Functionalized Nanomaterials in Cancer Treatment: A Review

Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are currently the treatments of choice for cancer. However, conventional therapies have their limitations, such as non-specificity, tumor recurrence and toxicity to the target cells. Recently, nanomaterials have been considered as therapeutic agents against cancer. This is mainly due to their unique optical properties, biocompatibility, large surface area and nanoscale size. These properties are crucial as they can affect biocompatibility and uptake by the cell, reducing efficacy. However, because nanoparticles can be functionalized with biomolecules, they become more biocompatible, which improves uptake, and they can be specifically targeted against cancer cells, which improves their anticancer activity. In this review, we summarize some of the recent studies in which nanomaterials have been functionalized with the aim of increasing therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment.

Enhancing drug release from PEG-PLGA implants: The role of Hydrophilic Dexamethasone Phosphate in modulating release kinetics and degradation behavior

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a prominent biodegradable polymer used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems (DDS) and tissue engineering. PLGA's ability to control drug release is often hindered by nonlinear release profiles and slow initial drug release for hydrophobic drugs. This study investigates the incorporation of dexamethasone phosphate (DEXP) into polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) implants to enhance the initial release rate of dexamethasone (DEX). Implants were fabricated via hot-melt extrusion with varying DEX to DEXP ratios. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that DEX remained crystalline in all formulations, whereas DEXP's crystallinity was detectable only in higher concentrations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) provided insights into the distribution of DEX and DEXP within the polymer matrix. Drug release studies revealed that PEG-PLGA implants accelerated initial drug release with increasing quantity of DEXP, though it also led to a shorter overall release duration. Despite these improvements, all implants exhibited a biphasic release profile. DEXP also influenced the characteristics of the polymer matrix, evidenced by increased swelling, water absorption, and mass loss. 1H NMR analysis revealed a faster decrease in glycolic acid monomers in DEXP-containing implants. These findings demonstrate that DEXP enhances early drug release of DEX-loaded PEG-PLGA implants prepared by hot-melt extrusion. However, balancing initial and sustained release profiles remains challenging.

High throughput microparticle production using microfabricated nozzle array

Polymeric microparticles have triggered critical advancements in drug delivery systems, offering significant improvements in therapeutic efficacy by controlling the delivery while minimizing adverse side effects of the pharmaceuticals. However, conventional microparticle fabrication techniques face several limitations, such as particle size variability, early drug degradation, and production inefficiencies. In this study, we developed a microparticle production system (MPS) in which a precision spraying technology was integrated with a microfabricated nozzle array-based piezoelectric transducer. High-throughput microparticle production was achieved using Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The resulting PLGA microparticles exhibited remarkable consistency in size uniformity with an average diameter of 8.9 ± 1.7 μm. Detailed characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) analyses revealed distinct surface and internal structures and demonstrated the effect of solvent volatility on microparticle morphology. Chloramphenicol (CHL) was used as a model drug, and an encapsulation efficiency of 38.7% and a loading efficiency of 16.2% were achieved. The PLGA microparticles showed sustained CHL release and demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), highlighting their potential for controlled therapeutic applications. This developed MPS system offers a scalable and efficient approach for producing PLGA-based microparticles with controlled drug release profiles, making it valuable in the industrial-scale production of advanced drug delivery technologies.

The blood-brain barriers: novel nanocarriers for central nervous system diseases

The central nervous system (CNS) diseases are major contributors to death and disability worldwide. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) often prevents drugs intended for CNS diseases from effectively crossing into the brain parenchyma to deliver their therapeutic effects. The blood-brain barrier is a semi-permeable barrier with high selectivity. The BBB primarily manages the transport of substances between the blood and the CNS. To enhance drug delivery for CNS disease treatment, various brain-based drug delivery strategies overcoming the BBB have been developed. Among them, nanoparticles (NPs) have been emphasized due to their multiple excellent properties. This review starts with an overview of the BBB's anatomical structure and physiological roles, and then explores the mechanisms, both endogenous and exogenous, that facilitate the NP passage across the BBB. The text also delves into how nanoparticles' shape, charge, size, and surface ligands affect their ability to cross the BBB and offers an overview of different nanoparticle classifications. This review concludes with an examination of the current challenges in utilizing nanomaterials for brain drug delivery and discusses corresponding directions for solutions. This review aims to propose innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CNS diseases and enhance drug design for more effective delivery across the BBB.

From Molecules to Mind: The Critical Role of Chitosan, Collagen, Alginate, and Other Biopolymers in Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration

Neurodegenerative disorders present significant therapeutic challenges, particularly due to the complex nature of drug delivery to the central nervous system. This review investigates the applications of various biopolymers in neuroprotection and their potential role in treating neurodegeneration. We present a critical analysis of natural and synthetic biopolymers, focusing primarily on chitosan, fish collagen/gelatin, and alginate as key therapeutic agents. The review examines the fundamental mechanisms of brain development and neurodegeneration, establishing a framework for understanding how these biopolymers interact with neural tissues. By analyzing recent experimental studies, we evaluate the effectiveness of different biopolymer-based delivery systems in crossing the blood-brain barrier and their subsequent neuroprotective effects. Additionally, promising materials, including lignin, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, and glucose-modified bovine serum albumin/procyanidin complexes, are briefly explored to provide a comprehensive overview of current developments in the field. Our analysis reveals that biopolymer-based approaches offer unique advantages in both neuroprotection and drug delivery, potentially opening new avenues for treating neurodegenerative conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies promising directions for future research in biopolymer-based therapeutic strategies.

Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology for Topical Skin Cancer Treatment: Redirecting toward Targeted and Synergistic Antitumor Effects

Skin cancer represents a major health concern due to its rising incidence and limited treatment options. Current treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy) often entail high costs, patient inconvenience, significant adverse effects, and limited therapeutic efficacy. The search for novel treatment options is also marked by the high capital investment and extensive development involved in the drug discovery process. In response to these challenges, repurposing existing drugs for topical application and optimizing their delivery through nanotechnology could be the answer. This innovative strategy aims to combine the advantages of the known pharmacological background of commonly used drugs to expedite therapeutic development, with nanosystem-based formulations, which among other advantages allow for improved skin permeation and retention and overall higher therapeutic efficacy and safety. The present review provides a critical analysis of repurposed drugs such as doxycycline, itraconazole, niclosamide, simvastatin, leflunomide, metformin, and celecoxib, formulated into different nanosystems, namely, nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels, nanodispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles, hybrid electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, liposomes and liposomal gels, ethosomes and ethosomal gels, and aspasomes, for improved outcomes in the battle against skin cancer. Enhanced antitumor effects on melanoma and nonmelanoma research models are highlighted, with some nanoparticles even showing intrinsic anticancer properties, leading to synergistic effects. The explored research findings highly evidence the potential of these approaches to complement the currently available therapeutic strategies in the hope that these treatments might one day reach the pharmaceutical market.

Novel double-layered PLGA microparticles-dissolving microneedle (MPs-DMN) system for peptide drugs sustained release by transdermal delivery

The combination of microparticles (MPs) with dissolving microneedles (DMN) represents a promising transdermal approach for the sustained release of biomacromolecule drug. In this study, we developed a double-layered microparticles-dissolving microneedle (MPs-DMN) system, which strategically concentrates PLGA MPs at the tip of the microneedle to achieve sustained release of peptide drugs through transdermal delivery. We selected exenatide (EXT) as a model peptide drug and established HPLC-UV and UPLC-MS methods for the quantitative analysis of the drug content of MPs-DMN and drug concentrations in plasma. Ultrasonication was utilized in the first step of the double emulsion solvent evaporation method to produce PLGA microparticles, achieving a high drug loading efficiency of 22.76 ± 0.64 %, surpassing the commercial products. The EXT-loaded microparticles were then mixed with 10 % w/v sucrose solution to form the first layer of the microneedle, and the mixture of the base solution was added to form the double-layered dissolving microneedle. Microscopic analysis revealed that the MPs were predominantly concentrated in the upper 50 % of the microneedle body, resulting in an impressive drug delivery efficiency of 92.86 ± 1.62 %. The MPs-DMN patch demonstrated the capability to 238.20 ± 5.79 μg of EXT within a compact area of 0.75 cm2, surpassing the capacities reported in existing research. The insertion and dissolution assessments exhibited rapid dissolution, maintaining the MPs as an effective drug reservoir within the skin. Pharmacokinetic assessments indicated that the long half-life (T1/2) of 466.4 ± 12.2 h and high relative bioavailability of 89.71 % for MPs-DMN. Furthermore, pharmacodynamic studies indicated that the MPs-DMN effectively controlled blood glucose levels below 20 mmol/L in diabetic (db/db) mouse for two weeks. These promising findings suggest that the MPs-DMN system could serve as a viable transdermal delivery method for the prolonged administration of peptide drugs.

Smart Polymer-Based Delivery Systems for Curcumin in Colon Cancer Therapy: A Review

Curcumin, a well-known bioactive component, has profound effects against colon cancer. However, the limitations are poor systemic absorption, off-target distribution, chemical instability, short half-life, and less concentration reaching tumor tissues. Several drug delivery systems have been evaluated so far to deliver effective concentrations of curcumin to the malignant tissues. This review aims to explore the role of smart polymers in overcoming limitations in curcumin delivery against colon cancer. Literature of the past 10 years was collected from Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using specific keywords. Several preclinical and clinical studies of curcumin against colon cancer with the inclusion of smart polymers were screened using keywords like "FDA-approved biomaterials," "stimuli-responsive polymer," "smart biomaterial," and so forth. Smart polymer phrase is used to describe all the mentioned polymers in the manuscript. Stimuli-responsive polymers, including poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Eudragit, cyclodextrin, and chitosan, have emerged as promising candidates for curcumin delivery against colon cancer. These polymers facilitate controlled drug release in response to stimuli such as temperature, pH, and enzymes, while offering biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety. The five selected FDA-approved smart polymers exhibit the potential for enhancing curcumin delivery against colon cancer.

Mesoscopic Modeling of Bio-Compatible PLGA Polymers with Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations

A challenging topic in materials engineering is the development of numerical models that can accurately predict material properties with atomistic accuracy, matching the scale and level of detail achieved by experiments. In this regard, coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a popular method for achieving this goal. Despite the efforts of the scientific community, a reliable CG model with quasi-atomistic accuracy has not yet been fully achieved for the design and prototyping of materials, especially polymers. In this paper, we describe a CG model for polymers, focusing on the biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), based on a general parametrization strategy with a potentially broader field of applications. In this model, polymers are represented with finite-size ellipsoids, short-range interactions are accounted for with the generalized Gay-Berne potential, while electrostatic and long-range interactions are accounted for with point charges within the ellipsoids. The model was validated against its atomistic counterpart, obtained through a back-mapping process, by comparing physical properties such as glass transition temperature, thermal conductivity, and elastic moduli. We observed quantitative agreement between the atomistic and CG representations, thus opening up the possibility of adopting the proposed model to expand the domain size of typical MD simulations to dimensions comparable to those of experimental setups.

Investigation of the Thermal Stability and Hydrolytic Degradation Kinetics of Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Melts

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is widely used in a variety of long-acting injectables. However, its biodegradable nature creates potential chemical stability challenges during melt extrusion, where PLGA is exposed to elevated temperature (100-140 °C) for several minutes. This study evaluated the thermal stability of three PLGA grades (Resomer® 502, 502H, and 505) with varying molecular weights and chain-ends using a differential scanning calorimeter and twin-screw extruder. DSC results revealed that both residual water content and chain-end groups significantly accelerate PLGA degradation. At 0.2% water content, all samples maintained good stability (less than 15% reduction in molecular weight). However, at 0.4% water content, Resomer 502H, which has acid end groups, experienced significant degradation (45% reduction in molecular weight) after 30 min at 140 °C due to catalyzed hydrolysis. The extruded samples remained stable across tested barrel temperatures (100 °C and 140 °C) and screw speeds (125 and 250 rpm). Further investigations of PLGA with 0.2% water content demonstrates that the hydrolysis rates of Resomer® 502 and 505 were comparable, indicating that molecular weight does not influence hydrolysis rate. In contrast, Resomer® 502H exhibited a higher hydrolysis rate and a slightly higher activation energy, suggesting a greater temperature dependency. Additionally, when subjected to 200 °C for one hour with less than 0.03% water content, Resomer® 505 showed a less than 7% reduction in molecular weight, indicating minimal thermal degradation. Conversely, Resomer® 502 and 502H experienced an increase in molecular weight, which was likely attributed to recombination reactions, particularly in Resomer® 502H, which has higher tin content (170 ppm).

The art of biodegradable polymer design for the treatments against osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis arises from the incomplete treatment of the external wounds in the healing process, while bacterial infections persist within the bone marrow, leading to abscess formation. Osteomyelitis treatments generally involve three main aspects: rapid bactericidal action, sustained bacteriostasis, and induction of bone regeneration. However, current treatment methods, which often combine surgical debridement with long-term high-dose intravenous antibiotic administration or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads antibiotic therapy, suffer from significant drawbacks and limitations. In an era focused on environmental protection and sustainability, there is potential for biodegradable polymers to replace non-degradable plastic materials to reduce environmental pollution and achieve sustainable development in resources, society, and the economy. With this in mind, this review aims to explore the concept and design of applying various natural biodegradable polymers like gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, etc., and synthetic biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polycaprolactone, etc. for osteomyelitis treatment, including (1) replacing PMMA with biodegradable polymer beads, (2) biodegradable polymer coatings on medical implants, (3) injectable biodegradable polymer hydrogels, and (4) biodegradable polymers as scaffolds for osteogenic cell growth. This article contributes to understanding and advancing biodegradable polymer applications in biomedicine through a comprehensive review and discussion of these four aspects.

Epilepsy Treatment and Diagnosis Enhanced by Current Nanomaterial Innovations: A Comprehensive Review

Epilepsy is a complex disease in the brain. Complete control of seizure has always been a challenge in epilepsy treatment. Currently, clinical management primarily involves pharmacological and surgical interventions, with the former being the preferred approach. However, antiepileptic drugs often exhibit low bioavailability due to inherent limitations such as poor water solubility and difficulty penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These issues significantly reduce the drugs' effectiveness and limit their clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Additionally, the diagnostic accuracy of current imaging techniques and electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy is suboptimal, often failing to precisely localize epileptogenic tissues. Accurate diagnosis is critical for the surgical management of epilepsy. Thus, there is a pressing need to enhance both the therapeutic outcomes of epilepsy medications and the diagnostic precision of the condition. In recent years, the advancement of nanotechnology in the biomedical sector has led to the development of nanomaterials as drug carriers. These materials are designed to improve drug bioavailability and targeting by leveraging their large specific surface area, facile surface modification, ability to cross the BBB, and high biocompatibility. Furthermore, nanomaterials have been utilized as contrast agents in imaging and as materials for EEG electrodes, enhancing the accuracy of epilepsy diagnoses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of current research on nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of epilepsy, offering new strategies and directions for future investigation.

Folate-Mediated Targeting and Controlled Release: PLGA-Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Delivering Capecitabine to Pancreatic Tumor

The discovery of specifically tailored therapeutic delivery systems has sparked the interest of pharmaceutical researchers considering improved therapeutic effectiveness and fewer adverse effects. The current study concentrates on the design and characterization of PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)-based systems for drug delivery for pH-sensitive controlled drug release in order to achieve a targeted drug release inside the acidic tumor microenvironment. The physicochemical properties of the nanoformulations were analyzed using TEM, zeta potential, AFM, TGA, FTIR, and BET analyses in addition to DLS size. The final formed PLGA-FoA-MSN-CAP and pure MSN had sizes within the therapeutic ranges of 164.5 ± 1.8 and 110.7 ± 2.2, respectively. Morphological characterization (TEM and AFM) and elemental analysis (FTIR and XPS) confirmed the proper capping and tagging of PLGA and folic acid (FoA). The PLGA-coated FoA-MSN exhibited a pH-dependent controlled release of the CAP (capecitabine) drug, showing efficient release at pH 6.8. Furthermore, the in vitro MTT test on PANC1 and MIAPaCa-2 resulted in an IC50 value of 146.37 μg/ml and 105.90 μg/ml, respectively. Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was confirmed from the caspase-3 and annexin V/PI flow cytometry assay, which displayed a cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Overall, the results predicted that the designed nanoformulation is a potential therapeutic agent in treating pancreatic cancer.

Controlled release of doxorubicin from Poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles prepared by coaxial electrospraying

Enhancing the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents like doxorubicin (DOX) is crucial in cancer treatment. Core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated by coaxial electrospraying offer controlled release of anticancer agents with the polymer shell protecting drug molecules from rapid degradation, prolonging therapeutic effect. This study developed DOX-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs. NPs were fabricated with matrix or core-shell structure via single needle or coaxial electrospraying, respectively. Core-shell NPs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (>80 %) with controlled DOX distribution. Compared to matrix NPs, core-shell NPs demonstrated slower sustained release (69 % in 144 h) after reduced initial burst (22 % in 8 h). Release kinetics followed a diffusion mechanism when compared to free drug and matrix DOX-loaded NPs. In vitro assays showed core-shell NPs' enhanced cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells MCF-7, with higher uptake observed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The IC50 for core-shell NPs displayed a significant drop (0.115 μg/mL) compared to matrix NPs (0.235 μg/mL) and free DOX (1.482 μg/mL) after 72 h. Coaxial electrospraying enables the production of therapeutically advantageous core-shell NPs, offering controlled drug release with high encapsulation efficiency, potentially improving clinical anticancer chemotherapy.

Squalene in Nanoparticles Improves Antiproliferative Effect on Human Colon Carcinoma Cells Through Apoptosis by Disturbances in Redox Balance

Squalene, a triterpene found in extra virgin olive oil, has therapeutic properties in diseases related to oxidative stress, such as cancer. However, its hydrophobic nature and susceptibility to oxidation limit its bioavailability outside of olive oil. To expand its applications, alternative delivery methods are necessary. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of squalene encapsulated in PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid) nanoparticles (PLGA + Sq) on the proliferation of human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells, as well as its underlying mechanism of action. The findings demonstrated that PLGA + Sq exert no influence on differentiated cells; however, it is capable of reducing the proliferation of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This effect was initiated by the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, squalene exhibited pro-oxidant activity, as evidenced by an increase in intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels. The results of the squalene effect on genes associated with cell death, inflammation, and the cell cycle indicate that its antiproliferative effect may be post-transcriptional. In conclusion, PLGA + Sq demonstrate an antiproliferative effect on Caco-2 cells through apoptosis by altering redox balance, suggesting squalene's potential as a functional food ingredient for colorectal cancer prevention.

Evaluation of Effect of Biologically Synthesized Ethanolic Extract of Propolis-Loaded Poly(-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles on Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

Wound healing is interaction of a complex cascade of cellular/biochemical actions leading to restoration of structural and functional integrity with regain of injured tissues strength. This study was aimed at evaluation of application of ethanolic extract of propolis-loaded poly(-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (EEP-PLGA NPs) on wound healing in diabetic rats. Sixty rats were randomized into four groups of 15 rats each: In control group (Control) diabetic wound was treated with normal saline. In Carrier 1 group diabetic wound was treated with PLGA nanoparticles based solution. In Carrier 2 group the diabetic wound was treated with EEP. In Treatment group animals received EEP-PLGA NPs on the wound. Wound size was measured on 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery. The expression of p53, bcl-2, Caspase III, were evaluated using reverse-transcription PCR and Immunohistochemical staining. The Treatment group had significantly reduced the wound size compared to other groups (P = 0.001). histological and morphometric studies, and mean rank of the qualitative studies demonstrated that there was significant difference between Treatment group and other groups (P < .05). Observations demonstrated that ethanolic extract of propolis-loaded PLGA nanoparticles significantly shortened the inflammatory phase and accelerated the cellular proliferation. Accordingly, the animals in Treatment group revealed significantly (P < .05) higher fibroblast distribution/one mm2 of wound area and rapid re epithelialization. The mRNA levels of bcl-2, p53 and caspase III were remarkably (P < .05) higher in Treatment group compared to control and animals. The immunohistochemical analyzes confirmed the RT-PCR findings. EEP-PLGA NPs offered potential advantages in wound healing acceleration and improvement through angiogenesis stimulation, fibroblast proliferation and granulation tissue formation in early days of healing phases, acceleration in diabetic wound repair associated with earlier wound contraction and stability of damaged area by rearrangement of granulation tissue and collagen fibers.

Silibinin-Loaded Amphiphilic PLGA-Poloxamer Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Characterization, Release Kinetics, and Bioactivity Evaluation in Lung Cancer Cells

Despite its potential against several carcinomas, the pharmacological efficacy of silibinin (SLB) is hampered by poor solubility, absorption, and oral bioavailability. To face these issues, we developed polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with hydrophilic polyethene oxide (PEO) for controlled and targeted SLB delivery. NPs were produced at two different SLB loadings and presented a spherical shape with smooth surfaces and stable size in water and cell culture medium. The encapsulation efficiencies were found to be >84%, and thermal analysis revealed that the SLB was present in an amorphous state within the NPs. In vitro SLB release experiments revealed that at the lowest SLB loading, desorption of the active molecule from the surface or nanoporosities of the NPs mainly dictates release. In contrast, at the highest SLB loading, diffusion primarily regulates release, with negligible contributions from other mechanisms. Cell experiments showed that, compared with the free drug, SLB loaded in the produced NPs significantly increased the bioactivity against H1299, H1975, and H358 cells.

Conditions for modifying intraocular lenses as drug carriers for methotrexate using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

INTRODUCTION

The intraocular lens (IOL) can be used as a slow-release drug carrier in cataract surgery to alleviate posterior capsular opacification (PCO). The following is a systematic development of an IOL using methotrexate and the solvent casting process with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as a carrier polymer.

METHODS

Different solvents for PLGA and methotrexate were tested for dissolution properties and possible damage to the IOL. The required biological concentration of methotrexate was determined in human capsular bags implanted with an IOL. To detect fibrosis, α-SMA, f-actin, and fibronectin were labelled by immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation and extracellular matrix contraction were observed in a lens epithelial cell line (FHL-124). Finally, the IOL was designed, and an ocular pharmacokinetic model was used to measure drug release.

RESULTS

Solvent mixtures were found to allow coating of the IOL with drug and PLGA without damaging it. PCO in the capsular bag model was inhibited above 1 μM methotrexate (p = 0.02). Proliferation in FHL-124 was significantly reduced above a concentration of 10 nM (p = 0.04) and matrix contraction at 100 nM (p = 0.02). The release profile showed a steady state within therapeutic range.

CONCLUSION

After determination of the required physicochemical manufacturing conditions, a drug releasing IOL was designed. A favourable release profile in an ocular pharmacokinetics model could be shown.

Polymeric nanoparticles as a promising platform for treating triple-negative breast cancer: Current status and future perspectives

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor targets for therapy. Polymeric nanoparticles help address the challenges in treating TNBC by enabling tailored and targeted drug delivery. Biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles leverage enhanced tumor permeability for site-specific accumulation and ligand-mediated active targeting to boost specificity. Controlled, sustained intratumorally release of encapsulated chemotherapies, such as paclitaxel and curcumin, improves antitumor efficacy as demonstrated through preclinical TNBC models. However, the practical application of these nanomedicines still has room for improvement. Advancing personalized nanoparticle platforms that align treatments to TNBC's expanding molecular subtypes shows promise. Expanding the polymer range through novel copolymers or drug conjugates may improve tumor penetration, stability, and drug encapsulation. Incorporating gene therapies, imaging agents, or triggering stimuli responsiveness into polymeric nanoparticles can also overcome innate and acquired drug resistance in TNBC while monitoring outcomes. This article reviews the different types of nanoparticles used to treat TNBC and the different mechanisms of nanoparticles that can deliver drugs to tumor cells. Collaboration across different disciplines aimed at developing combination therapies, immuno-oncology, tumor-targeting ligands, and translating preclinical safety/efficacy via scalable manufacturing practices is essential. Well-designed polymeric nanoparticles offer immense potential for patient-centric TNBC treatment, but continued optimization across bench to bedside efforts is critical for clinical realization and transforming patient outcomes.

Magnesium-Titanium Alloys: A Promising Solution for Biodegradable Biomedical Implants

Magnesium (Mg) has attracted considerable attention as a biodegradable material for medical implants owing to its excellent biocompatibility, mitigating long-term toxicity and stress shielding. Nevertheless, challenges arise from its rapid degradation and low corrosion resistance under physiological conditions. To overcome these challenges, titanium (biocompatibility and corrosion resistance) has been integrated into Mg. The incorporation of titanium significantly improves mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, thereby enhancing performance in biological settings. Mg-Ti alloys are produced through mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPS technique transforms powder mixtures into bulk materials while preserving structural integrity, resulting in enhanced corrosion resistance, particularly Mg80-Ti20 alloy in simulated body fluids. Moreover, Mg-Ti alloy revealed no more toxicity when assessed on pre-osteoblastic cells. Furthermore, the ability of Mg-Ti-based alloy to create composites with polymers such as PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) widen their biomedical applications by regulating degradation and ensuring pH stability. These alloys promote temporary orthopaedic implants, offering initial load-bearing capacity during the healing process of fractures without requiring a second surgery for removal. To address scalability constraints, further research is necessary to investigate additional consolidation methods beyond SPS. It is essential to evaluate the relationship between corrosion and mechanical loading to confirm their adequacy in physiological environments. This review article highlights the importance of mechanical characterization and corrosion evaluation of Mg-Ti alloys, reinforcing their applicability in fracture fixation and various biomedical implants.

The Mechanism and Latest Research Progress of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakthrough

The bloodstream and the central nervous system (CNS) are separated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an intricate network of blood vessels. Its main role is to regulate the environment within the brain. The primary obstacle for drugs to enter the CNS is the low permeability of the BBB, presenting a significant hurdle in treating brain disorders. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in researching methods to breach the BBB. However, understanding how to penetrate the BBB is essential for researching drug delivery techniques. Therefore, this article reviews the methods and mechanisms for breaking through the BBB, as well as the current research progress on this mechanism.

Oral bomb effect nanotherapeutics alleviate ulcerative colitis through coordinated anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving strategies

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and current treatments primarily focus on suppressing inflammation with limited efficacy. However, the resolution of inflammation also plays a crucial role in UC prognosis. Combining anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory resolution interventions may be a promising approach for treating UC. Materials and methods: The nano-bomb nanoparticles were validated for their ability to load CD98 siRNA (siCD98) and Annexin A1-mimetic peptides (Ac2-26 peptides), as well as release CO2 upon lysosomal escape. Surface modification with hyaluronic acid (HA) was assessed for its capability to target inflammatory tissues and cells. Biocompatibility and biosafety were evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. The anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects of siCD98@NPs and Ac2-26@NPs, both individually and in combination, were evaluated by measuring ROS production, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, CD98 gene expression, and macrophage polarization. Results: These nanoparticles could efficiently load siCD98 and Ac2-26 peptides and release CO2 under acidic pH in the endo/lysosome to deliver drugs to the cytoplasm. HA could effectively target the inflammatory tissue and cells, showing good biocompatibility and biosafety both in vitro and in vivo. siCD98@NPs and Ac2-26@NPs showed anti-inflammatory effects by eliminating the over-production of ROS and down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the CD98 gene; meanwhile, it showed pro-resolving function by inhibiting M0 to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage conversion, with a more pronounced effect when combined with siCD98 and Ac2-26. The oral administration of chitosan-alginate hydrogel-encapsulated nanoparticles in UC model mice effectively alleviated inflammatory symptoms, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the CD98 gene, restored intestinal barrier function, and promoted M1 to M2 polarization, with a more pronounced effect when combined. Conclusion: By combining anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution interventions, these nanoparticles offer a novel therapeutic approach. This study offered a new approach for combination therapy of UC.

Puerarin: a hepatoprotective drug from bench to bedside

Pueraria is a time-honored food and medicinal plant, which is widely used in China. Puerarin, the main component extracted from pueraria, has a variety of pharmacological characteristics. In recent years, puerarin has received increasing attention for its significant hepatoprotective effects, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, and hepatic carcinoma. This paper explores the pharmacological effects of puerarin on various liver diseases through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation factors, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Due to its restricted solubility, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that puerarin has a low bioavailability. However, combining puerarin with novel drug delivery systems can improve its bioavailability. Meanwhile, puerarin has very low toxicity and high safety, providing a solid foundation for its further. In addition, this paper discusses puerarin's clinical trials, highlighting its unique advantages. Given its excellent pharmacological effects, puerarin is expected to be a potential drug for the treatment of various liver diseases.

Development of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based implants using hot melt extrusion (HME) for sustained release of drugs: The impacts of PLGA's material characteristics

Hot melt extrusion (HME) processed Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) implant is one of the commercialized drug delivery products, which has solid, well-designed shape and rigid structures that afford efficient locoregional drug delivery on the spot of interest for months. In general, there are a variety of material, processing, and physiological factors that impact the degradation rates of PLGA-based implants and concurrent drug release kinetics. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of PLGA's material characteristics on PLGA degradation and subsequent drug release behavior from the implants. Three model drugs (Dexamethasone, Carbamazepine, and Metformin hydrochloride) with different water solubility and property were formulated with different grades of PLGAs possessing distinct co-polymer ratios, molecular weights, end groups, and levels of residual monomer (high/ViatelTM and low/ ViatelTM Ultrapure). Physicochemical characterizations revealed that the plasticity of PLGA was inversely proportional to its molecular weight; moreover, the residual monomer could impose a plasticizing effect on PLGA, which increased its thermal plasticity and enhanced its thermal processability. Although the morphology and microstructure of the implants were affected by many factors, such as processing parameters, polymer and drug particle size and distribution, polymer properties and polymer-drug interactions, implants prepared with ViatelTM PLGA showed a smoother surface and a stronger PLGA-drug intimacy than the implants with ViatelTM Ultrapure PLGA, due to the higher plasticity of the ViatelTM PLGA. Subsequently, the implants with ViatelTM PLGA exhibited less burst release than implants with ViatelTM Ultrapure PLGA, however, their onset and progress of the lag and substantial release phases were shorter and faster than the ViatelTM Ultrapure PLGA-based implants, owing to the residual monomer accelerated the water diffusion and autocatalyzed PLGA hydrolysis. Even though the drug release profiles were also influenced by other factors, such as composition, drug properties and polymer-drug interaction, all three cases revealed that the residual monomer accelerated the swelling and degradation of PLGA and impaired the implant's integrity, which could negatively affect the subsequent drug release behavior and performance of the implants. These results provided insights to formulators on rational PLGA implant design and polymer selection.

The drug release of PLGA-based nanoparticles and their application in treatment of gastrointestinal cancers

The poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nanoparticles have been applied for drug delivery due to their simple preparation, biodegradability, and ideal biocompatibility. In this study, the factors affecting the degradation of PLGA-based nanoparticles are reviewed, encompassing the ratio of PLA to PGA, relative molecular weight, crystallinity, and preparation process of PLGA nanoparticles. The drug release behavior of PLGA-based nanoparticles, such as the degradation environment, encapsulated drug properties of polymers, and drug loading rates, are also discussed. Since gastrointestinal cancer is one of the major global threats to human health, this paper comprehensively summarizes the application of PLGA nanoparticles in gastrointestinal cancers from diagnosis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and novel tumor treatment methods (immunotherapy, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy). Finally, the future application of PLGA-based drug delivery systems in treating gastrointestinal cancers is discussed. The bottleneck of application status and the prospect of PLGA-nanoparticles in gastrointestinal tumor application are presented. To truly realize the great and wide application of PLGA-based nanoparticles, collaborative progress in the field of nanomaterials and life sciences is needed.

Nanotechnology-driven therapies for neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive review

Neurological diseases, characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, impose a significant global burden, contributing to substantial morbidity, disability and mortality. A common feature of these disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, is the impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a critical structure for maintaining brain homeostasis. The compromised BBB in neurodegenerative conditions poses a significant challenge for effective treatment, as it allows harmful substances to accumulate in the brain. Nanomedicine offers a promising approach to overcoming this barrier, with nanoparticles (NPs) engineered to deliver therapeutic agents directly to affected brain regions. This review explores the classification and design of NPs, divided into organic and inorganic categories and further categorized based on their chemical and physical properties. These characteristics influence the ability of NPs to carry and release therapeutic agents, target specific tissues and ensure appropriate clearance from the body. The review emphasizes the potential of NPs to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through targeted delivery, improved drug bioavailability and real-time therapeutic efficacy monitoring. By addressing the challenges of the compromised BBB and targeting inflammatory biomarkers, NPs represent a cutting-edge strategy in managing neurological disorders, promising better patient outcomes.

Strategies, Challenges, and Prospects of Nanoparticles in Gynecological Malignancies

Gynecologic cancers are a significant health issue for women globally. Early detection and successful treatment of these tumors are crucial for the survival of female patients. Conventional therapies are often ineffective and harsh, particularly in advanced stages, necessitating the exploration of new therapy options. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to biomedicine. A novel biosensor utilizing bionanotechnology can be employed for early tumor identification and therapy due to the distinctive physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been rapidly applied in the field of gynecologic malignancies, leading to significant advancements in recent years. This study highlights the significance of nanoparticles in treating gynecological cancers. It focuses on using nanoparticles for precise diagnosis and continuous monitoring of the disease, innovative imaging, and analytic methods, as well as multifunctional drug delivery systems and targeted therapies. This review examines several nanocarrier systems, such as dendrimers, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanomicelles, for gynecological malignancies. The review also examines the enhanced therapeutic potential and targeted delivery of ligand-functionalized nanoformulations for gynecological cancers compared to nonfunctionalized anoformulations. In conclusion, the text also discusses the constraints and future exploration prospects of nanoparticles in chemotherapeutics. Nanotechnology will offer precise methods for diagnosing and treating gynecological cancers.

Polymeric nanoparticles produced by electrohydrodynamic atomisation for the passive delivery of imatinib

Imatinib is a chemotherapeutic agent known to cause severe side effects when administrated systemically. Encapsulating imatinib in co-polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) offers a targeted drug delivery. In this work, PLGA 50:50 and PLGA 75:25 NPs encapsulated imatinib using the electrohydrodynamic atomisation technique. All particles generated were spherical with a smooth surface with a size distribution of 455±115 nm (PLGA 50:50) and 363±147 nm (PLGA 75:25). Encapsulation of imatinib was shown to be higher than 75 % and was shown to increase the zeta potential of the loaded NPs. The release of imatinib showed an initial burst in the first 12 h, followed by different sustained releases with up to 70 %. Both types of imatinib-loaded NPs' effect on cell viability and their cellular uptake were also studied on A549 cells, and the antiproliferative effect was comparable to that of cells treated with free drugs. Finally, Rhodamine-B-loaded NP-treated cells demonstrated the cellular uptake of NPs.

Oral enzyme-responsive nanoprobes for targeted theranostics of inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a progressive and debilitating inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Despite recent advances, precise treatment and noninvasive monitoring remain challenging.

METHODS

Herein, we developed orally-administered, colitis-targeting and hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified, core-shell curcumin (Cur)- and cerium oxide (CeO2)-loaded nanoprobes (Cur@PC-HA/CeO2 NPs) for computed tomography (CT) imaging-guided treatment and monitoring of IBD in living mice.

RESULTS

Following oral administration, high-molecular-weight HA maintains integrity with little absorption in the upper GIT, and then actively accumulates at local colitis sites owing to its colitis-targeting ability, leading to specific CT enhancement lasting for 24 h. The retained NPs are further degraded by hyaluronidase in the colon to release Cur and CeO2, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Combined with the ability of NPs to regulate intestinal flora, the oral NPs result in substantial relief in symptoms. Following multiple treatments, the gradually decreasing range of the colon with high CT attenuation correlates with the change in the clinical biomarkers, indicating the feasibility of treatment response and remission.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a proof-of-concept for the design of a novel theranostic integration strategy for concomitant IBD treatment and the real-time monitoring of treatment responses.

Cancer cell membrane-camouflaged paclitaxel/PLGA nanoparticles for targeted therapy against lung cancer

Paclitaxel (PTX) is a first-line drug for the treatment of lung cancer, but its targeting and therapeutic effect are unsatisfactory. Herein, lung cancer cell (A549) membrane biomimetic PTX-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (AM@PTX-NPs) were constructed to eliminate the shortcomings of PTX. The AM@PTX-NPs were successfully prepared with a high drug loading efficiency (10.90±0.06 %). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and western blotting proved that AM@PTX-NPs were spherical nanoparticles camouflaged by the A549 cell membrane. Both in vitro and in vivo assays revealed that the AM@PTX-NPs displayed outstanding targeting capacity due to A549 membrane modification. The cytotoxicity experiment showed that the developed biomimetic formulation was able to effectively reduce the proliferation of A549 cells. Moreover, AM@PTX-NPs exhibited a significant tumor growth inhibition rate (73.00 %) with good safety in the tumor-bearing mice, which was higher than that of the PTX-NPs without A549 membrane coating (37.39 %). Overall, the constructed bioinspired vector could provide a novel platform for the PTX delivery and demonstrated a promising strategy for the targeted cancer treatment.

Stimulated Drug Release to Human Melanoma Cell Line Using NIR-responsive PLGA Microparticles

Stimulated on-demand drug release is critical in treating melanoma, enabling targeted therapeutic interventions with enhanced efficacy and minimized side effects. Poly(lactic-co- glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) fabricated using the emulsion method provide a cost-effective biocompatible pathway towards developing a drug release system for such treatments. Near-infrared (NIR)-responsive particles such as indocyanine green (ICG) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been incorpo- rated for generating an on-demand release system. Characteriza- tion results showed that the MPs were around 20 microns in size. Cytotoxicity assay results show that the heat generated from ICG is slightly harmful to cells but not sufficient. There was a need for the exposure of NIR light to the PLGA-ICG/AgNp's-DTIC MPs to cause a detrimental effect on the attached A375 cells. MPs containing NIR-responsive materials without the stimulation of NIR light were harmful, but the natural diffusion release was too low to kill the cells entirely within an exposure time of 24 hours. In the future, to ensure that there is negligible release without light, MPs will either be coated with peptide sequences for specific targeting or with other biodegradable materials. Emulsion-fabricated PLGA MPs, incorporating NIR-responsive agents, offer a promising pathway for on-demand drug release, exemplified by drug-incorporated particles with good entrapment efficiency and minimal cytotoxicity, paving the way for targeted melanoma treatment.

Imidazole functionalized photo-crosslinked aliphatic polycarbonate drug-eluting coatings on zinc alloys for osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bacteriostasis in bone regeneration

Zinc (Zn) alloys have demonstrated significant potential in healing critical-sized bone defects. However, the clinical application of Zn alloys implants is still hindered by challenges including excessive release of zinc ions (Zn2+), particularly in the early stage of implantation, and absence of bio-functions related to complex bone repair processes. Herein, a biodegradable aliphatic polycarbonate drug-eluting coating was fabricated on zinc-lithium (Zn-Li) alloys to inhibit Zn2+ release and enhance the osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bacteriostasis of Zn alloys. Specifically, the photo-curable aliphatic polycarbonates were co-assembled with simvastatin and deposited onto Zn alloys to produce a drug-loaded coating, which was crosslinked by subsequent UV light irradiation. During the 60 days long-term immersion test, the coating showed distinguished stable drug release and Zn2+ release inhibition properties. Benefiting from the regulated release of Zn2+ and simvastatin, the coating facilitated the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, as well as the migration and tube formation of EA.hy926 cells. Astonishingly, the coating also showed remarkable antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and E. coli. The in vivo rabbit critical-size femur bone defects model demonstrated that the drug-eluting coating could efficiently promote new bone formation and the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) and osteocalcin (OCN). The enhancement of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bacteriostasis is achieved by precisely controlling of the released Zn2+ at an appropriate level, as well as the stable release profile of simvastatin. This tailored aliphatic polycarbonate drug-eluting coating provides significant potential for clinical applications of Zn alloys implants.

Platelet membrane encapsulated curcumin nanomaterial-mediated specific thrombolysis and anti-thrombotic treatment among pregnant women

The current treatment for venous thrombosis during pregnancy is ineffective, primarily, due to the unique physiology of pregnant women. Most clinical medications have fetal side effects when they circulate in the body. We first synthesized nanomaterials (Cur-PFP@PC) using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as the base material, with curcumin (Cur) and perfluoropentane (PFP) as core components. Subsequently, we encapsulated Cur-PFP@PC into the platelet membrane to synthesize P-Cur-PFP@PC. Under ultrasound guidance, in combination with low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), PFP underwent a phase change, resulting in thrombolysis. The generated microbubbles enhanced the signal impact of ultrasound, and P-Cur-PFP@PC showed better performance than Cur-PFP@PC. P-Cur-PFP@PC can target thrombosis treatment, achieve visually and precisely controlled drug release, and repair damaged blood vessels, thus avoiding the adverse effects associated with traditional long-term drug administration.

Improving the Antimicrobial Potency of Berberine for Endodontic Canal Irrigation Using Polymeric Nanoparticles

To address the challenges posed by biofilm presence and achieve a substantial reduction in bacterial load within root canals during endodontic treatment, various irrigants, including nanoparticle suspensions, have been recommended. Berberine (BBR), a natural alkaloid derived from various plants, has demonstrated potential applications in dentistry treatments due to its prominent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to produce and characterize a novel polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with berberine and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against relevant endodontic pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Additionally, its cytocompatibility using gingival fibroblasts was assessed. The polymeric nanoparticle was prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Physicochemical characterization revealed spheric nanoparticles around 140 nm with ca, -6 mV of surface charge, which was unaffected by the presence of BBR. The alkaloid was successfully incorporated at an encapsulation efficiency of 77% and the designed nanoparticles were stable upon 20 weeks of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Free BBR reduced planktonic growth at ≥125 μg/mL. Upon incorporation into PLGA nanoparticles, 20 μg/mL of [BBR]-loaded nanoparticles lead to a significant reduction, after 1 h of contact, of both planktonic bacteria and yeast. Sessile cells within biofilms were also considered. At 30 and 40 μg/mL, [BBR]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles reduced the viability of the sessile endodontic bacteria, upon 24 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity of BBR-loaded nanoparticles to oral fibroblasts was negligible. The novel berberine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles hold potential as a promising supplementary approach in the treatment of endodontic infections.

Enhancing periodontal defences with nanofiber treatment: recent advances and future prospects

The term periodontal disease is used to define diseases characterised by inflammation and regeneration of the gums, cementum, supporting bone, and periodontal ligament. The conventional treatment involves the combination of scaling, root planning, and surgical approaches which are invasive and can pose certain challenges. Intrapocket administration of nanofibers can be used for overcoming challenges which can help in speeding up the wound repair process and can also be used to promote osteogenesis. To help make drug delivery more effective, nanofibers are an interesting solution. Nanofibers are nanosized 3D structures that can fill the pockets and have excellent mucoadhesion which prolongs their retention time on the target site. Moreover, their structure mimics the natural extracellular matrix which enables nanomaterials to sense local biological conditions and start cellular-level reprogramming to produce the necessary therapeutic efficacy. In this review, the significance of intrapocket administration of nanofibers using recent research for the management of periodontitis has been discussed in detail. Furthermore, we have discussed polymers used for the preparation of nanofibers, nanofiber production methods, and the patents associated with these developments. This comprehensive compilation of data serves as a valuable resource, consolidating recent developments in nanofiber applications for periodontitis management into one accessible platform.

Recent Advances in the Degradability and Applications of Tissue Adhesives Based on Biodegradable Polymers

In clinical practice, tissue adhesives have emerged as an alternative tool for wound treatments due to their advantages in ease of use, rapid application, less pain, and minimal tissue damage. Since most tissue adhesives are designed for internal use or wound treatments, the biodegradation of adhesives is important. To endow tissue adhesives with biodegradability, in the past few decades, various biodegradable polymers, either natural polymers (such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, chondroitin sulfate, starch, sodium alginate, glucans, pectin, functional proteins, and peptides) or synthetic polymers (such as poly(lactic acid), polyurethanes, polycaprolactone, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), have been utilized to develop novel biodegradable tissue adhesives. Incorporated biodegradable polymers are degraded in vivo with time under specific conditions, leading to the destruction of the structure and the further degradation of tissue adhesives. In this review, we first summarize the strategies of utilizing biodegradable polymers to develop tissue adhesives. Furthermore, we provide a symmetric overview of the biodegradable polymers used for tissue adhesives, with a specific focus on the degradability and applications of these tissue adhesives. Additionally, the challenges and perspectives of biodegradable polymer-based tissue adhesives are discussed. We expect that this review can provide new inspirations for the design of novel biodegradable tissue adhesives for biomedical applications.

Levofloxacin loaded chitosan and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nano-particles against resistant bacteria: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity

BACKGROUND

With the global increase in antibacterial resistance, the challenge faced by developing countries is to utilize the available antibiotics, alone or in combination, against resistant bacterial strains. We aimed to encapsulate the levofloxacin (LVX) into polymeric nanoparticles using biodegradable polymers i.e. Chitosan and PLGA, estimating their physicochemical characteristics followed by functional assessment as nanocarriers of levofloxacin against the different resistant strains of bacteria isolated from biological samples collected from tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.

METHODS

LVX-NPs were synthesized using ion gelation and double emulsion solvent-evaporation method employing chitosan (CS) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterized via FTIR, XRD, SEM, and invitro drug release studies, while antibacterial activity was assessed using Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.

RESULTS

Data revealed that the levofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed entrapment efficiency of 57.14% ± 0.03 (CS-I), 77.30% ± 0.08(CS-II) and 87.47% ± 0.08 (CS-III). The drug content, particle size, and polydispersity index of CS-I were 52.22% ± 0.2, 559 nm ± 31 nm, and 0.030, respectively, whereas it was 66.86% ± 0.17, 595 nm ± 52.3 nm and 0.057, respectively for CS-II and 82.65% ± 0.36, 758 nm ± 24 nm and 0.1, respectively for CS-III. The PLGA-levofloxacin nanoparticles showed an entrapment efficiency of 42.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA I) and 23.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA II). The drug content, particle size and polydispersity index of PLGA-I were 86% ± 0.21, 92 nm ± 10 nm, and 0.058, respectively, whereas it was 52.41% ± 0.45, 313 nm ± 32 nm and 0.076, respectively for PLGA-II. The XRD patterns of both polymeric nanoparticles showed an amorphous nature. SEM analysis reflects the circular-shaped agglomerated nanoparticles with PLGA polymer and dense spherical nanoparticles with chitosan polymer. The in-vitro release profile of PLGA-I nanoparticles showed a sustained release of 82% in 120 h and it was 58.40% for CS-III. Both types of polymeric nanoparticles were found to be stable for up to 6 months without losing any major drug content. Among the selected formulations, CS-III and PLGA-I, CS-III had better antibacterial potency against gram+ve and gram-ve bacteria, except for K. pneumonia, yet, PLGA-I demonstrated efficacy against K. pneumonia as per CSLI guidelines. All formulations did not exhibit any signs of hemotoxicity, nonetheless, the CS-NPs tend to bind on the surface of RBCs.

CONCLUSION

These data suggested that available antibiotics can effectively be utilized as nano-antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains, causing severe infections, for improved antibiotic sensitivity without compromising patient safety.

Development of novel hybrid 3D-printed degradable artificial joints incorporating electrospun pharmaceutical- and growth factor-loaded nanofibers for small joint reconstruction

Small joint reconstruction remains challenging and can lead to prosthesis-related complications, mainly due to the suboptimal performance of the silicone materials used and adverse host reactions. In this study, we developed hybrid artificial joints using three-dimensional printing (3D printing) for polycaprolactone (PCL) and incorporated electrospun nanofibers loaded with drugs and biomolecules for small joint reconstruction. We evaluated the mechanical properties of the degradable joints and the drug discharge patterns of the nanofibers. Empirical data revealed that the 3D-printed PCL joints exhibited good mechanical and fatigue properties. The drug-eluting nanofibers sustainedly released teicoplanin, ceftazidime, and ketorolac in vitro for over 30, 19, and 30 days, respectively. Furthermore, the nanofibers released high levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and connective tissue growth factors for over 30 days. An in vivo animal test demonstrated that nanofiber-loaded joints released high concentrations of antibiotics and analgesics in a rabbit model for 28 days. The animals in the drug-loaded degradable joint group showed greater activity counts than those in the surgery-only group. The experimental data suggest that degradable joints with sustained release of drugs and biomolecules may be utilized in small joint arthroplasty.

Protective effect and pharmacokinetics of dihydromyricetin nanoparticles on oxidative damage of myocardium

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the protective mechanism of dihydromyricetin PLGA nanoparticles (DMY-PLGA NPs) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) in vitro and the improvement of oral bioavailability in vivo.

METHODS

DMY-PLGA NPs was prepared and characterized by emulsifying solvent volatilization, and the oxidative stress model of rat H9c2 cardiomyocyte induced by H2O2 was established. After administration, cell survival rate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected, and the expressions of PGC1α and PPARα were detected by western blot (WB). At the same time, the pharmacokinetics in rats were studied to explore the improvement of bioavailability.

RESULTS

DMY-PLGA NPs can significantly increase cell survival rate, decrease LDH and MDA content, increase SOD content and PGC1α、PPARα protein expression. Compared with DMY, the peak time of DMY-PLGA NPs was extended (P<0.1), and the bioavailability was increased by 2.04 times.

CONCLUSION

DMY-PLGA NPs has a significant protective effect on H9c2 cardiomyocytes, which promotes the absorption of DMY and effectively improves bioavailability.

Preparation and Evaluation of Chitosan Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Encapsulating Ivosidenib with Enhanced Cytotoxicity Against Human Liver Cancer Cells

Purpose

Ivosidenib (IVO), an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) used for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma. However, poor solubility, low bioavailability, high dose and side effects limit clinical application of IVO.

Methods

Ivosidenib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (IVO-PLGA-NPs) and Ivosidenib-loaded chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles (IVO-CS-PLGA-NPs) were prepared using emulsification and solvent evaporation method for the treatment of liver cancer.

Results

The developed IVO-PLGA-NPs were evaluated for their particle size (171.7±4.9 nm), PDI (0.333), ZP (-23.0±5.8 mV), EE (96.3±4.3%), and DL (9.66±1.1%); similarly, the IVO-CS-PLGA-NPs were evaluated for their particle size (177.3±5.2 nm), PDI (0.311), ZP +25.9±5.7 mV, EE (90.8±5.7%), and DL (9.42±0.7%). The chitosan coating of IVO-PLGA-NPs was evidenced by an increase in mean particle size and positive ZP value. Because of the chitosan coating, the IVO-CS-PLGA-NPs showed a more stable and prolonged release of IVO than IVO-PLGA-NPs. In comparison to pure-IVO, the IVO-PLGA-NPs and IVO-CS-PLGA-NPs were found to be more effective against HepG2 cells, with IC50 values for the MTT assay being approximately half of those of pure-IVO. In HepG2 cells, the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, and p53 were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated.

Conclusion

Overall, these findings suggest that chitosan coating of IVO-PLGA-NPs improves the delivery and efficacy of ivosidenib in liver cancer treatment.

Revolutionizing the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: From Conventional Therapies to Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease that has been well-reported in the medical literature. Its incidence has risen, particularly in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Conventionally, IPF is treated with antifibrotic drugs-pirfenidone and nintedanib-along with other drugs for symptomatic treatments, including corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and bronchodilators based on individual requirements. Several drugs and biologicals such as fluorofenidone, thymoquinone, amikacin, paclitaxel nifuroxazide, STAT3, and siRNA have recently been evaluated for IPF treatment that reduces collagen formation and cell proliferation in the lung. There has been a great deal of research into various treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis using advanced delivery systems such as liposomal-based nanocarriers, chitosan nanoparticles, PLGA nanoparticles, solid lipid nanocarriers, and other nanoformulations such as metal nanoparticles, nanocrystals, cubosomes, magnetic nanospheres, and polymeric micelles. Several clinical trials are also ongoing for advanced IPF treatments. This article elaborates on the pathophysiology of IPF, its risk factors, and different advanced drug delivery systems for treating IPF. Although extensive preclinical data is available for these delivery systems, the clinical performance and scale-up studies would decide their commercial translation.

Peptide Acylation in Aliphatic Polyesters: a Review of Mechanisms and Inhibition Strategies

Biodegradable polyesters are widely employed in the development of controlled release systems for peptide drugs. However, one of the challenges in developing a polyester-based delivery system for peptides is the acylation reaction between peptides and polymers. Peptide acylation is an important factor that affects formulation stability and can occur during storage, in vitro release, and after drug administration. This review focuses on the mechanisms and parameters that influence the rate of peptide acylation within polyesters. Furthermore, it discusses reported strategies to minimize the acylation reaction.

Unveiling the potentials of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers in microparticle systems: Opportunities and challenges in processing techniques

Conventional drug delivery systems are associated with various shortcomings, including low bioavailability and limited control over release. Biodegradable polymeric microparticles have emerged as versatile carriers in drug delivery systems addressing all these challenges. This comprehensive review explores the dynamic landscape of microparticles, considering the role of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. Within the continuously evolving domain of microparticle preparation methods, this review offers valuable insights into the latest advancements and addresses the factors influencing microencapsulation, which is pivotal for harnessing the full potential of microparticles. Exploration of the latest research in this dynamic field unlocks the possibilities of optimizing microencapsulation techniques to produce microparticles of desired characteristics and properties for different applications, which can help contribute to the ongoing evolution in the field of pharmaceutical science.

Preparation and optimization of an eggshell membrane-based biomaterial for GTR applications

OBJECTIVES

Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is a popular clinical procedure for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, its key component, the barrier membrane, is largely collagen-based and is still quite expensive, posing a financial burden to the patients as well as healthcare systems and negatively impacting the patient's decision-making. Thus, our aim is to prepare a novel biomimetic GTR membrane utilizing a natural biomaterial, soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP), which is economical as it comes from an abundant industrial waste from food and poultry industries, unlike collagen. Additive polymer, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and a bioceramic, nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp), were added to improve its mechanical and biological properties.

METHODS

For this barrier membrane preparation, we initially screened the significant factors affecting its mechanical properties using Taguchi orthogonal array design and further optimized the significant factors using response surface methodology. Furthermore, this membrane was characterized using SEM, EDAX, and ATR-FTIR, and tested for proliferation activity of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs).

RESULTS

Optimization using response surface methodology predicted that the maximal tensile strength of 3.1 MPa and modulus of 39.9 MPa could be obtained at membrane composition of 8.9 wt% PLGA, 7.2 wt% of SEP, and 2 wt% HAp. Optimized PLGA/SEP/HAp membrane specimens that were electrospun on a static collector showed higher proliferation activity of HPLFs compared to tissue culture polystyrene and a commercial collagen membrane.

SIGNIFICANCE

From the results observed, we can conclude that SEP-based nanofibrous GTR membrane could be a promising, environment-friendly, and cost-effective alternative for commercial collagen-based GTR membrane products.

From Polymeric Nanoformulations to Polyphenols-Strategies for Enhancing the Efficacy and Drug Delivery of Gentamicin

Gentamicin is an essential broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in over 40 clinical conditions and has shown activity against a wide range of nosocomial, biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the low cellular penetration and serious side effects of gentamicin, as well as the fear of the development of antibacterial resistance, has led to a search for ways to circumvent these obstacles. This review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and offers six different strategies (the isolation of specific types of gentamicin, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles, hydrophobization of the gentamicin molecule, and combinations of gentamicin with other antibiotics, polyphenols, and natural products) that aim to enhance the drug delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin. In addition, factors influencing the synthesis of gentamicin-loaded polymeric (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan) nanoparticles and the methods used in drug release studies are discussed. Potential research directions and future perspectives for gentamicin-loaded drug delivery systems are given.

Administration methods and dosage of poly(lactic acid)-glycol intervention to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis mice

BACKGROUND

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders (MOGAD) is an autoimmune central nervous system disease. Antigen-specific immune tolerance using nanoparticles such as Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) have recently been used as a new therapeutic tolerization approach for CNS autoimmune diseases. We examined whether MOG1-125 conjugated with PLGA could induce MOG-specific immune tolerance in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) mouse model. EAE was induced in sixty C57BL/6 J wild-type mice using MOG1-125 peptide with complete Freund's Adjuvant. The mice were divided into 12 groups (n = 5 each) to test the ability of MOG1-125 conjugated PLGA intervention to mitigate the severity or improve the outcomes from EAE with and without rapamycin compared to antigen alone or PLGA alone. EAE score and serum MOG-IgG titers were compared among the interventions.Kindly check and confirm the processed Affiliation “4” is appropriate.I confirmed the Aff 4.Affiliation: Corresponding author information have been changed to present affiliation. Kindly check and confirm.I checked and confirmed the Corresponding author's information.

RESULTS

Mice with EAE that were injected intraperitoneally with MOG1-125 conjugated PLGA + rapamycin complex showed dose-dependent mitigation of EAE score. Intraperitoneal and intravenous administration resulted in similar clinical outcomes, whereas 80% of mice treated with subcutaneous injection had a recurrence of clinical score worsening after approximately 1 week. Although there was no significant difference in EAE scores between unconjugated-PLGA and MOG-conjugated PLGA, serum MOG-IgG tended to decrease in the MOG-conjugated PLGA group compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

Intraperitoneal administration of PLGA resulted in dose-dependent and longer-lasting immune tolerance than subcutaneous administration. The induction of immune tolerance using PLGA may represent a future therapeutic option for patients with MOGAD.

Polydioxanone Enhances Bone Regeneration After Resection and Reconstruction of Rat Femur with rhBMP2

The aim of this study was to assess the bone regeneration potential of a polydioxanone (PDO) scaffold together with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for the reconstruction of large bone defect. In total, 24 male rats (6 months old) were subjected to bilateral femoral stabilization using titanium plates to create a 2 mm gap, and reconstruction using rhBMP-2 (Infuse®; 3.25 μg). The bone defects were covered with PDO (PDO group), or with titanium mesh (Ti group). Animals were euthanized on days 14 and 60. Simultaneously, 16 rats received PDO and Ti in their dorsum for the purpose of biocompatibility analysis at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days postoperatively. X-ray densitometry showed a higher density in the PDO group on day 14. On day 60, coverage of the bone defect with PDO showed a larger quantity of newly formed bone than that found for the Ti group, a lower inflammatory infiltrate value, and a more significant number of blood vessels on day 14. By immunohistochemical assessment, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteocalcin (OCN) showed higher labeling on day 14 in the PDO group. On day 60, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) showed higher labeling in the PDO group, whereas Ti showed higher labeling for osteoprotegerin, nuclear factor kappa B ligand-activating receptor, RUNX2, and OCN. Furthermore, biocompatibility analysis showed a higher inflammatory response in the Ti group. The PDO scaffold enhanced bone regeneration when associated with rhBMP-2 in rat femur reconstruction. Impact statement Regeneration of segmental bone defects is a difficult task, and several techniques and materials have been used. Recent advances in the production of synthetic polymers, such as polydioxanone (PDO), produced by three-dimensional printing, have shown distinct characteristics that could improve tissue regeneration even in an important bone defect. The present preclinical study showed that PDO membranes used as scaffolds to carry recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) improved bone tissue regeneration by more than 8-fold when compared with titanium mesh, suggesting that PDO membranes could be a feasible and useful material for use in guided bone regeneration. (In English, viable is only used for living creatures capable of sustaining life.