse or human dendritic cells, and do not have any effect on the DC maturation. We also demonstrated a significantly enhanced presentation of the encapsulated peptides upon internalization of the nanoparticles by DC, and confirmed that the improved peptide presentation is actually associated with more efficient generation of peptide-specific CTL and T helper cell responses. Conclusion Encapsulating antigens in PLGA nanoparticles offers unique advantages such as higher efficiency of antigen loading, prolonged presentation of the antigens, prevention of peptide degradation, specific targeting of antigens to antigen presenting cells, improved shelf life of the antigens, and easy scale up for pharmaceutical production. Therefore, these findings are highly significant to the development of synthetic vaccines, and the induction of CTL for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Ma
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.
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Garritsen HS, Macke L, Meyring W, Hannig H, Pägelow U, Wörmann B, Geffers R, Dittmar KE, Lindenmaier W. Efficient generation of clinical-grade genetically modified dendritic cells for presentation of multiple tumor-associated proteins. Transfusion 2010; 50:831-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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High immunogenic potential of p53 mRNA-transfected dendritic cells in patients with primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:395-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Macke L, Garritsen HSP, Meyring W, Hannig H, Pägelow U, Wörmann B, Piechaczek C, Geffers R, Rohde M, Lindenmaier W, Dittmar KEJ. Evaluating maturation and genetic modification of human dendritic cells in a new polyolefin cell culture bag system. Transfusion 2009; 50:843-55. [PMID: 20003054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are applied worldwide in several clinical studies of immune therapy of malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and transplantations. Most legislative bodies are demanding high standards for cultivation and transduction of cells. Closed-cell cultivating systems like cell culture bags would simplify and greatly improve the ability to reach these cultivation standards. We investigated if a new polyolefin cell culture bag enables maturation and adenoviral modification of human DCs in a closed system and compare the results with standard polystyrene flasks. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Mononuclear cells were isolated from HLA-A*0201-positive blood donors by leukapheresis. A commercially available separation system (CliniMACS, Miltenyi Biotec) was used to isolate monocytes by positive selection using CD14-specific immunomagnetic beads. The essentially homogenous starting cell population was cultivated in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 in a closed-bag system in parallel to the standard flask cultivation system. Genetic modification was performed on Day 4. After induction of maturation on Day 5, mature DCs could be harvested and cryopreserved on Day 7. During the cultivation period comparative quality control was performed using flow cytometry, gene expression profiling, and functional assays. RESULTS Both flasks and bags generated mature genetically modified DCs in similar yields. Surface membrane markers, expression profiles, and functional testing results were comparable. The use of a closed-bag system facilitated clinical applicability of genetically modified DCs. CONCLUSIONS The polyolefin bag-based culture system yields DCs qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to the standard flask preparation. All steps including cryopreservation can be performed in a closed system facilitating standardized, safe, and reproducible preparation of therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Macke
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Basler M, Lauer C, Beck U, Groettrup M. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib enhances the susceptibility to viral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6145-50. [PMID: 19841190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome, a multicatalytic protease, is responsible for the generation of most MHC class I ligands. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, is clinically approved for treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell myeloma. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bortezomib on viral infection. Infection of bortezomib-treated mice with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) led to a decreased cytotoxic T cell response to several LCMV-derived CD8(+) T cell epitopes. Bortezomib treatment caused a reduced expansion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes and increased viral titers in LCMV-infected mice. Administration of bortezomib during expansion of CD8(+) T cells had no influence on the cytotoxic T cell response, suggesting that bortezomib interferes with priming of naive T cells. Indeed, determination of Ag load in spleen 4 days post infection, revealed a reduced presentation of LCMV-derived cytotoxic T cell epitopes on MHC class I molecules. In summary, we show that proteasome inhibition with bortezomib led to an increased susceptibility to viral infection, and demonstrate for the first time, that proteasome inhibitors can alter Ag processing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at Constance University, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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16
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Haenssle HA, Riedl P, Buhl T, Schardt A, Rosenberger A, Schön MP, Schirmbeck R. Intracellular delivery of major histocompatibility complex class I-binding epitopes: dendritic cells loaded and matured with cationic peptide/poly(I:C) complexes efficiently activate T cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:19-28. [PMID: 19758325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on their role for the induction of T-cell responses, dendritic cells (DCs) are popular candidates in cancer vaccine development. We established a novel single-step intracellular delivery of peptide/poly(I:C) complexes for antigen loading and Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3)-mediated maturation of human DCs using a cell-penetrating peptide (tat(49-57): RKKRRQRRR) as delivery vector. Towards this end, a cationic tat-sequence was fused with an antigenic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-binding melanoma epitope (Melan-A/Mart-1 sequence: ELAGIGILTV) and then mixed with negatively charged poly(I:C) dsRNA to form peptide/nucleic acid complexes. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed intracellular localization of TLR3 in monocyte-derived immature DCs (iDCs). Peptide/poly(I:C) complexes were readily internalized by iDCs without negatively affecting cell viability. They induced DC maturation and secretion of bioactive interleukin (IL)-12p70. When peptide/poly(I:C) complex-loaded DCs were used for autologous T cell stimulation, epitope-specific interferon-gamma secretion was quantitatively superior in comparison to peptide-loaded DCs matured by a cytokine cocktail, as detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Thus, complexes of cationic antigenic peptides and poly(I:C) might be of great utility for a TLR3-mediated DC maturation and intracellular peptide targeting in a single step. Resulting DCs induce a strong expansion/activation of antigen-specific T cells in the context of an IL-12p70 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Haenssle
- Department of Dermatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Aloysius MM, Mc Kechnie AJ, Robins RA, Verma C, Eremin JM, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Bhalla J, Hardwick NR, Satthaporn S, Sreenivasan T, El-Sheemy M, Eremin O. Generation in vivo of peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells and presence of regulatory T cells during vaccination with hTERT (class I and II) peptide-pulsed DCs. J Transl Med 2009; 7:18. [PMID: 19298672 PMCID: PMC2674878 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimal techniques for DC generation for immunotherapy in cancer are yet to be established. Study aims were to evaluate: (i) DC activation/maturation milieu (TNF-α +/- IFN-α) and its effects on CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses to class I epitopes (p540 or p865), (ii) CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses elicited by vaccination with class I alone or both class I and II epitope (p766 and p672)-pulsed DCs, prepared without IFN-α, (iii) association between circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs) and clinical responses. Methods Autologous DCs were generated from 10 patients (HLA-0201) with advanced cancer by culturing CD14+ blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 supplemented with TNF-α [DCT] or TNF-α and IFN-α [DCTI]. The capacity of the DCs to induce functional CD8+ T cell responses to hTERT HLA-0201 restricted nonapeptides was assessed by MHC tetramer binding and peptide-specific cytotoxicity. Each DC preparation (DCT or DCTI) was pulsed with only one type of hTERT peptide (p540 or p865) and both preparations were injected into separate lymph node draining regions every 2–3 weeks. This vaccination design enabled comparison of efficacy between DCT and DCTI in generating hTERT peptide specific CD8+ T cells and comparison of class I hTERT peptide (p540 or p865)-loaded DCT with or without class II cognate help (p766 and p672) in 6 patients. T regulatory cells were evaluated in 8 patients. Results (i) DCTIs and DCTs, pulsed with hTERT peptides, were comparable (p = 0.45, t-test) in inducing peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (ii) Class II cognate help, significantly enhanced (p < 0.05, t-test) peptide-specific CD8+T cell responses, compared with class I pulsed DCs alone. (iii) Clinical responders had significantly lower (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) T regs, compared with non-responders. 4/16 patients experienced partial but transient clinical responses during vaccination. Vaccination was well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Conclusion Addition of IFN-α to ex vivo monocyte-derived DCs, did not significantly enhance peptide-specific T cell responses in vivo, compared with TNF-α alone. Class II cognate help significantly augments peptide-specific T cell responses. Clinically favourable responses were seen in patients with low levels of circulating T regs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Aloysius
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, UK.
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18
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Engell-Noerregaard L, Hansen TH, Andersen MH, thor Straten P, Svane IM. Review of clinical studies on dendritic cell-based vaccination of patients with malignant melanoma: assessment of correlation between clinical response and vaccine parameters. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1-14. [PMID: 18719915 PMCID: PMC11030652 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past years numerous clinical trials have been carried out to assess the ability of dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy to induce clinically relevant immune responses in patients with malignant diseases. A broad range of cancer types have been targeted including malignant melanoma which in the disseminated stage have a very poor prognosis and only limited treatment options with moderate effectiveness. Herein we describe the results of a focused search of recently published clinical studies on dendritic cell vaccination in melanoma and review different vaccine parameters which are frequently claimed to have a possible influence on clinical response. These parameters include performance status, type of antigen, DC maturation status, route of vaccine administration, use of adjuvant, and vaccine induced immune response. In total, 38 articles found through Medline search, have been included for analysis covering a total of 626 patients with malignant melanoma treated with DC based therapy. Clinical response (CR, PR and SD) were found to be significantly correlated with the use of peptide antigens (p = 0.03), the use of any helper antigen/adjuvant (p = 0.002), and induction of antigen specific T cells (p = 0.0004). No significant correlations between objective response (CR and PR) and the tested parameters were found. However, a few non-significant trends were demonstrated; these included an association between objective response and use of immature DCs (p = 0.08), use of adjuvant (p = 0.09), and use of autologous antigen preparation (p = 0.12). The categorisation of SD in the response group is debatable. Nevertheless, when the SD group were analysed separately we found that SD was significantly associated with use of peptide antigens (p = 0.0004), use of adjuvant (p = 0.01), and induction of antigen specific T cells (p = 0.0003). No specific route of vaccine administration showed superiority. Important lessons can be learned from previous studies, interpretation of these findings should, however, be done with reservation for the many minor deviations in the different treatment schedules among the published studies, which were not considered in order to be able to process and group the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Engell-Noerregaard
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Levy A, Pitcovski J, Frankenburg S, Elias O, Altuvia Y, Margalit H, Peretz T, Golenser J, Lotem M. A melanoma multiepitope polypeptide induces specific CD8+ T-cell response. Cell Immunol 2008; 250:24-30. [PMID: 18275944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strategies using epitope-based vaccination are being considered for melanoma immunotherapy, in an attempt to overcome failure of other modalities. In the present study, we designed and produced a multiepitope polypeptide for melanoma (MEP-mel), which contains three repeats of four antigenic epitopes (gp100: 209-217 (210M); gp100: 280-288 (288V); Mart1: 26-35 (27L); tyrosinase: 368-376 (370D). The peptides were attached to each other by linkers containing sequences recognized by the proteasome, to improve protein cleavage and antigen presentation. The results show that peptide-specific T cells produced IFN-gamma when stimulated with MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells. The presentation of peptides by MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells was proteasome-dependent and was more long-lasting than the presentation of exogenously delivered native peptides. When dendritic cells were loaded with MEP-mel protein, weak cross presentation was induced. The production of multiepitope molecules based on several peptides linked by sequences sensitive to proteasomal cleavage represents a promising new tool for the improvement of cancer immunotherapy.
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20
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Russo V, Cipponi A, Raccosta L, Rainelli C, Fontana R, Maggioni D, Lunghi F, Mukenge S, Ciceri F, Bregni M, Bordignon C, Traversari C. Lymphocytes genetically modified to express tumor antigens target DCs in vivo and induce antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3087-96. [PMID: 17885685 PMCID: PMC1978420 DOI: 10.1172/jci30605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of the physiologic processing and presenting machinery of DCs by in vivo loading of tumor-associated antigens may improve the immunogenic potential and clinical efficacy of DC-based cancer vaccines. Here we show that lymphocytes genetically modified to express self/tumor antigens, acting as antigen carriers, efficiently target DCs in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. The infusion of tyrosinase-related protein 2-transduced (TRP-2-transduced) lymphocytes induced the establishment of protective immunity and long-term memory in tumor-bearing mice. Analysis of the mechanism responsible for the induction of such an immune response allowed us to demonstrate that cross-presentation of the antigen mediated by the CD11c(+)CD8alpha(+) DC subset had occurred. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that DCs had undergone activation upon phagocytosis of genetically modified lymphocytes, a process mediated by a cell-to-cell contact mechanism independent of CD40 triggering. Targeting and activation of secondary lymphoid organ-resident DCs endowed antigen-specific T cells with full effector functions, which ultimately increased tumor growth control and animal survival in a therapeutic tumor setting. We conclude that the use of transduced lymphocytes represents an efficient method for the in vivo loading of tumor-associated antigens on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Russo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Arcadi Cipponi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Raccosta
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Rainelli
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fontana
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maggioni
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Lunghi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvain Mukenge
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bregni
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bordignon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Catia Traversari
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit,
Department of Surgery, and
Strategic Program of Oncology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
MolMed S.p.A., Milan, Italy
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Li W, Krishnadas DK, Kumar R, Tyrrell DLJ, Agrawal B. Priming and stimulation of hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against HCV antigens NS4, NS5a or NS5b from HCV-naive individuals: implications for prophylactic vaccine. Int Immunol 2007; 20:89-104. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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22
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Rodeberg DA, Erskine C, Celis E. In vitro induction of immune responses to shared tumor-associated antigens in rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:1396-402. [PMID: 17706503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, novel therapies to improve survival of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are being investigated. One of the new approaches involves immunotherapy using tumor-specific T-lymphocytes. An effective prolonged immune-mediated response against tumor cells is dependent upon the response of helper T-lymphocytes (HTLs) to tumor-associated antigens in the presence of histocompatibility lymphocyte antigen surface proteins. METHODS Rhabdomyosarcoma tumor lysate-pulsed human dendritic cells were used to stimulate HTL precursors (naive CD4+ T-cells) in vitro. After 3 rounds of antigen stimulation with antigen-presenting cells, the T-cells were tested for reactivity (T-cell proliferation assays) against a large panel of tumor lysate-pulsed autologous antigen-presenting cells. RESULTS Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal naive donors, we have been able to generate HTL clones that recognize and proliferate to multiple tumor cell lines. The HTLs were induced using lysate from a single alveolar RMS tumor cell line (RMS13). The clones generated recognized all of the alveolar RMS cell lines (RMS13, Rh18, Rh28, Rh30, and Rh41), prostate cancer cell lines (LNCAP and LAPC4), melanoma cell lines (Mel 624 and G361), and breast cancer cell line (SKBR3). Helper T-lymphocytes recognition was also confirmed by interferon-gamma production. The clones did not recognize colon, lymphoma, ovarian carcinoma, ERMS or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed B-cells. This recognition was histocompatibility lymphocyte antigen class II restricted and was not an allogeneic response. CONCLUSION The results of this work demonstrate that HTLs, exposed to RMS lysate, are able to recognize and respond to a broad range of tumor types suggesting that a common antigen exist among these different tumors. These findings suggest novel treatment strategies for patients with RMS using tumor lysate to induce antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rodeberg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens' Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Because of the large preexisting antigenic load and immunosuppressive environment within a tumor, inducing therapeutically useful antitumor immunity in cancer patients requires the development of powerful vaccination protocols. An approach gaining increasing popularity in the tumor vaccine field is to immunize cancer patients with their own DCs loaded ex vivo with tumor antigens. The underlying premise of this approach is that the efficiency and control over the vaccination process provided by ex vivo manipulation of the DCs generates an optimally potent APC and a superior method for stimulating antitumor immunity in vivo compared with the more conventional direct vaccination methods, offsetting the added cost and complexity associated with this form of customized cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1550 NW 10th Avenue Medical Campus, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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24
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Yu H, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Immunity and protection by adoptive transfer of dendritic cells transfected with hepatitis C NS3/4A mRNA. Vaccine 2007; 25:1701-11. [PMID: 17240490 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) transfected ex vivo with mRNA encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A would initiate potent HCV-specific protective immune responses in vivo. Murine DCs were transfected with NS3/4A mRNA or eGFP mRNA using either electroporation or Transmessenger Transfection Reagent and then used for adoptive transfer. Electroporation resulted in higher transfection efficiency but lower levels of eGFP and NS3/4A expression when compared to transfection with Transmessenger. The murine NS3/4A mRNA-transfected DCs were functional in T cell activation in vitro. Adoptive transfer of NS3/4A mRNA-transfected DCs resulted in migration to regional lymph nodes, strong cellular immune responses and protection from challenge with vaccinia virus expressing NS3/NS4/NS5 in mice. Furthermore, although Transmessenger mediated transfection was less efficient than electroporation in terms of number of transfected cells, the DCs transfected with NS3/4A mRNA and Transmessenger expressed higher levels of protein and induced stronger immune responses and protection than DCs transfected with NS3/4A mRNA by electroporation. Since no study has explored the in vivo efficacy of mRNA-transfected DC-mediated vaccination against viral diseases, including hepatitis C, our study provided a novel vaccination strategy against hepatitis C as well as other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 5E3, Canada
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25
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Presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells genetically modified with viral and nonviral vectors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY (HAGERSTOWN, MD. : 1997) 2007. [PMID: 17063124 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211312.36363.5600002371-200611000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of dendritic cells (DCs) with recombinant vectors encoding tumor antigens may aid in developing new immunotherapeutic treatments for patients with cancer. Here, we characterized antigen presentation by human DCs genetically modified with plasmid cDNAs, RNAs, adenoviruses, or retroviruses, encoding the melanoma antigen gp100 or the tumor-testis antigen NY-ESO-1. Monocyte-derived DCs were electroporated with cDNAs or RNAs, or transduced with adenoviruses. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-derived DCs were used for retroviral transduction. Genetically modified DCs were coincubated with CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that recognized major histocompatibility complex class I- and class II-restricted epitopes from gp100 and NY-ESO-1, and specific recognition was evaluated by interferongamma secretion. Cytokine release by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was consistently higher in response to DCs modified with adenoviruses than cDNAs or RNAs, and maturation of DCs after genetic modification did not consistently alter patterns of recognition. Also, retrovirally transduced DCs encoding gp100 were well recognized by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that DCs transduced with viral vectors may be more efficient than DCs transfected with cDNAs or RNAs for the induction of tumor reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in vitro and in human vaccination trials.
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Lotem M, Zhao Y, Riley J, Hwu P, Morgan RA, Rosenberg SA, Parkhurst MR. Presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells genetically modified with viral and nonviral vectors. J Immunother 2006; 29:616-27. [PMID: 17063124 PMCID: PMC2174598 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211312.36363.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification of dendritic cells (DCs) with recombinant vectors encoding tumor antigens may aid in developing new immunotherapeutic treatments for patients with cancer. Here, we characterized antigen presentation by human DCs genetically modified with plasmid cDNAs, RNAs, adenoviruses, or retroviruses, encoding the melanoma antigen gp100 or the tumor-testis antigen NY-ESO-1. Monocyte-derived DCs were electroporated with cDNAs or RNAs, or transduced with adenoviruses. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-derived DCs were used for retroviral transduction. Genetically modified DCs were coincubated with CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that recognized major histocompatibility complex class I- and class II-restricted epitopes from gp100 and NY-ESO-1, and specific recognition was evaluated by interferongamma secretion. Cytokine release by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was consistently higher in response to DCs modified with adenoviruses than cDNAs or RNAs, and maturation of DCs after genetic modification did not consistently alter patterns of recognition. Also, retrovirally transduced DCs encoding gp100 were well recognized by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that DCs transduced with viral vectors may be more efficient than DCs transfected with cDNAs or RNAs for the induction of tumor reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in vitro and in human vaccination trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lotem
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Delamarre L, Couture R, Mellman I, Trombetta ES. Enhancing immunogenicity by limiting susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2049-55. [PMID: 16908625 PMCID: PMC2118388 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T cells recognize protein antigens as short peptides processed and displayed by antigen-presenting cells. However, the mechanism of peptide selection is incompletely understood, and, consequently, the differences in the immunogenicity of protein antigens remain largely unpredictable and difficult to manipulate. In this paper we show that the susceptibility of protein antigens to lysosomal proteolysis plays an important role in determining immunogenicity in vivo. We compared the immunogenicity of proteins with the same sequence (same T cell epitopes) and structure (same B cell epitopes) but with different susceptibilities to lysosomal proteolysis. After immunizing mice with each of the proteins adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, we measured serum IgG responses as a physiological measure of the antigen's ability to be presented on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to prime CD4+ T cells in vivo. For two unrelated model antigens (RNase and horseradish peroxidase), we found that only the less digestible forms were immunogenic, inducing far more efficient T cell priming and antibody responses. These findings suggest that stability to lysosomal proteolysis may be an important factor in determining immunogenicity, with potential implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lélia Delamarre
- Department of Cell Biology and Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Li W, Krishnadas DK, Li J, Tyrrell DLJ, Agrawal B. Induction of Primary Human T Cell Responses against Hepatitis C Virus-Derived Antigens NS3 or Core by Autologous Dendritic Cells Expressing Hepatitis C Virus Antigens: Potential for Vaccine and Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6065-75. [PMID: 16670315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.6065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cell responses have been suggested to play significant role in viral clearance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that play a major role in priming, initiating, and sustaining strong T cell responses against pathogen-derived Ags. DCs also have inherent capabilities of priming naive T cells against given Ags. Recombinant adenoviral vectors containing HCV-derived Core and NS3 genes were used to endogenously express HCV Core and NS3 proteins in human DCs. These HCV Ags expressing DCs were used to prime and stimulate autologous T cells obtained from uninfected healthy donors. The DCs expressing HCV Core or NS3 Ags were able to stimulate T cells to produce various cytokines and proliferate in HCV Ag-dependent manner. Evidence of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses against HCV Core and NS3 generated in vitro were obtained by flow cytometry and Ab blocking experiments. Further, in secondary assays, the T cells primed in vitro exhibited HCV Ag-specific proliferative responses against recombinant protein Ags and also against immunodominant permissive peptide epitopes from HCV Ags. In summary, we demonstrate that the dendritic cells expressing HCV Ags are able to prime the Ag-specific T cells from uninfected healthy individuals in vitro. These studies have implications in designing cellular vaccines, T cell adoptive transfer therapy or vaccine candidates for HCV infection in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 720 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Benke D, Krüger T, Lang A, Hamilton-Williams EE, Kurts C. Inclusion of Brefeldin A during dendritic cell isolation allows in vitro detection of cross-presented self-antigens. J Immunol Methods 2006; 310:12-9. [PMID: 16510151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cross-presentation enables dendritic cells (DC) to induce immunity against intracellular pathogens and to tolerize autoreactive CD8 T cells. The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) responsible for cross-presentation of self-antigens have been identified as CD8alpha(+) CD11c(+) DC. Isolation of these cells has been notoriously difficult, and the resulting responses of T cell hybridomas were too low to permit further studies. Here, we demonstrate that inclusion of Brefeldin A (BfA), an agent reported to block MHC class I-peptide complex turnover on the cell surface, during DC isolation from transgenic RIP-mOVA mice facilitated activation and proliferation of naïve OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro. CD8alpha(+) DC were more efficient than CD8alpha(-) CD11c(+). BfA also reversibly preserved expression of costimulatory molecules by DC, as evidenced by their expression of costimulatory markers and by an increased stimulatory capacity of DC matured in vivo by LPS. We conclude that the use of BfA notably improves sensitivity of detection of cross-presented self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Benke
- Department of Cardiology, University clinic of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany.
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30
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Saito K, Hirokawa M, Inaba K, Fukaya H, Kawabata Y, Komatsuda A, Yamashita J, Sawada K. Phagocytosis of codeveloping megakaryocytic progenitors by dendritic cells in culture with thrombopoietin and tumor necrosis factor-α and its possible role in hemophagocytic syndrome. Blood 2006; 107:1366-74. [PMID: 16234354 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and thrombopoietin (TPO) have been shown to induce the differentiation and proliferation of CD34+ cells toward dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of multiacting cytokines. We hypothesized that the costimulation of TPO and TNF-α generates megakaryocytic progenitors and DCs together from human CD34+ cells and that the interaction of these cells may indicate a physiologic and/or a pathologic role of DCs in megakaryopoiesis. When highly purified human CD34+ cells were cultured for 7 days with TPO alone, the generated cells expressed megakaryocytic markers, such as CD41, CD42b, and CD61. The addition of TNF-α with TPO remarkably decreased the number of megakaryocytic progenitor cells without affecting the cell yield. Almost half of the cells thus generated expressed CD11c, and most of them were positive for CD4 and CD123. Furthermore, CD11c+ cells were found to capture damaged CD61+ cells and to induce autologous T-cell proliferation, although the cytokine productions were low. We also confirmed an engulfment of CD61+ cells and their fragment by CD11c+ cells in bone marrow cells from patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. These findings suggest that DCs generated under megakaryocytic and inflammatory stimuli are involved in megakaryopoiesis and the subsequent immune responses to self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunie Saito
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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31
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Shen H, Ackerman AL, Cody V, Giodini A, Hinson ER, Cresswell P, Edelson RL, Saltzman WM, Hanlon DJ. Enhanced and prolonged cross-presentation following endosomal escape of exogenous antigens encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles. Immunology 2006; 117:78-88. [PMID: 16423043 PMCID: PMC1782199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell responses are critical in the immunological control of tumours and infectious diseases. To prime CD8(+) T cells against these cell-associated antigens, exogenous antigens must be cross-presented by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). While cross-presentation of soluble antigens by dendritic cells is detectable in vivo, the efficiency is low, limiting the clinical utility of protein-based vaccinations. To enhance the efficiency of presentation, we generated nanoparticles from a biodegradable polymer, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), to deliver antigen into the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway. In primary mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), the MHC class I presentation of PLGA-encapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated T cell interleukin-2 secretion at 1000-fold lower concentration than soluble antigen and 10-fold lower than antigen-coated latex beads. The microparticles also served as an intracellular antigen reservoir, leading to sustained MHC class I presentation of OVA for 72 hr, decreasing by only 20% after 96 hr, a time at which the presentation of soluble and latex bead-associated antigens was undetectable. Cytosol extraction demonstrated that antigen delivery via PLGA particles increased the amount of protein that escaped from endosomes into the cytoplasm, thereby increasing the access of exogenous antigen to the classic MHC class I loading pathway. These data indicate that the unique properties of PLGA particle-mediated antigen delivery dramatically enhance and sustain exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I, potentially facilitating the clinical use of these particles in vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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Luzardo-Alvarez A, Blarer N, Peter K, Romero JF, Reymond C, Corradin G, Gander B. Biodegradable microspheres alone do not stimulate murine macrophages in vitro, but prolong antigen presentation by macrophages in vitro and stimulate a solid immune response in mice. J Control Release 2005; 109:62-76. [PMID: 16269200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of various types of biodegradable microspheres (MS) (i) to activate in vitro cell line-derived macrophages (RAW 264.7, Mphi), and primary peritoneal and bone marrow-derived mouse Mphi, to prolong the release and presentation of microencapsulated synthetic malaria antigens by Mphi after uptake of antigen-loaded MS, and (ii) to stimulate an immune response in mice against a microencapsulated synthetic malaria antigen. The MS were made of various types of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or chitosan cross-linked with tripolyphosphate. PLGA, but not chitosan MS, were efficiently ingested by Mphi. Upon exposure to the various MS types, Mphi increased only the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), while the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and the expression of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the cell surface markers MHC class I and II, and CD 86 remained unaffected. In vitro release of the microencapsulated antigen from PLGA50:50 MS followed a pulsatile pattern and extended over 14 weeks. This prolonged antigen release was also mirrored in the significantly prolonged antigen presentation over more than 7 days by Mphi after uptake of antigen-loaded PLGA MS. Finally, antigen-loaded PLGA MS induced a solid immune response in mice after a single s.c.-injection, which was only slightly inferior to the antibody titers measured with the control formulation with Montanide ISA720. These results suggest that MS are well tolerated by Mphi. The prolonged antigen presentation by Mphi, as measured in vitro, along with the capacity to induce a strong immune response in animals emphasize that biodegradable MS are a very promising delivery system for both preventive and immunotherapeutic vaccines.
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Allmen EUV, Gander B, Scandella E, Schlosser E, Schmidtke G, Merkle HP, Groettrup M. Encapsulation of proteins and peptides into biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres prolongs and enhances antigen presentation by human dendritic cells. Vaccine 2005; 24:1847-57. [PMID: 16288821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has been hampered by the lack of suitable methods for antigen delivery. Here, we use biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (PLGA-MS) as carriers of peptides and proteins for antigen delivery to human monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). Compared to soluble proteins, MHC classes I and II-restricted presentation of PLGA-MS-encapsulated proteins and peptides by MoDC was markedly prolonged and proteins were presented 50-fold more efficiently on class I molecules. The vaccination of mice with DC loaded with PLGA-MS-encapsulated proteins raised strong and persisting cytotoxic T cell responses. In conclusion, antigen delivery via PLGA-MS markedly enhanced the duration of antigen presentation by human MoDC and the potency of DC-based vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Lamprecht P. Off balance: T-cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:201-10. [PMID: 15996183 PMCID: PMC1809434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that T-cells are off balance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides. Genetic risk factors may influence shaping of the TCR repertoire and regulatory control of T-cells in predisposed individuals. T-cells are found in inflammatory lesions. Vigorous Th1-type responses are seen in Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic angiitis, whereas a Th2-type response predominates in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Oligoclonality and shortened telomers indicate antigen-driven clonal expansion and replicative senescence of T-cells in ANCA-associated vasculitides. Potent CD28(-) Th1-type cells displaying an effector-memory/late differentiated, senescent phenotype are expanded in peripheral blood and are found in granulomatous lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis. Differences in proliferative peripheral blood T-cell responses to the autoantigens proteinase 3 (PR3)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO) have not consistently been detected between patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides and healthy controls in vitro. To recognize an autoantigen, break tolerance, and maintain autoimmune disease T- and B-cells require particular triggers and lymphoid structures. There is preliminary evidence of lymphoid-like structures and possible maturation of autoreactive PR3-ANCA-specific B-cells in granulomatous lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis. Alteration of the T-cell response and anomalous autoantigen-presentation in lymphoid-structures could facilitate development of autoimmune disease in ANCA-associated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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35
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Dieckmann D, Schultz ES, Ring B, Chames P, Held G, Hoogenboom HR, Schuler G. Optimizing the exogenous antigen loading of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2005; 17:621-35. [PMID: 15824067 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination, i.e. the adoptive transfer of antigen-loaded DC, is still at an early stage and requires standardization. In this study, we investigated the exogenous loading of monocyte-derived DCs with HLA class I- and II-restricted peptides, as despite widespread use, little effort has been put into its pre-clinical validation. We found that only mature DCs (m-DC) but not immature DCs (im-DC) could be sufficiently loaded with exogenous class I-restricted peptides and were by far superior in expanding CD8(+) primary (Melan-A.A2 peptide-specific) and recall [Influenza matrix peptide (IMP) A2-specific] T cell responses. Primary stimulation with peptide-loaded im-DCs even down-regulated antigen-specific T cell responses. Our results indicate that stimulation with m-DCs is superior in terms of quantity and quality compared with im-DCs, supporting their preferred use in clinical DC trials. Loading of m-DCs with high (10 microM) concentrations generated clearly more Melan-A effectors than loading with 1 or 0.1 microM without any negative effect on the quality (affinity) of the resulting T cells. In contrast to the findings with the Melan-A peptide loading with 10 microM IMP was counter-productive, induced apoptosis and yielded fewer specific T cells of inferior affinity as compared with loading with 1 or 0.1 microM. In sharp contrast to the situation for HLA class I, much higher levels and longer half-lives of peptide-HLA class II complexes were obtainable upon loading of im-DCs with exogenous peptide, but m-DCs were functionally preferable to induce T(h)1 responses in vitro. Another surprising finding was that, while presentation to T cells upon simultaneous loading of several peptides with highly varying affinities and competing for the same class I or II molecule was possible, in priming experiments peptide competition clearly inhibited T cell induction. Although peptides will obviously vary in their individual properties, our study clearly points to some important principles that should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Dieckmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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36
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Huang XL, Fan Z, Colleton BA, Buchli R, Li H, Hildebrand WH, Rinaldo CR. Processing and presentation of exogenous HLA class I peptides by dendritic cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons. J Virol 2005; 79:3052-62. [PMID: 15709025 PMCID: PMC548465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3052-3062.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with viral peptides are a potential form of immunotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We show that DCs derived from blood monocytes of subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection on combination antiretroviral drug therapy have increases in expression of HLA, T-cell coreceptor, and T-cell activation molecules in response to the DC maturation factor CD40L comparable to those from uninfected persons. Mature DCs (mDCs) loaded with HLA A*0201-restricted viral peptides of the optimal length (9-mer) were more efficient at activating antiviral CD8(+) T cells than were immature DCs or peptide alone. Optimal presentation of these exogenous peptides required uptake and vesicular trafficking and was comparable in DCs derived from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons. Furthermore, DCs from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons had similar capacities to process viral peptides with C-terminal and N-terminal extensions through their proteasomal and cytosolic pathways, respectively. We conclude that DCs derived from HIV-1-infected persons have similar abilities to process exogenous peptides for presentation to CD8(+) T cells as those from uninfected persons. This conclusion supports the use of DCs loaded with synthetic peptides in immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Huang
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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37
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Frankenburg S, Elias O, Gelbart Y, Drize O, Lotem M, Ingber A, Peretz T, Pitcovski J. Recombinant hydrophilic human gp100: uptake by dendritic cells and stimulation of autologous CD8+ lymphocytes from melanoma patients. Immunol Lett 2005; 94:253-9. [PMID: 15275974 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Native gp100, a glycoprotein highly expressed in the majority of melanomas, contains several immunogenic peptides that are recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) from melanoma patients to take up gp100 protein and stimulate specific autologous CTL. The gp100 used in this study was a recombinant molecule with diminished hydrophobicity, HR-gp100, produced in Escherichia coli bacteria and in Pichia pastoris yeast. Stimulation of CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with HR-gp100-loaded DC was visualized by confocal microscopy using stained target cells, and was quantitatively measured by the production of IFN-gamma using an ELISPOT assay. The results showed that HR-gp100 protein, produced either in bacteria or in yeast, when loaded on DC from melanoma patients, stimulated autologous CD8+ lymphocytes. By direct visualization, these lymphocytes were found in close contact with dead melanoma cells, and to contain membrane material transferred from stained melanoma cells; in cultures containing control lymphocytes stimulated with unloaded DC, no melanoma cell killing was observed. In ELISPOT assays, increased number of IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients, but not from healthy controls, were measured upon stimulation with HR-gp100-loaded DC. HR-gp100 could represent a useful tool to load DC with multiple immunogenic epitopes/antigen-derived epitopes for the immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Frankenburg
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Organization, P.O. Box 12 000, Jerusalem 91 120, Israel.
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38
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Crittenden MR, Thanarajasingam U, Vile RG, Gough MJ. Intratumoral immunotherapy: using the tumour against itself. Immunology 2005; 114:11-22. [PMID: 15606790 PMCID: PMC1782057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Diverse immunotherapy approaches have achieved success in controlling individual aspects of immune responses in animal models. Transfer of such immunotherapies to clinical trials has obtained some success in patients, with clinical responses observed or effective antigen specific immune responses achieved, but has had limited impact on patient survival. Key elements required to generate de novo cell-mediated antitumour immune responses in vivo include recruitment of antigen-presenting cells to the tumour site, loading these cells with antigen, and their migration and maturation to full antigen-presenting function. In addition, it is essential for antigen-specific T cells to locate the tumour to mediate cytotoxicity, emphasizing the need for local inflammation to target effector cell recruitment. We review those therapies that involve the tumour site as a target and source of antigen for the initiation of immune responses, and discuss strategies to generate and co-ordinate an optimal cell-mediated immune response to control tumours locally.
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Hüttner KG, Breuer SK, Paul P, Majdic O, Heitger A, Felzmann T. Generation of potent anti-tumor immunity in mice by interleukin-12-secreting dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:67-77. [PMID: 15693141 PMCID: PMC11034180 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To induce cytolytic immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) need to release bioactive interleukin-12 (IL-12) p70 heterodimeric molecules. To study the role of IL-12 for the generation of an anti-tumor immune response, we generated two classes of DCs. (1) DCs were initiated to secrete IL-12 by exposure to LPS/IFN-gamma for 2 h resulting, as demonstrated in vitro, in continued IL-12 release for another 24 h (termed active DCs). (2) DCs were exposed to LPS/IFN-gamma for 24 h and injected into mice at a time point when IL-12 production had ceased (termed exhausted DCs). These two classes of DCs were probed for their capacity to induce a cytolytic anti-tumor immune response in vivo in a syngeneic mouse tumor model. The mouse tumor cell line K-Balb was engineered to express neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) as a model tumor antigen. DCs were charged with various NPT-derived antigens, including recombinant NPT protein, whole tumor cell lysate and NPT-derived synthetic peptides, and the induction of in vivo anti-tumor immunity was determined by measuring tumor growth. Only the injection of active DCs, i.e., cells that maintained the capacity to secrete IL-12, but not exhausted DCs that had lost the ability to produce IL-12, resulted in a measurable deceleration of growth of K-Balb-NPT tumors. This anti-tumor immune response was most pronounced when using recombinant protein as an antigen source, which was evident in a prophylactic as well as in a therapeutic setting. The absence of a response to parental K-Balb tumors confirmed the antigen specificity of the anti-tumor immune response. Together these data provide evidence for the unique capacity of actively IL-12 secreting DCs to trigger effective anti-tumor immunity using exogenous tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gabriele Hüttner
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Konstanze Breuer
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Paul
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Majdic
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Heitger
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Felzmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Lisziewicz J, Trocio J, Whitman L, Varga G, Xu J, Bakare N, Erbacher P, Fox C, Woodward R, Markham P, Arya S, Behr JP, Lori F. DermaVir: A Novel Topical Vaccine for HIV/AIDS. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:160-9. [PMID: 15654970 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines have the potential to improve antiretroviral drug treatment by inducing cytotoxic killing of HIV-infected cells. Prophylactic vaccines utilize new antigens to initiate immunity; however, in HIV-infected individuals the load of viral antigen is not the limiting factor for the restoration of immune responses. Here we describe a novel immunization strategy with DermaVir that improves viral antigen presentation using dendritic cells (DC). DermaVir contains a distinctive plasmid DNA expressing all HIV proteins except integrase to induce immune responses with broad specificity. The DNA is formulated to a mannosilated particle to target antigen-presenting cells and to protect the DNA from intracellular degradation. After topical application, DermaVir-transduced cells migrate from the skin to the draining lymph node and interdigitate as DermaVir-expressing, antigen-presenting DC. We compared the immunogenicity of topical and ex vivo DC-based DermaVir vaccinations in naive rhesus macaques. Both vaccinations induced simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4 helper and CD8 memory T cells detected by an in vivo skin test and an in vitro intracellular cytokine-based assay. Topical DermaVir vaccination represents an improvement upon existing ex vivo DC-based immunization technologies and may provide a new therapeutic option for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Lisziewicz
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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41
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Wilson NS, Villadangos JA. Regulation of Antigen Presentation and Cross-Presentation in the Dendritic Cell Network: Facts, Hypothesis, and Immunological Implications. Adv Immunol 2005; 86:241-305. [PMID: 15705424 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)86007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the maintenance of immunological tolerance and the initiation and control of immunity. The antigen-presenting properties of DCs enable them to present a sample of self and foreign proteins, contained within an organism at any given time, to the T-cell repertoire. DCs achieve this communication with T cells by displaying antigenic peptides bound to MHC I and MHC II molecules. Here we review the studies carried out over the past 15 years to characterize these antigen presentation mechanisms, emphasizing their significance in relation to DC function in vivo. The life cycles of different DC populations found in vivo are described. Furthermore, we provide a critical assessment of the studies that examine the mechanisms controlling DC MHC class II antigen presentation, which have often reached contradictory conclusions. Finally, we review findings pertaining to the biological mechanisms that enable DCs to present exogenous antigens on their MHC class I molecules, a process known as cross-presentation. Throughout, we highlight what we consider to be major knowledge gaps in the field and speculate on possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Immunology Division and The Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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42
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Fassnacht U, Ackermann A, Staeheli P, Hausmann J. Immunization with dendritic cells can break immunological ignorance toward a persisting virus in the central nervous system and induce partial protection against intracerebral viral challenge. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2379-2387. [PMID: 15269380 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have been used successfully to induce CD8 T cells that control virus infections and growth of tumours. The efficacy of DC-mediated immunization for the control of neurotropic Borna disease virus (BDV) in mice was evaluated. Certain strains of mice only rarely develop spontaneous neurological disease, despite massive BDV replication in the brain. Resistance to disease is due to immunological ignorance toward BDV antigen in the central nervous system. Ignorance in mice can be broken by immunization with DCs coated with TELEISSI, a peptide derived from the N protein of BDV, which represents the immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in H-2(k) mice. Immunization with TELEISSI-coated DCs further induced solid protective immunity against intravenous challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing BDV-N. Interestingly, however, this immunization scheme induced only moderate protection against intracerebral challenge with BDV, suggesting that immune memory raised against a shared antigen may be sufficient to control a peripherally replicating virus, but not a highly neurotropic virus that is able to avoid activation of T cells. This difference might be due to the lack of BDV-specific CD4 T cells and/or inefficient reactivation of DC-primed, BDV-specific CD8 T cells by the locally restricted BDV infection. Thus, a successful vaccine against persistent viruses with strong neurotropism should probably induce antiviral CD8 (as well as CD4) T-cell responses and should favour the accumulation of virus-specific memory T cells in cervical lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fassnacht
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ackermann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hausmann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Fukaya H, Xiao W, Inaba K, Suzuki Y, Hirokawa M, Kawabata Y, Komatsuda A, Endo T, Kishimoto H, Takada G, Sawada K. Codevelopment of dendritic cells along with erythroid differentiation from human CD34+ cells by tumor necrosis factor-α. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:450-60. [PMID: 15145213 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibits erythropoiesis and enhances nonerythroid colony formation. The present study examines the nature of these nonerythroid cells and investigates their physiologic role in relation to erythroid progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Highly purified human CD34(+) cells underwent erythroid differentiation in the presence of multiple cytokines, including stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (EPO), with and without TNF-alpha. We enumerate colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and glycophorin A (GPA; a specific marker for erythroid lineage) positive cells in semisolid phase as well as in liquid suspension culture. The character and roles of codeveloping nonerythroid cells in the presence of TNF-alpha were analyzed using fluorescent activating cell sorter, enzyme immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS TNF-alpha inhibited the generation of GPA(+) cells and conversely enhanced the generation of GPA(-) cells. The GPA(-) cells were comprised of cells with excentric cell shape and were positive for HLA class I, HLA class II, CD1a, CD4, CD11c, CD14, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, but not for CD3, CD8, CD19, CD20, and CD56, indicating the codevelopment of dendritic cells (DC) along with erythroid differentiation. Developing DC/DC precursors were detected within 3 days of culture. Only in the presence of TNF-alpha did CD34(+) cells proliferate by forming aggregates where both GPA(+) and CD11c(+) DC/DC precursors were present. During culture period, immature CD11c(+) DC were capable of endocytosing damaged GPA(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS GPA(-) cells cogenerated from human CD34(+) cells during erythroid differentiation in the presence of IL-3/SCF/EPO and TNF-alpha express DC phenotypes. The CD11c(+) DC subset physically and selectively associates with developing immature erythroid cells and damaged self-GPA(+) cells and then obtains and captures self-substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukaya
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Scandella E, Uetz-Von Allmen E, Ludewig B, Gillessen S, Merkle HP, Gander B, Groettrup M. Phenotype and functional analysis of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells loaded with biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for immunotherapy. J Immunol Methods 2004; 287:109-24. [PMID: 15099760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly explored as cellular vaccines for tumor immunotherapy. In most reported DC-based cancer vaccine trials, DC have been pulsed with soluble tumor antigen-derived peptide ligands of MHC molecules. Considering that the half-life of peptide/MHC complexes on the cell surface is relatively short and that soluble exogenous protein antigens cannot be efficiently processed via the MHC class I-processing pathway, the current vaccination procedure is not optimal for the induction of strong T cell responses aiming at tumor rejection. Recently, we have shown that antigen presentation can be prolonged when synthetic peptides were encapsulated in biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) for uptake by DC. In the present study, we investigated the phenotypic and functional consequences of MS uptake by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) in vitro. We found that immature MoDC that were prepared in serum free media suitable for clinical application were able to phagocytose high numbers of MS, while matured MoDC showed a reduced capacity for phagocytosis of MS. The ingestion of MS did not change the cell surface expression of CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR of immature and mature DC, suggesting that MS uptake did not induce DC maturation but that maturation by cytokines or LPS was unaltered in the presence of MS. Furthermore, MS-loaded mature MoDC expressed normal levels of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and migrated as efficiently towards CCL19 or CCL21 as unloaded MoDC. DC viability and the secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-12 was not significantly changed by MS loading. Taken together, our data indicate that PLGA-MS loading has no negative effects on the pivotal properties of MoDC in vitro. It should therefore be feasible to further develop this antigen loading strategy for clinical use in immunotherapy against viral infections and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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45
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Albo F, Cavazza A, Giardina B, Marini M, Roda LG, Schumacher R, Spagnoli GC. Degradation of the tumor antigen epitope gp100280–288 by fibroblast-associated enzymes abolishes specific immunorecognition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1671:59-69. [PMID: 15026146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the tumor antigen epitope gp100(280-288) (YLEPGPVTA) was investigated in the presence of cultured human fibroblasts, and acellular supernatants obtained from these cells; the possible effect of substrate degradation on in vitro immunorecognition was also addressed. In the presence of fibroblasts, gp100(280-288) was degraded to free amino acids with a half-life of less than 4 min; hydrolysis data support the hypothesis that substrate degradation was mainly caused by the activity of cell-expressed amino- and carboxypeptidases. Gp100(280-288) was also degraded in the presence of acellular supernatants: under these conditions, the hydrolysis pattern was similar to that observed in the presence of whole cells, but degradation kinetics was slower. As a result of these phenomena, immunorecognition of gp100(280-288)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones was severely hampered, and was totally suppressed after 90 min. In conclusion, the high activity of fibroblast-expressed proteases, and the presence of wide-scope soluble enzymes, may explain, at least in part, the low activity of peptide-based antineoplastic vaccines, as well as the transient effectiveness of subcutaneously administered peptides in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Albo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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46
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Adamina M, Bolli M, Albo F, Cavazza A, Zajac P, Padovan E, Schumacher R, Reschner A, Feder C, Marti WR, Oertli D, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC. Encapsulation into sterically stabilised liposomes enhances the immunogenicity of melanoma-associated Melan-A/MART-1 epitopes. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:263-9. [PMID: 14710238 PMCID: PMC2395333 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated antigens (TAA)-specific vaccination requires highly immunogenic reagents capable of inducing cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Soluble peptides are currently used in clinical applications despite an acknowledged poor immunogenicity. Encapsulation into liposomes has been suggested to improve the immunogenicity of discrete antigen formulations. We comparatively evaluated the capacity of HLA-A2.1 restricted Melan-A/MART-1 epitopes in soluble form (S) or following inclusion into sterically stabilised liposomes (SSL) to be recognised by specific CTL, to stimulate their proliferation and to induce them in healthy donors' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as in melanoma-derived tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). HLA-A2.1+, Melan-A/MART-1-NA-8 melanoma cells served as targets of specific CTL in 51Cr release assays upon pulsing by untreated or human plasma-treated soluble or SSL-encapsulated Melan-A/MART-1 27–35 (M27–35) or 26–35 (M26–35) epitopes. These reagents were also used to stimulate CTL proliferation, measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation, in the presence of immature dendritic cells (iDC), as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Induction of specific CTL upon stimulation with soluble or SSL-encapsulated peptides was attempted in healthy donors' PBMC or melanoma-derived TIL, and monitored by 51Cr release assays and tetramer staining. Na-8 cells pulsing with SSL M27–35 resulted in a five-fold more effective killing by specific CTL as compared with equal amounts of S M27–35. Encapsulation into SSL also provided a partial (50%) protection of M27–35 from plasma hydrolysis. No specific advantages regarding M26–35 were detectable in these assays. However, at low epitope concentrations (⩽100 ng ml−1), SSL M26–35 was significantly more effective in inducing CTL proliferation than S M26–35, in the presence of iDC, as APC. Preincubation with iDC for 6 h virtually abolished the capacity of S M26–35 to stimulate specific CTL proliferation, but only partially affected that of SSL M26–35. Most importantly, SSL M26–35 was able to enhance the induction of specific CTL in healthy donors PBMC and in melanoma-derived TIL as compared to S M26–35. Taken together, our data indicate that encapsulation of TAA epitopes into SSL results in effective immunogenic formulations suitable for clinical use in active specific tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adamina
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, University of Basel, ZLF, Lab. 401, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
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47
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Shankar G, Pestano LA, Bosch ML. Interferon-gamma Added During Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Induced Dendritic Cell Maturation Stimulates Potent Th1 Immune Responses. J Transl Med 2003; 1:7. [PMID: 14580262 PMCID: PMC239912 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly prepared in vitro for use in immunotherapy trials. Mature DC express high levels of surface molecules needed for T cell activation and are superior at antigen-presentation than immature DC. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of several products known to induce DC maturation, and interferon (IFN)-gamma has been shown to enhance the activity of DC stimulated with certain maturation factors. In this study, we investigated the use of IFN-gamma in combination with the powerful maturation agent, BCG. The treatment of immature DC with IFN-gamma plus BCG led to the upregulation of CD54, CD80, and CD86 in comparison with BCG treatment alone. In MLR or recall immune responses, the addition of IFN-gamma at the time of BCG-treatment did not increase the number of antigen-specific T cells but enhanced the development of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. In primary immune responses, on the other hand, BCG and IFN-gamma co-treated DC stimulated higher proportions of specific T cells as well as IFN-gamma secretion by these T cells. Thus the use of IFN-gamma during BCG-induced DC maturation differentially affects the nature of recall versus naïve antigen-specific T-cell responses. IFN-gamma co-treatment with BCG was found to induce IL-12 and, in some instances, inhibit IL-10 secretion by DC. These findings greatly enhance the potential of BCG-matured dendritic cells for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Shankar
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Linda A Pestano
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Marnix L Bosch
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
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48
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Wiethe C, Dittmar K, Doan T, Lindenmaier W, Tindle R. Enhanced Effector and Memory CTL Responses Generated by Incorporation of Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK)/RANK Ligand Costimulatory Molecules into Dendritic Cell Immunogens Expressing a Human Tumor-Specific Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:4121-30. [PMID: 14530334 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of dendritic cell (DC) presentation of Ag to T cells via the TCR/MHC synapse is determined by second signaling through CD80/86 and, importantly, by ligation of costimulatory ligands and receptors located at the DC and T cell surfaces. Downstream signaling triggered by costimulatory molecule ligation results in reciprocal DC and T cell activation and survival, which predisposes to enhanced T cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we used adenoviral vectors to express a model tumor Ag (the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16) with or without coexpression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) or CD40/CD40L costimulatory molecules, and used these transgenic DCs to immunize mice for the generation of E7-directed CD8(+) T cell responses. We show that coexpression of RANK/RANKL, but not CD40/CD40L, in E7-expressing DCs augmented E7-specific IFN-gamma-secreting effector and memory T cells and E7-specific CTLs. These responses were also augmented by coexpression of T cell costimulatory molecules (RANKL and CD40L) or DC costimulatory molecules (RANK and CD40) in the E7-expressing DC immunogens. Augmentation of CTL responses correlated with up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression in DCs transduced with costimulatory molecules, suggesting a mechanism for enhanced T cell activation/survival. These results have generic implications for improved tumor Ag-expressing DC vaccines, and specific implications for a DC-based vaccine approach for human papillomavirus 16-associated cervical carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- Osteoprotegerin
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Plasmids
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wiethe
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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Mehling A, Beissert S. Dendritic cells under investigation in autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 38:1-21. [PMID: 12641341 DOI: 10.1080/713609208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders play an increasing role in public health, especially in light of the fact of the growing aged population, which primarily develop such diseases. A clear understanding of the mechanisms leading to the development of autoimmune responses and finally to autoimmune disease does not exist. Autoimmunity is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells and the corresponding organ manifestation. Following the discovery of autoreactive T cells found in the periphery of mice and humans, the old immunological concept that autoreactive T cells are completely deleted in the thymus during evolution has been revised in recent years. Although antigen-presenting cells and particularly dendritic cells are known to play an important role in the regulation of immune responses and the activation of T cells, recent evidence suggests that the role of dendritic cells in the development of autoimmunity has been underestimated previously. This article aims to give a general overview on the basic immunological principles involved and gives a short review of the current literature on the functional relevance of dendritic cells in various human and murine autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mehling
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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50
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Thiel V, Karl N, Schelle B, Disterer P, Klagge I, Siddell SG. Multigene RNA vector based on coronavirus transcription. J Virol 2003; 77:9790-8. [PMID: 12941887 PMCID: PMC224574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9790-9798.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2003] [Accepted: 06/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus genomes are the largest known autonomously replicating RNAs with a size of ca. 30 kb. They are of positive polarity and are translated to produce the viral proteins needed for the assembly of an active replicase-transcriptase complex. In addition to replicating the genomic RNA, a key feature of this complex is a unique transcription process that results in the synthesis of a nested set of six to eight subgenomic mRNAs. These subgenomic mRNAs are produced in constant but nonequimolar amounts and, in general, each is translated to produce a single protein. To take advantage of these features, we have developed a multigene expression vector based on human coronavirus 229E. We have constructed a prototype RNA vector containing the 5' and 3' ends of the human coronavirus genome, the entire human coronavirus replicase gene, and three reporter genes (i.e., the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [CAT] gene, the firefly luciferase [LUC] gene, and the green fluorescent protein [GFP] gene). Each reporter gene is located downstream of a human coronavirus transcription-associated sequence, which is required for the synthesis of individual subgenomic mRNAs. The transfection of vector RNA and human coronavirus nucleocapsid protein mRNA into BHK-21 cells resulted in the expression of the CAT, LUC, and GFP reporter proteins. Sequence analysis confirmed the synthesis of coronavirus-specific mRNAs encoding CAT, LUC, and GFP. In addition, we have shown that human coronavirus-based vector RNA can be packaged into virus-like particles that, in turn, can be used to transduce immature and mature human dendritic cells. In summary, we describe a new class of eukaryotic, multigene expression vectors that are based on the human coronavirus 229E and have the ability to transduce human dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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