1
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Rump A, Ratas K, Lepasepp TK, Suurväli J, Smolander OP, Gross-Paju K, Toomsoo T, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. Sex-dependent expression levels of VAV1 and P2X7 in PBMC of multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13283. [PMID: 38441379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults. It decreases the patient's lifespan by about 10 years and affects women more than men. No medication entirely restricts or reverses neurological degradation. However, early diagnosis and treatment increase the possibility of a better outcome. To identify new MS biomarkers, we tested the expression of six potential markers (P2X4, P2X7, CXCR4, RGS1, RGS16 and VAV1) using qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients treated with interferon β (IFNβ), with glatiramer acetate (GA) or untreated. We showed that P2X7 and VAV1 are significantly induced in MS patients. In contrast, the expression of P2X4, CXCR4, RGS1 and RGS16 was not significantly modified by MS in PBMC. P2X7 and VAV1 are essentially induced in female patients, suggesting these markers are connected to sex-specific mechanisms. Strikingly, VAV1 expression is higher in healthy women than healthy men and IFNβ treatment of MS reduced VAV1 expression in female MS patients while it up-regulated VAV1 in male MS patients. Our data point to the differential, sex-dependent value of MS markers and treatment effects. Although rgs16 expression in PBMC was not a valid MS marker in patients, the strong upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 induced in the spinal cord of WT mice by EAE was abrogated in rgs16KO mice suggesting that rgs16 is required for P2X4 and P2X7 induction by neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Synlab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Katarina Lepasepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Gross-Paju
- Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
- Confido Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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2
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder. The regulator of the G-protein signaling (RGS) is involved in the pathogenesis of several immune system disorders. RGS16, a member of the RGS protein superfamily, has been shown to play critical roles in several immune system-related diseases. However, the roles of RGS16 in ulcerative colitis remain to be elucidated. METHODS We analyzed the expression of RGS16 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We performed Spearman's correlation to analyze the correlation between RGS16 expression and the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS), Mayo index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and IL-17A levels. Further, PBMCs were stimulated with inflammatory cytokines in vitro . RESULTS RGS16 expression significantly increased in the colonic mucosa and PBMCs from patients with ulcerative colitis and significantly correlated with the Mayo index, UCEIS, ESR and serum TNF-α and IL-17A levels. TNF-α upregulated RGS16 expression in PBMCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner via the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) signaling pathway. Moreover, anti-TNF treatment with infliximab significantly decreased RGS16 expression in PBMCs and intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS16 expression in ulcerative colitis is positively correlated with disease activity. Thus, RGS16 might serve as a potential therapeutic marker for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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3
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Tian M, Ma Y, Li T, Wu N, Li J, Jia H, Yan M, Wang W, Bian H, Tan X, Qi J. Functions of regulators of G protein signaling 16 in immunity, inflammation, and other diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:962321. [PMID: 36120550 PMCID: PMC9478547 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.962321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) act as guanosine triphosphatase activating proteins to accelerate guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis of the G protein α subunit, leading to the termination of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) downstream signaling pathway. RGS16, which is expressed in a number of cells and tissues, belongs to one of the small B/R4 subfamilies of RGS proteins and consists of a conserved RGS structural domain with short, disordered amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions and an α-helix that classically binds and de-activates heterotrimeric G proteins. However, with the deepening of research, it has been revealed that RGS16 protein not only regulates the classical GPCR pathway, but also affects immune, inflammatory, tumor and metabolic processes through other signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, Ras homolog family member A and stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 pathways. Additionally, the RGS16 protein may be involved in the Hepatitis B Virus -induced inflammatory response. Therefore, given the continuous expansion of knowledge regarding its role and mechanism, the structure, characteristics, regulatory mechanisms and known functions of the small RGS proteinRGS16 are reviewed in this paper to prepare for diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of different diseases such as inflammation, tumor, and metabolic disorders and to better study its function in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Nijin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Meizhu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianni Qi, ; Xu Tan,
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianni Qi, ; Xu Tan,
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4
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Radtke D, Thuma N, Schülein C, Kirchner P, Ekici AB, Schober K, Voehringer D. Th2 single-cell heterogeneity and clonal distribution at distant sites in helminth-infected mice. eLife 2022; 11:74183. [PMID: 35950748 PMCID: PMC9391044 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Th2 cells provide effector functions in type 2 immune responses to helminths and allergens. Despite knowledge about molecular mechanisms of Th2 cell differentiation, there is little information on Th2 cell heterogeneity and clonal distribution between organs. To address this, we performed combined single-cell transcriptome and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotype analysis on murine Th2 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and lung after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) as a human hookworm infection model. We find organ-specific expression profiles, but also populations with conserved migration or effector/resident memory signatures that unexpectedly cluster with potentially regulatory Il10posFoxp3neg cells. A substantial MLN subpopulation with an interferon response signature suggests a role for interferon signaling in Th2 differentiation or diversification. Further RNA-inferred developmental directions indicate proliferation as a hub for differentiation decisions. Although the TCR repertoire is highly heterogeneous, we identified expanded clones and CDR3 motifs. Clonal relatedness between distant organs confirmed effective exchange of Th2 effector cells, although locally expanded clones dominated the response. We further cloned an Nb-specific TCR from an expanded clone in the lung effector cluster and describe surface markers that distinguish transcriptionally defined clusters. These results provide insights in Th2 cell subset diversity and clonal relatedness in distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Thuma
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schülein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Correia CN, McHugo GP, Browne JA, McLoughlin KE, Nalpas NC, Magee DA, Whelan AO, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Gormley E, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. High-resolution transcriptomics of bovine purified protein derivative-stimulated peripheral blood from cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis across an experimental time course. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 136:102235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Weisshaar N, Wu J, Ming Y, Madi A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Ma S, Mieg A, Hering M, Zettl F, Mohr K, Schlimbach T, Ten Bosch N, Hertel F, Müller L, Byren H, Wang M, Borgers H, Munz M, Schmitt L, van der Hoeven F, Kloz U, Carretero R, Schleußner N, Jackstadt RF, Hofmann I, Cui G. Rgs16 promotes antitumor CD8 + T cell exhaustion. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabh1873. [PMID: 35622904 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells become functionally exhausted in tumors, limiting T cell-based immunotherapies. Although several transcription factors regulating the exhausted T (Tex) cell differentiation are known, comparatively little is known about the regulators of Tex cell survival. Here, we reported that the regulator of G protein signaling 16 (Rgs-16) suppressed Tex cell survival in tumors. By performing lineage tracing using reporter mice in which mCherry marked Rgs16-expressing cells, we identified that Rgs16+CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were terminally differentiated, expressed low levels of T cell factor 1 (Tcf1), and underwent apoptosis as early as 6 days after the onset of Rgs16 expression. Rgs16 deficiency inhibited CD8+ T cell apoptosis and promoted antitumor effector functions of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, Rgs16 deficiency synergized with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade to enhance antitumor CD8+ T cell responses. Proteomics revealed that Rgs16 interacted with the scaffold protein IQGAP1, suppressed the recruitment of Ras and B-Raf, and inhibited Erk1 activation. Rgs16 deficiency enhanced antitumor CD8+ TIL survival in an Erk1-dependent manner. Loss of function of Erk1 decreased antitumor functions of Rgs16-deficient CD8+ T cells. RGS16 mRNA expression levels in CD8+ TILs of patients with melanoma negatively correlated with genes associated with T cell stemness, such as SELL, TCF7, and IL7R, and predicted low responses to PD-1 blockade. This study uncovers Rgs16 as an inhibitor of Tex cell survival in tumors and has implications for improving T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weisshaar
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jingxia Wu
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yanan Ming
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alaa Madi
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sicong Ma
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessa Mieg
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Hering
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Zettl
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mohr
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilo Schlimbach
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Ten Bosch
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Hertel
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisann Müller
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Byren
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Wang
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Borgers
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mareike Munz
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schmitt
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franciscus van der Hoeven
- Transgenic Service (W450), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kloz
- Transgenic Service (W450), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rafael Carretero
- DKFZ-Bayer Immunotherapeutic Lab, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schleußner
- Cancer Progression and Metastasis (A013), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rene-Filip Jackstadt
- Cancer Progression and Metastasis (A013), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis (A190), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Core Facility Antibodies (W170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoliang Cui
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Lee SH, Lim KS, Hong KC, Kim JM. Genetic association of polymorphisms in porcine RGS16 with porcine circovirus viral load in naturally infected Yorkshire pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1223-1231. [PMID: 34957439 PMCID: PMC8672253 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 16 (RGS16) is known to be
associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2 associated disease
(PCVAD) is a serious problem in the swine industry. The representative symptoms
of PCVAD are high viral titer proliferation and decreased average daily gain. In
this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the
RGS16 region, including the upstream region. Of the 22
identified SNPs, rs332913874, rs326071195, and rs318298586 were genotyped in 142
Yorkshire pigs. These SNPs were significantly associated with the PCV2 viral
load. Moreover, the haplotype combination was also related to the PCV2 viral
load. The haplotype and diplotype analysis also had a significant difference
with the PCV2 viral load. Taken together, our results suggest that
RGS16 SNPs considerably affect the PCV2 viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ki-Chang Hong
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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8
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Dong Q, Dunkelberger J, Lim KS, Lunney JK, Tuggle CK, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM. Associations of natural variation in the CD163 and other candidate genes on host response of nursery pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6376573. [PMID: 34570877 PMCID: PMC8557627 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs with complete resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) have been produced by genetically knocking out the CD163 gene that encodes a receptor of the PRRSV for entry into macrophages. The objectives of this study were to evaluate associations of naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD163 gene and in three other candidate genes (CD169, RGS16, and TRAF1) with host response to PRRSV-only infection and to PRRS vaccination and PRRSV/porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b) coinfection. SNPs in the CD163 gene were not included on SNP genotyping panels that were used for previous genome-wide association analyses of these data. An additional objective was to identify the potential genetic interaction of variants at these four candidate genes with a mutation in the GBP5 gene that was previously identified to be associated with host response to PRRSV infection. Finally, the association of SNPs with expression level of the nearby gene was tested. Several SNPs in the CD163, CD169, and RGS16 genes were significantly associated with host response under PRRSV-only and/or PRRSV/PCV2b coinfection. The effects of all SNPs that were significant in the PRRSV-only infection trials depend on genetic background. The effects of some SNPs in the CD163, CD169, and RGS16 genes depend on genotype at the putative causative mutation in the GBP5 gene, which indicates a potential biological interaction of these genes with GBP5. In addition, genome-wide association results for the PRRSV-only infection trials revealed that SNPs located in the CDK5RAP2 or MEGF9 genes, near the TRAF1 gene, had suggestive effects on PRRS viral load, which indicates that these SNPs might contribute to PRRSV neuropathogenesis. In conclusion, natural genetic variants in the CD163, CD169, and RGS16 genes are associated with resistance to PRRSV and/or PCV2b infection and appear to interact with the resistance quantitative trait locus in the GBP5 gene. The identified SNPs can be used to select for increased natural resistance to PRRSV and/or PRRSV-PCV2b coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dong
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jenelle Dunkelberger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Topigs Norsvin USA, Burnsville, MN 55337, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Raymond R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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9
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Fuentes N, McCullough M, Panettieri RA, Druey KM. RGS proteins, GRKs, and beta-arrestins modulate G protein-mediated signaling pathways in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107818. [PMID: 33600853 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by chronic lung inflammation and reversible airways obstruction. Pathophysiological features of asthma include episodic and reversible airway narrowing due to increased bronchial smooth muscle shortening in response to external and host-derived mediators, excessive mucus secretion into the airway lumen, and airway remodeling. The aberrant airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype observed in asthma manifests as increased sensitivity to contractile mediators (EC50) and an increase in the magnitude of contraction (Emax); collectively these attributes have been termed "airways hyper-responsiveness" (AHR). This defining feature of asthma can be promoted by environmental factors including airborne allergens, viruses, and air pollution and other irritants. AHR reduces airway caliber and obstructs airflow, evoking clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing and shortness of breath. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a central function in asthma through their impact on ASM and airway inflammation. Many but not all treatments for asthma target GPCRs mediating ASM contraction or relaxation. Here we discuss the roles of specific GPCRs, G proteins, and their associated signaling pathways, in asthma, with an emphasis on endogenous mechanisms of GPCR regulation of ASM tone and lung inflammation including regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Morgan McCullough
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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10
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Newbrook K, Carter SD, Crosby-Durrani H, Evans NJ. Challenge of Bovine Foot Skin Fibroblasts With Digital Dermatitis Treponemes Identifies Distinct Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:538591. [PMID: 33489929 PMCID: PMC7820575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.538591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a common infectious disease of digital skin in cattle and an important cause of lameness worldwide, with limited treatment options. It is of increasing global concern for both animal welfare and food security, imposing a large economic burden on cattle farming industries each year. A polytreponemal etiology has been consistently identified, with three key phylogroups implicated globally: Treponema medium, Treponema phagedenis, and Treponema pedis. Pathogenic mechanisms which might enable targeted treatment/therapeutic development are poorly defined. This study used RNA sequencing to determine global differential mRNA expression in primary bovine foot skin fibroblasts following challenge with three representative BDD treponemes and a commensal treponeme, Treponema ruminis. A pro-inflammatory response was elicited by the BDD treponemes, mediated through IL-8/IL-17 signaling. Unexpectedly, the three BDD treponemes elicited distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis. T. phagedenis and T. pedis increased abundance of mRNA transcripts associated with apoptosis, while T. medium and T. pedis increased transcripts involved in actin rearrangement and loss of cell adhesion, likely promoting tissue invasion. The upregulation of antimicrobial peptide precursor, DEFB123, by T. phagedenis spirochaetes may present a microbial ecological advantage to all treponemes within BDD infected tissue, explaining their dominance within lesions. A commensal, T. ruminis, significantly dysregulated over three times the number of host mRNA transcripts compared to BDD treponemes, implying BDD treponemes, akin to the syphilis pathogen (Treponema pallidum), have evolved as "stealth pathogens" which avoid triggering substantial host immune/inflammatory responses to enable persistence and tissue invasion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased IL-6, IL-8, RND1, and CFB protein expression in BDD lesions, confirming in vitro fibroblast observations and highlighting the system's value in modeling BDD pathogenesis. Several unique shared gene targets were identified, particularly RGS16, GRO1, MAFF, and ZC3H12A. The three key BDD Treponema phylogroups elicited both distinct and shared pathogenic mechanisms in bovine foot skin; upregulating inflammation whilst simultaneously suppressing adaptive immunity. The novel gene targets identified here should enable future vaccine/therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Opejin A, Surnov A, Misulovin Z, Pherson M, Gross C, Iberg CA, Fallahee I, Bourque J, Dorsett D, Hawiger D. A Two-Step Process of Effector Programming Governs CD4 + T Cell Fate Determination Induced by Antigenic Activation in the Steady State. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108424. [PMID: 33238127 PMCID: PMC7714042 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various processes induce and maintain immune tolerance, but effector T cells still arise under minimal perturbations of homeostasis through unclear mechanisms. We report that, contrary to the model postulating primarily tolerogenic mechanisms initiated under homeostatic conditions, effector programming is an integral part of T cell fate determination induced by antigenic activation in the steady state. This effector programming depends on a two-step process starting with induction of effector precursors that express Hopx and are imprinted with multiple instructions for their subsequent terminal effector differentiation. Such molecular circuits advancing specific terminal effector differentiation upon re-stimulation include programmed expression of interferon-γ, whose production then promotes expression of T-bet in the precursors. We further show that effector programming coincides with regulatory conversion among T cells sharing the same antigen specificity. However, conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2) and T cell functions of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) increase effector precursor induction while decreasing the proportion of T cells that can become peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T (pTreg) cells. The mechanisms in the steady state that govern the formation of effector T cells with potentially autoimmune functions remain unclear. Opejin et al. reveal a two-step process starting with induction of effector precursors that express Hopx and are imprinted with multiple instructions for their subsequent terminal effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexey Surnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ziva Misulovin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Pherson
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Gross
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney A Iberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian Fallahee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Verstockt B, Verstockt S, Veny M, Dehairs J, Arnauts K, Van Assche G, De Hertogh G, Vermeire S, Salas A, Ferrante M. Expression Levels of 4 Genes in Colon Tissue Might Be Used to Predict Which Patients Will Enter Endoscopic Remission After Vedolizumab Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:1142-1151.e10. [PMID: 31446181 PMCID: PMC7196933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aimed to identify biomarkers that might be used to predict responses of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to vedolizumab therapy. METHODS We obtained biopsies from inflamed colon of patients with IBD who began treatment with vedolizumab (n = 31) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (n = 20) and performed RNA-sequencing analyses. We compared gene expression patterns between patients who did and did not enter endoscopic remission (absence of ulcerations at month 6 for patients with Crohn's disease or Mayo endoscopic subscore ≤1 at week 14 for patients with ulcerative colitis) and performed pathway analysis and cell deconvolution for training (n = 20) and validation (n = 11) datasets. Colon biopsies were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We validated a baseline gene expression pattern associated with endoscopic remission after vedolizumab therapy using 3 independent datasets (n = 66). RESULTS We identified significant differences in expression levels of 44 genes between patients who entered remission after vedolizumab and those who did not; we found significant increases in leukocyte migration in colon tissues from patients who did not enter remission (P < .006). Deconvolution methods identified a significant enrichment of monocytes (P = .005), M1-macrophages (P = .05), and CD4+ T cells (P = .008) in colon tissues from patients who did not enter remission, whereas colon tissues from patients in remission had higher numbers of naïve B cells before treatment (P = .05). Baseline expression levels of PIWIL1, MAATS1, RGS13, and DCHS2 identified patients who did vs did not enter remission with 80% accuracy in the training set and 100% accuracy in validation dataset 1. We validated these findings in the 3 independent datasets by microarray, RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analysis (P = .003). Expression levels of these 4 genes did not associate with response to anti-TNF agents. We confirmed the presence of proteins encoded by mRNAs using immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS We identified 4 genes whose baseline expression levels in colon tissues of patients with IBD associate with endoscopic remission after vedolizumab, but not anti-TNF, treatment. We validated this signature in 4 independent datasets and also at the protein level. Studies of these genes might provide insights into the mechanisms of action of vedolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sare Verstockt
- Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marisol Veny
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaline Arnauts
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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HMGA1-pseudogene7 transgenic mice develop B cell lymphomas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7057. [PMID: 32341372 PMCID: PMC7184748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified and characterized two pseudogenes (HMGA1P6 and HMGA1P7) of the HMGA1 gene, which has a critical role in malignant cell transformation and cancer progression. HMGA1P6 and HMGAP17 act as microRNA decoy for HMGA1 and other cancer-related genes upregulating their protein levels. We have previously shown that they are upregulated in several human carcinomas, and their expression positively correlates with a poor prognosis and an advanced cancer stage. To evaluate in vivo oncogenic activity of HMGA1 pseudogenes, we have generated a HMGA1P7 transgenic mouse line overexpressing this pseudogene. By a mean age of 12 months, about 50% of the transgenic mice developed splenomegaly and accumulation of lymphoid cells in several body compartments. For these mice FACS and immunohistochemical analyses suggested the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma that was further supported by clonality analyses and RNA expression profile of the pathological tissues of the HMGA1P7 transgenic tissues. Therefore, these results clearly demonstrate the oncogenic activity of HMGA1 pseudogenes in vivo.
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14
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Huang R, Li G, Zhao Z, Zeng F, Zhang K, Liu Y, Wang K, Hu H. RGS16 promotes glioma progression and serves as a prognostic factor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:791-803. [PMID: 32319728 PMCID: PMC7366748 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RGS protein family members have recently became new potentially promising therapeutic targets in many cancers. However, as a key member of RGS family, RGS16 has seldom been studied in glioma. The present study was designed to investigate the prognostic value and biological function of RGS16 based on large‐scale databases and functional assays in vitro. Methods Here, we performed comprehensive analysis for the expression characteristic of RGS16 in Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) microarray database with 301 patients and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) microarray and RNA sequencing database. Student's t‐test, one‐way ANOVA test and long‐rank test were used to assess differences between groups. Kaplan‐Meier survival, univariate and multivariate Cox analysis and ROC curve were used to estimate the survival distributions. Biological implication of abnormal expression of RGS16 in glioma was also explored. Functional analysis of RGS16 was performed in several glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. R language and SPSS were used for statistical analysis and graphical work. Results We found that the expression of RGS16 was positively related to the grade of glioma. High level of RGS16 commonly gathered in glioma of mesenchymal subtype and wild‐type IDH1. Moreover, higher expression level of RGS16 was found to be significantly correlated with poor prognosis. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and ROC curve showed that RGS16 was an independent prognostic factor for glioma patients. Gene ontology analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and gene set variation analysis suggested that the overexpression of RGS16 tightly related to cell proliferation, migration, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune and inflammatory response of glioma. Knockdown of RGS16 in glioma cell lines also showed that RGS16 promoted the malignant progress of glioma cell lines. Conclusions RGS16 plays an important role in glioma progression and serves as an independent prognostic factor, especially in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Gamma Knife Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
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15
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Yip L, Fuhlbrigge R, Alkhataybeh R, Fathman CG. Gene Expression Analysis of the Pre-Diabetic Pancreas to Identify Pathogenic Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:609271. [PMID: 33424774 PMCID: PMC7793767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.609271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) occurs as a result of the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells by self-reactive T cells. The etiology of this disease is complex and difficult to study due to a lack of disease-relevant tissues from pre-diabetic individuals. In this study, we performed gene expression analysis on human pancreas tissues obtained from the Network of Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD), and showed that 155 genes were differentially expressed by ≥2-fold in the pancreata of autoantibody-positive (AA+) at-risk individuals compared to healthy controls. Only 48 of these genes remained changed by ≥2-fold in the pancreata of established T1D patients. Pathway analysis of these genes showed a significant association with various immune pathways. We were able to validate the differential expression of eight disease-relevant genes by QPCR analysis: A significant upregulation of CADM2, and downregulation of TRPM5, CRH, PDK4, ANGPL4, CLEC4D, RSG16, and FCGR2B was confirmed in the pancreata of AA+ individuals versus controls. Studies have already implicated FCGR2B in the pathogenesis of disease in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here we showed that CADM2, TRPM5, PDK4, and ANGPL4 were similarly changed in the pancreata of pre-diabetic 12-week-old NOD mice compared to NOD.B10 controls, suggesting a possible role for these genes in the pathogenesis of both T1D and NOD disease. The loss of the leukocyte-specific gene, FCGR2B, in the pancreata of AA+ individuals, is particularly interesting, as it may serve as a potential whole blood biomarker of disease progression. To test this, we quantified FCGR2B expression in peripheral blood samples of T1D patients, and AA+ and AA- first-degree relatives of T1D patients enrolled in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study. We showed that FCGR2B was significantly reduced in the peripheral blood of AA+ individuals compared to AA- controls. Together, these findings demonstrate that gene expression analysis of pancreatic tissue and peripheral blood samples can be used to identify disease-relevant genes and pathways and potential biomarkers of disease progression in T1D.
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16
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Selheim F, Aasebø E, Ribas C, Aragay AM. An Overview on G Protein-coupled Receptor-induced Signal Transduction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5293-5316. [PMID: 31032748 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190429153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of precursor myeloid-lineage cells in the bone marrow. AML is also characterized by patients with poor long-term survival outcomes due to relapse. Many efforts have been made to understand the biological heterogeneity of AML and the challenges to develop new therapies are therefore enormous. G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a large attractive drug-targeted family of transmembrane proteins, and aberrant GPCR expression and GPCR-mediated signaling have been implicated in leukemogenesis of AML. This review aims to identify the molecular players of GPCR signaling, focusing on the hematopoietic system, which are involved in AML to help developing novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies. METHODS We undertook an exhaustive and structured search of bibliographic databases for research focusing on GPCR, GPCR signaling and expression in AML. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Many scientific reports were found with compelling evidence for the involvement of aberrant GPCR expression and perturbed GPCR-mediated signaling in the development of AML. The comprehensive analysis of GPCR in AML provides potential clinical biomarkers for prognostication, disease monitoring and therapeutic guidance. It will also help to provide marker panels for monitoring in AML. We conclude that GPCR-mediated signaling is contributing to leukemogenesis of AML, and postulate that mass spectrometrybased protein profiling of primary AML cells will accelerate the discovery of potential GPCR related biomarkers for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna M Aragay
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac, 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Fuchs YF, Sharma V, Eugster A, Kraus G, Morgenstern R, Dahl A, Reinhardt S, Petzold A, Lindner A, Löbel D, Bonifacio E. Gene Expression-Based Identification of Antigen-Responsive CD8 + T Cells on a Single-Cell Level. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2568. [PMID: 31781096 PMCID: PMC6851025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are important effectors of adaptive immunity against pathogens, tumors, and self antigens. Here, we asked how human cognate antigen-responsive CD8+ T cells and their receptors could be identified in unselected single-cell gene expression data. Single-cell RNA sequencing and qPCR of dye-labeled antigen-specific cells identified large gene sets that were congruently up- or downregulated in virus-responsive CD8+ T cells under different antigen presentation conditions. Combined expression of TNFRSF9, XCL1, XCL2, and CRTAM was the most distinct marker of virus-responsive cells on a single-cell level. Using transcriptomic data, we developed a machine learning-based classifier that provides sensitive and specific detection of virus-responsive CD8+ T cells from unselected populations. Gene response profiles of CD8+ T cells specific for the autoantigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein differed markedly from virus-specific cells. These findings provide single-cell gene expression parameters for comprehensive identification of rare antigen-responsive cells and T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick F Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Virag Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Eugster
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Kraus
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Morgenstern
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Lindner
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Doreen Löbel
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Faculty of Medicine, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Chisolm DA, Cheng W, Colburn SA, Silva-Sanchez A, Meza-Perez S, Randall TD, Weinmann AS. Defining Genetic Variation in Widely Used Congenic and Backcrossed Mouse Models Reveals Varied Regulation of Genes Important for Immune Responses. Immunity 2019; 51:155-168.e5. [PMID: 31248780 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation influences how the genome is interpreted in individuals and in mouse strains used to model immune responses. We developed approaches to utilize next-generation sequencing datasets to identify sequence variation in genes and enhancer elements in congenic and backcross mouse models. We defined genetic variation in the widely used B6-CD45.2 and B6.SJL-CD45.1 congenic model, identifying substantial differences in SJL genetic content retained in B6.SJL-CD45.1 strains on the basis of the vendor source of the mice. Genes encoding PD-1, CD62L, Bcl-2, cathepsin E, and Cxcr4 were within SJL genetic content in at least one vendor source of B6.SJL-CD45.1 mice. SJL genetic content affected enhancer elements, gene regulation, protein expression, and amino acid content in CD4+ T helper 1 cells, and mice infected with influenza showed reduced expression of Cxcr4 on B6.SJL-CD45.1 T follicular helper cells. These findings provide information on experimental variables and aid in creating approaches that account for genetic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Chisolm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wayne Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shelby A Colburn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Amy S Weinmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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19
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Squires KE, Montañez-Miranda C, Pandya RR, Torres MP, Hepler JR. Genetic Analysis of Rare Human Variants of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Proteins and Their Role in Human Physiology and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:446-474. [PMID: 29871944 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate the physiologic actions of many neurotransmitters, hormones, and other signaling molecules. Human RGS proteins comprise a family of 20 canonical proteins that bind directly to G protein-coupled receptors/G protein complexes to limit the lifetime of their signaling events, which regulate all aspects of cell and organ physiology. Genetic variations account for diverse human traits and individual predispositions to disease. RGS proteins contribute to many complex polygenic human traits and pathologies such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, addiction, cancers, and many others. Recent analysis indicates that most human diseases are due to extremely rare genetic variants. In this study, we summarize physiologic roles for RGS proteins and links to human diseases/traits and report rare variants found within each human RGS protein exome sequence derived from global population studies. Each RGS sequence is analyzed using recently described bioinformatics and proteomic tools for measures of missense tolerance ratio paired with combined annotation-dependent depletion scores, and protein post-translational modification (PTM) alignment cluster analysis. We highlight selected variants within the well-studied RGS domain that likely disrupt RGS protein functions and provide comprehensive variant and PTM data for each RGS protein for future study. We propose that rare variants in functionally sensitive regions of RGS proteins confer profound change-of-function phenotypes that may contribute, in newly appreciated ways, to complex human diseases and/or traits. This information provides investigators with a valuable database to explore variation in RGS protein function, and for targeting RGS proteins as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Squires
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Rushika R Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Matthew P Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
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20
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Depletion of regulator-of-G-protein signaling-10 in mice exaggerates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation, and this effect is mitigated by dietary green tea extract. Nutr Res 2018; 70:50-59. [PMID: 30032988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin resistance and inflammation plays a central role in the development of chronic diseases, although the mechanism is not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that regulator of G-protein signaling-10 (RGS10) protein is a negative modulator of the inflammatory response in macrophages and microglia. Because inflammation is a critical component in the development of high fat diet-induced insulin resistance, in this study we investigated whether RGS10 is involved in the diet-dependent regulation of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that the absence of RGS10 would exaggerate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance and inflammation response. Our results showed that RGS10 knockout (KO) mice fed a HFD gained significantly more weight and developed severe insulin resistance compared to wild-type (WT) mice fed HFD. Furthermore, compared to WT HFD-fed mice, KO mice fed the HFD displayed inflammatory phenotypes such as decreased adipose tissue expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 markers YM1 and Fizz1 and increased expression of the proinflammatory M1 cytokine interleukin 6 in adipose and CD11b, CD68 and interleukin 1β in liver tissues. The impact of RGS10 deficiency on the exaggeration of HFD-induced insulin resistance and inflammation was ameliorated by oral consumption of green tea extract. Our results demonstrate that RGS10 is an important part of a protective mechanism involved in in regulating metabolic homeostasis by reducing inflammatory responses, which could potentially lead to an innovative new approach targeting inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Hwang IY, Park C, Harrison K, Kehrl JH. Normal Thymocyte Egress, T Cell Trafficking, and CD4 + T Cell Homeostasis Require Interactions between RGS Proteins and Gα i2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2721-2734. [PMID: 28235863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity depends on mature thymocytes leaving the thymus to enter the bloodstream and the trafficking of T cells through lymphoid organs. Both of these require heterotrimeric Gαi protein signaling, whose intensity and duration are controlled by the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. In this study, we show that RGS protein/Gαi2 interactions are essential for normal thymocyte egress, T cell trafficking, and homeostasis. Mature thymocytes with a Gαi2 mutation that disables RGS protein binding accumulated in the perivascular channels of thymic corticomedullary venules. Severe reductions in peripheral naive CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells occurred. The mutant CD4+ T cells adhered poorly to high endothelial venules and exhibited defects in lymph node entrance and egress. The kinetics of chemokine receptor signaling were disturbed, including chemokine- induced integrin activation. Despite the thymic and lymph node egress defects, sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling was not obviously perturbed. This study reveals how RGS proteins modulate Gαi2 signaling to facilitate thymocyte egress and T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Druey KM. Emerging Roles of Regulators of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in the Immune System. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:315-351. [PMID: 28950950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Kehrl JH. The impact of RGS and other G-protein regulatory proteins on Gαi-mediated signaling in immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:40-52. [PMID: 27071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemoattractant receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Signaling downstream of these receptors directs the localization, positioning and homeostatic trafficking of leukocytes; as well as their recruitment to, and their retention at, inflammatory sites. Ligand induced changes in the molecular conformation of chemoattractant receptors results in the engagement of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which promotes α subunits to undergo GTP/GDP exchange. This results in the functional release of βγ subunits from the heterotrimers, thereby activating downstream effector molecules, which initiate leukocyte polarization, gradient sensing, and directional migration. Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates Gαi subunits and prevents chemoattractant receptors from triggering Gαi nucleotide exchange. The use of pertussis toxin revealed the essential importance of Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange for chemoattractant receptor signaling. More recent studies have identified a range of regulatory mechanisms that target these receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby helping to control the magnitude, kinetics, and duration of signaling. A failure in these regulatory pathways can lead to impaired receptor signaling and immunopathology. The analysis of mice with targeted deletions of Gαi isoforms as well as some of these G-protein regulatory proteins is providing insights into their roles in chemoattractant receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States.
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Salaga M, Storr M, Martemyanov KA, Fichna J. RGS proteins as targets in the treatment of intestinal inflammation and visceral pain: New insights and future perspectives. Bioessays 2016; 38:344-54. [PMID: 26817719 PMCID: PMC4916644 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins provide timely termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responses. Serving as a central control point in GPCR signaling cascades, RGS proteins are promising targets for drug development. In this review, we discuss the involvement of RGS proteins in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal inflammation and their potential to become a target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically, we evaluate the emerging evidence for modulation of selected receptor families: opioid, cannabinoid and serotonin by RGS proteins. We discuss how the regulation of RGS protein level and activity may modulate immunological pathways involved in the development of intestinal inflammation. Finally, we propose that RGS proteins may serve as a prognostic factor for survival rate in colorectal cancer. The ideas introduced in this review set a novel conceptual framework for the utilization of RGS proteins in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation, a growing major concern worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin Storr
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill A. Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
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Xie Z, Chan EC, Druey KM. R4 Regulator of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in Inflammation and Immunity. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:294-304. [PMID: 26597290 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important functions in both innate and adaptive immunity, with the capacity to bridge interactions between the two arms of the host responses to pathogens through direct recognition of secreted microbial products or the by-products of host cells damaged by pathogen exposure. In the mid-1990s, a large group of intracellular proteins was discovered, the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family, whose main, but not exclusive, function appears to be to constrain the intensity and duration of GPCR signaling. The R4/B subfamily--the focus of this review--includes RGS1-5, 8, 13, 16, 18, and 21, which are the smallest RGS proteins in size, with the exception of RGS3. Prominent roles in the trafficking of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages have been described for RGS1, RGS13, and RGS16, while RGS18 appears to control platelet and osteoclast functions. Additional G protein independent functions of RGS13 have been uncovered in gene expression in B lymphocytes and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. In this review, we discuss potential physiological roles of this RGS protein subfamily, primarily in leukocytes having central roles in immune and inflammatory responses. We also discuss approaches to target RGS proteins therapeutically, which represents a virtually untapped strategy to combat exaggerated immune responses leading to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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26
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Sun X, Charbonneau C, Wei L, Chen Q, Terek RM. miR-181a Targets RGS16 to Promote Chondrosarcoma Growth, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1347-57. [PMID: 26013170 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chondrosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults, has no effective systemic treatment, and patients with this disease have poor survival. Altered expression of microRNA (miR) is involved in tumorigenesis; however, its role in chondrosarcoma is undetermined. miR-181a is overexpressed in high-grade chondrosarcoma, is upregulated by hypoxia, and increases VEGF expression. Here, the purpose was to determine the mechanism of miR-181a regulation of VEGF, determine whether miR-181a overexpression promotes tumor progression, and to evaluate an antagomir-based approach for chondrosarcoma treatment. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-181a decreased expression of VEGF and MMP1 in vitro, and angiogenesis, MMP1 activity, tumor growth, and lung metastasis, all by more than 50%, in a xenograft mouse model. A target of miR-181a is a regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (RGS16), a negative regulator of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling. CXCR4 signaling is increased in chondrosarcoma, its expression is also increased by hypoxia, and is associated with angiogenesis and metastasis; however, receptor blockade is only partially effective. RGS16 expression is restored after miR-181a inhibition and partially accounts for the antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects of miR-181a inhibition. These data establish miR-181a as an oncomiR that promotes chondrosarcoma progression through a new mechanism involving enhancement of CXCR4 signaling by inhibition of RGS16. IMPLICATIONS Targeting miR-181a can inhibit tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis, thus suggesting the possibility of antagomir-based therapy in chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard M Terek
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island. Providence Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.
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27
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Carper MB, Denvir J, Boskovic G, Primerano DA, Claudio PP. RGS16, a novel p53 and pRb cross-talk candidate inhibits migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2015; 5:420-35. [PMID: 25568667 PMCID: PMC4279439 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data collected since the discovery of p53 and pRb/RB1 suggests these tumor suppressors cooperate to inhibit tumor progression. Patients who have mutations in both p53 and RB1 genes have increased tumor reoccurrence and decreased survival compared to patients with only one tumor suppressor gene inactivated. It remains unclear how p53 and pRb cooperate toward inhibiting tumorigenesis. Using RNA expression profiling we identified 179 p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates in normal lung fibroblasts (WI38) cells exogenously coexpressing p53 and pRb. Regulator of G protein signaling 16 (RGS16) was among the p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates and has been implicated in inhibiting activation of several oncogenic pathways associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. RGS16 has been found to be downregulated in pancreatic cancer patients with metastases compared to patients without metastasis. Expression of RGS16 mRNA was decreased in the pancreatic cancer cell lines tested compared to control. Expression of RGS16 inhibited migration of the BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 but not PANC-1 cells and inhibited invasion of BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells with no impact on cell viability. We have identified for the first time p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates and a role for RGS16 to inhibit pancreatic cancer migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda B Carper
- McKown Translational Genomic Research Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Goran Boskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- McKown Translational Genomic Research Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Surgery, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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28
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Suurväli J, Pahtma M, Saar R, Paalme V, Nutt A, Tiivel T, Saaremäe M, Fitting C, Cavaillon J, Rüütel Boudinot S. RGS16 Restricts the Pro-Inflammatory Response of Monocytes. Scand J Immunol 2014; 81:23-30. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Suurväli
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - M. Pahtma
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - R. Saar
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - V. Paalme
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - A. Nutt
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - T. Tiivel
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - M. Saaremäe
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - C. Fitting
- Unité Cytokines & Inflammation; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
| | - J.M. Cavaillon
- Unité Cytokines & Inflammation; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
| | - S. Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
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29
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Sakuishi K, Ngiow SF, Sullivan JM, Teng MWL, Kuchroo VK, Smyth MJ, Anderson AC. TIM3 +FOXP3 + regulatory T cells are tissue-specific promoters of T-cell dysfunction in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23849. [PMID: 23734331 PMCID: PMC3654601 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM3) is an inhibitory molecule that has emerged as a key regulator of dysfunctional or exhausted CD8+ T cells arising in chronic diseases such as cancer. In addition to exhausted CD8+ T cells, highly suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a significant barrier against the induction of antitumor immunity. We have found that the majority of intratumoral FOXP3+ Tregs express TIM3. TIM3+ Tregs co-express PD-1, are highly suppressive and comprise a specialized subset of tissue Tregs that are rarely observed in the peripheral tissues or blood of tumor-bearing mice. The co-blockade of the TIM3 and PD-1 signaling pathways in vivo results in the downregulation of molecules associated with TIM3+ Treg suppressor functions. This suggests that the potent clinical efficacy of co-blocking TIM3 and PD-1 signal transduction cascades likely stems from the reversal of T-cell exhaustion combined with the inhibition of regulatory T-cell function in tumor tissues. Interestingly, we find that TIM3+ Tregs accumulate in the tumor tissue prior to the appearance of exhausted CD8+ T cells, and that the depletion of Tregs at this stage interferes with the development of the exhausted phenotype by CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our data indicate that TIM3 marks highly suppressive tissue-resident Tregs that play an important role in shaping the antitumor immune response in situ, increasing the value of TIM3-targeting therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sakuishi
- Center of Neurologic Diseases; Department of Neurology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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Choi DS, Stark DJ, Raphael RM, Wen J, Su J, Zhou X, Chang CC, Zu Y. SDF-1α stiffens myeloma bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells through the activation of RhoA-ROCK-Myosin II. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E219-29. [PMID: 25137150 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B lymphocyte malignancy that remains incurable despite extensive research efforts. This is due, in part, to frequent disease recurrences associated with the persistence of myeloma cancer stem cells (mCSCs). Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) play critical roles in supporting mCSCs through genetic or biochemical alterations. Previously, we identified mechanical distinctions between BMSCs isolated from MM patients (mBMSCs) and those present in the BM of healthy individuals (nBMSCs). These properties of mBMSC contributed to their ability to preferentially support mCSCs. To further illustrate mechanisms underlying the differences between mBMSCs and nBMSCs, here we report that (i) mBMSCs express an abnormal, constitutively high level of phosphorylated Myosin II, which leads to stiffer membrane mechanics, (ii) mBMSCs are more sensitive to SDF-1α-induced activation of MYL2 through the G(i./o)-PI3K-RhoA-ROCK-Myosin II signaling pathway, affecting Young's modulus in BMSCs and (iii) activated Myosin II confers increased cell contractile potential, leading to enhanced collagen matrix remodeling and promoting the cell-cell interaction between mCSCs and mBMSCs. Together, our findings suggest that interfering with SDF-1α signaling may serve as a new therapeutic approach for eliminating mCSCs by disrupting their interaction with mBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Soon Choi
- Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
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Williams JW, Yau D, Sethakorn N, Kach J, Reed EB, Moore TV, Cannon J, Jin X, Xing H, Muslin AJ, Sperling AI, Dulin NO. RGS3 controls T lymphocyte migration in a model of Th2-mediated airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L693-701. [PMID: 24077945 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00214.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell migration toward sites of antigen exposure is mediated by G protein signaling and is a key function in the development of immune responses. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein signaling; however, their role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses has not been thoroughly explored. Herein we demonstrated abundant expression of the Gi/Gq-specific RGS3 in activated T cells, and that diminished RGS3 expression in a T cell thymoma increased cytokine-induced migration. To examine the role of endogenous RGS3 in vivo, mice deficient in the RGS domain (RGS3(ΔRGS)) were generated and tested in an experimental model of asthma. Compared with littermate controls, the inflammation in the RGS3(ΔRGS) mice was characterized by increased T cell numbers and the striking development of perivascular lymphoid structures. Surprisingly, while innate inflammatory cells were also increased in the lungs of RGS3(ΔRGS) mice, eosinophil numbers and Th2 cytokine production were equivalent to control mice. In contrast, T cell numbers in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) were reduced in the RGS3(ΔRGS), demonstrating a redistribution of T cells from the dLN to the lungs via increased RGS3(ΔRGS) T cell migration. Together these novel findings show a nonredundant role for endogenous RGS3 in controlling T cell migration in vitro and in an in vivo model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Dept. of Medicine, The Univ. of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC6076, Rm. M-648, Chicago, IL 60637.
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Pacheco Y, Calender A, Valeyre D, Lebecque S. [Role of T lymphocyte cyclic nucleotides and G protein in sarcoidosis]. Rev Mal Respir 2013; 30:644-56. [PMID: 24182651 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes play a major role in the pathophysiology of sarcoidosis. Many studies have investigated the immunological and genetic abnormalities in this disease. There are few studies concerning the metabolic pathways. Essentially they concern the pathways: STAT1, MAPK38, NF-κB, Galphai, cAMP and cGMP PDE and PEMT1. Using studies in the literature and results of our own work concerning some metabolic aspects of T lymphocytes in sarcoidosis, we present a revue of the various hypotheses, which involve dysfunction of cAMP signaling pathways, such as RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK in T lymphocytes, leading to a disorder of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pacheco
- UMR Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, faculté C.-Merieux, université Claude-Bernard Lyon-1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France.
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Sethakorn N, Dulin NO. RGS expression in cancer: oncomining the cancer microarray data. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:166-71. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.773450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pignataro L, Varodayan FP, Tannenholz LE, Protiva P, Harrison NL. Brief alcohol exposure alters transcription in astrocytes via the heat shock pathway. Brain Behav 2013; 3:114-33. [PMID: 23533150 PMCID: PMC3607153 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), and also participate in the genomic response of the brain to drugs of abuse, including alcohol. In this study, we investigated ethanol regulation of gene expression in astrocytes. A microarray screen revealed that a brief exposure of cortical astrocytes to ethanol increased the expression of a large number of genes. Among the alcohol-responsive genes (ARGs) are glial-specific immune response genes, as well as genes involved in the regulation of transcription, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and genes of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Genes involved in metabolism were also upregulated by alcohol exposure, including genes associated with oxidoreductase activity, insulin-like growth factor signaling, acetyl-CoA, and lipid metabolism. Previous microarray studies performed on ethanol-treated hepatocyte cultures and mouse liver tissue revealed the induction of almost identical classes of genes to those identified in our microarray experiments, suggesting that alcohol induces similar signaling mechanisms in the brain and liver. We found that acute ethanol exposure activated heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in astrocytes, as demonstrated by the translocation of this transcription factor to the nucleus and the induction of a family of known HSF1-dependent genes, the heat shock proteins (Hsps). Transfection of a constitutively transcriptionally active Hsf1 construct into astrocytes induced many of the ARGs identified in our microarray study supporting the hypothesis that HSF1 transcriptional activity, as part of the heat shock cascade, may mediate the ethanol induction of these genes. These data indicate that acute ethanol exposure alters gene expression in astrocytes, in part via the activation of HSF1 and the heat shock cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pignataro
- Department of Anesthesiology The College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032
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Structure based energy calculation to determine the regulation of G protein signalling by RGS and RGS-G protein interaction specificity. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 4:173-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-012-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Shankar SP, Wilson MS, DiVietro JA, Mentink-Kane MM, Xie Z, Wynn TA, Druey KM. RGS16 attenuates pulmonary Th2/Th17 inflammatory responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6347-56. [PMID: 22593615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) protein superfamily negatively controls G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathways. RGS16 is enriched in activated/effector T lymphocytes. In this paper, we show that RGS16 constrains pulmonary inflammation by regulating chemokine-induced T cell trafficking in response to challenge with Schistosoma mansoni. Naive Rgs16(-/-) mice were "primed" for inflammation by accumulation of CCR10(+) T cells in the lung. Upon pathogen exposure, these mice developed more robust granulomatous lung fibrosis than wild-type counterparts. Distinct Th2 or putative Th17 subsets expressing CCR4 or CCR10 accumulated more rapidly in Rgs16(-/-) lungs following challenge and produced proinflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IL-17B. CCR4(+)Rgs16(-/-) Th2 cells migrated excessively to CCL17 and localized aberrantly in challenged lungs. T lymphocytes were partially excluded from lung granulomas in Rgs16(-/-) mice, instead forming peribronchial/perivascular aggregates. Thus, RGS16-mediated confinement of T cells to Schistosome granulomas mitigates widespread cytokine-mediated pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita P Shankar
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gibbons DL, Abeler-Dörner L, Raine T, Hwang IY, Jandke A, Wencker M, Deban L, Rudd CE, Irving PM, Kehrl JH, Hayday AC. Cutting Edge: Regulator of G protein signaling-1 selectively regulates gut T cell trafficking and colitic potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2067-71. [PMID: 21795595 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The RGS1 gene is associated with celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes, which are all T cell-mediated pathologies, yet there is no reported analysis of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)1 biology in human T cells. This study shows that RGS1 expression is substantially higher in T cells from human gut versus peripheral blood and that this can be exaggerated in intestinal inflammation. Elevated RGS1 levels profoundly reduce T cell migration to lymphoid-homing chemokines, whereas RGS1 depletion selectively enhances such chemotaxis in gut T cells and impairs their colitogenic potential. These findings provide a revised framework in which to view the linkage of RGS1 to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena L Gibbons
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Timmusk S, Merlot E, Lövgren T, Järvekülg L, Berg M, Fossum C. Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2425-2436. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) binds specifically to a regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) related to human RGS16 (huRGS16). The full-length clone of RGS16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to huRGS16 and murine RGS16. In vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine RGS16 (poRGS16) and ORF3 from PCV2. Using GST-linked ORF3 proteins from three different genogroups of PCV2 and from porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in the pull-down experiments indicated that there were differences in their ability to bind poRGS16. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of poRGS16 mRNA could be induced by a number of cell activators including mitogens (LPS and PHA), interferon inducers (ODN 2216 and poly I : C) and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence labelling confirmed the induced expression of poRGS16 at the protein level and suggested that the PCV2 ORF3 protein co-localized with poRGS16 in LPS-activated porcine PBMC. Furthermore, poRGS16 appeared to participate in the translocation of the ORF3 protein into the cell nucleus, suggesting that the observed interaction may play an important role in the infection biology of porcine circovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirje Timmusk
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Merlot
- INRA, UMR1079, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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G protein-coupled receptors stimulation and the control of cell migration. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1045-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Allergic diseases such as asthma are elicited by maladaptive activation of immune cells such as mast cells and lymphocytes by otherwise innocuous allergens. The numerous mediators secreted by such cells promote both acute inflammation and, in many instances, chronic tissue remodeling. Most of these compounds exert their effects on end-organ targets such as epithelial and endothelial cells and airway smooth muscle by activating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are by far the most abundant type of cell surface receptor. Since GPCRs are also the most common target of allergy therapeutics, a better understanding of their intracellular signaling mechanisms is vital to improve the efficacy of such drugs or to develop new targets. In this review, we focus on some of the new regulatory elements that control the duration and amplitude of GPCR signal transduction pathways in immune effector cells and end-organ structural cells affected by allergic inflammation.
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Rubin JB. Chemokine signaling in cancer: one hump or two? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:116-22. [PMID: 18992347 PMCID: PMC2694237 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play essential roles in the development and function of multiple tissues. Chemokine expression, particularly CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4, has prognostic significance in several cancers apparently due to chemokine mediated growth and metastatic spread. These observations provide the rationale for pursuing CXCR4 inhibition for cancer chemotherapy. However, the multiple homeostatic functions of CXCR4 may preclude global inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Here I review CXCR4 signaling and how it might differ in normal and transformed cells with special emphasis on the role that altered CXCR4 counter-regulation might play in tumor biology. I propose that CXCR4 mediates unique signals in cancer cells as a consequence of abnormal counter-regulation and that this results in novel biological responses. The importance of testing this hypothesis lies in the possibility that targeting abnormal CXCR4 signaling might provide an anti-tumor effect without disturbing normal CXCR4 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. rubin
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Abstract
T-lymphocyte trafficking is targeted to specific organs by selective molecular interactions depending on their differentiation and functional properties. Specific chemokine receptors have been associated with organ-specific trafficking of memory and effector T-cells, as well as the recirculation of naïve T-cells to secondary lymphoid organs. In addition to the acquisition of tissue-selective integrins and chemokine receptors, an additional level of specificity for T-cell trafficking into the tissue is provided by specific recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium involving the TCRs (T-cell antigen receptors) and co-stimulatory receptors. Activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a robust signalling event shared by most chemokine receptors as well as the TCR and co-stimulatory receptors, contributing to several aspects of T-lymphocyte homing as well as actin reorganization and other components of the general migratory machinery. Accordingly, inhibition of PI3K has been considered seriously as a potential therapeutic strategy by which to combat various T-lymphocyte-dependent pathologies, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as to prevent transplant rejection. However, there is substantial evidence for PI3K-independent mechanisms that facilitate T-lymphocyte migration. In this regard, several other signalling-pathway components, including small GTPases, PLC (phospholipase C) and PKC (protein kinase C) isoforms, have also been implicated in T-lymphocyte migration in response to chemokine stimulation. The present review will therefore examine the PI3K-dependent and -independent signal-transduction pathways involved in T-cell migration during distinct modes of T-cell trafficking in response to either chemokines or the TCR and co-stimulatory molecules.
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Cho H, Kehrl JH. Chapter 9 Regulation of Immune Function by G Protein‐Coupled Receptors, Trimeric G Proteins, and RGS Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 86:249-98. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)86009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) are involved in a wide variety of functions, including olfaction, vision, and cell migration. RGS5 has a perivascular expression pattern and was recently identified as a marker for brain pericytes. This suggests a role for RGS5 in vascular development and pericyte biology. We have created a mouse line which lacks the rgs5 gene and replaced it with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter (rgs5(GFP/GFP)). The mice are viable and fertile and display no obvious developmental defects, and the vasculature appears to develop normally with proper pericyte coverage. Also, no differences were observed in the vasculature under pathological conditions, such as tumor growth and oxygen-induced retinopathy. The GFP expression in pericytes of rgs5(GFP) mice allows detection and sorting of these cells, thereby providing a valuable novel tool for pericyte research.
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Feuerer M, Jiang W, Holler PD, Satpathy A, Campbell C, Bogue M, Mathis D, Benoist C. Enhanced thymic selection of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18181-6. [PMID: 17991775 PMCID: PMC2084317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708899104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxP3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance, and it has been suggested that diabetes-susceptible nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are defective in the generation and numbers of Tregs. We found thymic selection of Tregs to be under genetic control. Fetal thymic organ cultures on the NOD background required 3- to 10-fold more antigen than corresponding cultures on the B6 background for optimal induction of Tregs, but once the threshold for induction was reached the NOD background yielded close to 10-fold more Tregs. This increased selection of Tregs was also found in nontransgenic NOD mice in fetal through adult stages. This trait did not map to the MHC, idd3, or the chromosome 3 (Chr3) regions that control clonal deletion, but mainly to two regions on Chr1 and Chr11. Thus, NOD mice do not have a global defect in the generation or maintenance of Tregs; if anything, they show the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Feuerer
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Wenyu Jiang
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Phillip D. Holler
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Ansuman Satpathy
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Christopher Campbell
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Molly Bogue
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - Diane Mathis
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Christophe Benoist
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
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Mueller FJ, Serobyan N, Schraufstatter IU, DiScipio R, Loring JF, Snyder EY, Khaldoyanidi SK. Adhesive interactions between human neural stem cells and inflamed human vascular endothelium are mediated by integrins. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2367-72. [PMID: 17071855 PMCID: PMC2885956 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which stem cells home precisely to regions of injury or degeneration is of importance to both basic and applied regenerative medicine. Optimizing regenerative processes may depend on identifying the range of molecules that subserve stem cell trafficking. The "rolling" of extravasating cells on endothelium under conditions of physiological flow is the first essential step in the homing cascade and determines cell adhesion and transmigration. Using a laminar flow chamber to simulate physiological shear stress, we explored an aspect of this process by using human neural stem cells (hNSCs). We observed that the interactions between hNSCs and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated human endothelium (simulating an inflamed milieu) are mediated by a subclass of integrins--alpha2, alpha6, and beta1, but not alpha4, alphav, or the chemokine-mediated pathway CXCR4-stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha--suggesting not only that the mechanisms mediating hNSC homing via the vasculature differ from the mechanisms mediating homing through parenchyma, but also that each step invokes a distinct pathway mediating a specialized function in the hNSC homing cascade. (TNF-alpha stimulation also upregulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression on the hNSCs themselves and increases NSC-endothelial interactions.) The selective use of integrin subgroups to mediate homing of cells of neuroectodermal origin may also be used to ensure that cells within the systemic circulation are delivered to the pathological region of a given organ to the exclusion of other, perhaps undesired, organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naira Serobyan
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | | | - Richard DiScipio
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | | | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- To either of whom correspondence can be directed: or
| | - Sophia K. Khaldoyanidi
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego CA 92121 USA
- To either of whom correspondence can be directed: or
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Timmusk S, Fossum C, Berg M. Porcine circovirus type 2 replicase binds the capsid protein and an intermediate filament-like protein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3215-3223. [PMID: 17030855 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important porcine pathogen that establishes persistent subclinical infections but may, on activation, contribute to the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This disease is characterized by weight loss, respiratory or digestive disorders and enlarged lymph nodes with lymphocyte depletion. The molecular mechanisms behind the development of the disease are completely unknown. In order to clarify functions of the different viral proteins and, if possible, to connect these new findings to molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis or the viral life cycle, a bacterial two-hybrid screening of a porcine expression library from PK-15A cells was conducted. Using viral proteins corresponding to ORFs 1, 2, 3 and 4 as bait, a number of interactions were identified and two of them were chosen for further characterization. GST pull-down assays confirmed that viral replicase (Rep) interacted with an intermediate filament protein, similar to human syncoilin, and with the transcriptional regulator c-myc. Furthermore, interactions of the viral proteins to each other revealed an interaction between PCV2 Rep and the capsid (Cap) protein and Cap to itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirje Timmusk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Section of Veterinary Immunology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Section of Veterinary Immunology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Section of Veterinary Immunology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kiselyov K, Wang X, Shin DM, Zang W, Muallem S. Calcium signaling complexes in microdomains of polarized secretory cells. Cell Calcium 2006; 40:451-9. [PMID: 17034849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly polarized nature of epithelial cells in exocrine glands necessitates targeting, assembly into complexes and confinement of the molecules comprising the Ca(2+) signaling apparatus, to cellular microdomains. Such high degree of polarized localization has been shown for all Ca(2+) signaling molecules tested, including G protein coupled receptors and their associated proteins, Ca(2+) pumps, Ca(2+) influx channels at the plasma membrane and Ca(2+) release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Although the physiological significance of polarized Ca(2+) signaling is clear, little is known about the mechanism of targeting, assembly and retention of Ca(2+) signaling complexes in cellular microdomains. The present review attempts to summarize the evidence in favor of polarized expression of Ca(2+) signaling proteins at the apical pole of secretory cells with emphasis on the role of scaffolding proteins in the assembly and function of the Ca(2+) signaling complexes. The consequence of polarized enrichment of Ca(2+) signaling complexes at the apical pole is generation of an apical to basal pole gradient of cell responsiveness that, at low physiological agonist concentrations, limits Ca(2+) spikes to the apical pole, and when a Ca(2+) wave occurs, it always propagates from the apical to the basal pole. Our understanding of Ca(2+) signaling in microdomains is likely to increase rapidly with the application of techniques to controllably and selectively disrupt components of the complexes and apply high resolution recording techniques, such as TIRF microscopy to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. kiselyov+@pitt.edu
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Kehrl JH. Chemoattractant receptor signaling and the control of lymphocyte migration. Immunol Res 2006; 34:211-27. [PMID: 16891672 DOI: 10.1385/ir:34:3:211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on mechanisms by which chemoattractant receptors activate downstream signaling pathways in lymphocytes. An emphasis is placed on heterotrimeric G protein signaling with a discussion of the specific heterotrimeric G-proteins involved in lymphocyte chemotaxis and motility and the role of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins in controlling the activation of downstream effectors. Also considered are those direct downstream effectors known to function in lymphocyte chemotaxis and/or motility. The consequences of targeting genes suspected, known, or serendipitously found to be involved in chemokine receptor signaling pathways form much of a basis for the review. When needed for clarification, reference to studies of chemoattractant signaling in model organisms and in neutrophils will be compared and contrasted to studies in lymphocytes. Finally, the emergence of tools to image lymphocyte in vitro and in vivo will be mentioned as they are increasing helpful for the analysis of lymphocyte trafficking and amendable to the study of chemokine receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Airoldi I, Raffaghello L, Piovan E, Cocco C, Carlini B, Amadori A, Corrias MV, Pistoia V. CXCL12 does not attract CXCR4+ human metastatic neuroblastoma cells: clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:77-82. [PMID: 16397027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of CXCR4 in bone marrow localization of neuroblastoma cells has been recently proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and chemotactic functionality of CXCR4 in human metastatic neuroblastoma cells isolated from the bone marrow and, for comparison, in a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CXCR4 expression and chemotactic functionality were investigated in metastatic neuroblastoma cells isolated from patient bone marrow and in neuroblastoma cell lines. The former cells were isolated as CD45- or GD2+ cells by immunomagnetic bead manipulation. Chemotactic assays were done in a transwell system. Regulator of G protein signaling expression was investigated by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Metastatic neuroblastoma cells consistently expressed CXCR4, which was also detected in 5 of 10 neuroblastoma cell lines. CXCL12 did not stimulate the chemotaxis of primary tumor cells or cell lines in either normoxia or hypoxia, irrespective of CXCR4 up-regulation detected under the latter condition. Accordingly, neuroblastoma cells failed to modulate filamentous actin and to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase upon treatment with CXCL12. RGS16 mRNA was consistently expressed in primary tumor cells and cell lines, but its down-regulation by RNA interference did not restore CXCR4 chemotactic functionality. CONCLUSIONS These results show unambiguously that CXCR4 expressed in human metastatic neuroblastoma cells is not functional and do not support the clinical use of CXCR4 antagonists to prevent neuroblastoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Airoldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
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