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Bharadwaj NS, Zumwalde NA, Kapur A, Patankar M, Gumperz JE. Human CD4 + memory phenotype T cells use mitochondrial metabolism to generate sensitive IFN-γ responses. iScience 2024; 27:109775. [PMID: 38726371 PMCID: PMC11079467 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition of naive T lymphocytes into antigenically activated effector cells is associated with a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This shift facilitates production of the key anti-tumor cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ; however, an associated loss of mitochondrial efficiency in effector T cells ultimately limits anti-tumor immunity. Memory phenotype (MP) T cells are a newly recognized subset that arises through homeostatic activation signals following hematopoietic transplantation. We show here that human CD4+ MP cell differentiation is associated with increased glycolytic and oxidative metabolic activity, but MP cells retain less compromised mitochondria compared to effector CD4+ T cells, and their IFN-γ response is less dependent on glucose and more reliant on glutamine. MP cells also produced IFN-γ more efficiently in response to weak T cell receptor (TCR) agonism than effectors and mediated stronger responses to transformed B cells. MP cells may thus be particularly well suited to carry out sustained immunosurveillance against neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila S. Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Zumwalde
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Arvinder Kapur
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc., 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD 20874, USA
| | - Manish Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2
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Sprent J, Boyman O. Optimising IL-2 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e5. [PMID: 38455463 PMCID: PMC10917570 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The key role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy is well established and is highlighted by the remarkable capacity of Ab-mediated checkpoint blockade to overcome T-cell exhaustion and amplify anti-tumor responses. However, total or partial tumor remission following checkpoint blockade is still limited to only a few types of tumors. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to devise new methods for improving tumor immunity. Currently, much attention is being focused on therapy with IL-2. This cytokine is a powerful growth factor for T cells and optimises their effector functions. When used at therapeutic doses for cancer treatment, however, IL-2 is highly toxic. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that modifying the structure or presentation of IL-2 can reduce toxicity and lead to effective anti-tumor responses in synergy with checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the complex interaction of IL-2 with T cells: first during normal homeostasis, then during responses to pathogens, and finally in anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 1466, Australia
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, Hobart 7000, Australia
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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3
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Shahedi F, Foma AM, Mahmoudi-Aznaveh A, Mazlomi MA, Azizi Z, Khorramizadeh MR. Differentiation of Pancreatic Beta Cells: Dual Acting of Inflammatory Factors. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:832-839. [PMID: 37150985 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230504093649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, scientists have made outstanding efforts to treat diabetes. However, diabetes treatment is still far from satisfactory due to the complex nature of the disease and the challenges encountered in resolving it. Inflammatory factors are key regulators of the immune system's response to pathological insults, organ neogenesis, rejuvenation of novel cells to replace injured cells and overwhelming disease conditions. Currently, the available treatments for type 1 diabetes include daily insulin injection, pancreatic beta cell or tissue transplantation, and gene therapy. Cell therapy, exploiting differentiation, and reprogramming various types of cells to generate pancreatic insulin-producing cells are novel approaches for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. A better understanding of the inflammatory pathways offers valuable and improved therapeutic options to provide more advanced and better treatments for diabetes. In this review, we investigated different types of inflammatory factors that participate in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, their possible dual impacts on the differentiation, reprogramming, and fusion of other stem cell lines into pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells, and the possibility of applying these factors to improve the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Shahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arron Munggela Foma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Mahmoudi-Aznaveh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular- Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Vakrakou AG, Brinia ME, Alexaki A, Koumasopoulos E, Stathopoulos P, Evangelopoulos ME, Stefanis L, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Kilidireas C. Multiple faces of multiple sclerosis in the era of highly efficient treatment modalities: Lymphopenia and switching treatment options challenges daily practice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111192. [PMID: 37951198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The expanded treatment landscape in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) has resulted in highly effective treatment options and complexity in managing disease- or drug-related events during disease progression. Proper decision-making requires thorough knowledge of the immunobiology of MS itself and an understanding of the main principles behind the mechanisms that lead to secondary autoimmunity affecting organs other than the central nervous system as well as opportunistic infections. The immune system is highly adapted to both environmental and disease-modifying agents. Immune reconstitution following cell depletion or cell entrapment therapies eliminates pathogenic aspects of the disease but can also lead to distorted immune responses with harmful effects. Atypical relapses occur with second-line treatments or after their discontinuation and require appropriate clinical decisions. Lymphopenia is a result of the mechanism of action of many drugs used to treat MS. However, persistent lymphopenia and cell-specific lymphopenia could result in disease exacerbation, secondary autoimmunity, or the emergence of opportunistic infections. Clinicians treating patients with MS should be aware of the multiple faces of MS under novel, efficient treatment modalities and understand the intricate brain-immune cell interactions in the context of an altered immune system. MS relapses and disease progression still occur despite the current treatment modalities and are mediated either by failure to control effector mechanisms inherent to MS pathophysiology or by new drug-related mechanisms. The multiple faces of MS due to the highly adapted immune system of patients impose the need for appropriate switching therapies that safeguard disease remission and further clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli G Vakrakou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria-Evgenia Brinia
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Alexaki
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koumasopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Stathopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
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5
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Faghfouri AH, Afrakoti LGMP, Kavyani Z, Nogourani ZS, Musazadeh V, Jafarlou M, Dehghan P. The role of probiotic supplementation in inflammatory biomarkers in adults: an umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2253-2268. [PMID: 37698776 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the increasing evidence for probiotics' anti-inflammatory effects, the results of meta-analyses remain inconsistent. The present umbrella meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS We performed a wide-ranging systematic search in several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to April 2023. The overall effect sizes were calculated using effect size (ES) values and their corresponding confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Out of a total of 580 related articles, 39 studies were qualified for inclusion in the analysis. The results of the analysis revealed a significant reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) (ES = -1.02; 95% CI: -1.23, -0.80, p < 0.001; I2: 94.1%, p < 0.001), TNF-α (ES = -0.35; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.20, p < 0.001; I2: 75.6%, p < 0.001), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (ES = -0.36; 95% CI: -0.59, -0.13, p = 0.002; I2: 85.6%, p < 0.001), following probiotic supplementation. CONCLUSION Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of TNF-a, CRP, and IL-6. Thus, probiotic supplementation can be considered adjuvant therapy to alleviate inflammation in various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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6
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Musazadeh V, Nazari A, Faghfouri AH, Emami M, Kavyani Z, Zokaei M, Jamilian P, Zarezadeh M, Saedisomeolia A. The effectiveness of treatment with probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication: results from an umbrella meta-analysis on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2023; 14:7654-7662. [PMID: 37540067 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims: The purpose of this umbrella meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize meta-analyses of randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies regarding the effects of probiotic supplementation on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication. Methods: A thorough search of the electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar was carried out from the inception up to May 2022. For the evaluation of overall effect sizes, the pooled relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Results: Overall, 18 eligible studies (47 278 participants in total) were included in the study. The findings revealed that probiotics have a beneficial impact on H. pylori eradication (pooled ESRR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.14, p < 0.01, and ESOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.70, 2.03, p < 0.01). Greater effects on H. pylori eradication were observed when higher doses (>10 × 1010 CFU) and mixed strains were supplemented. Conclusion: The present umbrella meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with probiotics may be considered as an efficient approach to ameliorate H. pylori complications, particularly probiotics with higher CFUs and mixed strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emami
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parmida Jamilian
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar-Neishaburi St., Golgasht Alley, Azadi Blvd., Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Saedisomeolia
- School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3 V9, Canada.
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7
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Connors TJ, Matsumoto R, Verma S, Szabo PA, Guyer R, Gray J, Wang Z, Thapa P, Dogra P, Poon MML, Rybkina K, Bradley MC, Idzikowski E, McNichols J, Kubota M, Pethe K, Shen Y, Atkinson MA, Brusko M, Brusko TM, Yates AJ, Sims PA, Farber DL. Site-specific development and progressive maturation of human tissue-resident memory T cells over infancy and childhood. Immunity 2023; 56:1894-1909.e5. [PMID: 37421943 PMCID: PMC10527943 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Infancy and childhood are critical life stages for generating immune memory to protect against pathogens; however, the timing, location, and pathways for memory development in humans remain elusive. Here, we investigated T cells in mucosal sites, lymphoid tissues, and blood from 96 pediatric donors aged 0-10 years using phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic profiling. Our results revealed that memory T cells preferentially localized in the intestines and lungs during infancy and accumulated more rapidly in mucosal sites compared with blood and lymphoid organs, consistent with site-specific antigen exposure. Early life mucosal memory T cells exhibit distinct functional capacities and stem-like transcriptional profiles. In later childhood, they progressively adopt proinflammatory functions and tissue-resident signatures, coincident with increased T cell receptor (TCR) clonal expansion in mucosal and lymphoid sites. Together, our findings identify staged development of memory T cells targeted to tissues during the formative years, informing how we might promote and monitor immunity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shivali Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rebecca Guyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maya M L Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marissa C Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emma Idzikowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James McNichols
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kalpana Pethe
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maigan Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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8
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Messerschmidt JL, Azin M, Dempsey KE, Demehri S. TSLP/dendritic cell axis promotes CD4+ T cell tolerance to the gut microbiome. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e160690. [PMID: 37427591 PMCID: PMC10371333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) overexpression is widely associated with atopy. However, TSLP is expressed in normal barrier organs, suggesting a homeostatic function. To determine the function of TSLP in barrier sites, we investigated the impact of endogenous TSLP signaling on the homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cells in adult mice. Surprisingly, incoming CD4+ T cells induced lethal colitis in adult Rag1-knockout animals that lacked the TSLP receptor (Rag1KOTslprKO). Endogenous TSLP signaling was required for reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation, Treg differentiation, and homeostatic cytokine production. CD4+ T cell expansion in Rag1KOTslprKO mice was dependent on the gut microbiome. The lethal colitis was rescued by parabiosis between Rag1KOTslprKO and Rag1KO animals and wild-type dendritic cells (DCs) suppressed CD4+ T cell-induced colitis in Rag1KOTslprKO mice. A compromised T cell tolerance was noted in TslprKO adult colon, which was exacerbated by anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. These results reveal a critical peripheral tolerance axis between TSLP and DCs in the colon that blocks CD4+ T cell activation against the commensal gut microbiome.
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9
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Kawabe T. Homeostasis and immunological function of self-driven memory-phenotype CD4 + T lymphocytes. Immunol Med 2023; 46:1-8. [PMID: 36218322 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2129370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in adaptive immune responses. In pathogen infection, naïve CD4+ T cells that strongly respond to foreign antigens robustly proliferate to differentiate into effector/memory cells, contributing to elimination of the pathogen concerned. In addition to this conventional T cell activation pathway, naïve T cells can also weakly respond to self antigens in the periphery to spontaneously acquire a memory phenotype through homeostatic proliferation in steady state. Such 'memory-phenotype' (MP) CD4+ T lymphocytes are distinguishable from foreign antigen-specific memory cells in terms of marker expression. Once generated, MP cells are maintained by rapid proliferation while differentiating into the T-bet+ 'MP1' subset, with the latter response promoted by IL-12 homeostatically produced by type 1 dendritic cells. Importantly, MP1 cells possess innate immune function; they can produce IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 to contribute to host defense against pathogens. Similarly, the presence of RORγt+ 'MP17' and Gata3hi 'MP2' cells as well as their potential immune functions have been proposed. In this review, I will discuss our current understanding on the unique mechanisms of generation, maintenance, and differentiation of MP CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as their functional significance in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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11
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Ito-Kureha T, Heissmeyer V. Critical functions of N 6-adenosine methylation of mRNAs in T cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119380. [PMID: 36228837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The existence of N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) of mRNA has been known for a long time, but only recently its regulatory potential was uncovered. Current research deciphers the molecular determinants leading to the deposition of this modification and consequences for modified mRNAs. It also evaluates the importance of such modifications for specific cell types and programs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on m6A modification of mRNAs in conventional and regulatory T cells and T-cell-driven immune responses and pathology. We discuss the impact of m6A modification on T cell activation including cytokine and antigen receptor signaling or sensing of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ito-Kureha
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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12
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Saidakova EV. Lymphopenia and Mechanisms of T-Cell Regeneration. CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY 2022; 16:302-311. [PMID: 35967247 PMCID: PMC9358362 DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x2204006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphopenia, in particular, T-lymphocyte deficiency, increases the risk of death from cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and serves as a risk factor for a severe course and poor outcome of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The regeneration of T-lymphocytes is a complex multilevel process, many questions of which still remain unanswered. The present review considers two main pathways of increasing the T-cell number in lymphopenia: production in the thymus and homeostatic proliferation in the periphery. Literature data on the signals that regulate each pathway are summarized. Their contribution to the quantitative and qualitative restoration of the immune cell pool is analyzed. The features of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes’ regeneration are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences—Branch of Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia
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13
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Ito-Kureha T, Leoni C, Borland K, Cantini G, Bataclan M, Metzger RN, Ammann G, Krug AB, Marsico A, Kaiser S, Canzar S, Feske S, Monticelli S, König J, Heissmeyer V. The function of Wtap in N 6-adenosine methylation of mRNAs controls T cell receptor signaling and survival of T cells. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1208-1221. [PMID: 35879451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen-receptor (TCR) signaling controls the development, activation and survival of T cells by involving several layers and numerous mechanisms of gene regulation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent messenger RNA modification affecting splicing, translation and stability of transcripts. In the present study, we describe the Wtap protein as essential for m6A methyltransferase complex function and reveal its crucial role in TCR signaling in mouse T cells. Wtap and m6A methyltransferase functions were required for the differentiation of thymocytes, control of activation-induced death of peripheral T cells and prevention of colitis by enabling gut RORγt+ regulatory T cell function. Transcriptome and epitranscriptomic analyses reveal that m6A modification destabilizes Orai1 and Ripk1 mRNAs. Lack of post-transcriptional repression of the encoded proteins correlated with increased store-operated calcium entry activity and diminished survival of T cells with conditional genetic inactivation of Wtap. These findings uncover how m6A modification impacts on TCR signal transduction and determines activation and survival of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ito-Kureha
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cristina Leoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kayla Borland
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marian Bataclan
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca N Metzger
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gregor Ammann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute for Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Munich, Germany.,Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Canzar
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Monticelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. .,Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Kawabe T, Ciucci T, Kim KS, Tayama S, Kawajiri A, Suzuki T, Tanaka R, Ishii N, Jankovic D, Zhu J, Sprent J, Bosselut R, Sher A. Redefining the Foreign Antigen and Self-Driven Memory CD4 + T-Cell Compartments via Transcriptomic, Phenotypic, and Functional Analyses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870542. [PMID: 35707543 PMCID: PMC9190281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Under steady-state conditions, conventional CD4+ T lymphocytes are classically divided into naïve (CD44lo CD62Lhi) and memory (CD44hi CD62Llo) cell compartments. While the latter population is presumed to comprise a mixture of distinct subpopulations of explicit foreign antigen (Ag)-specific “authentic” memory and foreign Ag-independent memory-phenotype (MP) cells, phenotypic markers differentially expressed in these two cell types have yet to be identified. Moreover, while MP cells themselves have been previously described as heterogeneous, it is unknown whether they consist of distinct subsets defined by marker expression. In this study, we demonstrate using combined single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometric approaches that self-driven MP CD4+ T lymphocytes are divided into CD127hi Sca1lo, CD127hi Sca1hi, CD127lo Sca1hi, and CD127lo Sca1lo subpopulations that are Bcl2lo, while foreign Ag-specific memory cells are CD127hi Sca1hi Bcl2hi. We further show that among the four MP subsets, CD127hi Sca1hi lymphocytes represent the most mature and cell division-experienced subpopulation derived from peripheral naïve precursors. Finally, we provide evidence arguing that this MP subpopulation exerts the highest responsiveness to Th1-differentiating cytokines and can induce colitis. Together, our findings define MP CD4+ T lymphocytes as a unique, self-driven population consisting of distinct subsets that differ from conventional foreign Ag-specific memory cells in marker expression and establish functional relevance for the mature subset of CD127hi Sca1hi MP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Shunichi Tayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kawajiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Riou Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Cai Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Zeng L, Zeng G. The role of gut microbiota in infectious diseases. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1551. [PMID: 34974642 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestine, the largest immune organ in the human body, harbors approximately 1013 microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other unknown microbes. The intestine is a most important crosstalk anatomic structure between the first (the host) and second (the microorganisms) genomes. The imbalance of the intestinal microecology, especially dysbiosis of the composition, structure, and function of gut microbiota, is linked to human diseases. In this review, we investigated the roles and underlying mechanisms of gut microecology in the development, progression, and prognosis of infectious diseases. Furthermore, we discussed potential new strategies of prevention and treatment for infectious diseases based on manipulating the composition, structure, and function of intestinal microorganisms in the future. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingming Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sien Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingchan Zeng
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Records Management, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Kawabe T, Sher A. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells: a naturally arising T lymphocyte population possessing innate immune function. Int Immunol 2021; 34:189-196. [PMID: 34897483 PMCID: PMC8962445 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In conventional adaptive immune responses, upon recognition of foreign antigens, naive CD4+ T lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into effector/memory cells. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that in the steady state, naive CD4+ T cells spontaneously proliferate in response to self-antigens to acquire a memory phenotype (MP) through homeostatic proliferation. This expansion is particularly profound in lymphopenic environments but also occurs in lymphoreplete, normal conditions. The 'MP T lymphocytes' generated in this manner are maintained by rapid proliferation in the periphery and they tonically differentiate into T-bet-expressing 'MP1' cells. Such MP1 CD4+ T lymphocytes can exert innate effector function, producing IFN-γ in response to IL-12 in the absence of antigen recognition, thereby contributing to host defense. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how MP T lymphocytes are generated and persist in steady-state conditions, their populational heterogeneity as well as the evidence for their effector function. We will also compare these properties with those of a similar population of innate memory cells previously identified in the CD8+ T lymphocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan,Correspondence to: T. Kawabe; E-mail: or A. Sher; E-mail:
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Correspondence to: T. Kawabe; E-mail: or A. Sher; E-mail:
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17
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Smetanova J, Milota T, Rataj M, Bloomfield M, Sediva A, Klocperk A. Accelerated Maturation, Exhaustion, and Senescence of T cells in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:274-285. [PMID: 34716533 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized chiefly by the hypoplasia of the thymus resulting in T cell lymphopenia, increased susceptibility to infections, and higher risk of autoimmune diseases. The irregular thymic niche of T cell development may contribute to autoimmune and atopic complications, whereas the compensatory mechanism of homeostatic T cell proliferation and continuous immune stimulation may result in T cell senescence and exhaustion, further aggravating the immune system dysregulation. METHODS We used flow cytometry to investigate T cell maturation, delineation, proliferation, activation, and expression of senescence and exhaustion-associated markers (PD1, KLRG1, CD57) in 17 pediatric and adolescent patients with 22q11.2DS and age-matched healthy donors. RESULTS 22q11.2DS patients aged 0-5 years had fewer naïve but more effector memory T cells with a tendency to approach normal values with increasing age. Young patients in particular had a higher percentage of proliferating T cells and increased expression of PD1, KLRG1, and CD57, as well as cells co-expressing several exhaustion-associated molecules (PD1, KLRG1, Tbet, Eomes, Helios). Additionally, high-risk 22q11.2DS patients with very low numbers of CD4 T cells had significantly higher percentage of Th1 and Th17 T cells, driven in part by higher proportion of mature T cell forms. CONCLUSION The low thymic output and accelerated T cell differentiation remain the principal features of 22q11.2DS patient immunity, especially in young patients of < 5 years. Later in life, homeostatic proliferation drives expression of T cell exhaustion and senescence-associated markers, suggesting functional aberrations in addition to numeric T cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Smetanova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Milota
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rataj
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Bloomfield
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Paediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Jergović M, Coplen CP, Uhrlaub JL, Besselsen DG, Cheng S, Smithey MJ, Nikolich-Žugich J. Infection-induced type I interferons critically modulate the homeostasis and function of CD8 + naïve T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5303. [PMID: 34489451 PMCID: PMC8421345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T (Tn) cells require two homeostatic signals for long-term survival: tonic T cell receptor:self-peptide-MHC contact and IL-7 stimulation. However, how microbial exposure impacts Tn homeostasis is still unclear. Here we show that infections can lead to the expansion of a subpopulation of long-lived, Ly6C+ CD8+ Tn cells with accelerated effector function. Mechanistically, mono-infection with West Nile virus transiently, and polymicrobial exposure persistently, enhances Ly6C expression selectively on CD5hiCD8+ cells, which in the case of polyinfection translates into a numerical CD8+ Tn cell increase in the lymph nodes. This conversion and expansion of Ly6C+ Tn cells depends on IFN-I, which upregulates MHC class I expression and enhances tonic TCR signaling in differentiating Tn cells. Moreover, for Ly6C+CD8+ Tn cells, IFN-I-mediated signals optimize their homing to secondary sites, extend their lifespan, and enhance their effector differentiation and antibacterial function, particularly for low-affinity clones. Our results thus uncover significant regulation of Tn homeostasis and function via infection-driven IFN-I, with potential implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher P Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shu Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Vir, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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19
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Islam A, Pishesha N, Harmand TJ, Heston H, Woodham AW, Cheloha RW, Bousbaine D, Rashidian M, Ploegh HL. Converting an Anti-Mouse CD4 Monoclonal Antibody into an scFv Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent for Longitudinal Monitoring of CD4 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1468-1477. [PMID: 34408009 PMCID: PMC8387391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (PET), a noninvasive imaging modality, can provide a dynamic approach for longitudinal assessment of cell populations of interest. Transformation of mAbs into single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based PET imaging agents would allow noninvasive tracking in vivo of a wide range of possible targets. We used sortase-mediated enzymatic labeling in combination with PEGylation to develop an anti-mouse CD4 scFv-based PET imaging agent constructed from an anti-mouse CD4 mAb. This anti-CD4 scFv can monitor the in vivo distribution of CD4+ T cells by immuno-PET. We tracked CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in wild-type mice, in immunodeficient recipients reconstituted with monoclonal populations of OT-II and OT-I T cells, and in a B16 melanoma model. Anti-CD4 and -CD8 immuno-PET showed that the persistence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transferred into immunodeficient mice improved when recipients were immunized with OVA in CFA. In tumor-bearing animals, infiltration of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased as the tumor grew. The approach described in this study should be readily applicable to convert clinically useful Abs into the corresponding scFv PET imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Islam
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hailey Heston
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ross W Cheloha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Djenet Bousbaine
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Abstract
Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes comprise a mixture of naive and memory cells. Generation and survival of these T-cell subsets is under strict homeostatic control and reflects contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and certain cytokines. Naive T cells arise in the thymus via T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent positive selection to self-peptide/MHC complexes and are then maintained in the periphery through self-MHC interaction plus stimulation via interleukin-7 (IL-7). By contrast, memory T cells are largely MHC-independent for their survival but depend strongly on stimulation via cytokines. Whereas typical memory T cells are generated in response to foreign antigens, some arise spontaneously through contact of naive precursors with self-MHC ligands; we refer to these cells as memory-phenotype (MP) T cells. In this review, we discuss the generation and homeostasis of naive T cells and these two types of memory T cells, focusing on their relative interaction with MHC ligands and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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21
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Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EHHM, Samsom JN, Goettel JA. Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716499. [PMID: 34421921 PMCID: PMC8371910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that restrict immune activation and are essential to prevent systemic autoimmunity. In the intestine, the major function of Treg cells is to regulate inflammation as shown by a wide array of mechanistic studies in mice. While Treg cells originating from the thymus can home to the intestine, the majority of Treg cells residing in the intestine are induced from FOXP3neg conventional CD4+ T cells to elicit tolerogenic responses to microbiota and food antigens. This process largely takes place in the gut draining lymph nodes via interaction with antigen-presenting cells that convert circulating naïve T cells into Treg cells. Notably, dysregulation of Treg cells leads to a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, understanding intestinal Treg cell biology in settings of inflammation and homeostasis has the potential to improve therapeutic options for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, the induction, maintenance, trafficking, and function of intestinal Treg cells is reviewed in the context of intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we propose intestinal Treg cells do not compose fixed Treg cell subsets, but rather (like T helper cells), are plastic and can adopt different programs depending on microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jacobse
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edmond H. H. M. Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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22
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Lymphopenia, Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation, and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084152. [PMID: 33923792 PMCID: PMC8073364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a tightly regulated system that is critical for defense against invasion by foreign pathogens and protection from self-reactivity for the survival of an individual. How the defects in this system might result in autoimmunity is discussed in this review. Reduced lymphocyte number, termed lymphopenia, can mediate lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) to maintain peripheral lymphocyte numbers. LIP not only occurs in normal physiological conditions but also correlates with autoimmunity. Of note, lymphopenia is also a typical marker of immune aging, consistent with the fact that not only the autoimmunity increases in the elderly, but also autoimmune diseases (ADs) show characteristics of immune aging. Here, we discuss the types and rates of LIP in normal and autoimmune conditions, as well as the coronavirus disease 2019 in the context of LIP. Importantly, although the causative role of LIP has been demonstrated in the development of type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, a two-hit model has suggested that the factors other than lymphopenia are required to mediate the loss of control over homeostasis to result in ADs. Interestingly, these factors may be, if not totally, related to the function/number of regulatory T cells which are key modulators to protect from self-reactivity. In this review, we summarize the important roles of lymphopenia/LIP and the Treg cells in various autoimmune conditions, thereby highlighting them as key therapeutic targets for autoimmunity treatments.
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23
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Prasad M, Wojciech L, Brzostek J, Hu J, Chua YL, Tung DWH, Yap J, Rybakin V, Gascoigne NRJ. Expansion of an Unusual Virtual Memory CD8 + Subpopulation Bearing Vα3.2 TCR in Themis-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644483. [PMID: 33897691 PMCID: PMC8058184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the gene for Themis affects T cell selection in the thymus, which would be expected to affect the TCR repertoire. We found an increased proportion of cells expressing Vα3.2 (TRAV9N-3) in the peripheral CD8+ T cell population in mice with germline Themis deficiency. Analysis of the TCRα repertoire indicated it was generally reduced in diversity in the absence of Themis, whereas the diversity of sequences using the TRAV9N-3 V-region element was increased. In wild type mice, Vα3.2+ cells showed higher CD5, CD6 and CD44 expression than non-Vα3-expressing cells, and this was more marked in cells from Themis-deficient mice. This suggested a virtual memory phenotype, as well as a stronger response to self-pMHC. The Vα3.2+ cells responded more strongly to IL-15, as well as showing bystander effector capability in a Listeria infection. Thus, the unusually large population of Vα3.2+ CD8+ T cells found in the periphery of Themis-deficient mice reflects not only altered thymic selection, but also allowed identification of a subset of bystander-competent cells that are also present in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Prasad
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lukasz Wojciech
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond Wai Hon Tung
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Yap
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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24
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Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Miniello VL, Barone M, Francavilla R. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body. Front Immunol 2021; 12:578386. [PMID: 33717063 PMCID: PMC7953067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host-microbiota symbiotic relationship. On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some of the host's metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota-host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cristofori
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nadia Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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25
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Bresler P, Tejerina E, Jacob JM, Legrand A, Quellec V, Ezine S, Peduto L, Cherrier M. T cells regulate lymph node-resident ILC populations in a tissue and subset-specific way. iScience 2021; 24:102158. [PMID: 33665576 PMCID: PMC7907429 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to be significantly affected in the small intestine lamina propria and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) of conventional lymphopenic mice. How ILCs are regulated by adaptive immunity in SLOs remains unclear. In T cell-deficient mice, ILC2s are significantly increased in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) at the expense of CCR6+ ILC3s, which are nonetheless increased in the peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs). Here, we show that T cells regulate lymph node-resident ILCs in a tissue- and subset-specific way. First, reducing microbial colonization from birth restored CCR6+ ILC3s in the MLNs of T cell-deficient mice. In contrast, T cell reconstitution resulted in the contraction of both MLNs ILC2s and PLNs ILC3s, whereas antagonizing microbial colonization from birth had no impact on these populations. Finally, the accumulation of MLNs ILC2s was partly regulated by T cells through stroma-derived IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscillia Bresler
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Tejerina
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean Marie Jacob
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1224, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Legrand
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Quellec
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ezine
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Peduto
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1224, Paris, France
| | - Marie Cherrier
- Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
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26
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Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604179. [PMID: 33362788 PMCID: PMC7758428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) physiology and inflammation. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. During dysbiosis, these pathways are dysregulated and associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind the impact of the gut microbiota in neuro-development and -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There are several immune pathways involved in CNS homeostasis and inflammation. Among those, the inflammasome pathway has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, but also anxiety and depressive-like disorders. The inflammasome complex assembles upon cell activation due to exposure to microbes, danger signals, or stress and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) and to pyroptosis. Evidences suggest that there is a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. However, how this influence is precisely working is yet to be discovered. Herein, we discuss the status of the knowledge and the open questions in the field focusing on the function of intestinal microbial metabolites or products on CNS cells during healthy and inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and also neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we focus on the innate inflammasome pathway as immune mechanism that can be involved in several of these conditions, upon exposure to certain microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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27
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Circulation of gut-preactivated naïve CD8 + T cells enhances antitumor immunity in B cell-defective mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23674-23683. [PMID: 32907933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010981117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has garnered attention as an effective target to boost immunity and improve cancer immunotherapy. We found that B cell-defective (BCD) mice, such as µ-membrane targeted deletion (µMT) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) knockouts (KOs), have elevated antitumor immunity under specific pathogen-free but not germ-free conditions. Microbial dysbiosis in these BCD mice enriched the type I IFN (IFN) signature in mucosal CD8+ T cells, resulting in up-regulation of the type I IFN-inducible protein stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). Among CD8+ T cells, naïve cells predominantly circulate from the gut to the periphery, and those that had migrated from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) to the periphery had significantly higher expression of Sca-1. The gut-educated Sca-1+ naïve subset is endowed with enhanced mitochondrial activity and antitumor effector potential. The heterogeneity and functional versatility of the systemic naïve CD8+ T cell compartment was revealed by single-cell analysis and functional assays of CD8+ T cell subpopulations. These results indicate one of the potential mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis regulates antitumor immunity.
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28
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Gonçalves P, El Daker S, Vasseur F, Serafini N, Lim A, Azogui O, Decaluwe H, Guy-Grand D, Freitas AA, Di Santo JP, Rocha B. Microbiota stimulation generates LCMV-specific memory CD8 + T cells in SPF mice and determines their TCR repertoire during LCMV infection. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:125-141. [PMID: 32563081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both mouse and human harbour memory phenotype CD8+ T cells specific for antigens in hosts that have not been previously exposed to these antigens. The origin and the nature of the stimuli responsible for generation of CD44hi CD8+ T cells in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice remain controversial. It is known that microbiota plays a crucial role in the prevention and resolution of systemic infections by influencing myelopoiesis, regulating dendritic cells, inflammasome activation and promoting the production of type I and II interferons. By contrast, here we suggest that microbiota has a direct effect on generation of memory phenotype CD44hiGP33+CD8+ T cells. In SPF mice, it generates a novel GP33+CD44hiCD8+ T cell sub-population associating the properties of innate and genuine memory cells. These cells are highly enriched in the bone marrow, proliferate rapidly and express immediate effector functions. They dominate the response to LCMV and express particular TCRβ chains. The sequence of these selected TCRβ chains overlaps with that of GP33+CD8+ T cells directly selected by microbiota in the gut epithelium of SPF mice, demonstrating a common selection mechanism in gut and peripheral CD8+ T cell pool. Therefore microbiota has a direct role in priming T cell immunity in SPF mice and in the selection of TCRβ repertoires during systemic infection. We identify a mechanism that primes T cell immunity in SPF mice and may have a major role in colonization resistance and protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonçalves
- Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France; Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM, U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Sary El Daker
- Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Florence Vasseur
- INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM, U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Orly Azogui
- INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Helene Decaluwe
- Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Delphine Guy-Grand
- INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France; Lymphopoiesis Unit, INSERM U668, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Antonio A Freitas
- Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM, U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France.
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29
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Bretscher PA, Al‐Yassin G, Anderson CC. On T cell development, T cell signals, T cell specificity and sensitivity, and the autoimmunity facilitated by lymphopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12888. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Ghassan Al‐Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Surgery Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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30
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Zhu K, He C, Liu SQ, Qu M, Xie T, Yang X, Lei L, Zhou X, Shi L, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Sun Y, Zheng H, Shen X, Li Q, Jiang N, Zhang B. Lineage Tracking the Generation of T Regulatory Cells From Microbial Activated T Effector Cells in Naïve Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3109. [PMID: 32010147 PMCID: PMC6978744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of gut homeostasis by suppressing conventional CD4+ helper T cells (Tconvs) that are activated by microbial antigens. Although thymus is the major source of the peripheral Tregs, peripheral conversion from Tconvs to Tregs have also been shown to occur under various experimental conditions. It remains less clear about the frequency of lineage conversion from Tconvs to Tregs in naïve animals. Here we used a newly established reporter system to track a group of post expansion Tregs (eTregs), which exhibited a stronger suppressive ability than the non-lineage marked Tregs. Notably, microbial antigens are the primary driver for the formation of eTregs. TCR repertoire analysis of Peyer's patch T cells revealed that eTregs are clonally related to Tconvs, but not to the non-lineage tracked Tregs. Adoptive transfer of Tconvs into lymphopenic hosts demonstrated a conversion from Tconvs to eTregs. Thus, our lineage tracking method was able to capture the lineage conversion from microbial activated effector T cells to Tregs in naïve animals. This study suggests that a fraction of clonally activated T cells from the natural T cell repertoire exhibits lineage conversion to Tregs in response to commensal microbes under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mingjuan Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbin Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yae Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaonan Shen
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qijing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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31
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Lung and Gut Microbiota as Potential Hidden Driver of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Lung Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7652014. [PMID: 31827379 PMCID: PMC6885300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7652014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest and most common malignancies in the world, representing one of the greatest challenges in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy is rapidly changing standard treatment schedule and outcomes for patients with advanced malignancies. However, several ongoing studies are still attempting to elucidate the biomarkers that could predict treatment response as well as the new strategies to improve antitumor immune system response ameliorating immunotherapy efficacy. The complex of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, termed microbiota, that live on the epithelial barriers of the host, are involved in the initiation, progression, and dissemination of cancer. The functional role of microbiota has attracted an accumulating attention recently. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that commensal microorganisms are required for the maturation, education, and function of the immune system regulating the efficacy of immunotherapy in the anticancer response. In this review, we discuss some of the major findings depicting bacteria as crucial gatekeeper for the immune response against tumor and their role as driver of immunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer with a special focus on the distinctive role of gut and lung microbiota in the efficacy of immunotherapy treatment.
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32
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Kawabe T, Zhu J, Sher A. Foreign antigen-independent memory-phenotype CD4 + T cells: a new player in innate immunity? Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:1. [PMID: 29480287 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2018.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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33
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Hong SW, O E, Lee JY, Lee M, Han D, Ko HJ, Sprent J, Surh CD, Kim KS. Food antigens drive spontaneous IgE elevation in the absence of commensal microbiota. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1507. [PMID: 31131325 PMCID: PMC6531000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key mediator in allergic diseases, is spontaneously elevated in mice with disrupted commensal microbiota such as germ-free (GF) and antibiotics-treated mice. However, the underlying mechanisms for aberrant IgE elevation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that food antigens drive spontaneous IgE elevation in GF and antibiotics-treated mice by generating T helper 2 (TH2)-skewed T follicular helper (TFH) cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). In these mice, depriving contact with food antigens results in defective IgE elevation as well as impaired generation of TFH cells and IgE-producing cells in GALT. Food antigen-driven TFH cells in GF mice are mostly generated in early life, especially during the weaning period. We also reveal that food antigen-driven TFH cells in GF mice are actively depleted by colonization with commensal microbiota. Thus, our findings provide a possible explanation for why the perturbation of commensal microbiota in early life increases the occurrence of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju O
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Han
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Ko
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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34
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Ayasoufi K, Zwick DB, Fan R, Hasgur S, Nicosia M, Gorbacheva V, Keslar KS, Min B, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Interleukin-27 promotes CD8+ T cell reconstitution following antibody-mediated lymphoablation. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125489. [PMID: 30944247 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated lymphoablation is used in solid organ and stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. Using murine anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG) in a mouse model of heart transplantation, we previously reported that the homeostatic recovery of CD8+ T cells requires help from depletion-resistant memory CD4+ T cells delivered through CD40-expressing B cells. This study investigated the mechanisms by which B cells mediate CD8+ T cell proliferation in lymphopenic hosts. While CD8+ T cell recovery required MHC class I expression in the host, the reconstitution occurred independently of MHC class I, MHC class II, or CD80/CD86 expression on B cells. mATG lymphoablation upregulated the B cell expression of several cytokine genes, including IL-15 and IL-27, in a CD4-dependent manner. Neither treatment with anti-CD122 mAb nor the use of IL-15Rα-/- recipients altered CD8+ T cell recovery after mATG treatment, indicating that IL-15 may be dispensable for T cell proliferation in our model. Instead, IL-27 neutralization or the use of IL-27Rα-/- CD8+ T cells inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation and altered the phenotype and cytokine profile of reconstituted CD8+ T cells. Our findings uncover what we believe is a novel role of IL-27 in lymphopenia-induced CD8+ T cell proliferation and suggest that targeting B cell-derived cytokines may increase the efficacy of lymphoablation and improve transplant outcomes.
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35
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Kim HK, Chung H, Kwon J, Castro E, Johns C, Hawk NV, Hwang S, Park JH, Gress RE. Differential Cytokine Utilization and Tissue Tropism Results in Distinct Repopulation Kinetics of Naïve vs. Memory T Cells in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:355. [PMID: 30886618 PMCID: PMC6409349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve and memory T cells co-exist in the peripheral T cell pool, but the cellular mechanisms that maintain the balance and homeostasis of these two populations remain mostly unclear. To address this question, here, we assessed homeostatic proliferation and repopulation kinetics of adoptively transferred naïve and memory T cells in lymphopenic host mice. We identified distinct kinetics of proliferation and tissue-distribution between naïve and memory donor T cells, which resulted in the occupancy of the peripheral T cell pool by mostly naïve-origin T cells in short term (<1 week), but, in a dramatic reversal, by mostly memory-origin T cells in long term (>4 weeks). To explain this finding, we assessed utilization of the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 by naïve and memory T cells. We found different efficiencies of IL-7 signaling between naïve and memory T cells, where memory T cells expressed larger amounts of IL-7Rα but were significantly less potent in activation of STAT5 that is downstream of IL-7 signaling. Nonetheless, memory T cells were superior in long-term repopulation of the peripheral T cell pool, presumably, because they preferentially migrated into non-lymphoid tissues upon adoptive transfer and additionally utilized tissue IL-15 for rapid expansion. Consequently, co-utilization of IL-7 and IL-15 provides memory T cells a long-term survival advantage. We consider this mechanism important, as it permits the memory T cell population to be maintained in face of constant influx of naïve T cells to the peripheral T cell pool and under competing conditions for survival cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Johns
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nga V Hawk
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - SuJin Hwang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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36
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Kang YH, Biswas A, Field M, Snapper SB. STAT1 signaling shields T cells from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:912. [PMID: 30796216 PMCID: PMC6385318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK-STAT pathway critically regulates T-cell differentiation, and STAT1 is postulated to regulate several immune-mediated diseases by inducing proinflammatory subsets. Here we show that STAT1 enables CD4+ T-cell-mediated intestinal inflammation by protecting them from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated elimination. Stat1−/− T cells fail to expand and establish colitis in lymphopenic mice. This defect is not fully recapitulated by the combinatorial loss of type I and II IFN signaling. Mechanistically, Stat1−/− T cells have reduced expression of Nlrc5 and multiple MHC class I molecules that serve to protect cells from NK cell-mediated killing. Consequently, the depletion of NK cells significantly rescues the survival and spontaneous proliferation of Stat1−/− T cells, and restores their ability to induce colitis in adoptive transfer mouse models. Stat1−/− mice however have normal CD4+ T cell numbers as innate STAT1 signaling is required for their elimination. Overall, our findings reveal a critical perspective on JAK-STAT1 signaling that might apply to multiple inflammatory diseases. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is important for cytokine responses and CD4 T-cell differentiation. Here the authors show that Stat1 also serves to protect CD4 T cells from natural killer cell-mediated killing, potentially by promoting the expression of Nlrc5 and MHC-I, to preserve the induction of experimental colitis via the adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hui Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amlan Biswas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Discovery Immunology, Abbvie, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Field
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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37
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Knop L, Frommer C, Stoycheva D, Deiser K, Kalinke U, Blankenstein T, Kammertoens T, Dunay IR, Schüler T. Interferon-γ Receptor Signaling in Dendritic Cells Restrains Spontaneous Proliferation of CD4 + T Cells in Chronic Lymphopenic Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:140. [PMID: 30792713 PMCID: PMC6374634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In lymphopenic mice, T cells become activated and undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). However, not all T cells are equally sensitive to lymphopenia. Several lymphopenia-insensitive T cell clones were described and their non-responsiveness was mainly attributed to clone-specific properties. Here, we provide evidence for an additional, host-dependent mechanism restraining LIP of lymphopenia-insensitive CD4+ T cells. We show that such cells undergo LIP in lymphopenic mice lacking IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) expression, a process, which is promoted by the autocrine action of T cell-derived IFN-γ. Additionally, LIP of lymphopenia-insensitive CD4+ T cells requires an intact microflora and is accompanied by the massive accumulation of IL-6 and dendritic cells (DCs). Consistent with these results, IL-6 neutralization and the DC-specific restoration of IFN-γR expression are both sufficient to restrict LIP. Hence, the insensitivity of CD4+ T cells to lymphopenia relies on cell-intrinsic properties and a complex interplay between the commensal microflora, IL-6, IFN-γR+ DCs, and T cell-derived IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Frommer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Diana Stoycheva
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Deiser
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Medical School Hannover, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Intestinal damage driven by unrestricted immune responses against the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. How such breakdown in tolerance occurs alongside the mechanisms to reinforce homeostasis with the microbiota are a focus of many studies. Our recent work demonstrates coordinated interactions between intact microbiota and CX3CR1 expressing intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) that limits T helper 1 cell responses and promotes differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) against intestinal antigens including pathogens, soluble proteins and the microbiota itself. We find a microbial attachment to intestinal epithelial cells is necessary to support these anti-inflammatory immune functions. In this addendum, we discuss how our findings enhance understanding of microbiota-directed homeostatic functions of the intestinal immune system and implications of modulating this interaction in ameliorating inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoo Kim
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea A. Hill
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wan-Jung Wu
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gretchen E. Diehl
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Gretchen E. Diehl
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39
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Abstract
Lymphocytes are an important component of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. T cells in particular are potent inducers of inflammation in this disease as well as recurrent players in chronic lesion formation. Here we describe a method for adoptive transfer colitis in mice, which serves as a T cell-based model of inflammatory bowel disease. Adoptive transfer utilizes naïve CD4+ T cells that are administered to immunodeficient mice, which then induce a chronic pancolitis. Here, protocols are provided for the isolation and purification of naïve CD4+ T cells, as well as proper administration to test mice and important points to consider in monitoring disease progression and potential downstream applications. This method provides a way to target the contribution of T cells to IBD models, as well as providing a repeatable and physiologically relevant model of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eden
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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40
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Unregulated antigen-presenting cell activation by T cells breaks self tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:1007-1016. [PMID: 30598454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818624116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells proliferate vigorously following acute depletion of CD4+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells [natural Tregs (nTregs)] and also when naive T cells are transferred to syngeneic, nTreg-deficient Rag1 -/- hosts. Here, using mice raised in an antigen-free (AF) environment, we show that proliferation in these two situations is directed to self ligands rather than food or commensal antigens. In both situations, the absence of nTregs elevates B7 expression on host dendritic cells (DCs) and enables a small subset of naive CD4 T cells with high self affinity to respond overtly to host DCs: bidirectional T/DC interaction ensues, leading to progressive DC activation and reciprocal strong proliferation of T cells accompanied by peripheral Treg (pTreg) formation. Likewise, high-affinity CD4 T cells proliferate vigorously and form pTregs when cultured with autologous DCs in vitro in the absence of nTregs: this anti-self response is MHCII/peptide dependent and elicited by the raised level of B7 on cultured DCs. The data support a model in which self tolerance is imposed via modulation of CD28 signaling and explains the pathological effects of superagonistic CD28 antibodies.
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41
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Li X, Li Z, Chang Y, Hou F, Huang Z, Ni H, Yang R, Bi Y. Successful transplantation of guinea pig gut microbiota in mice and its effect on pneumonic plague sensitivity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5637. [PMID: 30280023 PMCID: PMC6160821 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-driven variations in the inflammatory response are predicted to regulate host responses to infection. Increasing evidence indicates that the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts have an intimate relationship with each other. Gut microbiota can influence lung immunity whereby gut-derived injurious factors can reach the lungs and systemic circulation via the intestinal lymphatics. The intestinal microbiota’s ability to resist colonization can be extended to systemic infections or to pathogens infecting distant sites such as the lungs. Unlike the situation with large mammals, the microtus Yersinia pestis 201 strain exhibits strong virulence in mice, but nearly no virulence to large mammals (such as guinea pigs). Hence, to assess whether the intestinal microbiota from guinea pigs was able to affect the sensitivity of mice to challenge infection with the Y. pestis 201 strain, we fed mice with guinea pig diets for two months, after which they were administered 0.5 ml of guinea pig fecal suspension for 30 days by oral gavage. The stools from each mouse were collected on days 0, 15, and 30, DNA was extracted from them, and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to assess the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. We found that the intestinal microbiota transplants from the guinea pigs were able to colonize the mouse intestines. The mice were then infected with Yersinia pestis 201 by lung invasion, but no statistical difference was found in the survival rates of the mice that were colonized with the guinea pig’s gut microbiota and the control mice. This indicates that the intestinal microbiota transplantation from the guinea pigs did not affect the sensitivity of the mice to pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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42
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Kim J, Lee JY, Cho K, Hong SW, Kim KS, Sprent J, Im SH, Surh CD, Cho JH. Spontaneous Proliferation of CD4 + T Cells in RAG-Deficient Hosts Promotes Antigen-Independent but IL-2-Dependent Strong Proliferative Response of Naïve CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1907. [PMID: 30190718 PMCID: PMC6116856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast and intense proliferative responses have been well documented for naïve T cells adoptively transferred into chronic lymphopenic hosts. This response known as spontaneous proliferation (SP), unlike antigen-independent lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), is driven in a manner dependent on antigens derived from commensal microbiota. However, the precise nature of the SP response and its impact on homeostasis and function for T cells rapidly responding under this lymphopenic condition are still unclear. Here we demonstrate that, when naïve T cells were adoptively transferred into specific pathogen-free (SPF) but not germ-free (GF) RAG-/- hosts, the SP response of these cells substantially affects the intensity and tempo of the responding T cells undergoing LIP. Therefore, the resulting response of these cells in SPF RAG-/- hosts was faster and stronger than the typical LIP response observed in irradiated B6 hosts. Although the intensity and tempo of such augmented LIP in SPF RAG-/- hosts were analogous to those of antigen-dependent SP, the former was independent of antigenic stimulation but most importantly, dependent on IL-2. Similar observations were also apparent in other acute lymphopenic settings where antigen-dependent T cell activation can strongly occur and induce sufficient levels of IL-2 production. Consequently, the resulting T cells undergoing IL-2-driven strong proliferative responses showed the ability to differentiate into functional effector and memory cells that can control infectious pathogens. These findings therefore reveal previously unappreciated role of IL-2 in driving the intense form of T cell proliferative responses in chronic lymphopenic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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43
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Kato A, Takaori-Kondo A, Minato N, Hamazaki Y. CXCR3 high CD8 + T cells with naïve phenotype and high capacity for IFN-γ production are generated during homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1663-1678. [PMID: 30058200 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Naïve phenotype (NP) T cells spontaneously initiate homeostatic proliferation (HP) as T-cell output is reduced because of physiologic thymic involution with age. However, the effects of sustained HP on overall immune function are poorly understood. We demonstrated that the NP CD8+ T cell population in adult thymectomized mice showing accelerated HP has an increased capacity for TCR-mediated interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor α production, which is attributed to an increase in CXCR3+ cells in the NP CD8+ T cell population. The CXCR3+ NP CD8+ T cells developed during persistent HP with a slow cell division rate, but rarely during robust antigen-driven proliferation with a fast cell division rate. In ontogeny, the proportions of CXCR3+ cells in the NP CD8+ T cell population showed a biphasic profile, which was high at the newborn and aged stages. Upon transfer, CXCR3+ NP CD8+ T cells, but not CXCR3- NP CD8+ T cells, potently enhanced Th17-mediated inflammatory tissue reactions in vivo. Furthermore, CXCR3high NP CD8+ T cells with similar features were also detected at variable levels in healthy human blood. These results suggest that CXCR3+ NP CD8+ T cells generated during physiological HP significantly impact overall immunity at the immunologically vulnerable neonatal and aged stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Chiaranunt P, Tometich JT, Ji J, Hand TW. T Cell Proliferation and Colitis Are Initiated by Defined Intestinal Microbes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:243-250. [PMID: 29777027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease has been associated with the dysregulation of T cells specific to Ags derived from the intestinal microbiota. How microbiota-specific T cells are regulated is not completely clear but is believed to be mediated by a combination of IgA, regulatory T cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells. To test the role of these regulatory components on microbiota-specific T cells, we bred CBir1 TCR transgenic (CBir1Tg) mice (specific to flagellin from common intestinal bacteria) onto a lymphopenic Rag1-/- background. Surprisingly, T cells from CBir1Tg mice bred onto a Rag1-/- background could not induce colitis and did not differentiate to become effectors under lymphopenic conditions, despite deficits in immunoregulatory factors, such as IgA, regulatory T cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells. In fact, upon transfer of conventional CBir1Tg T cells into lymphopenic mice, the vast majority of proliferating T cells responded to Ags other than CBir1 flagellin, including those found on other bacteria, such as Helicobacter spp. Thus, we discovered a caveat in the CBir1Tg model within our animal facility that illustrates the limitations of using TCR transgenics at mucosal surfaces, where multiple TCR specificities can respond to the plethora of foreign Ags. Our findings also indicate that T cell specificity to the microbiota alone is not sufficient to induce T cell activation and colitis. Instead, other interrelated factors, such as the composition and ecology of the intestinal microbiota and host access to Ag, are paramount in controlling the activation of microbiota-specific T cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Justin T Tometich
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Junyi Ji
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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45
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Min B. Spontaneous T Cell Proliferation: A Physiologic Process to Create and Maintain Homeostatic Balance and Diversity of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:547. [PMID: 29616038 PMCID: PMC5868360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes undergo heterogeneous proliferative responses when introduced into lymphopenic hosts, referred to as “homeostatic proliferation” and “spontaneous proliferation.” Spontaneous proliferation is a unique process through which the immune system generates memory phenotype cells with increasing T cell receptors repertoire complexity. Here, the mechanisms that initiate and control spontaneous proliferation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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46
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Macpherson AJ. Do the Microbiota Influence Vaccines and Protective Immunity to Pathogens? Issues of Sovereignty, Federalism, and Points-Testing in the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Spaces of the Host-Microbial Superorganism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029363. [PMID: 28432128 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to live attenuated vaccines, which are designed to induce immunity through a time-limited bloom in systemic tissues, the microbiota is a persistent feature of body surfaces, especially the intestine. The immune responses to the microbiota are idiosyncratic depending on the niche intimacy of different taxa and generally adapt the host to avoid overgrowth and maintain mutualism rather than to eliminate the organisms of that taxon. Both the microbiota and the host have so much molecular cross talk controlling each other, that the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic spaces of the host-microbial superorganism are federal rather than sovereign. This molecular cross talk is vital for the immune system to develop its mature form. Nevertheless, the microbiota/host biomass spaces are rather well separated: The microbiota also limits colonization and penetration of pathogens through intense metabolic competition. Immune responses to those members of the microbiota mutually adapted to intimate association at mucosal surfaces have attractive potential durability, but for clinical use as persistent vehicles they would require personalization and engineered reversibility to manage the immune context and complications in individual human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An imbalance between pathogenic and protective microbiota characterizes dysbiosis. Presence of dysbiosis may affect immunity, tolerance, or disease depending on a variety of conditions. In the transplant patient population, the need for immunosuppression and widespread use of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial agents create new posttransplant microbiota communities that remain to be fully defined. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in mice have demonstrated significant bidirectional interactions between microbiota-derived products and host immune cells. The stimulation of regulatory T cell and T helper cell type 17 cells by specific products leads to maintenance of immune homeostasis versus activation of inflammation, respectively. Dysbiosis may lead to development of antigen cross-reactivity, which may affect alloreactivity. Certain immunologic sequelae of microbiota are pronounced in chronic kidney disease, because of uremia and renal metabolism of microbiota metabolites. Dietary modifications, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant have been investigated for alteration of microbiota in humans. SUMMARY Researchers have begun to identify dysbioses associated with clinical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, posttransplant infection, and rejection. This information will allow clinicians not only to select at-risk patients for early intervention, but also to develop therapies that restore the microbiota to a state of homeostasis or tolerance.
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Wiley NC, Dinan TG, Ross RP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF. The microbiota-gut-brain axis as a key regulator of neural function and the stress response: Implications for human and animal health. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3225-3246. [PMID: 28727115 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut-microbiota axis comprises an extensive communication network between the brain, the gut, and the microbiota residing there. Development of a diverse gut microbiota is vital for multiple features of behavior and physiology, as well as many fundamental aspects of brain structure and function. Appropriate early-life assembly of the gut microbiota is also believed to play a role in subsequent emotional and cognitive development. If the composition, diversity, or assembly of the gut microbiota is impaired, this impairment can have a negative impact on host health and lead to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and even potentially neuropsychiatric illnesses, including anxiety and depression. Therefore, much research effort in recent years has focused on understanding the potential of targeting the intestinal microbiota to prevent and treat such disorders. This review aims to explore the influence of the gut microbiota on host neural function and behavior, particularly those of relevance to stress-related disorders. The involvement of microbiota in diverse neural functions such as myelination, microglia function, neuronal morphology, and blood-brain barrier integrity across the life span, from early life to adolescence to old age, will also be discussed. Nurturing an optimal gut microbiome may also prove beneficial in animal science as a means to manage stressful situations and to increase productivity of farm animals. The implications of these observations are manifold, and researchers are hopeful that this promising body of preclinical work can be successfully translated to the clinic and beyond.
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49
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Tisch RM. Type 1 Diabetes: A Chronic Anti-Self-Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1898. [PMID: 29312356 PMCID: PMC5743904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is typically induced in response to a microbial infection. The release of proinflammatory cytokines enhances the stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells, as well as recruits adaptive and innate immune effectors to the site of infection. Once the microbe is cleared, inflammation is resolved by various mechanisms to avoid unnecessary tissue damage. Autoimmunity arises when aberrant immune responses target self-tissues causing inflammation. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), T cells attack the insulin producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Genetic and environmental factors increase T1D risk by in part altering central and peripheral tolerance inducing events. This results in the development and expansion of β cell-specific effector T cells (Teff) which mediate islet inflammation. Unlike protective immunity where inflammation is terminated, autoimmunity is sustained by chronic inflammation. In this review, we will highlight the key events which initiate and sustain T cell-driven pancreatic islet inflammation in nonobese diabetic mice and in human T1D. Specifically, we will discuss: (i) dysregulation of thymic selection events, (ii) the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that enhance the expansion and pathogenicity of Teff, (iii) defects which impair homeostasis and suppressor activity of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells, and (iv) properties of β cells which contribute to islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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50
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Wirasinha RC, Vijayan D, Smith NJ, Parnell GP, Swarbrick A, Brink R, King C, Stewart G, Booth DR, Batten M. GPR65 inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through CD4+
T cell independent mechanisms that include effects on iNKT cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:128-136. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rushika C Wirasinha
- Immunology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Dipti Vijayan
- Immunology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- Molecular Pharmacology Group; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Grant P Parnell
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research; Westmead Institute for Medical Research; University of Sydney; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Immunology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Graeme Stewart
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research; Westmead Institute for Medical Research; University of Sydney; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - David R Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research; Westmead Institute for Medical Research; University of Sydney; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Marcel Batten
- Immunology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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