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Couturaud B, Doix B, Carretero-Iglesia L, Allard M, Pradervand S, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. Overall avidity declines in TCR repertoires during latent CMV but not EBV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293090. [PMID: 38053994 PMCID: PMC10694213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The avidity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigenic peptides presented by the MHC (pMHC) on cells is an essential parameter for efficient T cell-mediated immunity. Yet, whether the TCR-ligand avidity can drive the clonal evolution of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and how this process is determined in latent Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated infection remains largely unknown. Methods To address these issues, we quantified monomeric TCR-pMHC dissociation rates on CMV- and EBV-specific individual TCRαβ clonotypes and polyclonal CD8 T cell populations in healthy donors over a follow-up time of 15-18 years. The parameters involved during the long-term persistence of virus-specific T cell clonotypes were further evaluated by gene expression profiling, phenotype and functional analyses. Results Within CMV/pp65-specific T cell repertoires, a progressive contraction of clonotypes with high TCR-pMHC avidity and low CD8 binding dependency was observed, leading to an overall avidity decline during long-term antigen exposure. We identified a unique transcriptional signature preferentially expressed by high-avidity CMV/pp65-specific T cell clonotypes, including the inhibitory receptor LILRB1. Interestingly, T cell clonotypes of high-avidity showed higher LILRB1 expression than the low-avidity ones and LILRB1 blockade moderately increased T cell proliferation. Similar findings were made for CD8 T cell repertoires specific for the CMV/IE-1 epitope. There was a gradual in vivo loss of high-avidity T cells with time for both CMV specificities, corresponding to virus-specific CD8 T cells expressing enhanced LILRB1 levels. In sharp contrast, the EBV/BMFL1-specific T cell clonal composition and distribution, once established, displayed an exceptional stability, unrelated to TCR-pMHC binding avidity or LILRB1 expression. Conclusions These findings reveal an overall long-term avidity decline of CMV- but not EBV-specific T cell clonal repertoires, highlighting the differing role played by TCR-ligand avidity over the course of these two latent herpesvirus infections. Our data further suggest that the inhibitor receptor LILRB1 potentially restricts the clonal expansion of high-avidity CMV-specific T cell clonotypes during latent infection. We propose that the mechanisms regulating the long-term outcome of CMV- and EBV-specific memory CD8 T cell clonotypes in humans are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Couturaud
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Doix
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laura Carretero-Iglesia
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Naigeon M, Roulleaux Dugage M, Danlos FX, Boselli L, Jouniaux JM, de Oliveira C, Ferrara R, Duchemann B, Berthot C, Girard L, Flippot R, Albiges L, Farhane S, Saulnier P, Lacroix L, Griscelli F, Roman G, Hulett T, Marabelle A, Cassard L, Besse B, Chaput N. Human virome profiling identified CMV as the major viral driver of a high accumulation of senescent CD8 + T cells in patients with advanced NSCLC. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0708. [PMID: 37939189 PMCID: PMC10631735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulating senescent CD8+ T (T8sen) cells are characterized by a lack of proliferative capacities but retain cytotoxic activity and have been associated to resistance to immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). We aimed to better characterize T8sen and to determine which factors were associated with their accumulation in patients with aNSCLC. Circulating T8sen cells were characterized by a higher expression of SA-βgal and the transcription factor T-bet, confirming their senescent status. Using whole virome profiling, cytomegalovirus (CMV) was the only virus associated with T8sen. CMV was necessary but not sufficient to explain high accumulation of T8sen (T8senhigh status). In CMV+ patients, the proportion of T8sen cells increased with cancer progression. Last, CMV-induced T8senhigh phenotype but not CMV seropositivity itself was associated with worse progression-free and overall survival in patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy but not with chemotherapy. Overall, CMV is the unique viral driver of T8sen-driven resistance to anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies in patients with aNSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Naigeon
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Matthieu Roulleaux Dugage
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - François-Xavier Danlos
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Boselli
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Mehdi Jouniaux
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline de Oliveira
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roberto Ferrara
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Boris Duchemann
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département d’oncologie thoracique et médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Caroline Berthot
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lou Girard
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ronan Flippot
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Siham Farhane
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ludovic Lacroix
- AMMICa, UAR 3655/US23, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gabriel Roman
- CDI Laboratories Inc., 1 N. Haven Street, Suite B001, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tyler Hulett
- CDI Laboratories Inc., 1 N. Haven Street, Suite B001, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydie Cassard
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Marandu TF, Dombek M, Gutknecht M, Griessl M, Riça IG, Vlková B, Macáková K, Panagioti E, Griffith A, Lederer J, Yaffe M, Shankar S, Otterbein L, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ, Cook CH. Cytomegalovirus durably primes neutrophil oxidative burst. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:459-474. [PMID: 37566762 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpes virus that infects most humans, thereafter persisting lifelong in tissues of the host. It is a known pathogen in immunosuppressed patients, but its impact on immunocompetent hosts remains less understood. Recent data have shown that CMV leaves a significant and long-lasting imprint in host immunity that may confer some protection against subsequent bacterial infection. Such innate immune activation may come at a cost, however, with potential to cause immunopathology. Neutrophils are central to many models of immunopathology, and while acute CMV infection is known to influence neutrophil biology, the impact of chronic CMV infection on neutrophil function remains unreported. Using our murine model of CMV infection and latency, we show that chronic CMV causes persistent enhancement of neutrophil oxidative burst well after resolution of acute infection. Moreover, this in vivo priming of marrow neutrophils is associated with enhanced formyl peptide receptor expression, and ultimately constitutive c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and enhanced CD14 expression in/on circulating neutrophils. Finally, we show that neutrophil priming is dependent on viral load, suggesting that naturally infected human hosts will show variability in CMV-related neutrophil priming. Altogether, these findings represent a previously unrecognized and potentially important impact of chronic CMV infection on neutrophil responsiveness in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Marandu
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Hospital Hill Rd, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania
| | - Michael Dombek
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael Gutknecht
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Marion Griessl
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Ingred Goretti Riça
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Barbora Vlková
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 4 Sasinkova St, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Macáková
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 4 Sasinkova St, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Alec Griffith
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - James Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael Yaffe
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sidharth Shankar
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Leo Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kiyoshi Itagaki
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Carl J Hauser
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
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4
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Britsch I, van Wijngaarden AP, Helfrich W. Applications of Anti-Cytomegalovirus T Cells for Cancer (Immuno)Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3767. [PMID: 37568582 PMCID: PMC10416821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is highly prevalent in the general population and largely controlled by CD8pos T cells. Intriguingly, anti-CMV T cells accumulate over time to extraordinarily high numbers, are frequently present as tumor-resident 'bystander' T cells, and remain functional in cancer patients. Consequently, various strategies for redirecting anti-CMV CD8pos T cells to eliminate cancer cells are currently being developed. Here, we provide an overview of these strategies including immunogenic CMV peptide-loading onto endogenous HLA complexes on cancer cells and the use of tumor-directed fusion proteins containing a preassembled CMV peptide/HLA-I complex. Additionally, we discuss conveying the advantageous characteristics of anti-CMV T cells in adoptive cell therapy. Utilization of anti-CMV CD8pos T cells to generate CAR T cells promotes their in vivo persistence and expansion due to appropriate co-stimulation through the endogenous (CMV-)TCR signaling complex. Designing TCR-engineered T cells is more challenging, as the artificial and endogenous TCR compete for expression. Moreover, the use of expanded/reactivated anti-CMV T cells to target CMV peptide-expressing glioblastomas is discussed. This review highlights the most important findings and compares the benefits, disadvantages, and challenges of each strategy. Finally, we discuss how anti-CMV T cell therapies can be further improved to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, UMC Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.B.)
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Diena D, Allesina A, Fop F, Mella A, Cavallo R, Costa C, Dolla C, Gallo E, De Rosa FG, Lavacca A, Giraudi R, Mariano F, Biancone L. Relationship between Cytomegalovirus Viremia and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Different Donor Ages. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020458. [PMID: 36838423 PMCID: PMC9961719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) burden on the long-term post-transplant course in different donor ages, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors for CMV in our kidney-transplanted patients (KTs) with extensive adoption of expanded-criteria donors (ECDs). METHODS Retrospective evaluation of 929 consecutive first KTs (49.5% receiving an organ from a donor ≥ 60 years) performed between 01-2003 and 12-2013. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves; cumulative incidence function was additionally analyzed to consider the potential role of death with a functioning graft as a competitive event with graft dysfunction and to avoid overestimation. Apart from regular DNAemia monitoring in all patients, prophylaxis was adopted in high-risk groups (D+/R- or recipients of anti-thymocyte globulin induction), with pre-emptive therapy in the remaining groups. RESULTS CMV incidence was 19.5% (4-34.9% according to serostatus combination: D-/R-, D-/R+, D+/R+, D+/R-). Donor and recipient age, recipient pre-transplant hypertension, DR antigen compatibility, cold ischemia time, and post-transplant early complications, including rejection, urologic and renal artery stenosis, and lower renal function and proteinuria ≥ 0.5 g/day at one year after KT were associated with CMV. CMV determined lower death-censored graft survival (DCGS) (p < 0.01), with a prominent effect in R+ (p < 0.01) and without impact in R- (p = 0.32 in D-/R- and p = 0.006 in D+/R-). Interestingly, CMV occurrence influenced DCGS only in KTs who received grafts from donors < 50 or 50-69 years old (p < 0.01), while it was not significant with older donors (p = 0.07). The analysis of the cumulative incidence of graft loss accounting for death as a competing risk confirmed all these findings. In multivariate analysis, CMV replication/disease in the first year was an independent predictor for DCGS (HR 1.73 [1.3-2.3]). CONCLUSIONS In a large population with extensive ECD adoption, CMV viremia in the first year demonstrates its harmful effect with an independent role for graft loss and significant impact among R+ recipients and KTs with donors < 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Diena
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Renal Unit, Santa Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Anna Allesina
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fop
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Mella
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Dolla
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ester Gallo
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavacca
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Giraudi
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Mariano
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Biancone
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6336797
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González-Bermúdez B, Abarca-Ortega A, González-Sánchez M, De la Fuente M, Plaza GR. Possibilities of using T-cell biophysical biomarkers of ageing. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e35. [PMID: 36111609 PMCID: PMC9884748 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is interrelated with the development of immunosenescence. This article focuses on one of the cell sets of the adaptive immune system, T cells, and provides a review of the known changes in T cells associated with ageing. Such fundamental changes affect both cell molecular content and internal ordering. However, acquiring a complete description of the changes at these levels would require extensive measurements of parameters and, furthermore, important fine details of the internal ordering that may be difficult to detect. Therefore, an alternative approach for the characterisation of cells consists of the performance of physical measurements of the whole cell, such as deformability measurements or migration measurements: the physical parameters, complementing the commonly used chemical biomarkers, may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of T-cell states during ageing. Mechanical measurements, among other biophysical measurements, have the advantage of their relative simplicity: one single parameter agglutinates the complex effects of the variety of changes that gradually appear in cells during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca González-Bermúdez
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aldo Abarca-Ortega
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo R. Plaza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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Zheng H, Savitz J. Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Central Nervous System: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:215-241. [PMID: 35505056 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infections and interacts extensively with the host immune system, potentially contributing to immune activation and inflammation. Given its proclivity for infecting the brain and its reactivation by inflammatory stimuli, CMV is well known for causing central nervous system complications in the immune-naïve (e.g., in utero) and in the immunocompromised (e.g., in neonates, individuals receiving transplants or cancer chemotherapy, or people living with HIV). However, its potentially pathogenic role in diseases that are characterized by more subtle immune dysregulation and inflammation such as psychiatric disorders is still a matter of debate. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the pathogenic role of CMV in immune-naïve and immunocompromised populations and then review the evidence (i.e., epidemiological studies, serological studies, postmortem studies, and recent neuroimaging studies) for a link between CMV infection and psychiatric disorders with a focus on mood disorders and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms through which CMV may cause CNS dysfunction in the context of mental disorders and conclude with a summary of the current state of play as well as potential future research directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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8
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Pardieck IN, van Duikeren S, Veerkamp DMB, Brasem DJ, Redeker A, van Bergen J, Han W, Ossendorp F, Zondag G, Arens R. Dominant Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses Empower Prophylactic Antibody-Eliciting Vaccines Against Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:680559. [PMID: 35154089 PMCID: PMC8828907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.680559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous herpesvirus that can cause serious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised or immune-immature individuals. A vaccine that induces immunity to CMV in these target populations is therefore highly needed. Previous attempts to generate efficacious CMV vaccines primarily focused on the induction of humoral immunity by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Current insights encourage that a protective immune response to HCMV might benefit from the induction of virus-specific T cells. Whether addition of antiviral T cell responses enhances the protection by antibody-eliciting vaccines is however unclear. Here, we assessed this query in mouse CMV (MCMV) infection models by developing synthetic vaccines with humoral immunity potential, and deliberately adding antiviral CD8+ T cells. To induce antibodies against MCMV, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding either full-length, membrane bound glycoprotein B (gB) or a secreted variant lacking the transmembrane and intracellular domain (secreted (s)gB). Intradermal immunization with an increasing dose schedule of sgB and booster immunization provided robust viral-specific IgG responses and viral control. Combined vaccination of the sgB DNA vaccine with synthetic long peptides (SLP)-vaccines encoding MHC class I-restricted CMV epitopes, which elicit exclusively CD8+ T cell responses, significantly enhanced antiviral immunity. Thus, the combination of antibody and CD8+ T cell-eliciting vaccines provides a collaborative improvement of humoral and cellular immunity enabling enhanced protection against CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dena J Brasem
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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9
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Poon MML, Byington E, Meng W, Kubota M, Matsumoto R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Dogra P, Lam N, Szabo PA, Ural BB, Wells SB, Rosenfeld AM, Brusko MA, Brusko TM, Connors TJ, Sette A, Sims PA, Luning Prak ET, Shen Y, Farber DL. Heterogeneity of human anti-viral immunity shaped by virus, tissue, age, and sex. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110071. [PMID: 34852222 PMCID: PMC8719595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of anti-viral immunity is essential for protection and exhibits profound heterogeneity across individuals. Here, we elucidate the factors that shape maintenance and function of anti-viral T cell immunity in the body by comprehensive profiling of virus-specific T cells across blood, lymphoid organs, and mucosal tissues of organ donors. We use flow cytometry, T cell receptor sequencing, single-cell transcriptomics, and cytokine analysis to profile virus-specific CD8+ T cells recognizing the ubiquitous pathogens influenza and cytomegalovirus. Our results reveal that virus specificity determines overall magnitude, tissue distribution, differentiation, and clonal repertoire of virus-specific T cells. Age and sex influence T cell differentiation and dissemination in tissues, while T cell tissue residence and functionality are highly correlated with the site. Together, our results demonstrate how the covariates of virus, tissue, age, and sex impact the anti-viral immune response, which is important for targeting, monitoring, and predicting immune responses to existing and emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M L Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eve Byington
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Basak Burcu Ural
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven B Wells
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Santoro A, Bientinesi E, Monti D. Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aging process: age-related diseases or longevity? Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101422. [PMID: 34391943 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During aging the immune system (IS) undergoes remarkable changes that collectively are known as immunosenescence. It is a multifactorial and dynamic phenomenon that affects both natural and acquired immunity and plays a critical role in most chronic diseases in older people. For a long time, immunosenescence has been considered detrimental because it may lead to a low-grade, sterile chronic inflammation we proposed to call "inflammaging" and a progressive reduction in the ability to trigger effective antibody and cellular responses against infections and vaccinations. Recently, many scientists revised this negative meaning because it can be considered an essential adaptation/remodeling resulting from the lifelong immunological biography of single individuals from an evolutionary perspective. Inflammaging can be considered an adaptive process because it can trigger an anti-inflammatory response to counteract the age-related pro-inflammatory environment. Centenarians represent a valuable model to study the beneficial changes occurring in the IS with age. These extraordinary individuals reached the extreme limits of human life by slowing down the aging process and, in most cases, delaying, avoiding or surviving the major age-associated diseases. They indeed show a complex and heterogeneous phenotype determined by an improved ability to adapt and remodel in response to harmful stimuli. This review aims to point out the intimate relationship between immunosenescence and inflammaging and how these processes impact unsuccessful aging rather than longevity. We also describe the gut microbiota age-related changes as one of the significant triggers of inflammaging and the sex/gender differences in the immune system of the elderly, contributing to the sex/gender disparity in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and severity of age-related diseases. Finally, we discuss how these phenomena could influence the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection.
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11
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Ferri C, Arcangeletti MC, Caselli E, Zakrzewska K, Maccari C, Calderaro A, D'Accolti M, Soffritti I, Arvia R, Sighinolfi G, Artoni E, Giuggioli D. Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102727. [PMID: 34601207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease secondary to three cardinal pathological features: immune-system alterations, diffuse microangiopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and internal organs. The etiology of SSc remains quite obscure; it may encompass multiple host genetic and environmental -infectious/chemical-factors. The present review focused on the potential role of environmental agents in the etiopathogenesis of SSc based on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations previously published in the world literature. Among infectious agents, some viruses that may persist and reactivate in infected individuals, namely human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and parvovirus B19 (B19V), and retroviruses have been proposed as potential causative agents of SSc. These viruses share a number of biological activities and consequent pathological alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction and/or fibroblast activation. Moreover, the acute worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung involvement observed in SSc patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection might suggest a potential role of this virus in the overall disease outcome. A variety of chemical/occupational agents might be regarded as putative etiological factors of SSc. In this setting, the SSc complicating silica dust exposure represents one of the most promising models of study. Considering the complexity of SSc pathogenesis, none of suggested causative factors may explain the appearance of the whole SSc; it is likely that the disease is the result of a multifactorial and multistep pathogenetic process. A variable combination of potential etiological factors may modulate the appearance of different clinical phenotypes detectable in individual scleroderma patients. The in-deep investigations on the SSc etiopathogenesis may provide useful insights in the broad field of human diseases characterized by diffuse microangiopathy or altered fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Casa di Cura Madonna dello Scoglio, Cotronei (KR), Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sighinolfi
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Erica Artoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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12
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Betjes MGH. Uremia-Associated Immunological Aging and Severity of COVID-19 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675573. [PMID: 33937299 PMCID: PMC8079657 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One year after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it has become clear that some groups of individuals are at particular high risk of a complicated course of infection resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Two specific risk factors are most prominent, old age and the presence of co-morbidity. Recent studies have shown that patients with compromised renal function, especially those treated with renal replacement therapy or having received a kidney transplant are at a much higher risk for severe COVID infection and increased mortality. This may be in part due to the increased prevalence of co-morbid conditions in these patients but specific alterations in their immune system, reflecting premature immunological aging, may be equally important. In this review the different aspects, in particular thymus function and memory T cell expansion, of uremia-associated immunological aging are reviewed with respect to COVID 19 infection. In essence, the decreased generation of naïve T cells may be instrumental in suboptimal anti-viral immune responses while the relatively uncontrolled expansion of effector T cells may facilitate the feared phase of the COVID-19 infection with excessive and live-threatening inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel G H Betjes
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Lanfermeijer J, Borghans JAM, Baarle D. How age and infection history shape the antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13262. [PMID: 33078890 PMCID: PMC7681067 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults often show signs of impaired CD8+ T‐cell immunity, reflected by weaker responses against new infections and vaccinations, and decreased protection against reinfection. This immune impairment is in part thought to be the consequence of a decrease in both T‐cell numbers and repertoire diversity. If this is indeed the case, a strategy to prevent infectious diseases in older adults could be the induction of protective memory responses through vaccination at a younger age. However, this requires that the induced immune responses are maintained until old age. It is therefore important to obtain insights into the long‐term maintenance of the antigen‐specific T‐cell repertoire. Here, we review the literature on the maintenance of antigen‐experienced CD8+ T‐cell repertoires against acute and chronic infections. We describe the complex interactions that play a role in shaping the memory T‐cell repertoire, and the effects of age, infection history, and T‐cell avidity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of new vaccination strategies to protect older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention University Medical Center Groningen the Netherlands
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14
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Semmes EC, Hurst JH, Walsh KM, Permar SR. Cytomegalovirus as an immunomodulator across the lifespan. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:112-120. [PMID: 32818717 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a nearly ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes latent infection in the majority of the world's population. HCMV infection profoundly influences the host immune system and, perhaps more than any other human pathogen, has been shown to create a lasting imprint on human T and NK cell compartments. HCMV-seropositivity has been associated with both beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness or heterologous protection against infections, and deleterious effects, such as pathological neurodevelopmental sequelae from congenital infection in utero and cumulative damage from chronic lifelong latency into old age. The significance of many of these associations is unclear, as studies into the causal mechanisms linking HCMV and these disease outcomes are lacking; however, HCMV-mediated changes to the immune system may play a key role. This review examines how HCMV impacts the host immune system in an age-dependent manner with important implications for human immunophenotypes and long-term disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jillian H Hurst
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA.
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15
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Lübke M, Spalt S, Kowalewski DJ, Zimmermann C, Bauersfeld L, Nelde A, Bichmann L, Marcu A, Peper JK, Kohlbacher O, Walz JS, Le-Trilling VTK, Hengel H, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S, Halenius A. Identification of HCMV-derived T cell epitopes in seropositive individuals through viral deletion models. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191164. [PMID: 31869419 PMCID: PMC7062530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, immune control of persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is effectively mediated by virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, identifying the repertoire of T cell specificities for HCMV is hampered by the immense protein coding capacity of this betaherpesvirus. Here, we present a novel approach that employs HCMV deletion mutant viruses lacking HLA class I immunoevasins and allows direct identification of naturally presented HCMV-derived HLA ligands by mass spectrometry. We identified 368 unique HCMV-derived HLA class I ligands representing an unexpectedly broad panel of 123 HCMV antigens. Functional characterization revealed memory T cell responses in seropositive individuals for a substantial proportion (28%) of these novel peptides. Multiple HCMV-directed specificities in the memory T cell pool of single individuals indicate that physiologic anti-HCMV T cell responses are directed against a broad range of antigens. Thus, the unbiased identification of naturally presented viral epitopes enabled a comprehensive and systematic assessment of the physiological repertoire of anti-HCMV T cell specificities in seropositive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Lübke
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spalt
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liane Bauersfeld
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leon Bichmann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Applied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Marcu
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janet Kerstin Peper
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Applied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Biomolecular Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Translational Bioinformatics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S. Walz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Noppert GA, Aiello AE, O'Rand AM, Cohen HJ. Race/Ethnic and Educational Disparities in the Association Between Pathogen Burden and a Laboratory-Based Cumulative Deficits Index. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:99-108. [PMID: 31642044 PMCID: PMC6980710 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in adult morbidity and mortality may be rooted in patterns of biological dysfunction in early life. We sought to examine the association between pathogen burden and a cumulative deficits index (CDI), conceptualized as a pre-clinical marker of an unhealthy biomarker profile, specifically focusing on patterns across levels of social disadvantage. METHODS Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 wave (aged 20-49 years), we examined the association of pathogen burden, composed of seven pathogens, with the CDI. The CDI comprised 28 biomarkers corresponding to available clinical laboratory measures. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity and education level. RESULTS The CDI ranged from 0.04 to 0.78. Nearly half of Blacks were classified in the high burden pathogen class compared with 8% of Whites. Among both Mexican Americans and other Hispanic groups, the largest proportion of individuals were classified in the common pathogens class. Among educational classes, 19% of those with less than a high school education were classified in the high burden class compared with 7% of those with at least a college education. Blacks in the high burden pathogen class had a CDI 0.05 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.05). Whites in the high burden class had a CDI only 0.03 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.01). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest there are significant social disparities in the distribution of pathogen burden across race/ethnic groups, and the effects of pathogen burden may be more significant for socially disadvantaged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Noppert
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, 123 West Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
- Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - A E Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, 123 West Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A M O'Rand
- Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H J Cohen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Quinn KM, Palchaudhuri R, Palmer CS, La Gruta NL. The clock is ticking: the impact of ageing on T cell metabolism. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e01091. [PMID: 31832191 PMCID: PMC6859487 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that access to specific metabolic programmes controls the survival and function of various immune cell populations, including T cells. Efficient naïve and memory T cell homoeostasis requires the use of specific metabolic pathways and differentiation requires rapid and dramatic metabolic remodelling. While we are beginning to appreciate the crucial role of metabolic programming during normal T cell physiology, many of the potential impacts of ageing on metabolic homoeostasis and remodelling in T cells remain unexplored. This review will outline our current understanding of T cell metabolism and explore age‐related metabolic changes that are postulated or have been demonstrated to impact T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Quinn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University Bundoora VIC Australia.,Department of Biochemistry Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Riya Palchaudhuri
- Life Sciences Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Clovis S Palmer
- Life Sciences Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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18
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Brivio P, Paladini MS, Racagni G, Riva MA, Calabrese F, Molteni R. From Healthy Aging to Frailty: In Search of the Underlying Mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3685-3701. [PMID: 31333079 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190717152739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Population aging is accelerating rapidly worldwide, from 461 million people older than 65 years in 2004 to an estimated 2 billion people by 2050, leading to critical implications for the planning and delivery of health and social care. The most problematic expression of population aging is the clinical condition of frailty, which is a state of increased vulnerability that develops as a consequence of the accumulation of microscopic damages in many physiological systems that lead to a striking and disproportionate change in health state, even after an apparently small insult. Since little is known about the biology of frailty, an important perspective to understand this phenomenon is to establish how the alterations that physiologically occur during a condition of healthy aging may instead promote cumulative decline with subsequent depletion of homoeostatic reserve and increase the vulnerability also after minor stressor events. In this context, the present review aims to provide a description of the molecular mechanisms that, by having a critical impact on behavior and neuronal function in aging, might be relevant for the development of frailty. Moreover, since these biological systems are also involved in the coping strategies set in motion to respond to environmental challenges, we propose a role for lifestyle stress as an important player to drive frailty in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Paladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Associazione di Psicofarmacologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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19
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Margolick JB, Bream JH, Nilles TL, Li H, Langan SJ, Deng S, Wang R, Wada N, Leng SX. Relationship Between T-Cell Responses to CMV, Markers of Inflammation, and Frailty in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2019. [PMID: 29529309 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both aging and treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations exhibit low-level chronic immune activation of unknown etiology, which correlates with morbidity and mortality. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in both populations, but its relation to immune activation is unknown. Methods T cells from men who have sex with men (22 virologically suppressed HIV+, 20 HIV-) were stimulated with peptides spanning 19 CMV open reading frames, and intracellular cytokine responses were assessed. Soluble and cellular inflammatory markers were assessed by multiplex electrochemiluminescence and flow cytometry, respectively. Frailty was assessed by the Fried criteria. Results All men had responses to CMV. Proportions of CMV-responsive T cells correlated strongly (r ≥ 0.6 or ≤ -0.6; P < .05) with immunologic markers, depending on donor HIV and frailty status. Markers significantly correlated in some groups after adjustment for multiple comparisons included interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and several chemokines in serum, and the proportion of activated T cells. The magnitude of the CD4 IL-2 response significantly predicted onset of frailty in HIV- nonfrail men, but not in HIV+ nonfrail men. Conclusions T-cell responses to CMV may strongly influence chronic immune activation in HIV-uninfected and virologically suppressed HIV-infected men, and may predict frailty in HIV-uninfected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Tricia L Nilles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Susan J Langan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Shane Deng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nikolas Wada
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryl
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20
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van den Berg SPH, Pardieck IN, Lanfermeijer J, Sauce D, Klenerman P, van Baarle D, Arens R. The hallmarks of CMV-specific CD8 T-cell differentiation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:365-373. [PMID: 30989333 PMCID: PMC6647465 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, large T-cell responses are elicited that remain high or even increase over time, a phenomenon named memory T-cell inflation. Besides, the maintained robust T-cell response, CMV-specific T cells seem to have a distinctive phenotype, characterized by an advanced differentiation state. Here, we will review this "special" differentiation status by discussing the cellular phenotype based on the expression of CD45 isoforms, costimulatory, inhibitory and natural killer receptors, adhesion and lymphocyte homing molecules, transcription factors, cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. In addition, we focus on whether the differentiation state of CMV-specific CD8 T cells is unique in comparison with other chronic viruses and we will discuss the possible impact of factors such as antigen exposure and aging on the advanced differentiation status of CMV-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P H van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Shmeleva EV, Smith GL, Ferguson BJ. Enhanced Efficacy of Vaccination With Vaccinia Virus in Old vs. Young Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1780. [PMID: 31417558 PMCID: PMC6685358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is believed to be responsible for poor vaccine efficacy in the elderly. To overcome this difficulty, research into vaccination strategies and the mechanisms of immune responses to vaccination is required. By analyzing the innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) in mice of different age groups, we found that immune cell recruitment, production of cytokines/chemokines and control of viral replication at the site of intradermal vaccination were preserved in aged mice and were comparable with younger groups. Analysis of cervical draining lymph nodes (dLN) collected after vaccination showed that numbers of germinal center B cells and follicular T helper cells were similar across different age groups. The number of VACV-specific CD8 T cells in the spleen and the levels of serum neutralizing antibodies 1 month after vaccination were also comparable across all age groups. However, following intranasal challenge of vaccinated mice, body weight loss was lower and virus was cleared more rapidly in aged mice than in younger animals. In conclusion, vaccination with VACV can induce an effective immune response and stronger protection in elderly animals. Thus, the development of recombinant VACV-based vaccines against different infectious diseases should be considered as a strategy for improving vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Baumann NS, Welten SPM, Torti N, Pallmer K, Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Oxenius A. Early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells determine the size of the inflationary T cell pool. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007785. [PMID: 31083700 PMCID: PMC6532941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a subset of cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CD8 T cells continuously expands mainly during latent infection and establishes a large and stable population of effector memory cells in peripheral tissues. Here we set out to identify in vivo parameters that promote and limit CD8 T cell inflation in the context of MCMV infection. We found that the inflationary T cell pool comprised mainly high avidity CD8 T cells, outcompeting lower avidity CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the size of the inflationary T cell pool was not restricted by the availability of specific tissue niches, but it was directly related to the number of virus-specific CD8 T cells that were activated during priming. In particular, the amount of early-primed KLRG1- cells and the number of inflationary cells with a central memory phenotype were a critical determinant for the overall magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. Inflationary memory CD8 T cells provided protection from a Vaccinia virus challenge and this protection directly correlated with the size of the inflationary memory T cell pool in peripheral tissues. These results highlight the remarkable protective potential of inflationary CD8 T cells that can be harnessed for CMV-based T cell vaccine approaches. Cytomegalovirus induces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population, due to the ability of the virus to establish latency. Upon CMV infection, large numbers of effector memory T cells are induced in peripheral tissues, a process that is termed memory inflation. As inflationary T cells are highly functional, CMV-based vaccines have gained substantial interest for vaccination purposes. Here we examine factors that promote and limit memory T cell inflation. We found that there were no constraints on the availability of specific niches for inflationary T cells in tissues and that high avidity T cells predominately contribute to the inflationary T cell population in the beginning of infection. Moreover, the number of early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells in the acute phase of infection set the limit for memory T cell inflation. Furthermore, we show that inflationary T cells provided protection from a pathogenic challenge in peripheral tissues such as the ovaries. Thus, inflationary T cells comprise a population of T cells that can protect peripheral tissues from pathogenic infections and their efficacy can be regulated by balancing the number of KLRG1- CMV-specific cells during priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Moss P. 'From immunosenescence to immune modulation': a re-appraisal of the role of cytomegalovirus as major regulator of human immune function. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:271-280. [PMID: 31053999 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the year 2000, cytomegalovirus was identified as a risk factor for mortality in a seminal study of octogenarian residents in Sweden. This finding triggered a wave of additional epidemiological investigations, some of which supported this association whilst others observed no such effect. In addition, this increased risk of death in CMV-seropositive people was correlated with observed changes within the T-cell repertoire such that accelerated 'immunosenescence' became a de facto explanation, without strong evidence to this effect. Recent years have seen a re-appraisal of these findings. Interestingly, many studies show that cytomegalovirus acts to improve immune function, most clearly in younger donors. In addition, the excess mortality in older people that is observed in CMV-seropositive cohorts appears to be related primarily to an excess of vascular disease rather than impairment of immune function. CMV is an important member of the natural 'virome' of Homo sapiens and has an important, and generally positive, modulatory influence on human immune function throughout most of life. However, within certain populations, this influence can become negative and age, co-morbidity and environment all act as determinants of this effect. As such, it is important that new interventions are developed that can mitigate the damaging influence of CMV on human health in populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moss
- Haematology, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TA, UK.
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24
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Marandu T, Dombek M, Cook CH. Impact of cytomegalovirus load on host response to sepsis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:295-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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T-cell immunity against cytomegalovirus in HIV infection and aging: relationships with inflammation, immune activation, and frailty. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:289-294. [PMID: 30900090 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both aging and treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are characterized by low-level chronic inflammation and immune activation which contribute to the development of age-related diseases, frailty, and early mortality. Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is highly prevalent in older adults and HIV-infected populations. A number of studies have shown that CMV induces broad and strong T-cell responses in CMV-seropositive older adults and HIV-infected individuals. CMV infection rarely develops into clinical disease in immunocompetent individuals. However, a large body of literature has shown adverse effects of chronic CMV infection on the health and longevity of these populations. It has been hypothesized that chronic CMV infection may be a driver of chronic inflammation and immune activation, and may further contribute to the development of frailty. Thus, there is a need to better understand the extent of the impact of chronic CMV infection on T-cell immunity and health in aging and HIV infection. In this review, we will address important considerations and challenges in the assessment of chronic CMV infection and CMV-specific T-cell responses. We will then review recent data on relationships between T-cell responses to CMV and levels of inflammatory markers and immune activation, as well as the onset of frailty.
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26
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Generation, maintenance and tissue distribution of T cell responses to human cytomegalovirus in lytic and latent infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:375-389. [PMID: 30895366 PMCID: PMC6647459 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the T cell memory response directed towards human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) develops and changes over time while the virus persists is important. Whilst HCMV primary infection and periodic reactivation is well controlled by T cell responses in healthy people, when the immune system is compromised such as post-transplantation, during pregnancy, or underdeveloped such as in new-born infants and children, CMV disease can be a significant problem. In older people, HCMV infection is associated with increased risk of mortality and despite overt disease rarely being seen there are increases in HCMV-DNA in urine of older people suggesting that there is a change in the efficacy of the T cell response following lifelong infection. Therefore, understanding whether phenomenon such as “memory inflation” of the immune response is occurring in humans and if this is detrimental to the overall health of individuals would enable the development of appropriate treatment strategies for the future. In this review, we present the evidence available from human studies regarding the development and maintenance of memory CD8 + and CD4 + T cell responses to HCMV. We conclude that there is only limited evidence supportive of “memory inflation” occurring in humans and that future studies need to investigate immune cells from a broad range of human tissue sites to fully understand the nature of HCMV T cell memory responses to lytic and latent infection.
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27
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Mansfield SA, Dwivedi V, Elgharably H, Griessl M, Zimmerman PD, Limaye AP, Cook CH. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G titers do not predict reactivation risk in immunocompetent hosts. J Med Virol 2019; 91:836-844. [PMID: 30609051 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation occurs in roughly one-third of immunocompetent patients during critical illness, and is associated with worse outcomes. These outcomes have prompted consideration of early antiviral prophylaxis, but two-third of patients would receive unnecessary treatment. Tissue viral load has been associated with risk of reactivation in murine models, and recent work has suggested a relationship between immune responses to CMV and underlying viral load. We, therefore, sought to confirm the hypothesis that serum CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) correlates with tissue viral load, and might be used to predict the risk of reactivation during critical illness. We confirm that there is a good correlation between tissue viral load and serum CMV-specific IgG after laboratory infection of inbred mice. Further, we show that naturally infected outbred hosts have variable tissue viral DNA loads that do not correlate well with serum IgG. Perhaps as a consequence, CMV-specific IgG was not predictive of reactivation events in immunocompetent humans. When reactivation did occur, those with the lowest IgG levels had longer durations of reactivation, but IgG quartiles were not associated with differing peak DNAemia. Together our data suggest that CMV-specific IgG titers diverge from tissue viral loads in outbred immunocompetent hosts, and their importance for the control of reactivation events remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Mansfield
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Marion Griessl
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ajit P Limaye
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Reduced expression of the lncRNA NRON is a potential hallmark of the CMV-amplified CD8+ T cell accumulations commonly seen in older humans. Exp Gerontol 2019; 115:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Arcangeletti MC, Maccari C, Vescovini R, Volpi R, Giuggioli D, Sighinolfi G, De Conto F, Chezzi C, Calderaro A, Ferri C. A Paradigmatic Interplay between Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Immune System: Possible Involvement of Viral Antigen-Driven CD8+ T Cell Responses in Systemic Sclerosis. Viruses 2018; 10:E508. [PMID: 30231575 PMCID: PMC6163388 DOI: 10.3390/v10090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent opportunistic agent in the world population, which persists as a latent virus after a primary infection. Besides the well-established role of this agent causing severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals, more recently, HCMV has been evoked as a possible factor contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). The interplay between HCMV and immune surveillance is supposed to become unbalanced in SSc patients with expanded anti-HCMV immune responses, which are likely involved in the exacerbation of inflammatory processes. In this study, blood samples from a cohort of SSc patients vs. healthy subjects were tested for anti-HCMV immune responses (IgM, IgG antibodies, and T cells to peptide pools spanning the most immunogenic HCMV proteins). Statistically significant increase of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in SSc patients vs. healthy subjects was observed. Moreover, significantly greater HCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were found in SSc patients with a longer disease duration and those with higher modified Rodnan skin scores. Given the known importance of T cells in the development of SSc and that this virus may contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases, these data support a relevant role of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Arcangeletti
- Virology Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Clara Maccari
- Virology Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Vescovini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Sighinolfi
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Flora De Conto
- Virology Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Virology Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Virology Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Most older individuals develop inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels of blood inflammatory markers that carries high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability, frailty, and premature death. Potential mechanisms of inflammageing include genetic susceptibility, central obesity, increased gut permeability, changes to microbiota composition, cellular senescence, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, oxidative stress caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, immune cell dysregulation, and chronic infections. Inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and clinical trials suggest that this association is causal. Inflammageing is also a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia, but whether modulating inflammation beneficially affects the clinical course of non-CVD health problems is controversial. This uncertainty is an important issue to address because older patients with CVD are often affected by multimorbidity and frailty - which affect clinical manifestations, prognosis, and response to treatment - and are associated with inflammation by mechanisms similar to those in CVD. The hypothesis that inflammation affects CVD, multimorbidity, and frailty by inhibiting growth factors, increasing catabolism, and interfering with homeostatic signalling is supported by mechanistic studies but requires confirmation in humans. Whether early modulation of inflammageing prevents or delays the onset of cardiovascular frailty should be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Elisa Fabbri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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32
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Subclinical Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated with Altered Host Immunity, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccine Responses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00167-18. [PMID: 29669841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00167-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical viral infections (SVI), including cytomegalovirus (CMV), are highly prevalent in humans, resulting in lifelong persistence. However, the impact of SVI on the interplay between the host immunity and gut microbiota in the context of environmental exposures is not well defined. We utilized the preclinical nonhuman primate (NHP) model consisting of SVI-free (specific-pathogen-free [SPF]) rhesus macaques and compared them to the animals with SVI (non-SPF) acquired through natural exposure and investigated the impact of SVI on immune cell distribution and function, as well as on gut microbiota. These changes were examined in animals housed in the outdoor environment compared to the controlled indoor environment. We report that SVI are associated with altered immune cell subsets and gut microbiota composition in animals housed in the outdoor environment. Non-SPF animals harbored a higher proportion of potential butyrate-producing Firmicutes and higher numbers of lymphocytes, effector T cells, and cytokine-producing T cells. Surprisingly, these differences diminished following their transfer to the controlled indoor environment, suggesting that non-SPFs had increased responsiveness to environmental exposures. An experimental infection of indoor SPF animals with CMV resulted in an increased abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, validating that CMV enhanced colonization of butyrate-producing commensals. Finally, non-SPF animals displayed lower antibody responses to influenza vaccination compared to SPF animals. Our data show that subclinical CMV infection heightens host immunity and gut microbiota changes in response to environmental exposures. This may contribute to the heterogeneity in host immune response to vaccines and environmental stimuli at the population level.IMPORTANCE Humans harbor several latent viruses that modulate host immunity and commensal microbiota, thus introducing heterogeneity in their responses to pathogens, vaccines, and environmental exposures. Most of our understanding of the effect of CMV on the immune system is based on studies of children acquiring CMV or of immunocompromised humans with acute or reactivated CMV infection or in ageing individuals. The experimental mouse models are genetically inbred and are completely adapted to the indoor laboratory environment. In contrast, nonhuman primates are genetically outbred and are raised in the outdoor environment. Our study is the first to report the impact of long-term subclinical CMV infection on host immunity and gut microbiota, which is evident only in the outdoor environment but not in the indoor environment. The significance of this study is in highlighting the impact of SVI on enhancing host immune susceptibility to environmental exposures and immune heterogeneity.
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Veel E, Westera L, van Gent R, Bont L, Otto S, Ruijsink B, Rabouw HH, Mudrikova T, Wensing A, Hoepelman AIM, Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K. Impact of Aging, Cytomegalovirus Infection, and Long-Term Treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus on CD8 + T-Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29619031 PMCID: PMC5871714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both healthy aging and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lead to a progressive decline in naive CD8+ T-cell numbers and expansion of the CD8+ T-cell memory and effector compartments. HIV infection is therefore often considered a condition of premature aging. Total CD8+ T-cell numbers of HIV-infected individuals typically stay increased even after long-term (LT) combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), which is associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. The causes of these persistent changes in the CD8+ T-cell pool remain debated. Here, we studied the impact of age, CMV infection, and LT successful cART on absolute cell numbers in different CD8+ T-cell subsets. While naïve CD8+ T-cell numbers in cART-treated individuals (N = 38) increased to healthy levels, central memory (CM), effector memory (EM), and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers remained higher than in (unselected) age-matched healthy controls (N = 107). Longitudinal analysis in a subset of patients showed that cART did result in a loss of memory CD8+ T-cells, mainly during the first year of cART, after which memory cell numbers remained relatively stable. As CMV infection is known to increase CD8+ T-cell numbers in healthy individuals, we studied whether any of the persistent changes in the CD8+ T-cell pools of cART-treated patients could be a direct reflection of the high CMV prevalence among HIV-infected individuals. We found that EM and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers in CMV+ healthy individuals (N = 87) were significantly higher than in CMV- (N = 170) healthy individuals. As a result, EM and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers in successfully cART-treated HIV-infected individuals did not deviate significantly from those of age-matched CMV+ healthy controls (N = 39). By contrast, CM T-cell numbers were quite similar in CMV+ and CMV- healthy individuals across all ages. The LT expansion of the CM CD8+ T-cell pool in cART-treated individuals could thus not be attributed directly to CMV and was also not related to residual HIV RNA or to the presence of HIV-specific CM T-cells. It remains to be investigated why the CM CD8+ T-cell subset shows seemingly irreversible changes despite years of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Veel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liset Westera
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gent
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Otto
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bram Ruijsink
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Huib H Rabouw
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tania Mudrikova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Redeker A, Remmerswaal EBM, van der Gracht ETI, Welten SPM, Höllt T, Koning F, Cicin-Sain L, Nikolich-Žugich J, Ten Berge IJM, van Lier RAW, van Unen V, Arens R. The Contribution of Cytomegalovirus Infection to Immune Senescence Is Set by the Infectious Dose. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1953. [PMID: 29367854 PMCID: PMC5768196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections and accelerated immune senescence is controversial. Whereas some studies reported a CMV-associated impaired capacity to control heterologous infections at old age, other studies could not confirm this. We hypothesized that these discrepancies might relate to the variability in the infectious dose of CMV occurring in real life. Here, we investigated the influence of persistent CMV infection on immune perturbations and specifically addressed the role of the infectious dose on the contribution of CMV to accelerated immune senescence. We show in experimental mouse models that the degree of mouse CMV (MCMV)-specific memory CD8+ T cell accumulation and the phenotypic T cell profile are directly influenced by the infectious dose, and data on HCMV-specific T cells indicate a similar connection. Detailed cluster analysis of the memory CD8+ T cell development showed that high-dose infection causes a differentiation pathway that progresses faster throughout the life span of the host, suggesting a virus–host balance that is influenced by aging and infectious dose. Importantly, short-term MCMV infection in adult mice is not disadvantageous for heterologous superinfection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). However, following long-term CMV infection the strength of the CD8+ T cell immunity to LCMV superinfection was affected by the initial CMV infectious dose, wherein a high infectious dose was found to be a prerequisite for impaired heterologous immunity. Altogether our results underscore the importance of stratification based on the size and differentiation of the CMV-specific memory T cell pools for the impact on immune senescence, and indicate that reduction of the latent/lytic viral load can be beneficial to diminish CMV-associated immune senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esmé T I van der Gracht
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Lee F, Lawrence DA. From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 21:24-46. [PMID: 29252129 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A temporal trend can be seen in recent human history where the dominant causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases in industrialized societies. Human influences in the current "Anthropocene" epoch are exponentially impacting the environment and consequentially health. Changing ecological niches are suggested to have created health transitions expressed as modifications of immune balance from infections inflicting pathologies in the Holocene epoch (12,000 years ago) to human behaviors inflicting pathologies beginning in the Anthropocene epoch (300 years ago). A review of human immune health and adaptations responding to environmental (biological, chemical, physical, and psychological) stresses, which are influenced by social conditions, emphasize the involvement of fluctuations in immune cell subsets affecting influential gene-environment interactions. The literature from a variety of fields (anthropological, immunological, and environmental) is incorporated to present an expanded perspective on shifts in diseases within the context of immune balance and function and environmental immunology. The influences between historical and contemporary human ecology are examined in relation to human immunity. Several examples of shifts in human physiology and immunity support the premise that increased incidences of chronic diseases are a consequence of human modification of environment and lifestyle. Although the development of better health care and a broader understanding of human health have helped with better life quality and expectancy, the transition of morbidity and mortality rates from infections to chronic diseases is a cause for concern. Combinations of environmental stressors/pollutants and human behaviors and conditions are modulating the immune-neuroendocrine network, which compromises health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- a Department of Anthropology , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- b Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health , Albany , NY , USA
- c Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences , University at Albany, School of Public Health , Albany , NY , USA
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Hosie L, Pachnio A, Zuo J, Pearce H, Riddell S, Moss P. Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cells Restricted by HLA-Cw*0702 Increase Markedly with Age and Dominate the CD8 + T-Cell Repertoire in Older People. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1776. [PMID: 29312307 PMCID: PMC5732243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection elicits a strong T-cell immune response, which increases further during aging in a process termed "memory inflation." CMV downregulates the expression of HLA-A and HLA-B on the surface of infected cells to limit presentation of viral peptides to T-cells although HLA-C is relatively spared as it also engages with inhibitory killer immunoglobulin receptor receptors and therefore reduces lysis by natural killer cells. We investigated the magnitude and functional properties of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells specific for 10 peptides restricted by HLA-C in a cohort of 53 donors between the age of 23 and 91 years. This was achieved via peptide stimulation of PBMCs followed by multicolor flow cytometry. Three peptides, derived from proteins generated in the immediate-early period of viral replication and restricted by HLA-Cw*0702, elicited strong immune responses, which increased substantially with age such that the average aggregate response represented 37% of the CD8+ T-cell pool within donors above 70 years of age. Remarkably, a single response represented 70% of the total CD8+ T-cell pool within a 91-year-old donor. HLA-Cw*0702-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses were immunodominant over HLA-A and HLA-B-restricted CMV-specific responses and did not show features of exhaustion such as PD-1 or CD39 expression. Indeed, such CTL exhibit a polyfunctional cytokine profile with co-expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α and a strong cytotoxic phenotype with intracellular expression of perforin and granzymeB. Functionally, HLA-Cw*0702-restricted CTL show exceptionally high avidity for cognate peptide-HLA and demonstrate very early and efficient recognition of virally infected cells. These observations indicate that CD8+ T-cells restricted by HLA-C play an important role in the control of persistent CMV infection and could represent a novel opportunity for CD8+ T-cell therapy of viral infection within immunosuppressed patients. In addition, the findings provide further evidence for the importance of HLA-C-restricted T-cells in the control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hosie
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Pachnio
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayden Pearce
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul Moss
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Temporal Cognitive Decline Associated With Exposure to Infectious Agents in a Population-based, Aging Cohort. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2017; 30:216-22. [PMID: 26710257 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous cross-sectional studies have related exposure to neurotropic infectious agents with cognitive dysfunction in older adults, however, the temporal sequence is uncertain. METHODS In a representative, well-characterized, population-based aging cohort, we determined whether the temporal trajectories of multiple cognitive domains are associated with exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes Simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2), or Toxoplasma gondii (TOX). Complex attention, executive functions, memory, language, and visuospatial function were assessed annually for 5 years among consenting individuals. Study entry IgG antibody titers indexing exposure to each infectious agent were examined in relation to slopes of subsequent temporal cognitive decline using multiple linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The IgG levels for HSV-2 were significantly associated with baseline cognitive domain scores (N=1022 participants). Further, the IgG levels for HSV-2, TOX, and CMV, but not HSV-1 were significantly associated with greater temporal cognitive decline that varied by type of infection. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to CMV, HSV-2, or TOX is associated with cognitive deterioration in older individuals, independent of general age-related variables. An increased understanding of the role of infectious agents in cognitive decline may lead to new methods for its prevention and treatment.
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Bajwa M, Vita S, Vescovini R, Larsen M, Sansoni P, Terrazzini N, Caserta S, Thomas D, Davies KA, Smith H, Kern F. CMV-Specific T-cell Responses at Older Ages: Broad Responses With a Large Central Memory Component May Be Key to Long-term Survival. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1212-1220. [PMID: 28199648 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection sometimes causes large expansions of CMV-specific T cells, particularly in older people. This is believed to undermine immunity to other pathogens and to accelerate immunosenescence. While multiple different CMV proteins are recognized, most publications on age-related T-cell expansions have focused on dominant target proteins UL83 or UL123, and the T-cell activation marker interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We were concerned that this narrow approach might have skewed our understanding of CMV-specific immunity at older ages. We have, therefore, widened the scope of analysis to include in vitro-induced T-cell responses to 19 frequently recognized CMV proteins in "young" and "older" healthy volunteers and a group of "oldest old" long-term survivors (>85 years of age). Polychromatic flow cytometry was used to analyze T-cell activation markers (CD107, CD154, interleukin-2 [IL-2], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and IFN-γ) and memory phenotypes (CD27, CD45RA). The older group had, on average, larger T-cell responses than the young, but, interestingly, response size differences were relatively smaller when all activation markers were considered rather than IFN-γ or TNF alone. The oldest old group recognized more proteins on average than the other groups, and had even bigger T-cell responses than the older group with a significantly larger central memory CD4 T-cell component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Bajwa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Serena Vita
- Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University Sapienza of Rome, and
| | | | - Martin Larsen
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), and.,AP-HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France ; and
| | - Paolo Sansoni
- Dipartimento di Clinica Sperimentale, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Terrazzini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Thomas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | | | - Helen Smith
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Kern
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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Higdon LE, Trofe-Clark J, Liu S, Margulies KB, Sahoo MK, Blumberg E, Pinsky BA, Maltzman JS. Cytomegalovirus-Responsive CD8 + T Cells Expand After Solid Organ Transplantation in the Absence of CMV Disease. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2045-2054. [PMID: 28199780 PMCID: PMC5519416 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Approximately 60% of adults are CMV seropositive, indicating previous exposure. Following resolution of the primary infection, CMV remains in a latent state. Reactivation is controlled by memory T cells in healthy individuals; transplant recipients have reduced memory T cell function due to chronic immunosuppressive therapies. In this study, CD8+ T cell responses to CMV polypeptides immediate-early-1 and pp65 were analyzed in 16 CMV-seropositive kidney and heart transplant recipients longitudinally pretransplantation and posttransplantation. All patients received standard of care maintenance immunosuppression, antiviral prophylaxis, and CMV viral load monitoring, with approximately half receiving T cell-depleting induction therapy. The frequency of CMV-responsive CD8+ T cells, defined by the production of effector molecules in response to CMV peptides, increased during the course of 1 year posttransplantation. The increase commenced after the completion of antiviral prophylaxis, and these T cells tended to be terminally differentiated effector cells. Based on this small cohort, these data suggest that even in the absence of disease, antigenic exposure may continually shape the CMV-responsive T cell population posttransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Higdon
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Trofe-Clark
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Renal Division, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - K B Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M K Sahoo
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA
| | - E Blumberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Infectious Diseases Division, Philadelphia, PA
| | - B A Pinsky
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - J S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
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Merani S, Pawelec G, Kuchel GA, McElhaney JE. Impact of Aging and Cytomegalovirus on Immunological Response to Influenza Vaccination and Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:784. [PMID: 28769922 PMCID: PMC5512344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people over the age of 60 is expected to double by 2050 according to the WHO. This emphasizes the need to ensure optimized resilience to health stressors in late life. In older adults, influenza is one of the leading causes of catastrophic disability (defined as the loss of independence in daily living and self-care activities). Influenza vaccination is generally perceived to be less protective in older adults, with some studies suggesting that the humoral immune response to the vaccine is further impaired in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive older people. CMV is a β-herpes virus infection that is generally asymptomatic in healthy individuals. The majority of older adults possess serum antibodies against the virus indicating latent infection. Age-related changes in T-cell-mediated immunity are augmented by CMV infection and may be associated with more serious complications of influenza infection. This review focuses on the impact of aging and CMV on immune cell function, the response to influenza infection and vaccination, and how the current understanding of aging and CMV can be used to design a more effective influenza vaccine for older adults. It is anticipated that efforts in this field will address the public health need for improved protection against influenza in older adults, particularly with regard to the serious complications leading to loss of independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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Recent advances in CMV tropism, latency, and diagnosis during aging. GeroScience 2017; 39:251-259. [PMID: 28681110 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the largest viruses known to cause human diseases. Chronic CMV infection, as defined by anti-CMV IgG serology, increases with age and is highly prevalent in older adults. It has complex biology with significant immunologic and health consequences. This article aims to summarize research findings presented at the 6th International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence that relate to advances in the areas of CMV tropism, latency, CMV manipulation of cell metabolism, and T cell memory inflation, as well as novel diagnostic evaluation and translational research of chronic CMV infection in older adults. Information summarized here represents the current state of knowledge in these important fields. Investigators have also identified a number of areas that deserve further and more in-depth investigation, including building more precise parallels between mouse CMV (mCMV) and human CMV (HCMV) research. It is hoped that this article will also stimulate engaging discussion on strategies and direction to advance the science to the next level.
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes numerous proteins and microRNAs that function to evade the immune response and allow the virus to replicate and disseminate in the face of a competent innate and acquired immune system. The establishment of a latent infection by CMV, which if completely quiescent at the level of viral gene expression would represent an ultimate in immune evasion strategies, is not sufficient for lifelong persistence and dissemination of the virus. CMV needs to reactivate and replicate in a lytic cycle of infection in order to disseminate further, which occurs in the face of a fully primed secondary immune response. Without reactivation, latency itself would be redundant for the virus. It is also becoming clear that latency is not a totally quiescent state, but is characterized by limited viral gene expression. Therefore, the virus also needs immune evasion strategies during latency. An effective immune response to CMV is required or viral replication will cause morbidity and ultimately mortality in the host. There is clearly a complex balance between virus immune evasion and host immune recognition over a lifetime. This poses the important question of whether long-term evasion or manipulation of the immune response driven by CMV is detrimental to health. In this meeting report, three groups used the murine model of CMV (MCMV) to examine if the contribution of the virus to immune senescence is set by the (i) initial viral inoculum, (ii) inflation of T cell responses, (iii) or the balance between functionally distinct effector CD4+ T cells. The work of other groups studying the CMV response in humans is discussed. Their work asks whether the ability to make immune responses to new antigens is compromised by (i) age and HCMV carriage, (ii) long-term exposure to HCMV giving rise to an overall immunosuppressive environment and increased levels of latent virus, or (iii) adapted virus mutants (used as potential vaccines) that have the capacity to elicit conventional and unconventional T cell responses.
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Cytomegalovirus Reinfections Stimulate CD8 T-Memory Inflation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167097. [PMID: 27870919 PMCID: PMC5117776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been shown to induce large populations of CD8 T-effector memory cells that unlike central memory persist in large quantities following infection, a phenomenon commonly termed “memory inflation”. Although murine models to date have shown very large and persistent CMV-specific T-cell expansions following infection, there is considerable variability in CMV-specific T-memory responses in humans. Historically such memory inflation in humans has been assumed a consequence of reactivation events during the life of the host. Because basic information about CMV infection/re-infection and reactivation in immune competent humans is not available, we used a murine model to test how primary infection, reinfection, and reactivation stimuli influence memory inflation. We show that low titer infections induce “partial” memory inflation of both mCMV specific CD8 T-cells and antibody. We show further that reinfection with different strains can boost partial memory inflation. Finally, we show preliminary results suggesting that a single strong reactivation stimulus does not stimulate memory inflation. Altogether, our results suggest that while high titer primary infections can induce memory inflation, reinfections during the life of a host may be more important than previously appreciated.
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Hills T, Jakeman PG, Carlisle RC, Klenerman P, Seymour LW, Cawood R. A Rapid-Response Humoral Vaccine Platform Exploiting Pre-Existing Non-Cognate Populations of Anti-Vaccine or Anti-Viral CD4+ T Helper Cells to Confirm B Cell Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166383. [PMID: 27861512 PMCID: PMC5115735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for CD4+ T cell responses to arise de novo following vaccination can limit the speed of B cell responses. Populations of pre-existing vaccine-induced or anti-viral CD4+ T cells recognising distinct antigens could be exploited to overcome this limitation. We hypothesise that liposomal vaccine particles encapsulating epitopes that are recognised, after processing and B cell MHCII presentation, by pre-existing CD4+ T cells will exploit this pre-existing T cell help and result in improved antibody responses to distinct target antigens displayed on the particle surface. Liposomal vaccine particles were engineered to display the malaria circumsporozoite (CSP) antigen on their surface, with helper CD4+ epitopes from distinct vaccine or viral antigens contained within the particle core, ensuring the B cell response is raised but focused against CSP. In vivo vaccination studies were then conducted in C57Bl/6 mice as models of either vaccine-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (using ovalbumin-OVA) or virus-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (murine cytomegalovirus-MCMV). Following the establishment of pre-existing by vaccination (OVA in the adjuvant TiterMax® Gold) or infection with MCMV, mice were administered CSP-coated liposomal vaccines containing the relevant OVA or MCMV core CD4+ T cell epitopes. In mice with pre-existing anti-OVA CD4+ T cell immunity, these vaccine particles elicited rapid, high-titre, isotype-switched CSP-specific antibody responses-consistent with the involvement of anti-OVA T helper cells in confirming activation of anti-CSP B cells. Responses were further improved by entrapping TLR9 agonists, combining humoral vaccination signals 'one', 'two' and 'three' within one particle. Herpes viruses can establish chronic infection and elicit significant, persistent cellular immune responses. We then demonstrate that this principle can be extended to re-purpose pre-existing anti-MCMV immunity to enhance anti-CSP vaccine responses-the first description of a strategy to specifically exploit anti-cytomegalovirus immunity to augment vaccination against a target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert C. Carlisle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Cawood
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Impact of Persistent Cytomegalovirus Infection on Dynamic Changes in Human Immune System Profile. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151965. [PMID: 26990192 PMCID: PMC4798275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) imprints the immune system after primary infection, however its effect during chronic infection still needs to be deciphered. In this study we report the variation of blood cell count along with anti-HCMV IgG and T cell responses to pp-65 and IE-1 antigens, that occurred after an interval of five years in a cohort of 25 seropositive healthy adults. We found increased anti-viral IgG antibody responses and intracellular interferon-gamma secreting CD8+ T cell responses to pp-65: a result consistent with memory inflation. With the only exception of shortage in naive CD8+ T cells most memory T cell subsets as well as total CD8+ T cells, T cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and leukocytes had increased. By contrast, none of the cell types tested were found to have increased in 14 subjects stably seronegative. Rather, in addition to a shortage in naive CD8+ T cells, also memory T cell subsets and most other cell types decreased, either in a statistically significant or non-significant manner. The trend of T cell pool representation with regard to CD4/CD8 ratio was in the opposing directions depending on HCMV serology. Globally, this study demonstrates different dynamic changes of most blood cell types depending on presence or absence of HCMV infection. Therefore, HCMV plays a continual role in modulating homeostasis of blood T cells and a broader expanding effect on other cell populations of lymphoid and myeloid origin.
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Antipas GSE, Germenis AE. Human Cytomegalovirus variant peptides adapt by decreasing their total coordination upon binding to a T cell receptor. Data Brief 2016; 4:492-9. [PMID: 26958591 PMCID: PMC4773413 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tertiary structure of the native Cytomegalovirus peptide (NLV) presented by HLA-A2 and bound to the RA14 T cell receptor was used as a reference for the calculation of atomic coordination differences of both the NLV as well as of a number of singly substituted NLV variants in the absence of TCR. Among the pMHC complexes, the native peptide was found to exhibit the highest total coordination difference in respect to the reference structure, suggesting that it experienced the widest structural adaptation upon recognition by the TCR. In addition, the peptide on the isolated NLV-MHC complex was over-coordinated as compared to the rest of the variants. Moreover, the trend was found to account for a set of measured dissociation constants and critical concentrations for target-cell lysis for all variants in complexation with RA14: functionally, all variant peptides were established to be either weak agonists or null peptides, while, at the same time, our current study established that they were also under-coordinated in respect to NLV. It could, thus, be argued that the most ‘efficient’ structural adaptation upon pMHC recognition by the TCR requires of the peptide to undergo the widest under-coordination possible. The main structural characteristic which differentiated the NLV in respect to the variants was a the presence of 16 oxygen atoms (waters) in the former׳s second coordination shell which accounted for over-coordination of roughly 100% and 30% in the O–O and C–O partials respectively. In fact, in the absence of second shell oxygens, the NLV peptide was decidedly under-coordinated in respect to all of the variants, as also suggested by the C–C partial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios S E Antipas
- Division of Materials Technology, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Anastasios E Germenis
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41110, Greece
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Sylwester A, Nambiar KZ, Caserta S, Klenerman P, Picker LJ, Kern F. A new perspective of the structural complexity of HCMV-specific T-cell responses. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:14-22. [PMID: 26957355 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies exploring the effects of HCMV infection on immune system aging ('immunosenescence'), after organ transplantation or in other settings, HCMV-specific T-cell responses are often assessed with respect to purportedly 'immunodominant' protein subunits. However, the response structure in terms of recognized antigens and response hierarchies (architecture) is not well understood and actual correlates of immune protection are not known. METHODS We explored the distribution of T-cell response sizes and dominance hierarchies as well as response breadth in 33 HCMV responders with respect to >200 HCMV proteins. RESULTS At the individual responder level HCMV-specific T-cell responses were generally arranged in clear dominance hierarchies; interestingly, the number of proteins recognized by an individual correlated closely with the size of their biggest response. Target-specificity varied considerably between donors and across hierarchy levels with the presence, size, and hierarchy position of responses to purportedly 'immunodominant' targets being unpredictable. CONCLUSIONS Predicting protective immunity based on isolated HCMV subunit-specific T-cell responses is questionable in light of the complex architecture of the overall response. Our findings have important implications for T-cell monitoring, intervention strategies, as well as the application of animal models to the understanding of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kate Z Nambiar
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Caserta
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Florian Kern
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom.
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Chiu YL, Lin CH, Sung BY, Chuang YF, Schneck JP, Kern F, Pawelec G, Wang GC. Cytotoxic polyfunctionality maturation of cytomegalovirus-pp65-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses in older adults positively correlates with response size. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19227. [PMID: 26778409 PMCID: PMC4726016 DOI: 10.1038/srep19227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common persistent viral infections in humans worldwide and is epidemiologically associated with many adverse health consequences during aging. Previous studies yielded conflicting results regarding whether large, CMV-specific T-cell expansions maintain their function during human aging. In the current study, we examined the in vitro CMV-pp65-reactive T-cell response by comprehensively studying five effector functions (i.e., interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, perforin, and CD107a expression) in 76 seropositive individuals aged 70 years or older. Two data-driven, polyfunctionality panels (IL-2-associated and cytotoxicity-associated) derived from effector function co-expression patterns were used to analyze the results. We found that, CMV-pp65-reactive CD8 + and CD4 + T cells contained similar polyfunctional subsets, and the level of polyfunctionality was related to the size of antigen-specific response. In both CD8 + and CD4 + cells, polyfunctional cells with high cytotoxic potential accounted for a larger proportion of the total response as the total response size increased. Notably, a higher serum CMV-IgG level was positively associated with a larger T-cell response size and a higher level of cytotoxic polyfunctionality. These findings indicate that CMV-pp65-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell undergo simultaneous cytotoxic polyfunctionality maturation during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Chiu
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,Graduate Program of Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University College of Informatics, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Lin
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yi Sung
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Chuang
- Department of Epidemiology, National Yang Ming University School of Public Health, Taiwan
| | | | - Florian Kern
- Division of Medicine, Pathogen Host Interaction, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tubingen Center for Medical Research, Germany
| | - George C Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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Mao G, Li H, Ding X, Meng X, Wang G, Leng SX. Suppressive effects of sirtinol on human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection and hCMV-induced activation of molecular mechanisms of senescence and production of reactive oxygen species. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:62-9. [PMID: 26763147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that chronic human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection contributes significantly to T-cell immunosenescence and adverse health outcomes in older adults. As such, it is important to search for compounds with anti-hCMV properties. Studies have shown that resveratrol, a sirtuin activator, suppresses hCMV infection. Here we report suppressive effects of sirtinol, a sirtuin antagonist, on hCMV infection and its cellular and molecular consequences. Human diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells were infected by hCMV Towne strain in the absence or presence of sirtinol. hCMV replication was measured using qPCR. Senescent phenotype was determined by senescence-associated β galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity. Expression of hCMV immediate early (IE) and early (E) proteins and senescence-associated proteins (pRb and Rb, p16(INK4), and p53) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed using standard laboratory assays. The results demonstrated that sirtinol suppressed hCMV infection as well as hCMV-induced activation of molecular mechanisms of senescence and ROS production. While underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, these findings indicate sirtinol as a novel and potent anti-hCMV agent with the potential to be developed as an effective treatment for chronic hCMV infection and its cellular and molecular consequences that are important to ageing and health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xiang Ding
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xin Meng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Guofu Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China.
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Affandi JS, Montgomery J, Brunt SJ, Nolan D, Price P. The immunological footprint of CMV in HIV-1 patients stable on long-term ART. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 26435726 PMCID: PMC4591633 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Most HIV-infected persons are cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive and retain latent virus that can be reactivated by immune activation. Their T cell populations express markers reflecting a late stage of differentiation, but the contributions of HIV and CMV to this profile are unclear. We investigated the immunological “footprint” of CMV in HIV patients who had a history of extreme immunodeficiency but were now stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Results Twenty CMV seropositive HIV patients >50 years old with nadir CD4 T-cell counts <200 cells/μl were studied after >12 years on ART. 16 CMV seropositive and 9 CMV seronegative healthy controls were included. CMV antibody titres were higher in HIV patients than controls (P < 0.001-0.003). Levels of soluble B-cell activating factor (sBAFF) were elevated in patients (P = 0.002) and correlated with levels of CMV antibodies (P = 0.03-0.002), with no clear relationship in controls. CD8 T-cell IFNγ responses to the IE1 peptide (VLE) remained elevated in HIV patients (P = 0.005). The CD57+CD45RA+CD27− phenotype of CD8 T-cells correlated with age (r = 0.60, P = 0.006), antibodies against CMV IE1 protein (r = 0.44, P = 0.06) and CD4 T-cell IFNγ response to CMV lysate (r = 0.45, P = 0.05). Conclusions Humoral and T-cell responses to CMV remained elevated in HIV patients after >12 years on ART. Age and presence of CMV disease influenced CD8 T-cell phenotypes. Elevated levels of sBAFF may be a consequence of HIV disease and contribute to high titres of CMV antibody. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-015-0041-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquita S Affandi
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia ; School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Bentley, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jacinta Montgomery
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Samantha J Brunt
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Bentley, Perth, WA Australia
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