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Carroll SL, Pasare C, Barton GM. Control of adaptive immunity by pattern recognition receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:632-648. [PMID: 38599163 PMCID: PMC11037560 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the most significant conceptual advances in immunology in recent history is the recognition that signals from the innate immune system are required for induction of adaptive immune responses. Two breakthroughs were critical in establishing this paradigm: the identification of dendritic cells (DCs) as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity and the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a molecular link that controls innate immune activation as well as DC function. Here, we recount the key events leading to these discoveries and discuss our current understanding of how PRRs shape adaptive immune responses, both indirectly through control of DC function and directly through control of lymphocyte function. In this context, we provide a conceptual framework for how variation in the signals generated by PRR activation, in DCs or other cell types, can influence T cell differentiation and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina L Carroll
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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2
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Su CM, Kim J, Tang J, Hung YF, Zuckermann FA, Husmann R, Roady P, Kim J, Lee YM, Yoo D. A clinically attenuated double-mutant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 that does not prompt overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines during co-infection with a secondary pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012128. [PMID: 38547254 PMCID: PMC11003694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to suppress the type I interferon (IFNs-α/β) response during infection. PRRSV also activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines during infection. In swine farms, co-infections of PRRSV and other secondary bacterial pathogens are common and exacerbate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, contributing to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) which is clinically a severe disease. Previous studies identified the non-structural protein 1β (nsp1β) of PRRSV-2 as an IFN antagonist and the nucleocapsid (N) protein as the NF-κB activator. Further studies showed the leucine at position 126 (L126) of nsp1β as the essential residue for IFN suppression and the region spanning the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of N as the NF-κB activation domain. In the present study, we generated a double-mutant PRRSV-2 that contained the L126A mutation in the nsp1β gene and the NLS mutation (ΔNLS) in the N gene using reverse genetics. The immunological phenotype of this mutant PRRSV-2 was examined in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro and in young pigs in vivo. In PAMs, the double-mutant virus did not suppress IFN-β expression but decreased the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokine productions compared to those for wild-type PRRSV-2. Co-infection of PAMs with the mutant PRRSV-2 and Streptococcus suis (S. suis) also reduced the production of NF-κB-directed inflammatory cytokines. To further examine the cytokine profiles and the disease severity by the mutant virus in natural host animals, 6 groups of pigs, 7 animals per group, were used for co-infection with the mutant PRRSV-2 and S. suis. The double-mutant PRRSV-2 was clinically attenuated, and the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly reduced in pigs after bacterial co-infection. Compared to the wild-type PRRSV-2 and S. suis co-infection control, pigs coinfected with the double-mutant PRRSV-2 exhibited milder clinical signs, lower titers and shorter duration of viremia, and lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that genetic modification of the type I IFN suppression and NF-κB activation functions of PRRSV-2 may allow us to design a novel vaccine candidate to alleviate the clinical severity of PRRS-2 and PRDC during bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jineui Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Junyu Tang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yu Fan Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Federico A. Zuckermann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert Husmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Sharma N, Qi X, Kessler P, Sen GC. Inflammatory Cytokines Can Induce Synthesis Of Type-I Interferon. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574713. [PMID: 38260325 PMCID: PMC10802393 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is induced in virus infected cells, secreted and it inhibits viral replication in neighboring cells. IFN is also an important player in many non-viral diseases and in the development of normal immune cells. Although the signaling pathways for IFN induction by viral RNA or DNA have been extensively studied, its mode of induction in uninfected cells remains obscure. Here, we report that inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, can induce IFN-β through activation of the cytoplasmic RIG-I signaling pathway. However, RIG-I is activated not by RNA, but by PACT, the protein activator of PKR. In cell lines or primary cells expressing RIG-I and PACT, activation of the MAPK, p38, by cytokine signaling, leads to phosphorylation of PACT, which binds to primed RIG-I and activates its signaling pathway. Thus, a new mode of type I IFN induction by ubiquitous inflammatory cytokines has been revealed. Key points Cytochalasin D followed by TNF-α / IL-1β treatment activates IFN-β expression.IFN-β expression happens due to activation of RIG-I signaling.Interaction between RIG-I and PACT activates IFN-β expression.
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Tibbs TN, Donoghue LJ, Buzzelli AA, Misumi I, DeMonia M, Ferris MT, Kelada SN, Whitmire JK. Mice with FVB-derived sequence on chromosome 17 succumb to disseminated virus infection due to aberrant NK cell and T cell responses. iScience 2023; 26:108348. [PMID: 38026197 PMCID: PMC10665959 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic arenavirus infections can result in viral hemorrhagic disease, characterized by platelet loss, petechia, and multi-organ injury. The mechanisms governing these outcomes are likely impacted by virus strain and infection dose, as well as an individual's genetic background and immune constitution. To better understand the processes leading to severe pathogenesis, we compared two strains of inbred mice, C57BL/6J (B6) and FVB/NJ (FVB), that have diametrically opposed outcomes during disseminated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Infection caused minimal pathogenesis in B6 mice, whereas FVB mice developed acute hepatitis and perished due, in part, to aberrant NK cell and T cell responses. Susceptible mice showed an outgrowth of cytolytic CD4+ T cells and loss of Treg cells. B6 congenic mice with the FVB allele at a 25Mb locus on chromosome 17 recapitulated FVB pathogenesis upon infection. A locus containing a limited number of variants in immune-related genes greatly impacts survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren J. Donoghue
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ashlyn A. Buzzelli
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maggie DeMonia
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samir N.P. Kelada
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Huang Z, Brodeur KE, Chen L, Du, Wobma H, Hsu EE, Liu M, Chang JC, Chang MH, Chou J, Day-Lewis M, Dedeoglu F, Halyabar O, Lederer JA, Li T, Lo MS, Lu M, Meidan E, Newburger JW, Randolph AG, Son MB, Sundel RP, Taylor ML, Wu H, Zhou Q, Canna SW, Wei K, Henderson LA, Nigrovic PA, Lee PY. Type I interferon signature and cycling lymphocytes in macrophage activation syndrome. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165616. [PMID: 37751296 PMCID: PMC10645381 DOI: 10.1172/jci165616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMacrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of Still's disease (SD) characterized by overt immune cell activation and cytokine storm. We aimed to further understand the immunologic landscape of SD and MAS.METHODWe profiled PBMCs from people in a healthy control group and patients with SD with or without MAS using bulk RNA-Seq and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq). We validated and expanded the findings by mass cytometry, flow cytometry, and in vitro studies.RESULTSBulk RNA-Seq of PBMCs from patients with SD-associated MAS revealed strong expression of genes associated with type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling and cell proliferation, in addition to the expected IFN-γ signal, compared with people in the healthy control group and patients with SD without MAS. scRNA-Seq analysis of more than 65,000 total PBMCs confirmed IFN-I and IFN-γ signatures and localized the cell proliferation signature to cycling CD38+HLA-DR+ cells within CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and NK cell populations. CD38+HLA-DR+ lymphocytes exhibited prominent IFN-γ production, glycolysis, and mTOR signaling. Cell-cell interaction modeling suggested a network linking CD38+HLA-DR+ lymphocytes with monocytes through IFN-γ signaling. Notably, the expansion of CD38+HLA-DR+ lymphocytes in MAS was greater than in other systemic inflammatory conditions in children. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs demonstrated that IFN-I and IL-15 - both elevated in MAS patients - synergistically augmented the generation of CD38+HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, while Janus kinase inhibition mitigated this response.CONCLUSIONMAS associated with SD is characterized by overproduction of IFN-I, which may act in synergy with IL-15 to generate CD38+HLA-DR+ cycling lymphocytes that produce IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Huang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailey E. Brodeur
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Du
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Holly Wobma
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan E. Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meng Liu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joyce C. Chang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret H. Chang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan Day-Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma Dedeoglu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olha Halyabar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A. Lederer
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tianwang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mindy S. Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Esra Meidan
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Beth Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert P. Sundel
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria L. Taylor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huaxiang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Scott W. Canna
- Division of Rheumatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren A. Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bela-Ong DB, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Park SB, Jung TS. CD4 + T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109007. [PMID: 37625734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8+ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4+ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4+ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4+ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in a few teleost fish species and transcription profiling of Th cell-relevant genes in the context of viral infections and virus-relevant immunomodulation. Studies reveal massive CD4+ T cell proliferation and expression of key cytokines, transcription factors, and effector molecules that evoke mammalian Th cell responses. We also discuss gaps in the current understanding and evaluation of teleost CD4+ T cell responses and how development and application of novel tools and approaches to interrogate such responses could bridge these gaps. A greater understanding of fish Th cell responses will further illuminate the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, inform strategies to address viral infections in aquaculture, and could further foster fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagula, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Yuen CK, Wong WM, Mak LF, Lam JY, Cheung LY, Cheung DTY, Ng YY, Lee ACY, Zhong N, Yuen KY, Kok KH. An interferon-integrated mucosal vaccine provides pan-sarbecovirus protection in small animal models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6762. [PMID: 37875475 PMCID: PMC10598001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A pan-sarbecovirus or pan-betacoronavirus vaccine that can prevent current and potential future beta-coronavirus infections is important for fighting possible future pandemics. Here, we report a mucosal vaccine that cross-protects small animal models from sarbecoviruses including SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. The vaccine comprises a live-but-defective SARS-CoV-2 virus that is envelope deficient and has the orf8 segment replaced by interferon-beta, hence named Interferon Beta Integrated SARS-CoV-2 (IBIS) vaccine. Nasal vaccination with IBIS protected mice from lethal homotypic SARS-CoV-2 infection and hamsters from co-housing-mediated transmission of homotypic virus. Moreover, IBIS provided complete protection against heterotypic sarbecoviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants, and SARS-CoV-1 in both mice and hamsters. Besides inducing a strong lung CD8 + T cell response, IBIS specifically heightened the activation of mucosal virus-specific CD4 + T cells compared to the interferon-null vaccine. The direct production of interferon by IBIS also suppressed virus co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, reducing the risk of genetic recombination when using as live vaccines. Altogether, IBIS is a next-generation pan-sarbecovirus vaccine and warrants further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kit Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wan-Man Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Long-Fung Mak
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joy-Yan Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lok-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Derek Tsz-Yin Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yau-Yee Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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8
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Wilken L, Stelz S, Prajeeth CK, Rimmelzwaan GF. Transient Blockade of Type I Interferon Signalling Promotes Replication of Dengue Virus Strain D2Y98P in Adult Wild-Type Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040814. [PMID: 37112795 PMCID: PMC10142689 DOI: 10.3390/v15040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV1-4) place nearly half the global population at risk of infection and the licenced tetravalent dengue vaccine fails to protect individuals who have not previously been exposed to DENV. The development of intervention strategies had long been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. DENV does not replicate in wild-type mice due to its inability to antagonise the mouse type I interferon (IFN) response. Mice deficient in type I IFN signalling (Ifnar1-/- mice) are highly susceptible to DENV infection, but their immunocompromised status makes it difficult to interpret immune responses elicited by experimental vaccines. To develop an alternative mouse model for vaccine testing, we treated adult wild-type mice with MAR1-5A3-an IFNAR1-blocking, non-cell-depleting antibody-prior to infection with the DENV2 strain D2Y98P. This approach would allow for vaccination of immunocompetent mice and subsequent inhibition of type I IFN signalling prior to challenge infection. While Ifnar1-/- mice quickly succumbed to infection, MAR1-5A3-treated mice did not show any signs of illness but eventually seroconverted. Infectious virus was recovered from the sera and visceral organs of Ifnar1-/- mice, but not from those of mice treated with MAR1-5A3. However, high levels of viral RNA were detected in the samples of MAR1-5A3-treated mice, indicating productive viral replication and dissemination. This transiently immunocompromised mouse model of DENV2 infection will aid the pre-clinical assessment of next-generation vaccines as well as novel antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wilken
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Stelz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), 30559 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Su CM, Du Y, Rowland RRR, Wang Q, Yoo D. Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172000. [PMID: 37138878 PMCID: PMC10149994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic functions of IFNs, in addition to their antiviral activities, for the priming of activation and maturation of adaptive immunity. In turn, many viruses have developed various strategies to counteract the IFN response and to evade the host immune system for their benefits. The inefficient innate immunity and delayed adaptive response fail to clear of invading viruses and negatively affect the efficacy of vaccines. A better understanding of evasion strategies will provide opportunities to revert the viral IFN antagonism. Furthermore, IFN antagonism-deficient viruses can be generated by reverse genetics technology. Such viruses can potentially serve as next-generation vaccines that can induce effective and broad-spectrum responses for both innate and adaptive immunities for various pathogens. This review describes the recent advances in developing IFN antagonism-deficient viruses, their immune evasion and attenuated phenotypes in natural host animal species, and future potential as veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raymond R. R. Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongwan Yoo,
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10
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Dahlgren MW, Plumb AW, Niss K, Lahl K, Brunak S, Johansson-Lindbom B. Type I Interferons Promote Germinal Centers Through B Cell Intrinsic Signaling and Dendritic Cell Dependent Th1 and Tfh Cell Lineages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932388. [PMID: 35911733 PMCID: PMC9326081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity, appear to represent a key component of mRNA vaccine-adjuvanticity, and correlate with severity of systemic autoimmune disease. Relevant to all, type I IFNs can enhance germinal center (GC) B cell responses but underlying signaling pathways are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that a succinct type I IFN response promotes GC formation and associated IgG subclass distribution primarily through signaling in cDCs and B cells. Type I IFN signaling in cDCs, distinct from cDC1, stimulates development of separable Tfh and Th1 cell subsets. However, Th cell-derived IFN-γ induces T-bet expression and IgG2c isotype switching in B cells prior to this bifurcation and has no evident effects once GCs and bona fide Tfh cells developed. This pathway acts in synergy with early B cell-intrinsic type I IFN signaling, which reinforces T-bet expression in B cells and leads to a selective amplification of the IgG2c+ GC B cell response. Despite the strong Th1 polarizing effect of type I IFNs, the Tfh cell subset develops into IL-4 producing cells that control the overall magnitude of the GCs and promote generation of IgG1+ GC B cells. Thus, type I IFNs act on B cells and cDCs to drive GC formation and to coordinate IgG subclass distribution through divergent Th1 and Tfh cell-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W. Plumb
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Johansson-Lindbom
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bengt Johansson-Lindbom,
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11
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Kang TG, Kwon KW, Kim K, Lee I, Kim MJ, Ha SJ, Shin SJ. Viral coinfection promotes tuberculosis immunopathogenesis by type I IFN signaling-dependent impediment of Th1 cell pulmonary influx. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3155. [PMID: 35672321 PMCID: PMC9174268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is often exacerbated upon coinfection, but the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, to elucidate these mechanisms, we use an Mtb and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus coinfection model. Viral coinfection significantly suppresses Mtb-specific IFN-γ production, with elevated bacterial loads and hyperinflammation in the lungs. Type I IFN signaling blockade rescues the Mtb-specific IFN-γ response and ameliorates lung immunopathology. Single-cell sequencing, tissue immunofluorescence staining, and adoptive transfer experiments indicate that viral infection-induced type I IFN signaling could inhibit CXCL9/10 production in myeloid cells, ultimately impairing pulmonary migration of Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, our study suggests that augmented and sustained type I IFNs by virus coinfection prior to the pulmonary localization of Mtb-specific Th1 cells exacerbates TB immunopathogenesis by impeding the Mtb-specific Th1 cell influx. Our study highlights a negative function of viral coinfection-induced type I IFN responses in delaying Mtb-specific Th1 responses in the lung. Viral coinfection alongside mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection may lead to immune complications or interference with immune responses. Here the authors show that in mice infected with Mtb and LCMV virus the specific TH1 response to MTb is reduced through a type I IFN response to the infecting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Guimarães Sousa S, Kleiton de Sousa A, Maria Carvalho Pereira C, Sofia Miranda Loiola Araújo A, de Aguiar Magalhães D, Vieira de Brito T, Barbosa ALDR. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes intestinal cell damage: Role of interferon’s imbalance. Cytokine 2022; 152:155826. [PMID: 35158258 PMCID: PMC8828414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the newly emerging lung disease pandemic COVID-19. This viral infection causes a series of respiratory disorders, and although this virus mainly infects respiratory cells, the small intestine can also be an important site of entry or interaction, as enterocytes highly express in angiotensin-2 converting enzyme (ACE) receptors. There are countless reports pointing to the importance of interferons (IFNs) with regard to the mediation of the immune system in viral infection by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this review will focus on the main cells that make up the large intestine, their specific immunology, as well as the function of IFNs in the intestinal mucosa after the invasion of coronavirus-2.
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13
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Yang J, Liu X, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Ji F, Ling Z. Roles of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818314. [PMID: 35311157 PMCID: PMC8927765 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common neoplasm and the third most deadly cancer in humans worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important causative factor of gastric carcinogenesis, and activates host innate and adaptive immune responses. As key constituents of the tumor immune microenvironment, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are increasingly attracting attention owing to their potential roles in immunosuppression. We recently reported that pDCs have vital roles in the development of immunosuppression in GC. Clarifying the contribution of pDCs to the development and progression of GC may lead to improvements in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding immune modulation in GC, especially the roles of pDCs in GC carcinogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
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14
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Schwerdtfeger M, Dickow J, Schmitz Y, Francois S, Karakoese Z, Malyshkina A, Knuschke T, Dittmer U, Sutter K. Immunotherapy With Interferon α11, But Not Interferon Beta, Controls Persistent Retroviral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809774. [PMID: 35126368 PMCID: PMC8810532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs), including numerous IFNα subtypes and IFNβ, are key molecules during innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. These cytokines exert various non-redundant biological activities, although binding to the same receptor. Persistent viral infections are often characterized by increased IFN signatures implicating a potential role of type I IFNs in disease pathogenesis. Using the well-established Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of IFNα11 and IFNβ in acute and chronic retroviral infection. We observed a strong antiviral activity of both IFNs during acute FV infection, whereas only IFNα11 and not IFNβ could also control persistent FV infection. The therapeutic treatment with IFNα11 induced the expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) and improved cytotoxic T cell responses. Finally, dysfunctional CD8+ T cells solely regained cytotoxicity after IFNα11 treatment. Our data provide evidence for opposing activities of type I IFNs during chronic retroviral infections. IFNβ was shown to be involved in immune dysfunction in chronic infections, whereas IFNα11 had a strong antiviral potential and reactivated exhausted T cells during persistent retroviral infection. In contrast, during acute infection, both type I IFNs were able to efficiently suppress FV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Dickow
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yasmin Schmitz
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Francois
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Torben Knuschke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Sutter,
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15
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Spontaneous CD4+ T Cell Activation and Differentiation in Lupus-Prone B6.Nba2 Mice Is IFNAR-Independent. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020874. [PMID: 35055071 PMCID: PMC8778657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dysregulated T and B lymphocytes. Type I interferons (IFN-I) have been shown to play important pathogenic roles in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. Recent studies have shown that B cell intrinsic responses to IFN-I are enough to drive B cell differentiation into autoantibody-secreting memory B cells and plasma cells, although lower levels of residual auto-reactive cells remain present. We speculated that IFN-I stimulation of T cells would similarly drive specific T-cell associated lupus phenotypes including the upregulation of T follicular helper cells and Th17, thereby affecting autoantibody production and the development of glomerulonephritis. Using the B6.Nba2 mouse model of lupus, we evaluated disease parameters in T cell specific IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice (cKO). Surprisingly, all measured CD4+ T cell abnormalities and associated intra-splenic cytokine levels (IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21) were unchanged and thus independent of IFN-I. In contrast B6.Nba2 cKO mice displayed reduced levels of effector CD8+ T cells and increased levels of Foxp3+ CD8+ regulatory T cells, suggesting that IFN-I induced signaling specifically affecting CD8+ T cells. These data suggest a role for both pathogenic and immunosuppressive CD8+ T cells in Nba2-driven autoimmunity, providing a model to further evaluate the role of these cell subsets during lupus-like disease development in vivo.
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16
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Kuka M, Iannacone M. Heterogeneity in antiviral B cell responses: Lessons from the movies. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:224-233. [PMID: 34811768 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular responses to viral infections coexist in a dynamic equilibrium that often results in efficient viral clearance. However, in some infections one of the two responses prevails, for instance when an overactivation of cytotoxic T cells is accompanied by weak and insufficient antibody responses. Although the cellular response is usually sufficient to control a primary viral infection, in some cases clearance is not complete and persistent infections ensue. In order to design effective therapeutic or vaccination strategies aiming at inducing early and potent neutralizing antibody responses, a deep knowledge of the cellular and molecular determinants of antiviral immune responses is needed. Here, we review our understanding on the spatiotemporal dynamics of antiviral humoral immune responses, with a particular focus on recent studies using intravital imaging approaches as an insightful complement to more traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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17
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Evseev D, Magor KE. Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693204. [PMID: 34671321 PMCID: PMC8521145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses plays important roles in viral fitness and in the process of interspecies adaptation. It is one of the most polymorphic and mutation-tolerant proteins of the influenza A genome, but its evolutionary patterns in different host species and the selective pressures that underlie them are hard to define. In this review, we highlight some of the species-specific molecular signatures apparent in different NS1 proteins and discuss two functions of NS1 in the process of viral adaptation to new host species. First, we consider the ability of NS1 proteins to broadly suppress host protein expression through interaction with CPSF4. This NS1 function can be spontaneously lost and regained through mutation and must be balanced against the need for host co-factors to aid efficient viral replication. Evidence suggests that this function of NS1 may be selectively lost in the initial stages of viral adaptation to some new host species. Second, we explore the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral interferon signaling, an essential function for viral replication without which the virus is severely attenuated in any host. Innate immune suppression by NS1 not only enables viral replication in tissues, but also dampens the adaptive immune response and immunological memory. NS1 proteins suppress interferon signaling and effector functions through a variety of protein-protein interactions that may differ from host to host but must achieve similar goals. The multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is highly plastic, highly versatile, and demonstrates a diversity of context-dependent solutions to the problem of interspecies adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Mattiuz R, Brousse C, Ambrosini M, Cancel J, Bessou G, Mussard J, Sanlaville A, Caux C, Bendriss‐Vermare N, Valladeau‐Guilemond J, Dalod M, Crozat K. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells and interferons are required for spontaneous CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell protective responses to breast cancer. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1305. [PMID: 34277006 PMCID: PMC8279130 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand how immune responses may be harnessed against breast cancer, we investigated which immune cell types and signalling pathways are required for spontaneous control of a mouse model of mammary adenocarcinoma. METHODS The NOP23 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line expressing epitopes derived from the ovalbumin model antigen is spontaneously controlled when orthotopically engrafted in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. We combined this breast cancer model with antibody-mediated depletion of lymphocytes and with mutant mice affected in interferon (IFN) or type 1 conventional dendritic cell (cDC1) responses. We monitored tumor growth and immune infiltration including the activation of cognate ovalbumin-specific T cells. RESULTS Breast cancer immunosurveillance required cDC1, NK/NK T cells, conventional CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). cDC1 were required constitutively, but especially during T-cell priming. In tumors, cDC1 were interacting simultaneously with CD4+ T cells and tumor-specific CTLs. cDC1 expression of the XCR1 chemokine receptor and of the T-cell-attracting or T-cell-activating cytokines CXCL9, IL-12 and IL-15 was dispensable for tumor rejection, whereas IFN responses were necessary, including cDC1-intrinsic signalling by STAT1 and IFN-γ but not type I IFN (IFN-I). cDC1 and IFNs promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration, terminal differentiation and effector functions. In breast cancer patients, high intratumor expression of genes specific to cDC1, CTLs, CD4+ T cells or IFN responses is associated with a better prognosis. CONCLUSION Interferons and cDC1 are critical for breast cancer immunosurveillance. IFN-γ plays a prominent role over IFN-I in licensing cDC1 for efficient T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Mattiuz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
- Present address:
The Precision Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Carine Brousse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Marc Ambrosini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Jean‐Charles Cancel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Gilles Bessou
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Julie Mussard
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Christophe Caux
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Nathalie Bendriss‐Vermare
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Jenny Valladeau‐Guilemond
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Karine Crozat
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
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19
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Lu ZD, Chen YF, Shen S, Xu CF, Wang J. Co-delivery of Phagocytosis Checkpoint Silencer and Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist for Synergetic Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29424-29438. [PMID: 34129318 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient capture and presentation of tumor antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), especially dendritic cells (DCs), are crucial for activating the anti-tumor immunity. However, APCs are immunosuppressed in the tumor microenvironment, which hinders the tumor elimination. To reprogram APCs for inducing strong anti-tumor immunity, we report here a co-delivery immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the phagocytosis checkpoint (signal regulatory protein α, SIRPα) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) of APCs to jointly enhance their ability of capturing and presenting tumor antigens. In brief, a small interfering RNA targeting SIRPα (siSIRPα) and a STING agonist (cGAMP) were co-delivered into APCs by the encapsulation into poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-based polymeric nanoparticles (NPsiSIRPα/cGAMP). siSIRPα-mediated SIRPα silence promoted APCs to actively capture tumor antigens by engulfing tumor cells. The cGAMP-stimulated STING signaling pathway further enhanced the functions of APCs, thereby increased the activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells. Using ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing melanoma as a model, we demonstrated that NPsiSIRPα/cGAMP stimulated the activation of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and induced holistic anti-tumor immune responses by reversing the immunosuppressive phenotype of APCs. Collectively, this co-delivery strategy synergistically enhanced the functions of APCs and can be extended to the treatment of tumors with poor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Dong Lu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Fei Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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20
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Dangi T, Chung YR, Palacio N, Penaloza-MacMaster P. Interrogating Adaptive Immunity Using LCMV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 130:e99. [PMID: 32940427 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this invited article, we explain technical aspects of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) system, providing an update of a prior contribution by Matthias von Herrath and J. Lindsay Whitton. We provide an explanation of the LCMV infection models, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate route and viral strain. We also describe how to quantify virus-specific immune responses, followed by an explanation of useful transgenic systems. Specifically, our article will focus on the following protocols. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: LCMV infection routes in mice Support Protocol 1: Preparation of LCMV stocks ASSAYS TO MEASURE LCMV TITERS Support Protocol 2: Plaque assay Support Protocol 3: Immunofluorescence focus assay (IFA) to measure LCMV titer MEASUREMENT OF T CELL AND B CELL RESPONSES TO LCMV INFECTION Basic Protocol 2: Triple tetramer staining for detection of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells Basic Protocol 3: Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for detection of LCMV-specific T cells Basic Protocol 4: Enumeration of direct ex vivo LCMV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) Basic Protocol 5: Limiting dilution assay (LDA) for detection of LCMV-specific memory B cells Basic Protocol 6: ELISA for quantification of LCMV-specific IgG antibody Support Protocol 4: Preparation of splenic lymphocytes Support Protocol 5: Making BHK21-LCMV lysate Basic Protocol 7: Challenge models TRANSGENIC MODELS Basic Protocol 8: Transfer of P14 cells to interrogate the role of IFN-I on CD8 T cell responses Basic Protocol 9: Comparing the expansion of naïve versus memory CD4 T cells following chronic viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Dangi
- Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667454. [PMID: 33986756 PMCID: PMC8111175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an important member of the TLR family, which is an important group of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR3 can recognize double-stranded RNA and induce activation of NF-κB and the production of type I interferons. In addition to its immune-associated role, TLR3 has also been detected in some tumors. However TLR3 can play protumor or antitumor roles in different tumors or cell lines. Here, we review the basic signaling associated with TLR3 and the pro- or antitumor roles of TLR3 in different types of tumors and discuss the possible reasons for the opposing roles of TLR3 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Palacio N, Dangi T, Chung YR, Wang Y, Loredo-Varela JL, Zhang Z, Penaloza-MacMaster P. Early type I IFN blockade improves the efficacy of viral vaccines. J Exp Med 2020; 217:152035. [PMID: 32820330 PMCID: PMC7953731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a major antiviral defense and are critical for the activation of the adaptive immune system. However, early viral clearance by IFN-I could limit antigen availability, which could in turn impinge upon the priming of the adaptive immune system. In this study, we hypothesized that transient IFN-I blockade could increase antigen presentation after acute viral infection. To test this hypothesis, we infected mice with viruses coadministered with a single dose of IFN-I receptor–blocking antibody to induce a short-term blockade of the IFN-I pathway. This resulted in a transient “spike” in antigen levels, followed by rapid antigen clearance. Interestingly, short-term IFN-I blockade after coronavirus, flavivirus, rhabdovirus, or arenavirus infection induced a long-lasting enhancement of immunological memory that conferred improved protection upon subsequent reinfections. Short-term IFN-I blockade also improved the efficacy of viral vaccines. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which IFN-I regulate immunological memory and provide insights for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Palacio
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tanushree Dangi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Juan Luis Loredo-Varela
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Zhongyao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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23
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Luo Q, Zeng L, Tang C, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zeng C. TLR9 induces colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating NF-κB expression levels. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:110. [PMID: 32863923 PMCID: PMC7448563 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic colorectal inflammation has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC); however, its exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) on the development of colitis-associated CRC (CAC) through its regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. By using a CAC mouse model and immunohistochemistry, the present study discovered that the protein expression levels of TLR9 were gradually upregulated during the development of CRC. In addition, the expression levels of TLR9 were revealed to be positively correlated with NF-κB and Ki67 expression levels. In vitro, inhibiting TLR9 expression levels using chloroquine decreased the cell viability, proliferation and migration of the CRC cell line HT29, and further experiments indicated that this may occur through downregulating the expression levels of NF-κB, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Bcl-xl. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that TLR9 may serve an important role in the development of CAC by regulating NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chaotao Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Youxiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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24
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Wu W, Metcalf JP. The Role of Type I IFNs in Influenza: Antiviral Superheroes or Immunopathogenic Villains? J Innate Immun 2020; 12:437-447. [PMID: 32564033 DOI: 10.1159/000508379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of interferons (IFNs) in antiviral innate immune defense is well established. Although recombinant IFN-α was approved for cancer and chronic viral infection treatment by regulatory agencies in many countries starting in 1986, no IFNs are approved for treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. This is partially due to the complex effects of IFNs in acute influenza infection. IAV attacks the human respiratory system and causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. During influenza infection, depending on the strain of IAV and the individual host, type I IFNs can have protective antiviral effects or can contribute to immunopathology. In the context of virus infection, the immune system has complicated mechanisms regulating the expression and effects of type I IFN to maximize the antiviral response by both activating and enhancing beneficial innate cell function, while limiting immunopathological responses that lead to exaggerated tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the complicated, but important, role of type I IFNs in influenza infections. This includes both protective and harmful effects of these important cytokines during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA,
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Pulmonary Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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25
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Klarquist J, Cantrell R, Lehn MA, Lampe K, Hennies CM, Hoebe K, Janssen EM. Type I IFN Drives Experimental Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Distinct Mechanisms in CD4 T Cells and B Cells. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:140-152. [PMID: 32161059 PMCID: PMC7294741 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myriad studies have linked type I IFN to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although increased levels of type I IFN are found in patients with SLE, and IFN blockade ameliorates disease in many mouse models of lupus, its precise roles in driving SLE pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we dissected the effect of type I IFN sensing by CD4 T cells and B cells on the development of T follicular helper cells (TFH), germinal center (GC) B cells, plasmablasts, and antinuclear dsDNA IgG levels using the bm12 chronic graft-versus-host disease model of SLE-like disease. Type I IFN sensing by B cells decreased their threshold for BCR signaling and increased their expression of MHC class II, CD40, and Bcl-6, requirements for optimal GC B cell functions. In line with these data, ablation of type I IFN sensing in B cells significantly reduced the accumulation of GC B cells, plasmablasts, and autoantibodies. Ablation of type I IFN sensing in T cells significantly inhibited TFH expansion and subsequent B cell responses. In contrast to the effect in B cells, type I IFN did not promote proliferation in the T cells but protected them from NK cell-mediated killing. Consequently, ablation of either perforin or NK cells completely restored TFH expansion of IFNAR-/- TFH and, subsequently, restored the B cell responses. Together, our data provide evidence for novel roles of type I IFN and immunoregulatory NK cells in the context of sterile inflammation and SLE-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
| | - Rachel Cantrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Cassandra M Hennies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477
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26
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Simpson SR, Rego SL, Harvey SE, Liu M, Hemphill WO, Venkatadri R, Sharma R, Grayson JM, Perrino FW. T Cells Produce IFN-α in the TREX1 D18N Model of Lupus-like Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:348-359. [PMID: 31826941 PMCID: PMC6946867 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity can result when cells fail to properly dispose of DNA. Mutations in the three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) cause a spectrum of human autoimmune diseases resembling systemic lupus erythematosus. The cytosolic dsDNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are required for pathogenesis, but specific cells in which DNA sensing and subsequent type I IFN (IFN-I) production occur remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that TREX1 D18N catalytic deficiency causes dysregulated IFN-I signaling and autoimmunity in mice. Moreover, we show that bone marrow-derived cells drive this process. We identify both innate immune and, surprisingly, activated T cells as sources of pathological IFN-α production. These findings demonstrate that TREX1 enzymatic activity is crucial to prevent inappropriate DNA sensing and IFN-I production in immune cells, including normally low-level IFN-α-producing cells. These results expand our understanding of DNA sensing and innate immunity in T cells and may have relevance to the pathogenesis of human disease caused by TREX1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Stephen L Rego
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Scott E Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Mingyong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | - Wayne O Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rajkumar Venkatadri
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | - Fred W Perrino
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157;
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27
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Apostólico JDS, Lunardelli VAS, Yamamoto MM, Cunha-Neto E, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Poly(I:C) Potentiates T Cell Immunity to a Dendritic Cell Targeted HIV-Multiepitope Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31105693 PMCID: PMC6492566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are implicated in resistance to HIV and have been considered for the development of an effective vaccine. Despite their safety profile, subunit vaccines need to be delivered combined with an adjuvant. In the last years, in vivo antigen targeting to dendritic cells (DCs) using chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the DC endocytic receptor DEC205/CD205 was shown to support long-term T cell immunity. Here, we evaluated the ability of different adjuvants to modulate specific cellular immune response when eight CD4+ HIV-derived epitopes (HIVBr8) were targeted to DEC205+ DCs in vivo. Immunization with two doses of αDECHIVBr8 mAb along with poly(I:C) induced Th1 cytokine production and higher frequency of HIV-specific polyfunctional and long-lived T cells than MPL or CpG ODN-assisted immunization. Although each adjuvant elicited responses against the 8 epitopes present in the vaccine, the magnitude of the T cell response was higher in the presence of poly(I:C). Moreover, poly(I:C) up regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules in both cDC1 and cDC2 DCs subsets. In summary, the use of poly(I:C) in a vaccine formulation that targets multiple epitopes to the DEC205 receptor improved the potency and the quality of HIV-specific responses when compared to other vaccine-adjuvant formulations. This study highlights the importance of the rational selection of antigen/adjuvant combination to potentiate the desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), School of Medicine-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Enhanced Antitumor Immune Response in 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase-Like 1- (OASL1-) Deficient Mice upon Cisplatin Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7596786. [PMID: 31049360 PMCID: PMC6462330 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7596786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays a critical role in the antitumor immune response. In our previous study, we showed that IFN-I-inducible 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like 1 (OASL1) negatively regulated IFN-I production upon tumor challenge similar to that of viral infection. Thus, OASL1-deficient (Oasl1−/−) mice were more resistant to implanted tumor growth than wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we investigated whether targeting or suppressing OASL1 could show synergistic effects on tumor clearance with conventional cancer therapies (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy) using Oasl1−/− mice and a transplantable lung metastatic tumor cell model. Upon treatment with the anticancer drug cisplatin, we found that Oasl1−/− mice showed enhanced resistance to injected tumors compared to untreated Oasl1−/− mice. Similarly, irradiated Oasl1−/− mice showed better resistance to tumor challenge than untreated Oasl1−/− mice. Additionally, we found that Oasl1−/− mice applied with both types of the cancer therapies contained more cytotoxic effector cells, such as CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and produced more cytotoxic effector cytokine IFN-γ as well as IFN-I in their tumor-containing lungs compared to untreated Oasl1−/− mice. Collectively, these results show that targeting OASL1 together with conventional cancer therapies could be an effective strategy to enhance treatment efficacy.
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29
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Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. Complexities of Type I Interferon Biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020172. [PMID: 30791575 PMCID: PMC6409748 DOI: 10.3390/v11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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30
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Kuka M, De Giovanni M, Iannacone M. The role of type I interferons in CD4 + T cell differentiation. Immunol Lett 2019; 215:19-23. [PMID: 30771379 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) released upon viral infections play different and opposing roles in disease outcome. This pleiotropic effect is mainly influenced by the cellular sources, timing and target cells for these molecules. The effect of type I IFN signaling on the activation and differentiation of antiviral CD4+ T cells remains ill defined, with studies reporting either a beneficial or a detrimental role, depending on the context of infection. This review will highlight several recent studies that have investigated the role of type I IFNs in the priming and polarization of CD4+ T cells and discuss areas of uncertainty that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy.
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31
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Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020448. [PMID: 30669615 PMCID: PMC6358740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a naturally occurring, enteric pathogen of mice is a Cardiovirus of the Picornaviridae family. Low neurovirulent TMEV strains such as BeAn cause a severe demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice following intracerebral infection. Furthermore, TMEV infections of C57BL/6 mice cause acute polioencephalitis initiating a process of epileptogenesis that results in spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures in approximately 50% of affected mice. Moreover, C3H mice develop cardiac lesions after an intraperitoneal high-dose application of TMEV. Consequently, TMEV-induced diseases are widely used as animal models for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myocarditis. The present review summarizes morphological lesions and pathogenic mechanisms triggered by TMEV with a special focus on the development of hippocampal degeneration and seizures in C57BL/6 mice as well as demyelination in the spinal cord in SJL mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of innate and adaptive immune responses is given. TMEV studies provide novel insights into the complexity of organ- and mouse strain-specific immunopathology and help to identify factors critical for virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Modeling Arboviral Infection in Mice Lacking the Interferon Alpha/Beta Receptor. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010035. [PMID: 30625992 PMCID: PMC6356211 DOI: 10.3390/v11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that exhibit worldwide distribution and are a constant threat, not only for public health but also for wildlife, domestic animals, and even plants. To study disease pathogenesis and to develop efficient and safe therapies, the use of an appropriate animal model is a critical concern. Adult mice with gene knockouts of the interferon α/β (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) have been described as a model of arbovirus infections. Studies with the natural hosts of these viruses are limited by financial and ethical issues, and in some cases, the need to have facilities with a biosafety level 3 with sufficient space to accommodate large animals. Moreover, the number of animals in the experiments must provide results with statistical significance. Recent advances in animal models in the last decade among other gaps in knowledge have contributed to the better understanding of arbovirus infections. A tremendous advantage of the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model is the availability of a wide variety of reagents that can be used to study many aspects of the immune response to the virus. Although extrapolation of findings in mice to natural hosts must be done with care due to differences in the biology between mouse and humans, experimental infections of IFNAR(-/-) mice with several studied arboviruses closely mimics hallmarks of these viruses in their natural host. Therefore, IFNAR(-/-) mice are a good model to facilitate studies on arbovirus transmission, pathogenesis, virulence, and the protective efficacy of new vaccines. In this review article, the most important arboviruses that have been studied using the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model will be reviewed.
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33
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Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Lemon SM. Murine Models of Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031674. [PMID: 29661811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic analyses of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced pathogenesis have long been thwarted by the lack of tractable small animal models that recapitulate disease observed in humans. Several approaches have shown success, including infection of chimeric mice with human liver cells. Other recent studies show that HAV can replicate to high titer in mice lacking expression of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFN-α/β receptor) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. Mice deficient in the IFN receptor show critical features of type A hepatitis in humans when challenged with human HAV, including histological evidence of liver damage, leukocyte infiltration, and the release of liver enzymes into blood. Acute pathogenesis is caused by MAVS-dependent signaling that leads to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517
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Farahnak S, Chronopoulos J, Martin JG. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Allergic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:1-33. [PMID: 30904191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that there is crosstalk between allergic disorders and nucleic acid sensing. Triggers that activate inflammatory mechanisms via nucleic acid sensors affect both allergic phenotypes and anti-viral responses, depending on the timing and the order of exposure. Viral respiratory infections, such as those caused by the rhinovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, are the most frequent cause of significant asthma exacerbations through effects mediated predominantly by TLR3. However, agonists of other nucleic acid sensors, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, may inhibit allergic inflammation and reduce clinical manifestations of disease. The allergic state can predispose the immune system to both exaggerated responses to viral infections or protection from anti-viral inflammatory responses. TH2 cytokines appear to alter the epithelium, leading to defective viral clearance or exaggerated responses to viral infections. However, a TH2 skewed allergic response may be protective against a TH1-dependent inflammatory anti-viral response. This review briefly introduces the receptors involved in nucleic acid sensing, addresses mechanisms by which nucleic acid sensing and allergic responses can counteract one another, and discusses the strategies in experimental settings, both in animal and human studies, to harness the nucleic acid sensing machinery for the intervention of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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35
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Gao C, Qiao T, Zhang B, Yuan S, Zhuang X, Luo Y. TLR9 signaling activation at different stages in colorectal cancer and NF-kappaB expression. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5963-5971. [PMID: 30271180 PMCID: PMC6151094 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s174274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship of inflammation and tumor is becoming more and more important in the study on the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. The role of TLR9-mediated immune inflammation reaction in the process is not currently clear. The purpose of the study was to discuss the correlation of TLR9 signal activation with tumor progression by detecting the expression of TLR9 and its downstream molecule NF-kappaB in colorectal cancer tissues at different stages. Methods TLR9 expression in colorectal cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemical streptavidin-perosidase method and Western blot. Results The result showed that the high expression of TLR9 was correlated with tumor poorly differentiation, invasion and liver metastasis, the abnomal increasing levels of CEA in blood. With the signal activation, the levels of TLR9 protein raised more in advanced colorectal cancer than in early colorectal cancer. Afterward, we found that the activation of specific expression of TLR9 signal was related to histologic origin. TLR9-C expression displayed in both advanced cancer and para-carcinoma tissues, and TLR9-R protein was predominat in partial sigmoid and rectal cancer tissues. With the differential expression of TLR9, the levels of its downstream molecule NF-kappaB protein increased in colon cancer tissues and decreased in rectal cancer tissues. Conclusion The results confirmed that TLR9 signaling activation participated in the clinical process of colorectal cancer and influenced NF-kappaB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Gao
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Youjun Luo
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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36
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Jain A, Song R, Wakeland EK, Pasare C. T cell-intrinsic IL-1R signaling licenses effector cytokine production by memory CD4 T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3185. [PMID: 30093707 PMCID: PMC6085393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate cytokines are critical drivers of priming and differentiation of naive CD4 T cells, but their functions in memory T cell response are largely undefined. Here we show that IL-1 acts as a licensing signal to permit effector cytokine production by pre-committed Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) lineage cells. This licensing function of IL-1 is conserved across effector CD4 T cells generated by diverse immunological insults. IL-1R signaling stabilizes cytokine transcripts to enable productive and rapid effector functions. We also demonstrate that successful lineage commitment does not translate into productive effector functions in the absence of IL-1R signaling. Acute abrogation of IL-1R signaling in vivo results in reduced IL-17A production by intestinal Th17 cells. These results extend the role of innate cytokines beyond CD4 T cell priming and establish IL-1 as a licensing signal for memory CD4 T cell function. CD4 T cell polarizations and functions are regulated by cytokines from innate cells. Here the authors show that IL-1 deficiency does not impair the differentiation of Th1, Th2 and Th17, but IL-1 signaling is required for maintaining the expressions of their respective key cytokines to ‘license’ the functions of these T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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37
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Gangaplara A, Martens C, Dahlstrom E, Metidji A, Gokhale AS, Glass DD, Lopez-Ocasio M, Baur R, Kanakabandi K, Porcella SF, Shevach EM. Type I interferon signaling attenuates regulatory T cell function in viral infection and in the tumor microenvironment. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006985. [PMID: 29672594 PMCID: PMC5929570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a cardinal role in the immune system by suppressing detrimental autoimmune responses, but their role in acute, chronic infectious diseases and tumor microenvironment remains unclear. We recently demonstrated that IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) signaling promotes Treg function in autoimmunity. Here we dissected the functional role of IFNAR-signaling in Tregs using Treg-specific IFNAR deficient (IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre) mice in acute LCMV Armstrong, chronic Clone-13 viral infection, and in tumor models. In both viral infection and tumor models, IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice Tregs expressed enhanced Treg associated activation antigens. LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice produced less antiviral and antitumor IFN-γ and TNF-α. In chronic viral model, the numbers of antiviral effector and memory CD8+ T cells were decreased in IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice and the effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited a phenotype compatible with enhanced exhaustion. IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice cleared Armstrong infection normally, but had higher viral titers in sera, kidneys and lungs during chronic infection, and higher tumor burden than the WT controls. The enhanced activated phenotype was evident through transcriptome analysis of IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice Tregs during infection demonstrated differential expression of a unique gene signature characterized by elevated levels of genes involved in suppression and decreased levels of genes mediating apoptosis. Thus, IFN signaling in Tregs is beneficial to host resulting in a more effective antiviral response and augmented antitumor immunity. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a predominant role in the immune response to infectious pathogens. The cellular targets of IFNs have been difficult to dissect because of the ubiquitous expression of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). The immune response of mice to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is one of the major models for analyzing the action of IFNs. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in the control of LCMV and it has been proposed that IFN may influence their function. The major goal of this study was to define the contribution of IFN signaling on Treg function during different stages LCMV infection. Tregs from mice with selective deletion of IFNAR manifested enhanced suppressive activity during acute/chronic LCMV infection resulting in increased CD8 T cell anergy, defective generation of memory T cells and persistence of virus. Similar effects of IFNAR signaling in Tregs were seen in a tumor model. We identified a unique set of genes in Tregs modulated by IFN signaling that may contribute to the enhanced suppressive function of IFNAR deficient Tregs. IFNs play a beneficial role during acute/chronic viral infections not only by contributing to viral clearance but also by attenuating the function of Tregs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Arenaviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Arenaviridae Infections/immunology
- Arenaviridae Infections/metabolism
- Arenaviridae Infections/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/virology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/drug therapy
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/drug effects
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Eric Dahlstrom
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Amina Metidji
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ameya S. Gokhale
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Deborah D. Glass
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Lopez-Ocasio
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baur
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kishore Kanakabandi
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Stephen F. Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reduced Chronic Lymphocyte Activation following Interferon Alpha Blockade during the Acute Phase of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01760-17. [PMID: 29467313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01760-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs) induces persistently high production of type I interferon (IFN-I), which is thought to contribute to disease progression. To elucidate the specific role of interferon alpha (IFN-α) in SIV pathogenesis, 12 RMs were treated prior to intravenous (i.v.) SIVmac239 infection with a high or a low dose of an antibody (AGS-009) that neutralizes most IFN-α subtypes and were compared with six mock-infused, SIV-infected controls. Plasma viremia was measured postinfection to assess the effect of IFN-α blockade on virus replication, and peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue samples were analyzed by immunophenotypic staining. Consistent with the known antiviral effect of IFN-I, high-dose AGS-009 treatment induced a modest increase in acute-phase viral loads versus controls. Four out of 6 RMs receiving a high dose of AGS-009 also experienced an early decline in CD4+ T cell counts that was associated with progression to AIDS. Interestingly, 50% of the animals treated with AGS-009 (6/12) developed AIDS within 1 year of infection compared with 17% (1/6) of untreated controls. Finally, blockade of IFN-α decreased the levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as B cells, as measured by PD-1 and/or Ki67 expression. The lower levels of activated lymphocytes in IFN-α-blockaded animals supports the hypothesis that IFN-α signaling contributes to lymphocyte activation during SIV infection and suggests that this signaling pathway is involved in controlling virus replication during acute infection. The potential anti-inflammatory effect of IFN-α blockade should be explored as a strategy to reduce immune activation in HIV-infected individuals.IMPORTANCE Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is a member of a family of molecules (type I interferons) that prevent or limit virus infections in mammals. However, IFN-α production may contribute to the chronic immune activation that is thought to be the primary cause of immune decline and AIDS in HIV-infected patients. The study presented here attempts to understand the contribution of IFN-α to the natural history and progression of SIV infection of rhesus macaques, the primary nonhuman primate model system for testing hypotheses about HIV infection in humans. Here, we show that blockade of IFN-α action promotes lower chronic immune activation but higher early viral loads, with a trend toward faster disease progression. This study has significant implications for new treatments designed to impact the type I interferon system.
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Cherian MA, Olson S, Sundaramoorthi H, Cates K, Cheng X, Harding J, Martens A, Challen GA, Tyagi M, Ratner L, Rauch D. An activating mutation of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in adult T-cell leukemia. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29540473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax drives cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis early in the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Subsequently, probably as a result of specific immunoediting, Tax expression is down-regulated and functionally replaced by somatic driver mutations of the host genome. Both amplification and point mutations of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) have been previously detected in ATL., K59R is the most common single-nucleotide variation of IRF4 and is found exclusively in ATL. High-throughput whole-exome sequencing revealed recurrent activating genetic alterations in the T-cell receptor, CD28, and NF-κB pathways. We found that IRF4, which is transcriptionally activated downstream of these pathways, is frequently mutated in ATL. IRF4 RNA, protein, and IRF4 transcriptional targets are uniformly elevated in HTLV-1-transformed cells and ATL cell lines, and IRF4 was bound to genomic regulatory DNA of many of these transcriptional targets in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. We further noted that the K59R IRF4 mutant is expressed at higher levels in the nucleus than WT IRF4 and is transcriptionally more active. Expression of both WT and the K59R mutant of IRF4 from a constitutive promoter in retrovirally transduced murine bone marrow cells increased the abundance of T lymphocytes but not myeloid cells or B lymphocytes in mice. IRF4 may represent a therapeutic target in ATL because ATL cells select for a mutant of IRF4 with higher nuclear expression and transcriptional activity, and overexpression of IRF4 induces the expansion of T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Cherian
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Sydney Olson
- the Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kitra Cates
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John Harding
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Martens
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Grant A Challen
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Manoj Tyagi
- the Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lee Ratner
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
| | - Daniel Rauch
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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40
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Iwata et al. (2017) report that the transcription factor T-bet acts as a selective repressor of the type I interferon (IFN) transcriptional program in response to IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Secretion of IFNα by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells From Healthy and HIV-Infected Individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:588-596. [PMID: 28692581 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role in host antiviral immune response through secretion of type I interferon. Interferon alpha (IFNα), a type I IFN, is critical for mounting the initial response to viral pathogens. A consequence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection is a decrease in both pDC number and function, but prolonged pDC activity has been linked with progression from HIV infection to the development of AIDS. Patients with HIV in the United States routinely use cannabinoid-based therapies to combat the side effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. However, cannabinoids, including Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are well-characterized immunosuppressants. Here, we report that THC suppressed secretion of IFNα by pDC from both healthy and HIV+ donors through a mechanism involving impaired phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 7. These results suggest that THC can suppress pDC function during the early host antiviral response by dampening pDC activation.
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Chen S, Zhang W, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen X, Cheng A. Goose Mx and OASL Play Vital Roles in the Antiviral Effects of Type I, II, and III Interferon against Newly Emerging Avian Flavivirus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1006. [PMID: 28878774 PMCID: PMC5572330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (TMUV), an emerging avian flavivirus, is highly pathogenic to birds and has the potential to become a zoonotic pathogen. Here, the molecular antiviral mechanism of goose type I, II, and III interferon (goIFNα, goIFNγ, and goIFNλ), the key components of the innate immune pathway, against TMUV was studied. We found that the transcription of goIFNs was obviously driven by TMUV infection in vivo and in vitro, and the titers and copies of TMUV were significantly reduced following treatment with goIFNs. The results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that goIFN stimulation triggered a set of differentially expressed genes at different levels and a positive regulatory feedback loop of IFN release against infection. Two important interferon-stimulated genes, goMx and goOASL, were identified as workhorse IFNs in the inhibition of TMUV replication. The antiviral effects of goMx and goOASL were confirmed by transient overexpression and knockdown assay in vitro. Overall, our findings defined that goose Mx and OASL play key roles in the antiviral effects of type I, II, and III interferon against the TMUV. These results extend our understanding of the transcriptional profile of the goose IFN-mediated signaling pathway and provide insight into the antiviral mechanism of goIFNs against flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyue Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Gibb DR, Liu J, Santhanakrishnan M, Natarajan P, Madrid DJ, Patel S, Eisenbarth SC, Tormey CA, Stowell SR, Iwasaki A, Hendrickson JE. B cells require Type 1 interferon to produce alloantibodies to transfused KEL-expressing red blood cells in mice. Transfusion 2017; 57:2595-2608. [PMID: 28836263 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantibodies to red blood cell (RBC) antigens can cause significant hemolytic events. Prior studies have demonstrated that inflammatory stimuli in animal models and inflammatory states in humans, including autoimmunity and viremia, promote alloimmunization. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these findings are poorly understood. Given that Type 1 interferons (IFN-α/β) regulate antiviral immunity and autoimmune pathology, the hypothesis that IFN-α/β regulates RBC alloimmunization was tested in a murine model. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Leukoreduced murine RBCs expressing the human KEL glycoprotein were transfused into control mice (WT), mice lacking the unique IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR1-/- ), or bone marrow chimeric mice lacking IFNAR1 on specific cell populations. Anti-KEL IgG production, expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), and B-cell differentiation were examined. RESULTS Transfused WT mice produced anti-KEL IgG alloantibodies (peak response MFI, 50.4). However, the alloimmune response of IFNAR1-/- mice was almost completely abrogated (MFI, 4.2; p < 0.05). The response of bone marrow chimeric mice lacking IFNAR1 expression in all hematopoietic cells or specifically in B cells was also diminished (MFI, 3.8 and 5.4, respectively, compared to control chimeras, MFI, 65.6; p < 0.01). Accordingly, transfusion-induced differentiation of IFNAR1-/- B cells into germinal center B cells and plasma cells was significantly reduced, compared to WT B cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that B cells require signaling from IFN-α/β to produce alloantibodies to the human KEL glycoprotein in mice. These findings provide a potential mechanistic basis for inflammation-induced alloimmunization. If these findings extend to human studies, patients with IFN-α/β-associated conditions may have an elevated risk of alloimmunization and benefit from personalized transfusion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Seema Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine.,Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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44
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Miyauchi K. Helper T Cell Responses to Respiratory Viruses in the Lung: Development, Virus Suppression, and Pathogenesis. Viral Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyauchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Jain A, Pasare C. Innate Control of Adaptive Immunity: Beyond the Three-Signal Paradigm. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3791-3800. [PMID: 28483987 PMCID: PMC5442885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cells in the adaptive immune system is a highly orchestrated process dictated by multiples cues from the innate immune system. Although the fundamental principles of innate control of adaptive immunity are well established, it is not fully understood how innate cells integrate qualitative pathogenic information to generate tailored protective adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss complexities involved in the innate control of adaptive immunity that extend beyond TCR engagement, costimulation, and priming cytokine production but are critical for the generation of protective T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
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Abstract
The human gut is in constant complex interaction with the external environment. Although much is understood about the composition and function of the microbiota, much remains to be learnt about the mechanisms by which these organisms interact with the immune system in health and disease. Type 1 interferon (T1IFN), a ubiquitous and pleiotropic family of cytokines, is a critical mediator of the response to viral, bacterial, and other antigens sampled in the intestine. Although inflammation is enhanced in mouse model of colitis when T1IFN signaling is lost, the action of T1IFN is context specific and can be pro- or anti-inflammatory. In humans, T1IFN has been used to treat inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease but intestinal inflammation can also develop after the administration of T1IFN. Recent findings indicate that "tonic" or "endogenous" T1IFN, induced by signals from the commensal microbiota, modulates the local signaling environment to prime the intestinal mucosal immune system to determine later responses to pathogens and commensal organisms. This review will summarize the complex immunological effects of T1IFN and recent the role of T1IFN as a mediator between the microbiota and the mucosal immune system, highlighting human data wherever possible. It will discuss what we can learn from clinical experiences with T1IFN and how the T1IFN pathway may be manipulated in the future to maintain mucosal homeostasis.
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The viral innate immune antagonism and an alternative vaccine design for PRRS virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:75-89. [PMID: 28341332 PMCID: PMC7111430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRS virus has evolved to suppress the antiviral innate immunity during infection. Type I interferons are potent antiviral cytokines and function to stimulate the adaptive immune responses. Six viral proteins have been identified as interferon antagonists and characterized for their molecular actions. Interferon antagonism-negative viruses are attenuated and have been proven induce protective immunity. Interferon suppression-negative PRRS virus may serve as an alternative vaccine for PRRS.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most economically significant diseases in the swine industry worldwide. The current vaccines are less satisfactory to confer protections from heterologous infections and long-term persistence, and the need for better vaccines are urgent. The immunological hallmarks in PRRSV-infected pigs include the unusually poor production of type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) and the aberrant and delayed adaptive immune responses, indicating that PRRSV has the ability to suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in the host. Type I IFNs are the potent antiviral cytokines and recent studies reveal their pleiotropic functions in the priming of expansion and maturation of adaptive immunity. Thus, IFN antagonism-negative PRRSV is hypothesized to be attenuated and to build effective and broad- spectrum innate and adaptive immune responses in pigs. Such vaccines are promising alternatives to traditional vaccines for PRRSV.
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Awais M, Wang K, Lin X, Qian W, Zhang N, Wang C, Wang K, Zhao L, Fu ZF, Cui M. TLR7 Deficiency Leads to TLR8 Compensative Regulation of Immune Response against JEV in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:160. [PMID: 28265274 PMCID: PMC5316529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a highly fatal pathogen to human beings. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays a role as the first host defense against most single-stranded RNA flaviviruses. This study aims to investigate the role of TLR7 in inducing adaptive immune response in mice against JEV. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to examine the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mice. After JEV infection, physical parameters of mice (survival rate and body weight) were evaluated, and organs or cells were collected for further analysis. The expression of TLR7 was increased significantly as compare to other TLR molecules post-JEV infection. The expression of CD80, CD86, and CD273 on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was increased significantly in TLR7−/− mice. Furthermore, viral load was also increased significantly in TLR7−/− mice as compare to C57BL/6 mice. But there was no significant difference among survival rate and body weight in TLR7−/− mice as compare to C57BL/6. Interestingly, we also found that TLR8 was upregulated in TLR7−/− mice. The study concluded that TLR8 was upregulated in TLR7-deficient mice, and it might play a compensatory role in the immune response in TLR7−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Xianwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Wenjie Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
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Combination of TLR1/2 and TLR3 ligands enhances CD4(+) T cell longevity and antibody responses by modulating type I IFN production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32526. [PMID: 27580796 PMCID: PMC5007540 DOI: 10.1038/srep32526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the possibility of combining Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy, it remains unclear which combinations of TLR ligands are effective or what their underlying mechanisms may be. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of L-pampo, a proprietary adjuvant composed of TLR1/2 and TLR3 ligands. L-pampo dramatically increased humoral immune responses against the tested target antigens, which was correlated with an increase in follicular helper T cells and the maintenance of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. During the initial priming phase, in contrast to the induction of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by polyI:C, L-pampo showed a greatly diminished induction of type I IFN, but not of other cytokines, and remarkably attenuated IRF3 signaling, which appeared to be critical to L-pampo-mediated adjuvanticity. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the adjuvant L-pampo contributes to the promotion of antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses via a fine regulation of the TLR1/2 and TLR3 signaling pathways, which may be helpful in the design of improved vaccines.
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Watson AM, Lam LKM, Klimstra WB, Ryman KD. The 17D-204 Vaccine Strain-Induced Protection against Virulent Yellow Fever Virus Is Mediated by Humoral Immunity and CD4+ but not CD8+ T Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005786. [PMID: 27463517 PMCID: PMC4962991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A gold standard of antiviral vaccination has been the safe and effective live-attenuated 17D-based yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccines. Among more than 500 million vaccinees, only a handful of cases have been reported in which vaccinees developed a virulent wild type YFV infection. This efficacy is presumed to be the result of both neutralizing antibodies and a robust T cell response. However, the particular immune components required for protection against YFV have never been evaluated. An understanding of the immune mechanisms that underlie 17D-based vaccine efficacy is critical to the development of next-generation vaccines against flaviviruses and other pathogens. Here we have addressed this question for the first time using a murine model of disease. Similar to humans, vaccination elicited long-term protection against challenge, characterized by high neutralizing antibody titers and a robust T cell response that formed long-lived memory. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were polyfunctional and cytolytic. Adoptive transfer of immune sera or CD4+ T cells provided partial protection against YFV, but complete protection was achieved by transfer of both immune sera and CD4+ T cells. Thus, robust CD4+ T cell activity may be a critical contributor to protective immunity elicited by highly effective live attenuated vaccines. The 17D line yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccines are some of the safest and most effective live-attenuated virus vaccines ever produced, protecting recipients for life against deadly yellow fever (YF). As a testament to this safety and efficacy, the 17D line of live-attenuated vaccines has become an important model for the design of future vaccines. However, we still lack a fundamental understanding of the protective immunity elicited against the virulent YFV, a knowledge gap that must be overcome to inform the design of future live-attenuated and subunit vaccines. Humans develop robust antibody and T cell responses following vaccination, leading some to suggest that vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells are important for protection against virulent YFV. Since this can never be tested in humans, we have used mice to model immunity to the 17D-204 vaccine strain. We found that CD4+ T cells elicited by 17D-204 contributed to protection against virulent YFV, but CD8+ T cells had no effect on the outcomes of survival or disease. Our study is the first to demonstrate that vaccine-elicited CD4+ T cells can protect against YFV infection. These results suggest that vaccine developers should consider the importance of CD4+ T cells when designing vaccines against viruses similar to YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Watson
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - L. K. Metthew Lam
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kate D. Ryman
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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