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Shkundin A, Halaris A. IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions. J Pers Med 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38793070 PMCID: PMC11122344 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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2
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Gueye M, Preziosa P, Ramirez GA, Bozzolo EP, Canti V, Margoni M, Meani A, Moiola L, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Choroid plexus and perivascular space enlargement in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:359-368. [PMID: 38036603 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus (CP) enlargement is proposed as a marker of neuroinflammation in immune-mediated conditions. CP involvement has also been hypothesized in the immunopathology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated whether CP enlargement occurs in SLE patients and its association with neuropsychiatric involvement. Additionally, we explored abnormalities along the glymphatic system in SLE patients through enlarged perivascular space (PVS) quantification. Clinical assessment and 3 Tesla brain dual-echo and T1-weighted MRI scans were obtained from 32 SLE patients and 32 sex and age-matched healthy controls (HC). CPs were manually segmented on 3D T1-weighted sequence and enlarged PVS (ePVS) were assessed through Potter's score. Compared to HC, SLE patients showed higher normalized CP volume (nCPV) (p = 0.023), with higher CP enlargement in neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) (n = 12) vs. non-NPSLE (p = 0.027) patients. SLE patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) positivity (n = 18) had higher nCPV compared to HC (p = 0.012), while APA negative ones did not. SLE patients also had higher Potter's score than HC (p < 0.001), with a tendency towards a higher number of basal ganglia ePVS in NPSLE vs. non-NPSLE patients. Using a random forest analysis, nCPV emerged as a significant predictor of NPSLE, together with T2-hyperintense white matter (WM) lesion volume (LV) and APA positivity (out-of-bag AUC 0.81). Our findings support the hypothesis of a role exerted by the CP in SLE physiopathology, especially in patients with neuropsychiatric involvement. The higher prevalence of ePVS in SLE patients, compared to HC, suggests the presence of glymphatic system impairment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Gueye
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases & Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica P Bozzolo
- Unit of General Medicine and Advanced Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Canti
- Unit of Internal Medicine & Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Margoni
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Internal Medicine & Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases & Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Wang LLW, Gao Y, Chandran Suja V, Boucher ML, Shaha S, Kapate N, Liao R, Sun T, Kumbhojkar N, Prakash S, Clegg JR, Warren K, Janes M, Park KS, Dunne M, Ilelaboye B, Lu A, Darko S, Jaimes C, Mannix R, Mitragotri S. Preclinical characterization of macrophage-adhering gadolinium micropatches for MRI contrast after traumatic brain injury in pigs. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk5413. [PMID: 38170792 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) of the brain plays a central role in orchestrating the recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barrier in pathological conditions, thus offering a unique niche to diagnose CNS disorders. We explored whether magnetic resonance imaging of the ChP could be optimized for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). mTBI induces subtle, yet influential, changes in the brain and is currently severely underdiagnosed. We hypothesized that mTBI induces sufficient alterations in the ChP to cause infiltration of circulating leukocytes through the BCSF barrier and developed macrophage-adhering gadolinium [Gd(III)]-loaded anisotropic micropatches (GLAMs), specifically designed to image infiltrating immune cells. GLAMs are hydrogel-based discoidal microparticles that adhere to macrophages without phagocytosis. We present a fabrication process to prepare GLAMs at scale and demonstrate their loading with Gd(III) at high relaxivities, a key indicator of their effectiveness in enhancing image contrast and clarity in medical imaging. In vitro experiments with primary murine and porcine macrophages demonstrated that GLAMs adhere to macrophages also under shear stress and did not affect macrophage viability or functions. Studies in a porcine mTBI model confirmed that intravenously administered macrophage-adhering GLAMs provide a differential signal in the ChP and lateral ventricles at Gd(III) doses 500- to 1000-fold lower than those used in the current clinical standard Gadavist. Under the same mTBI conditions, Gadavist did not offer a differential signal at clinically used doses. Our results suggest that macrophage-adhering GLAMs could facilitate mTBI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Vineeth Chandran Suja
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Masen L Boucher
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suyog Shaha
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rick Liao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Supriya Prakash
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - John R Clegg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Warren
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan Janes
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Michael Dunne
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Bolu Ilelaboye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Andrew Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Solomina Darko
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
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Peck T, Davis C, Lenihan-Geels G, Griffiths M, Spijkers-Shaw S, Zubkova OV, La Flamme AC. The novel HS-mimetic, Tet-29, regulates immune cell trafficking across barriers of the CNS during inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:251. [PMID: 37915090 PMCID: PMC10619265 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the extracellular matrix at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) underpins neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). The degradation of extracellular matrix components, such as heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, can be prevented by treatment with HS-mimetics through their ability to inhibit the enzyme heparanase. The heparanase-inhibiting ability of our small dendrimer HS-mimetics has been investigated in various cancers but their efficacy in neuroinflammatory models has not been evaluated. This study investigates the use of a novel HS-mimetic, Tet-29, in an animal model of MS. METHODS Neuroinflammation was induced in mice by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. In addition, the BBB and choroid plexus were modelled in vitro using transmigration assays, and migration of immune cells in vivo and in vitro was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that Tet-29 significantly reduced lymphocyte accumulation in the central nervous system which, in turn, decreased disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease-modifying effect of Tet-29 was associated with a rescue of BBB integrity, as well as inhibition of activated lymphocyte migration across the BBB and choroid plexus in transwell models. In contrast, Tet-29 did not significantly impair in vivo or in vitro steady state-trafficking under homeostatic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Together these results suggest that Tet-29 modulates, rather than abolishes, trafficking across central nervous system barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Peck
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Connor Davis
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Lenihan-Geels
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Maddie Griffiths
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sam Spijkers-Shaw
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anne Camille La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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5
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Braun M, Boström G, Ingelsson M, Kilander L, Löwenmark M, Nyholm D, Burman J, Niemelä V, Freyhult E, Kultima K, Virhammar J. Levels of inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, CCL4, and PD-L1 in CSF differentiate idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from neurodegenerative diseases. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:72. [PMID: 37833765 PMCID: PMC10571396 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammatory processes have been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, but have rarely been investigated in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aim of this study was to investigate whether levels of inflammatory proteins in CSF are different in iNPH compared to healthy controls and patients with selected neurodegenerative disorders, and whether any of these markers can aid in the differential diagnosis of iNPH. METHODS Lumbar CSF was collected from 172 patients from a single center and represented iNPH (n = 74), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 21), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n = 21), stable MCI (n = 22), frontotemporal dementia (n = 13), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 21). Levels of 92 inflammatory proteins were analyzed using a proximity extension assay. As a first step, differences between iNPH and HC were investigated, and proteins that differed between iNPH and HC were then compared with those from the other groups. The linear regressions were adjusted for age, sex, and plate number. RESULTS Three proteins showed higher (MCP-1, p = 0.0013; CCL4, p = 0.0008; CCL11, p = 0.0022) and one lower (PD-L1, p = 0.0051) levels in patients with iNPH compared to HC. MCP-1 was then found to be higher in iNPH than in all other groups. CCL4 was higher in iNPH than in all other groups, except in MCI due to AD. PD-L1 was lower in iNPH compared to all other groups, except in stable MCI. Levels of CCL11 did not differ between iNPH and the differential diagnoses. In a model based on the four proteins mentioned above, the mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve used to discriminate between iNPH and the other disorders was 0.91. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and CCL4 are present at higher-and PD-L1 at lower-levels in iNPH than in the other investigated diagnoses. These three selected cytokines may have diagnostic potential in the work-up of patients with iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene Braun
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Boström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Löwenmark
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Nyholm
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valter Niemelä
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Virhammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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6
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Chen R, Routh BN, Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Circadian Regulation of the Neuroimmune Environment Across the Lifespan: From Brain Development to Aging. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:419-446. [PMID: 37357738 PMCID: PMC10475217 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231178950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks confer 24-h periodicity to biological systems, to ultimately maximize energy efficiency and promote survival in a world with regular environmental light cycles. In mammals, circadian rhythms regulate myriad physiological functions, including the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, specialized glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia survey and maintain the neuroimmune environment. The contributions of these neuroimmune cells to both homeostatic and pathogenic demands vary greatly across the day. Moreover, the function of these cells changes across the lifespan. In this review, we discuss circadian regulation of the neuroimmune environment across the lifespan, with a focus on microglia and astrocytes. Circadian rhythms emerge in early life concurrent with neuroimmune sculpting of brain circuits and wane late in life alongside increasing immunosenescence and neurodegeneration. Importantly, circadian dysregulation can alter immune function, which may contribute to susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight circadian neuroimmune interactions across the lifespan and share evidence that circadian dysregulation within the neuroimmune system may be a critical component in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brandy N. Routh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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7
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Meng CY, Ma XY, Xu MY, Pei SF, Liu Y, Hao ZL, Li QZ, Feng FM. Transcriptomics-based investigation of manganese dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in rats' choroid plexus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8510. [PMID: 37231062 PMCID: PMC10213021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2-NPs) have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. Given this widespread usage, it is worth noting that MnO2-NPs are definitely toxic, especially to the brain. However, the damage caused by MnO2-NPs to the choroid plexus (CP) and to the brain after crossing CP epithelial cells has not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate these effects and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms through transcriptomics analysis. To achieve this objective, eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (control), low-dose exposure group (low-dose) and high-dose exposure group (high-dose). Animals in the two treated groups were administered with two concentrations of MnO2-NPs (200 mg kg-1 BW and 400 mg kg-1 BW) using a noninvasive intratracheal injection method once a week for three months. Finally, the neural behavior of all the animals was tested using a hot plate tester, open-field test and Y-type electric maze. The morphological characteristics of the CP and hippocampus were observed by H&E stain, and the transcriptome of CP tissues was analysed by transcriptome sequencing. The representative differentially expressed genes were quantified by qRT-PCR. We found that treatment with MnO2-NPs could induce learning capacity and memory faculty decline and destroy the structure of hippocampal and CP cells in rats. High doses of MnO2-NPs had a more obvious destructive capacity. For transcriptomic analysis, we found that there were significant differences in the numbers and types of differential genes in CP between the low- and high-dose groups compared to the control. Through GO terms and KEGG analysis, high-dose MnO2-NPs significantly affected the expression of transporters, ion channel proteins, and ribosomal proteins. There were 17 common differentially expressed genes. Most of them were transporter and binding genes on the cell membrane, and some of them had kinase activity. Three genes, Brinp, Synpr and Crmp1, were selected for qRT-PCR to confirm their expression differences among the three groups. In conclusion, high-dose MnO2-NPs exposure induced abnormal neurobehaviour, impaired memory function, destroyed the structure of the CP and changed its transcriptome in rats. The most significant DEGs in the CP were within the transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Meng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Ma
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yan Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Fei Pei
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Lu Hao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Min Feng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, People's Republic of China.
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8
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D'Acquisto F, D'Addario C, Cooper D, Pallanti S, Blacksell I. Peripheral control of psychiatric disorders: Focus on OCD. Are we there yet? Compr Psychiatry 2023; 123:152388. [PMID: 37060625 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
"We are all in this together" - we often hear this phrase when we want to flag up a problem that is not for a single individual but concerns us all. A similar reflection has been recently made in the field of mental disorders where brain-centric scientists have started to zoom out their brain-focused graphical representations of the mechanisms regulating psychiatric diseases to include other organs or mediators that did not belong historically to the world of neuroscience. The brain itself - that has long been seen as a master in command secluded in its fortress (the blood brain barrier), has now become a collection of Airbnb(s) where all sorts of cells come in and out and sometimes even rearrange the furniture! Under this new framework of reference, mental disorders have become multisystem pathologies where different biological systems - not just the CNS -contribute 'all together' to the development and severity of the disease. In this narrative review article, we will focus on one of the most popular biological systems that has been shown to influence the functioning of the CNS: the immune system. We will specifically highlight the two main features of the immune system and the CNS that we think are important in the context of mental disorders: plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D'Acquisto
- School of Life and Health Science, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine,New York, USA; Istituto di Neuroscienze, Florence, Italy
| | - Isobel Blacksell
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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9
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Qudus MS, Tian M, Sirajuddin S, Liu S, Afaq U, Wali M, Liu J, Pan P, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Yang G, Wan P, Li Y, Wu J. The roles of critical pro-inflammatory cytokines in the drive of cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28751. [PMID: 37185833 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In patients with severe COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even mortality can result from cytokine storm, which is a hyperinflammatory medical condition caused by the excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. High levels of numerous crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-induced protein 10 kDa, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-10 and so on, have been found in severe COVID-19. They participate in cascade amplification pathways of pro-inflammatory responses through complex inflammatory networks. Here, we review the involvements of these critical inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss their potential roles in triggering or regulating cytokine storm, which can help to understand the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. So far, there is rarely effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cytokine storm besides using glucocorticoids, which is proved to result in fatal side effects. Clarifying the roles of key involved cytokines in the complex inflammatory network of cytokine storm will help to develop an ideal therapeutic intervention, such as neutralizing antibody of certain cytokine or inhibitor of some inflammatory signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Summan Sirajuddin
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muneeba Wali
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
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10
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Zheng Y, Hu L, Yang Y, Zheng C, Tu W, Lin H, Wang H, Jiang Y, Jiang S, Zheng W. Blocking the IFN-gamma signal in the choroid plexus confers resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22833. [PMID: 36921064 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). IFN-gamma (IFN-γ), a critically important immunomodulator, has been widely studied in MS pathology. The confusing and complex effects of IFN-γ in MS patients and rodent models, however, cause us to look more closely at its exact role in MS. In this study, we identified the role of the IFN-γ signaling in the choroid plexus (CP) in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We found that the IFN-γ signal was rapidly amplified when CNS immune cell infiltration occurred in the CP during the progressive stage. Furthermore, using two CP-specific knockdown strategies, we demonstrated that blocking the IFN-γ signal via knockdown of IFN-γR1 in the CP could protect mice against EAE pathology, as evidenced by improvements in clinical scores and infiltration. Notably, knocking down IFN-γR1 in the CP reduced the local expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines. This finding suggests that IFN-γ signaling in the CP may participate in the pathological process of EAE by preventing pathological T helper (Th) 17+ cells from infiltrating into the CNS. Finally, we showed that the unbalanced state of IFN-γ signaling between peripheral lymphocytes and the choroid plexus may determine whether IFN-γ has a protective or aggravating effect on EAE pathology. Above all, we discovered that IFN-γR1-mediated IFN-γ signaling in the CP was a vital pathway in the pathological process of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zheng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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11
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Butler MJ, Sengupta S, Muscat SM, Amici SA, Biltz RG, Deems NP, Dravid P, Mackey-Alfonso S, Ijaz H, Bettes MN, Godbout JP, Kapoor A, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Barrientos RM. CD8 + T cells contribute to diet-induced memory deficits in aged male rats. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:235-250. [PMID: 36764399 PMCID: PMC10124165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that short-term (3-day) high fat diet (HFD) consumption induces a neuroinflammatory response and subsequent impairment of long-term memory in aged, but not young adult, male rats. However, the immune cell phenotypes driving this proinflammatory response are not well understood. Previously, we showed that microglia isolated from young and aged rats fed a HFD express similar levels of priming and proinflammatory transcripts, suggesting that additional factors may drive the exaggerated neuroinflammatory response selectively observed in aged HFD-fed rats. It is established that T cells infiltrate both the young and especially the aged central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to immune surveillance of the parenchyma. Thus, we investigated the modulating role of short-term HFD on T cell presence in the CNS in aged rats using bulk RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. RNA sequencing results indicate that aging and HFD altered the expression of genes and signaling pathways associated with T cell signaling, immune cell trafficking, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, flow cytometry data showed that aging alone increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell presence in the brain and that CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells were further increased in aged rats fed a HFD. Based on these data, we selectively depleted circulating CD8+ T cells via an intravenous injection of an anti-CD8 antibody in aged rats prior to 3 days of HFD to infer the functional role these cells may be playing in long-term memory and neuroinflammation. Results indicate that peripheral depletion of CD8+ T cells lowered hippocampal cytokine levels and prevented the HFD-induced i) increase in brain CD8+ T cells, ii) memory impairment, and iii) alterations in pre- and post-synaptic structures in the hippocampus and amygdala. Together, these data indicate a substantial role for CD8+ T cells in mediating diet-induced memory impairments in aged male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Butler
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Shouvonik Sengupta
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie M Muscat
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie A Amici
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca G Biltz
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas P Deems
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Piyush Dravid
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Sabrina Mackey-Alfonso
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haanya Ijaz
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Menaz N Bettes
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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13
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Moore E, Huang MW, Reynolds CA, Macian F, Putterman C. Choroid Plexus-Infiltrating T Cells as Drivers of Murine Neuropsychiatric Lupus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1796-1807. [PMID: 35637551 PMCID: PMC9825865 DOI: 10.1002/art.42252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cells are critical in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in that they secrete inflammatory cytokines, help autoantibody production, and form autoreactive memory T cells. Although the contribution of T cells to several forms of organ-mediated damage in SLE has been previously demonstrated, the role of T cells in neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), which involves diffuse central nervous system manifestations and is observed in 20-40% of SLE patients, is not known. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate how behavioral deficits are altered after depletion or transfer of T cells, to directly assess the role of T cells in NPSLE. METHODS MRL/lpr mice, an NPSLE mouse model, were either systemically depleted of CD4+ T cells or intracerebroventricularly injected with choroid plexus (CP)-infiltrating T cells and subsequently evaluated for alterations in neuropsychiatric manifestations. Our study end points included evaluation of systemic disease and assessment of central nervous system changes. RESULTS Systemic depletion of CD4+ T cells ameliorated systemic disease and cognitive deficits. Intracerebroventricular injection of CP-infiltrating T cells exacerbated depressive-like behavior and worsened cognition in recipient mice compared with mice who received injection of splenic lupus T cells or phosphate buffered saline. Moreover, we observed enhanced activation in CP-infiltrating T cells when cocultured with brain lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in comparison to the activation levels observed in cocultures with splenic T cells. CONCLUSION T cells, and more specifically CP-infiltrating antigen-specific T cells, contributed to the pathogenesis of NPSLE in mice, indicating that, in the development of more targeted treatments for NPSLE, modulation of T cells may represent a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of RheumatologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York
| | - Michelle W. Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of RheumatologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York
| | - Cara A. Reynolds
- Department of PathologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of PathologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar‐Ilan University, Safed, Israel, Galilee Research Institute, Nahariya, Israel, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of RheumatologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York
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14
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Thompson D, Brissette CA, Watt JA. The choroid plexus and its role in the pathogenesis of neurological infections. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:75. [PMID: 36088417 PMCID: PMC9463972 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe choroid plexus is situated at an anatomically and functionally important interface within the ventricles of the brain, forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that separates the periphery from the central nervous system. In contrast to the blood–brain barrier, the choroid plexus and its epithelial barrier have received considerably less attention. As the main producer of cerebrospinal fluid, the secretory functions of the epithelial cells aid in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and are capable of relaying inflammatory signals to the brain. The choroid plexus acts as an immunological niche where several types of peripheral immune cells can be found within the stroma including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells. Including the epithelia cells, these cells perform immunosurveillance, detecting pathogens and changes in the cytokine milieu. As such, their activation leads to the release of homing molecules to induce chemotaxis of circulating immune cells, driving an immune response at the choroid plexus. Research into the barrier properties have shown how inflammation can alter the structural junctions and promote increased bidirectional transmigration of cells and pathogens. The goal of this review is to highlight our foundational knowledge of the choroid plexus and discuss how recent research has shifted our understanding towards viewing the choroid plexus as a highly dynamic and important contributor to the pathogenesis of neurological infections. With the emergence of several high-profile diseases, including ZIKA and SARS-CoV-2, this review provides a pertinent update on the cellular response of the choroid plexus to these diseases. Historically, pharmacological interventions of CNS disorders have proven difficult to develop, however, a greater focus on the role of the choroid plexus in driving these disorders would provide for novel targets and routes for therapeutics.
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15
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Association of complement component 4 with neuroimmune abnormalities in the subventricular zone in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105840. [PMID: 35995342 PMCID: PMC9582995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An early inflammatory insult is the most recognized risk factor associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, even more so than genetic variants. Notably, complement component 4 (C4), a molecule involved in inflammatory responses, has been strongly associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and its role in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism (ASD), is an area of active investigation. However, while C4 in SZ has been implicated in the context of synaptic pruning, little is known about its neuroinflammatory role. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region heavily involved in neurodevelopment and neuroimmune interactions through the lifespan; thus, it is a region wherein C4 may play a vital role in disease pathology. Using in situ hybridization with radioactive riboprobes and RNAscope, we identified robust astrocytic expression of C4 in the SVZ and in the septum pellucidum. C4 was also expressed in ependyma, neurons, and Ki67+ progenitor cells. Examination of mRNA levels showed elevated C4 in both ASD and SZ, with higher expression in SZ compared to controls. Targeted transcriptomic analysis of inflammatory pathways revealed a strong association of complement system genes with SZ, and to a lesser extent, ASD, as well as generalized immune dysregulation without a strong association with known infectious pathways. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that ASD DEGs were enriched in adaptive immune system functions such as Th cell differentiation, while SZ DEGs were enriched in innate immune system functions, including NF-κB and toll like receptor signaling. Moreover, the number of Ki67+ cells was significantly higher in ASD compared to SZ and controls. Taken together, these results support a role for C4 into inflammatory-neuroimmune dysregulation observed in SZ and ASD pathology.
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16
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Santos-Lima B, Pietronigro EC, Terrabuio E, Zenaro E, Constantin G. The role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of central nervous system barriers. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965169. [PMID: 36034148 PMCID: PMC9404376 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into the central nervous system (CNS) represents a central process in the development of neurological diseases with a detrimental inflammatory component. Infiltrating neutrophils have been detected inside the brain of patients with several neuroinflammatory disorders, including stroke, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. During inflammatory responses, these highly reactive innate immune cells can rapidly extravasate and release a plethora of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors, potentially inducing significant collateral tissue damage. Indeed, several studies have shown that neutrophils promote blood-brain barrier damage and increased vascular permeability during neuroinflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils migrate into the meninges and choroid plexus, suggesting these cells can also damage the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In this review, we discuss the emerging role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of brain barriers across different neuroinflammatory conditions and describe the molecular basis and cellular interplays involved in neutrophil-mediated injury of the CNS borders.
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17
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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18
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Targeting choroid plexus epithelium as a novel therapeutic strategy for hydrocephalus. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:156. [PMID: 35715859 PMCID: PMC9205094 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a tissue located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and is composed mainly of choroid plexus epithelium cells. The main function is currently thought to be the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and the regulation of its pH, and more functions are gradually being demonstrated. Assistance in the removal of metabolic waste and participation in the apoptotic pathway are also the functions of choroid plexus. Besides, it helps to repair the brain by regulating the secretion of neuropeptides and the delivery of drugs. It is involved in the immune response to assist in the clearance of infections in the central nervous system. It is now believed that the choroid plexus is in an inflammatory state after damage to the brain. This state, along with changes in the cilia, is thought to be an abnormal physiological state of the choroid plexus, which in turn leads to abnormal conditions in cerebrospinal fluid and triggers hydrocephalus. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism of hydrocephalus following choroid plexus epithelium cell abnormalities based on the normal physiological functions of choroid plexus epithelium cells, and analyzes the attempts and future developments of using choroid plexus epithelium cells as a therapeutic target for hydrocephalus.
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19
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Schwartz M, Cahalon L. The vicious cycle governing the brain–immune system relationship in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 76:102182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Hsu RJ, Yu WC, Peng GR, Ye CH, Hu S, Chong PCT, Yap KY, Lee JYC, Lin WC, Yu SH. The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832394. [PMID: 35464491 PMCID: PMC9021400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and an imbalanced hyperactive immune system. The cytokine storm further results in multiple organ failure and lung immunopathology. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus on the direct elimination of viral particles, prevention strategies, and mitigation of the imbalanced (hyperactive) immune system. This review focuses on cytokine secretions of innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other chemokines. In addition to the review focus, we discuss potential immunotherapeutic approaches based on relevant pathophysiological features, the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and data from recent clinical trials and experiments on the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. Prompt use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers and aggressive prevention and management of the cytokine storm can help determine COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. The prophylaxis and rapid management of the cytokine storm appear to significantly improve disease outcomes. For these reasons, this study aims to provide advanced information to facilitate innovative strategies to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jun Hsu
- Cancer Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - SuiYun Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kah Yi Yap
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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22
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Munro DAD, Movahedi K, Priller J. Macrophage compartmentalization in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid system. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabk0391. [PMID: 35245085 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside within the diverse anatomical compartments of the central nervous system (CNS). Within each compartment, these phagocytes are exposed to unique combinations of niche signals and mechanical stimuli that instruct their tissue-specific identities. Whereas most CNS macrophages are tissue-embedded, the macrophages of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system are bathed in an oscillating liquid. Studies using multiomics technologies have recently uncovered the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of CSF macrophages, enhancing our understanding of their cellular characteristics in both rodents and humans. Here, we review the relationships between CNS macrophage populations, with a focus on the origins, phenotypes, and functions of CSF macrophages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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23
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Adams RC, Carter-Cusack D, Shaikh SN, Llanes GT, Johnston RL, Quaife-Ryan G, Boyle G, Koufariotis LT, Möller A, Blazar BR, Vukovic J, MacDonald KPA. Donor bone marrow-derived macrophage MHC II drives neuroinflammation and altered behavior during chronic GVHD in mice. Blood 2022; 139:1389-1408. [PMID: 34570880 PMCID: PMC8900272 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the leading cause of nonrelapse mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. Manifestations of GVHD in the central nervous system (CNS) present as neurocognitive dysfunction in up to 60% of patients; however, the mechanisms driving chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in the CNS are yet to be elucidated. Our studies of murine cGVHD revealed behavioral deficits associated with broad neuroinflammation and persistent Ifng upregulation. By flow cytometry, we observed a proportional shift in the donor-derived T-cell population in the cGVHD brain from early CD8 dominance to later CD4 sequestration. RNA sequencing of the hippocampus identified perturbations to structural and functional synapse-related gene expression, together with the upregulation of genes associated with interferon-γ responses and antigen presentation. Neuroinflammation in the cortex of mice and humans during acute GVHD was recently shown to be mediated by resident microglia-derived tumor necrosis factor. In contrast, infiltration of proinflammatory major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ donor bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was identified as a distinguishing feature of CNS cGVHD. Donor BMDMs, which composed up to 50% of the CNS myeloid population, exhibited a transcriptional signature distinct from resident microglia. Recipients of MHC class II knockout BM grafts exhibited attenuated neuroinflammation and behavior comparable to controls, suggestive of a critical role of donor BMDM MHC class II expression in CNS cGVHD. Our identification of disease mediators distinct from those in the acute phase indicates the necessity to pursue alternative therapeutic targets for late-stage neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Adams
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dylan Carter-Cusack
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samreen N Shaikh
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Genesis T Llanes
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Quaife-Ryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen Boyle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lambros T Koufariotis
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Jana Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Hampe CS, Mitoma H. A Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in the Cerebellum. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030328. [PMID: 35326284 PMCID: PMC8946792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction can be associated with ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, nystagmus and cognitive deficits. While cerebellar dysfunction can be caused by vascular, traumatic, metabolic, genetic, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic events, the cerebellum is also a frequent target of autoimmune attacks. The underlying cause for this vulnerability is unclear, but it may be a result of region-specific differences in blood–brain barrier permeability, the high concentration of neurons in the cerebellum and the presence of autoantigens on Purkinje cells. An autoimmune response targeting the cerebellum—or any structure in the CNS—is typically accompanied by an influx of peripheral immune cells to the brain. Under healthy conditions, the brain is protected from the periphery by the blood–brain barrier, blood–CSF barrier, and blood–leptomeningeal barrier. Entry of immune cells to the brain for immune surveillance occurs only at the blood-CSF barrier and is strictly controlled. A breakdown in the barrier permeability allows peripheral immune cells uncontrolled access to the CNS. Often—particularly in infectious diseases—the autoimmune response develops because of molecular mimicry between the trigger and a host protein. In this review, we discuss the immune surveillance of the CNS in health and disease and also discuss specific examples of autoimmunity affecting the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S. Hampe
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-206-554-9181
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
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25
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Choroid plexus-selective inactivation of adenosine A 2A receptors protects against T cell infiltration and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:52. [PMID: 35180864 PMCID: PMC8855604 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders characterized by the infiltration of immune cells into the brain and demyelination. The unwanted immunosuppressive side effect of therapeutically successful natalizumab led us to focus on the choroid plexus (CP), a key site for the first wave of immune cell infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), for the control of immune cells trafficking. Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is emerging as a potential pharmacological target to control EAE pathogenesis. However, the cellular basis for the A2AR-mediated protection remains undetermined. Methods In the EAE model, we assessed A2AR expression and leukocyte trafficking determinants in the CP by immunohistochemistry and qPCR analyses. We determined the effect of the A2AR antagonist KW6002 treatment at days 8–12 or 8–14 post-immunization on T cell infiltration across the CP and EAE pathology. We determined the critical role of the CP-A2AR on T cell infiltration and EAE pathology by focal knock-down of CP-A2AR via intracerebroventricular injection of CRE-TAT recombinase into the A2ARflox/flox mice. In the cultured CP epithelium, we also evaluated the effect of overexpression of A2ARs or the A2AR agonist CGS21680 treatment on the CP permeability and lymphocytes migration. Results We found the specific upregulation of A2AR in the CP associated with enhanced CP gateway activity peaked at day 12 post-immunization in EAE mice. Furthermore, the KW6002 treatment at days 8–12 or 8–14 post-immunization reduced T cell trafficking across the CP and attenuated EAE pathology. Importantly, focal CP-A2AR knock-down attenuated the pathogenic infiltration of Th17+ cells across the CP via inhibiting the CCR6–CCL20 axis through NFκB/STAT3 pathway and protected against EAE pathology. Lastly, activation of A2AR in the cultured epithelium by A2AR overexpression or CGS21680 treatment increased the permeability of the CP epithelium and facilitated lymphocytes migration. Conclusion These findings define the CP niche as one of the primary sites of A2AR action, whereby A2AR antagonists confer protection against EAE pathology. Thus, pharmacological targeting of the CP-A2AR represents a novel therapeutic strategy for MS by controlling immune cell trafficking across CP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02415-z.
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26
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Constitutive activation of canonical Wnt signaling disrupts choroid plexus epithelial fate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:633. [PMID: 35110543 PMCID: PMC8810795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus secretes cerebrospinal fluid and is critical for the development and function of the brain. In the telencephalon, the choroid plexus epithelium arises from the Wnt- expressing cortical hem. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway molecules such as nuclear β-CATENIN are expressed in the mouse and human embryonic choroid plexus epithelium indicating that this pathway is active. Point mutations in human β-CATENIN are known to result in the constitutive activation of canonical Wnt signaling. In a mouse model that recapitulates this perturbation, we report a loss of choroid plexus epithelial identity and an apparent transformation of this tissue to a neuronal identity. Aspects of this phenomenon are recapitulated in human embryonic stem cell derived organoids. The choroid plexus is also disrupted when β-Catenin is conditionally inactivated. Together, our results indicate that canonical Wnt signaling is required in a precise and regulated manner for normal choroid plexus development in the mammalian brain.
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27
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Figueiredo CA, Steffen J, Morton L, Arumugam S, Liesenfeld O, Deli MA, Kröger A, Schüler T, Dunay IR. Immune response and pathogen invasion at the choroid plexus in the onset of cerebral toxoplasmosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35027063 PMCID: PMC8759173 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a highly successful parasite being able to cross all biological barriers of the body, finally reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies have highlighted the critical involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during T. gondii invasion and development of subsequent neuroinflammation. Still, the potential contribution of the choroid plexus (CP), the main structure forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) have not been addressed. METHODS To investigate T. gondii invasion at the onset of neuroinflammation, the CP and brain microvessels (BMV) were isolated and analyzed for parasite burden. Additionally, immuno-stained brain sections and three-dimensional whole mount preparations were evaluated for parasite localization and morphological alterations. Activation of choroidal and brain endothelial cells were characterized by flow cytometry. To evaluate the impact of early immune responses on CP and BMV, expression levels of inflammatory mediators, tight junctions (TJ) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were quantified. Additionally, FITC-dextran was applied to determine infection-related changes in BCSFB permeability. Finally, the response of primary CP epithelial cells to T. gondii parasites was tested in vitro. RESULTS Here we revealed that endothelial cells in the CP are initially infected by T. gondii, and become activated prior to BBB endothelial cells indicated by MHCII upregulation. Additionally, CP elicited early local immune response with upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, host-defence factors as well as swift expression of CXCL9 chemokine, when compared to the BMV. Consequently, we uncovered distinct TJ disturbances of claudins, associated with upregulation of MMP-8 and MMP-13 expression in infected CP in vivo, which was confirmed by in vitro infection of primary CP epithelial cells. Notably, we detected early barrier damage and functional loss by increased BCSFB permeability to FITC-dextran in vivo, which was extended over the infection course. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data reveal a close interaction between T. gondii infection at the CP and the impairment of the BCSFB function indicating that infection-related neuroinflammation is initiated in the CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Andreeta Figueiredo
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Steffen
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lorena Morton
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sushmitha Arumugam
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, CBBS, Magdeburg, Germany.
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28
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Carloni S, Rescigno M. Unveiling the gut-brain axis: structural and functional analogies between the gut and the choroid plexus vascular and immune barriers. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:869-882. [PMID: 35861857 PMCID: PMC9301898 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of blood-tissue interface homeostasis. Knowledge on the morphological and functional nature of the blood vessels in every single tissue is, however, very poor, but it is becoming clear that each organ is characterized by the presence of endothelial barriers with different properties fundamental for the maintenance of tissue resident immune homeostasis and for the recruitment of blood-trafficking immune cells. The tissue specificity of the vascular unit is dependent on the presence of differentiated endothelial cells that form continues, fenestrated, or sinusoidal vessels with different grades of permeability and different immune receptors, according to how that particular tissue needs to be protected. The gut-brain axis highlights the prominent role that the vasculature plays in allowing a direct and prompt exchange of molecules between the gut, across the gut vascular barrier (GVB), and the brain. Recently, we identified a new choroid plexus vascular barrier (PVB) which receives and integrates information coming from the gut and is fundamental in the modulation of the gut-brain axis. Several pathologies are linked to functional dysregulation of either the gut or the choroid plexus vascular barriers. In this review, we unveil the structural and functional analogies between the GVB and PVB, comparing their peculiar features and highlighting the functional role of pitcher and catcher of the gut-brain axis, including their role in the establishment of immune homeostasis and response upon systemic stimuli. We propose that when the gut vascular barrier-the main protecting system of the body from the external world-is compromised, the choroid plexus gatekeeper becomes a second barrier that protects the central nervous system from systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
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29
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Nishihara H, Engelhardt B. Brain Barriers and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Treatment Approaches from a Brain Barriers Perspective. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:295-329. [PMID: 33237504 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic organ specific autoimmune disease targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhanced immune cell infiltration into the CNS parenchyma are early hallmarks of CNS lesion formation. Therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB has proven a successful therapy for the treatment of MS, but comes with side effects and is no longer effective once patients have entered the progressive phase of the disease. Beyond the endothelial BBB, epithelial and glial brain barriers establish compartments in the CNS that differ in their accessibility to the immune system. There is increasing evidence that brain barrier abnormalities persist during the progressive stages of MS. Here, we summarize the role of endothelial, epithelial, and glial brain barriers in maintaining CNS immune privilege and our current knowledge on how impairment of these barriers contributes to MS pathogenesis. We discuss how therapeutic stabilization of brain barriers integrity may improve the safety of current therapeutic regimes for treating MS. This may also allow for the development of entirely novel therapeutic approaches aiming to restore brain barriers integrity and thus CNS homeostasis, which may be specifically beneficial for the treatment of progressive MS.
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30
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Althubaity N, Schubert J, Martins D, Yousaf T, Nettis MA, Mondelli V, Pariante C, Harrison NA, Bullmore ET, Dima D, Turkheimer FE, Veronese M. Choroid plexus enlargement is associated with neuroinflammation and reduction of blood brain barrier permeability in depression. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 33:102926. [PMID: 34972034 PMCID: PMC8718974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that choroid plexuses (CP) may be involved in the neuro-immune axes, playing a role in the interaction between the central and peripheral inflammation. Here we aimed to investigate CP volume alterations in depression and their associations with inflammation. METHODS 51 depressed participants (HDRS score > 13) and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) from the Wellcome Trust NIMA consortium were re-analysed for the study. All the participants underwent full peripheral cytokine profiling and simultaneous [11C]PK11195 PET/structural MRI imaging for measuring neuroinflammation and CP volume respectively. RESULTS We found a significantly greater CP volume in depressed subjects compared to HCs (t(76) = +2.17) that was positively correlated with [11C]PK11195 PET binding in the anterior cingulate cortex (r = 0.28, p = 0.02), prefrontal cortex (r = 0.24, p = 0.04), and insular cortex (r = 0.24, p = 0.04), but not with the peripheral inflammatory markers: CRP levels (r = 0.07, p = 0.53), IL-6 (r = -0.08, p = 0.61), and TNF-α (r = -0.06, p = 0.70). The CP volume correlated with the [11C]PK11195 PET binding in CP (r = 0.34, p = 0.005). Integration of transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas with the brain map depicting the correlations between CP volume and PET imaging found significant gene enrichment for several pathways involved in neuroinflammatory response. CONCLUSION This result supports the hypothesis that changes in brain barriers may cause reduction in solute exchanges between blood and CSF, disturbing the brain homeostasis and ultimately contributing to inflammation in depression. Given that CP anomalies have been recently detected in other brain disorders, these results may not be specific to depression and might extend to other conditions with a peripheral inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Althubaity
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Julia Schubert
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tayyabah Yousaf
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Nettis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Immuno-Psychiatry, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Acute Effect of Caffeine on the Synthesis of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Hypothalamus and Choroid Plexus during Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation in a Female Sheep Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413237. [PMID: 34948033 PMCID: PMC8706723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effect of acute caffeine (CAF) administration, which exerts a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory activity, on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus (ChP) during acute inflammation caused by the injection of bacterial endotoxin—lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experiment was performed on 24 female sheep randomly divided into four groups: control; LPS treated (iv.; 400 ng/kg of body mass (bm.)); CAF treated (iv.; 30 mg/kg of bm.); and LPS and CAF treated. The animals were euthanized 3 h after the treatment. It was found that acute administration of CAF suppressed the synthesis of interleukin (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, but did not influence IL-6, in the hypothalamus during LPS-induced inflammation. The injection of CAF reduced the LPS-induced expression of TNF mRNA in the ChP. CAF lowered the gene expression of IL-6 cytokine family signal transducer (IL6ST) and TNF receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1) in the hypothalamus and IL-1 type II receptor (IL1R2) in the ChP. Our study on the sheep model suggests that CAF may attenuate the inflammatory response at the hypothalamic level and partly influence the inflammatory signal generated by the ChP cells. This suggests the potential of CAF to suppress neuroinflammatory processes induced by peripheral immune/inflammatory challenges.
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Mohammadhosayni M, Sadat Mohammadi F, Ezzatifar F, Mahdavi Gorabi A, Khosrojerdi A, Aslani S, Hemmatzadeh M, Yazdani S, Arabi M, Marofi F, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Shomali N, Mohammadi H. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in the development of neurological complications in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108076. [PMID: 34450402 PMCID: PMC8367754 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence show that Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been associated with neurological complications in the viral infections. Here in the current investigation, we intended to reveal if MMPs are potentially involved in the development of neurological symptoms in the patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS The levels of MMPs, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules were evaluated in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 10 COVID-19 patients with neurological syndrome (NS) and 10 COVID-19 patients lacking NS. Monocytes from the CSF samples were treated with TNF-α and the secreted levels of MMPs were determined. RESULTS The frequency of monocytes were increased in the CSF samples of COVID-19 patients with NS compared to patients without NS. Levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL7, CCL12, CXCL8, and CX3CL1, MMPs MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-12, and adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were significantly increased in the CSF samples of COVID-19 patients with NS compared with patients without NS. Treatment of CSF-derived monocytes obtained from COVID-19 patients with NS caused increased production of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-12. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines might promote the expression of adhesion molecules on blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB), resulting in facilitation of monocyte recruitment. Increased levels of CSF chemokines might also help to the trafficking of monocytes to CSF. Inflammatory cytokines might enhance production of MMPs from monocytes, leading to disruption of BCSFB (and therefore further infiltration of inflammatory cells to CSF) in COVID-19 patients with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohammadhosayni
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ezzatifar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahrooz Yazdani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational and Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arabi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Domżalska M, Wiczkowski W, Szczepkowska A, Chojnowska S, Misztal T, Walter FR, Deli MA, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Schwerk C, Skipor J. Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Challenge on β-Glucuronidase Activity and the Concentration of Quercetin and Its Metabolites in the Choroid Plexus, Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137122. [PMID: 34281178 PMCID: PMC8268849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3GA), the main phase II metabolite of quercetin (Q) in human plasma, is considered to be a more stable form of Q for transport with the bloodstream to tissues, where it can be potentially deconjugated by β-glucuronidase (β-Gluc) to Q aglycone, which easily enters the brain. This study evaluates the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation on β-Gluc gene expression in the choroid plexus (ChP) and its activity in blood plasma, ChP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the concentration of Q and its phase II metabolites in blood plasma and CSF. Studies were performed on saline- and LPS-treated adult ewes (n = 40) receiving Q3GA intravenously (n = 16) and on primary rat ChP epithelial cells and human ChP epithelial papilloma cells. We observed that acute inflammation stimulated β-Gluc activity in the ChP and blood plasma, but not in ChP epithelial cells and CSF, and did not affect Q and its phase II metabolite concentrations in plasma and CSF, except Q3GA, for which the plasma concentration was higher 30 min after administration (p < 0.05) in LPS- compared to saline-treated ewes. The lack of Q3GA deconjugation in the ChP observed under physiological and acute inflammatory conditions, however, does not exclude its possible role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Domżalska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.D.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.D.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Szczepkowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.D.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Sylwia Chojnowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Fruzsina R. Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, ELKH, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (F.R.W.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Maria A. Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, ELKH, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (F.R.W.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Janina Skipor
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.D.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Photoperiod alters the choroid plexus response to LPS-induced acute inflammation in EWES. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study determined the influence of photoperiod on the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4), interleukin 1□ (IL1B), IL-1 receptor type I (IL1R1) and II (IL1R2), interleukin 6 (IL6), the IL-6 receptor (IL6R) and signal transducer (IL6ST), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), and TNF□ receptor type I (TNFRSF1A) and II (TNFRSF1B) in the choroid plexus (ChP) of ewes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. Under short-days (SD, n = 12, anestrous) and long-days (LD, n = 12, synchronized follicular phase), ewes were treated with saline or LPS. Compared to LD conditions, the ewes under SD were characterized by a greater (P<0.05) area under the curve (AUC) of cortisol in the LPS-treated group and by a lower (P<0.05) AUC of prolactin in the saline-treated group. Under both photoperiods, LPS increased (P<0.05) the expression of all examined genes except for TNFRSF1B (only under SD), TNF and TNFRSF1A (no stimulation), and IL6R (decreased (P<0.05) under SD). The LPS-induced increases in TLR2, TLR4, IL1B and its receptors, IL6 and TNFRSF1B were higher (P<0.05) under SD than LD. TLR4 was positively correlated with IL1B and IL6 in both saline- (r2 = 0.64, P<0.01 and r2 = 0.52, P<0.01) and LPS-treated (r2 = 0.81, P<0.0001 and r2 = 0.51, P<0.001) ewes. IL1B (r2 = 0.56, P<0.01 and r2 = 0.77, P<0.0001) and IL6 (r2 = 0.77, P<0.005 and r2 = 0.35, P<0.05) were positively correlated with TLR2 in saline- and LPS-treated ewes, respectively. This indicates that in ewes, the ChP response to acute systemic inflammation is dependent upon the photoperiod with stronger effects being observed under SD. Our results also suggest that gonadal hormones altering TLR4 signaling events are involved in the photoperiodic modulation of the ChP response to LPS. Further experiments are required to explain the mechanism involved in this phenomenon.
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Ayub M, Jin HK, Bae JS. The blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier orchestrates immunosurveillance, immunoprotection, and immunopathology in the central nervous system. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33298242 PMCID: PMC8093941 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.4.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Once characterized as an immune privileged area, recent scientific advances have demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) is both immunologically active and a specialized site. The anatomical and cellular features of the brain barriers, the glia limitans, and other superficial coverings of the CNS endow the brain with specificity for immune cell entry and other macro- and micro-elements to the brain. Cellular trafficking via barriers comprised of tightly junctioned non-fenestrated endothelium or tightly regulated fenestrated epithelium results in different phenotypic and cellular changes in the brain, that is, inflammatory versus regulatory changes. Based on emerging evidence, we described the unique ability of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) to recruit, skew, and suppress immune cells. Additionally, we sum up the current knowledge on both cellular and molecular mechanisms governed by the choroid plexus and the cerebrospinal fluid at the BCSFB for immunosurveillance, immunoprotection, and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ayub
- KNU Alzheimer’s disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jin
- KNU Alzheimer’s disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jae-sung Bae
- KNU Alzheimer’s disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Prestwood TR, Asgariroozbehani R, Wu S, Agarwal SM, Logan RW, Ballon JS, Hahn MK, Freyberg Z. Roles of inflammation in intrinsic pathophysiology and antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disturbances of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113101. [PMID: 33453341 PMCID: PMC7882027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric illness that remains poorly understood. While the bulk of symptomatology has classically been associated with disrupted brain functioning, accumulating evidence demonstrates that schizophrenia is characterized by systemic inflammation and disturbances in metabolism. Indeed, metabolic disease is a major determinant of the high mortality rate associated with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have revolutionized management of psychosis, making it possible to rapidly control psychotic symptoms. This has ultimately reduced relapse rates of psychotic episodes and improved overall quality of life for people with schizophrenia. However, long-term APD use has also been associated with significant metabolic disturbances including weight gain, dysglycemia, and worsening of the underlying cardiometabolic disease intrinsic to schizophrenia. While the mechanisms for these intrinsic and medication-induced metabolic effects remain unclear, inflammation appears to play a key role. Here, we review the evidence for roles of inflammatory mechanisms in the disease features of schizophrenia and how these mechanisms interact with APD treatment. We also discuss the effects of common inflammatory mediators on metabolic disease. Then, we review the evidence of intrinsic and APD-mediated effects on systemic inflammation in schizophrenia. Finally, we speculate about possible treatment strategies. Developing an improved understanding of inflammatory processes in schizophrenia may therefore introduce new, more effective options for treating not only schizophrenia but also primary metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roshanak Asgariroozbehani
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Wu
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Jacob S Ballon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ngo-Thanh H, Thuy TD, Suzue K, Kamitani W, Yokoo H, Isoda K, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Imai T. Long-term acrylamide exposure exacerbates brain and lung pathology in a mouse malaria model. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112132. [PMID: 33737113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary acrylamide (ACR), a carcinogen, results in the dysfunction of various organs and the immune system. However, the impact of ACR exposure on the progression of infectious diseases is unknown. This study investigated the effect of ACR on the progression of malaria infection using a mouse model of malaria. C57BL/6 mice were continuously treated with ACR at a dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight/day for six weeks (long-term exposure) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Next, the mice were infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbNK). Parasitemia and survival rate were analyzed in the different treatment groups. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of ACR exposure on the morphology of various organs. Long-term ACR exposure exacerbated PbNK-induced multiorgan dysfunction. MRI and histopathological analysis revealed signs of encephalomeningitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the PbNK-infected long-term ACR exposure mice, which decreased the survival rate of mice, but not in the PbNK-infected long-term PBS exposure group. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of ACR on the progression of infectious diseases, such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trang Dam Thuy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Isoda
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Shimada A, Hasegawa-Ishii S. Increased cytokine expression in the choroid plexus stroma and epithelium in response to endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation in mice. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:520-528. [PMID: 33747797 PMCID: PMC7973137 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain response to systemic inflammation is initiated by IL-1β from choroid plexus macrophages. Choroid plexus stromal cells bear IL-1 receptors and participate in the immediate reaction to systemic inflammation. This reaction is followed by elevated gene expression of various cytokines in the choroid plexus stroma and epithelium. The choroid plexus immediate responses are relevant to understanding how sepsis-associated encephalopathy is initiated.
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized as diffuse brain dysfunction in patients with excessive systemic inflammatory reaction to an infection. In our previous studies using a mouse model of SAE with intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tissue concentrations of various cytokines were elevated in the entire brain parenchyma 4 and 24 h following LPS administration. Cytokines elevated at 4 h were produced by the choroid plexus, leptomeninges and vascular endothelium, while those at 24 h were produced by astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β did not increase in the concentration in the brain parenchyma during the period from 1 to 24 h following LPS. In the present study, we hypothesized that the intracranial cells that initially respond to systemic inflammation are situated in the choroid plexus and produce IL-1β to initiate cytokine-mediated reactions. We quantified the transcript levels of related cytokines within the choroid plexus and specified the choroid plexus cells that are involved in the immediate cytokine-mediated responses. Mice received LPS or saline by intraperitoneal injection. Four hours after treatments, the choroid plexuses were isolated and subjected to cytokine gene expression analyses using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Another group of mice was fixed at 1, 4 and 24 h after treatments and the expression of cytokines and receptors was studied with double immunohistofluorescence staining. The transcript levels of IL-1β, CC-motif ligand (CCL)2, CXC-motif ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL2 and IL-6 in the choroid plexus were significantly increased in mice treated with LPS compared to saline control. The IL-1β expression was remarkable in choroid plexus macrophages at 1 and 4 h but not in the brain parenchyma. Choroid plexus stromal cells expressed IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). The IL-1R1-bearing stromal cells produced CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2 and IL-6 at 4 h. Choroid plexus epithelial cells expressed CXCR2, a common receptor for CXCL1 and CXCL2. Choroid plexus epithelial cells also expressed CCL2, CXCL1 and CXCL2 at 4 h, and IL-1R1-bearing stromal cells expressed CXCR2. Therefore, in response to systemic LPS injection, one of the intracranial reactions was initiated within the choroid plexus using IL-1β derived from macrophages. The choroid plexus stromal cells subsequently had elevated expression of CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2 and IL-6. The choroid plexus epithelial cells also had elevated expression of CCL2, CXCL1 and CXCL2. The presence of receptors for these cytokines on both epithelial and stromal cells raised the possibility of reciprocal interactions between these cells. The results suggested that the immediate early responses exerted by the choroid plexus are relevant to understanding how SAE is initiated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
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Bohmwald K, Soto JA, Andrade-Parra C, Fernández-Fierro A, Espinoza JA, Ríos M, Eugenin EA, González PA, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Lung pathology due to hRSV infection impairs blood-brain barrier permeability enabling astrocyte infection and a long-lasting inflammation in the CNS. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:159-171. [PMID: 32979471 PMCID: PMC7513917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common infectious agent that affects children before two years of age. hRSV outbreaks cause a significant increase in hospitalizations during the winter season associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, neurologic alterations have been associated with hRSV infection in children, which include seizures, central apnea, and encephalopathy. Also, hRSV RNA has been detected in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with neurological symptoms after hRSV infection. Additionally, previous studies have shown that hRSV can be detected in the lungs and brains of mice exposed to the virus, yet the potential effects of hRSV infection within the central nervous system (CNS) remain unknown. Here, using a murine model for hRSV infection, we show a significant behavior alteration in these animals, up to two months after the virus exposure, as shown in marble-burying tests. hRSV infection also produced the expression of cytokines within the brain, such as IL-4, IL-10, and CCL2. We found that hRSV infection alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice, allowing the trespassing of macromolecules and leading to increased infiltration of immune cells into the CNS together with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Finally, we show that hRSV infects murine astrocytes both, in vitro and in vivo. We identified the presence of hRSV in the brain cortex where it colocalizes with vWF, MAP-2, Iba-1, and GFAP, which are considered markers for endothelial cells, neurons, microglia, and astrocyte, respectively. hRSV-infected murine astrocytes displayed increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. Our results suggest that hRSV infection alters the BBB permeability to macromolecules and immune cells and induces CNS inflammation, which can contribute to the behavioral alterations shown by infected mice. A better understanding of the neuropathy caused by hRSV could help to reduce the potential detrimental effects on the CNS in hRSV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Janyra A. Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mariana Ríos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Corresponding authors at: Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República #440, Santiago 8331010, Chile (C.A. Riedel). Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins #340, Santiago 8331010, Chile (A.M. Kalergis)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile,Corresponding authors at: Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República #440, Santiago 8331010, Chile (C.A. Riedel). Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins #340, Santiago 8331010, Chile (A.M. Kalergis)
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Abstract
In recent years, it has been revealed that Parkinson's disease pathology may begin to manifest in the gastrointestinal track at a much earlier time point than in the brain. This paradigm shift has been suggested following evidence in humans that has been reproduced in animal models. Since rodent models cannot recapitulate many of the human disease features, human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Parkinson's patients have been used to generate brain organoids, greatly contributing to our understanding of the disease pathophysiology. To understand the multifaced aspects of Parkinson's disease, it may be desirable to expand the complexity of these models, to include different brain regions, vasculature, immune cells as well as additional diverse organ-specific organoids such as gut and intestine. Furthermore, the contribution of gut microbiota to disease progression cannot be underestimated. Recent biotechnological advances propose that such combinations may be feasible. Here we discuss how this need can be met and propose that additional brain diseases can benefit from this approach.
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Wu MR, Lee CH, Hsiao JK. Bidirectional Enhancement of Cell Proliferation Between Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Choroid Plexus in a Cell-Based Therapy Model of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9181-9195. [PMID: 33239875 PMCID: PMC7682617 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s278687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke has shown success in experimental settings, but its translation into clinical practice is challenging. The choroid plexus (CP) plays a regulatory role in neural regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone. However, it is unclear whether MSCs interact with the CP in brain tissue repair. METHODS Rat (r)MSCs were labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) and transduced with red fluorescent protein, and then injected into the brain of rats with ischemic stroke and monitored over time by magnetic resonance imaging. The functional recovery of rats was determined by the corner test score, Modified Neurological Severity score, and stroke volume. MSCs and CP were also co-cultured for 14 days, and the medium was analyzed with a cytokine array. RESULTS In vivo imaging and histologic analysis revealed that ION-labeled MSCs were mainly located at the injection site and migrated to the infarct area and to the CP. Functional recovery was greater in rats treated with MSCs as compared to those that received mock treatment. Bidirectional enhancement of proliferation in MSCs and CP was observed in the co-culture; moreover, MSCs migrated to the CP. Cytokine analysis revealed elevated levels of proliferation- and adhesion-related cytokines and chemokines in the culture medium. Wikipathway predictions indicated that insulin-like growth factor 1/Akt signaling (WP3675), chemokine signaling pathway (WP2292), and spinal cord injury (WP2432) are involved in the increased proliferation and migration of MSCs co-cultured with the CP. CONCLUSION Crosstalk with the CP enhances MSC proliferation and migration in a transwell assay. Moreover, MRI reveals MSC migration towards the CP in an ischemic stroke model. The secreted factors resulting from this interaction have therapeutic potential for promoting functional recovery in the brain after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menq-Rong Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City23142, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City23142, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien97004, Taiwan
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Photoperiod Affects Leptin Action on the Choroid Plexus in Ewes Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide-Study on the mRNA Level. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207647. [PMID: 33076568 PMCID: PMC7589540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovine choroid plexus (ChP) expresses the long isoform of the leptin receptor, which makes this structure a potential target for leptin action. In sheep, leptin concentration in plasma is higher during long days (LD) than short days (SD). This study evaluates the influence a of photoperiod on leptin impact on the gene expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B, IL6), their receptors (IL1R1, IL1R2, ILRN, IL6R, IL6ST) and inflammasome components necessary for pro-IL-1β activation (NLRP3, PYCARD, CASP1), chemokine (CCL2), leptin receptor isoforms (LEPRa, LEPRb) and a suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS3) in the ChP of ewes treated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Studies were conducted on adult female sheep divided into four groups (n = 6 in each): control, leptin (20 μg/kg), LPS (400 ng/kg), and LPS and leptin injected under SD and LD photoperiods. The leptin alone did not affect the gene expression but in co-treatment with LPS increased (p < 0.05) IL1B but only during SD, and SOCS3, IL1R2, IL1RN, IL6ST and CCL2 only during LD, and decreased (p < 0.05) the IL1R1 expression only during SD photoperiod. This indicates that the immunomodulatory action of leptin on the ChP is manifested only under the LPS challenge and is photoperiodically dependent.
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Monaghan KL, Wan ECK, Ren X. Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment. GeroScience 2020; 42:1199-1216. [PMID: 32767220 PMCID: PMC7525651 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell-mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - K. L. Monaghan
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - E. C. K. Wan
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - X. Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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Fejes Z, Erdei J, Pócsi M, Takai J, Jeney V, Nagy A, Varga A, Bácsi A, Bognár L, Novák L, Kappelmayer J, Nagy B. Elevated Pro-Inflammatory Cell-Free MicroRNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Premature Infants after Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186870. [PMID: 32961661 PMCID: PMC7557369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) represents a high risk of neonatal mortality and later neurodevelopmental impairment in prematurity. IVH is accompanied with inflammation, hemolysis, and extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) oxidation. However, microRNA (miRNA) expression in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of preterm infants with IVH has been unknown. Therefore, in the present study, candidate pro-inflammatory cell-free miRNAs were analyzed in CSF samples from 47 preterm infants with grade III or IV IVH vs. clinical controls (n = 14). miRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR, normalized to “spike-in” cel-miR-39. Oxidized Hb and total heme levels were determined by spectrophotometry as well as IL-8, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin concentrations by ELISA. To reveal the origin of the investigated miRNAs, controlled hemolysis experiments were performed in vitro; in addition, human choroid plexus epithelial cell (HCPEpiC) cultures were treated with metHb, ferrylHb, heme, or TNF-α to replicate IVH-triggered cellular conditions. Levels of miR-223, miR-155, miR-181b, and miR-126 as well as Hb metabolites along with IL-8 were elevated in CSF after the onset of IVH vs. controls. Significant correlations were observed among the miRNAs, oxidized Hb forms, and the soluble adhesion molecules. During the post-IVH follow-up, attenuated expression of miRNAs and protein biomarkers in CSF was observed upon elimination of Hb metabolites. These miRNAs remained unaffected by a series of artificially induced hemolysis, which excluded red blood cells as their origin, while stimulation of HCPEpiCs with oxidized Hb fractions and heme resulted in increased extracellular miRNA levels in the cell culture supernatant. Overall, the hemorrhage-induced CSF miRNAs reflected inflammatory conditions as potential biomarkers in preterm IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fejes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.F.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.K.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Erdei
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.E.); (V.J.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marianna Pócsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.F.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Takai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.F.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (J.E.); (V.J.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Alíz Varga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.)
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (L.N.)
| | - László Novák
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (L.N.)
| | - János Kappelmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.F.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.K.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.F.); (M.P.); (J.T.); (J.K.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-340-006
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MacLean MA, Kamintsky L, Leck ED, Friedman A. The potential role of microvascular pathology in the neurological manifestations of coronavirus infection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:55. [PMID: 32912226 PMCID: PMC7481544 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses are highly pathogenic viruses that pose a serious threat to human health. Examples include the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) outbreak of 2012, and the current SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Herein, we review the neurological manifestations of coronaviruses and discuss the potential pathogenic role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We present the hypothesis that pre-existing vascular damage (due to aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension or other conditions) facilitates infiltration of the virus into the central nervous system (CNS), increasing neuro-inflammation and the likelihood of neurological symptoms. We also discuss the role of a neuroinflammatory cytokine profile in both blood-brain barrier dysfunction and macrovascular disease (e.g. ischemic stroke and thromboembolism). Future studies are needed to better understand the involvement of the microvasculature in coronavirus neuropathology, and to test the diagnostic potential of minimally-invasive screening tools (e.g. serum biomarkers, fluorescein retinal angiography and dynamic-contrast MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. MacLean
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre (Halifax Infirmary), 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
| | - L. Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Room 12 H, 12th Floor, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - E. D. Leck
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre (Halifax Infirmary), 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
| | - A. Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Room 12 H, 12th Floor, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS Canada
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Hadzic A, Nguyen TD, Hosoyamada M, Tomioka NH, Bergersen LH, Storm-Mathisen J, Morland C. The Lactate Receptor HCA 1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6457. [PMID: 32899645 PMCID: PMC7554735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume, composition, and movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for brain physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the main structure that produces CSF, the choroid plexus (CP). Due to the presence of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the CP, changes in blood and brain lactate levels are reflected in the CSF. A lactate receptor, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), is present in the brain, but whether it is located in the CP or in other periventricular structures has not been studied. Here, we investigated the distribution of HCA1 in the cerebral ventricular system using monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-HCA1 reporter mice. The reporter signal was only detected in the dorsal part of the third ventricle, where strong mRFP-HCA1 labeling was present in cells of the CP, the tela choroidea, and the neuroepithelial ventricular lining. Co-labeling experiments identified these cells as fibroblasts (in the CP, the tela choroidea, and the ventricle lining) and ependymal cells (in the tela choroidea and the ventricle lining). Our data suggest that the HCA1-containing fibroblasts and ependymal cells have the ability to respond to alterations in CSF lactate in body-brain signaling, but also as a sign of neuropathology (e.g., stroke and Alzheimer's disease biomarker).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Hadzic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Teresa D. Nguyen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.H.); (N.H.T.)
| | - Naoko H. Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.H.); (N.H.T.)
| | - Linda H. Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway;
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Healthy Brain Aging Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
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The Paradox of HIV Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrance and Antiretroviral Drug Delivery Deficiencies. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:695-708. [PMID: 32682564 PMCID: PMC7483662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV attacks the body's immune cells, frequently compromises the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and infects the CNS in the early stages of infection. Dysfunction of the BBB further potentiates viral replication within the CNS, which can lead to HIV-associated neuropathology. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly improves HIV patient outcomes and reduces mortality rates. However, there has been limited progress in targeting latent viral reservoirs within the CNS, which may eventually lead to rebound viremia. While ART drugs are shown to be effective in attenuating HIV replication in the periphery, the protection of the brain by the BBB offers an isolated sanctuary to harbor HIV and maintains chronic and persistent replication within the CNS. In this review, we elucidate the pathology of the BBB, its ability to potentiate viral replication, as well as current therapies and insufficiencies in treating HIV-infected individuals.
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Ngo-Thanh H, Sasaki T, Suzue K, Yokoo H, Isoda K, Kamitani W, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Imai T. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: another site disrupted during experimental cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1167-1175. [PMID: 32882285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe pathologies of malaria; it induces neuro-cognitive sequelae and has a high mortality rate. Although many factors involved in the development of cerebral malaria have been discovered, its pathogenic mechanisms are still not completely understood. Most studies on cerebral malaria have focused on the blood-brain barrier, despite the importance of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which protects the brain from peripheral inflammation. Consequently, the pathological role of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in cerebral malaria is currently unknown. To examine the status of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in cerebral malaria and malaria without this pathology (non-cerebral malaria), we developed a new method for evaluating the permeabilization of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier during cerebral malaria in mice, using Evans blue dye and a software-assisted image analysis. Using C57BL/6J (B6) mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain as an experimental cerebral malaria model and B6 mice infected with P. berghei NK65 strain or Plasmodium yoelii as non-cerebral malaria models, we revealed that the permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier increased during experimental cerebral malaria but not during non-cerebral malaria. We observed haemorrhaging in the cerebral ventricles and hemozoin-like structures in the choroid plexus, which is a key component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in cerebral malaria mice. Taken together, this evidence indicates that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is disrupted in experimental cerebral malaria, whereas it remains intact in non-cerebral malaria. We also found that P. berghei ANKA parasites and CD8+ T cells are involved in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier disruption in experimental cerebral malaria. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria might help in the development of effective strategies to prevent and manage cerebral malaria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Isoda
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Fernández-Sevilla LM, Valencia J, Flores-Villalobos MA, Gonzalez-Murillo Á, Sacedón R, Jiménez E, Ramírez M, Varas A, Vicente Á. The choroid plexus stroma constitutes a sanctuary for paediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the central nervous system. J Pathol 2020; 252:189-200. [PMID: 32686161 PMCID: PMC7540040 DOI: 10.1002/path.5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite current central nervous system-directed therapies for childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, relapse at this anatomical site still remains a challenging issue. Few reports have addressed the study of the specific cellular microenvironments which can promote the survival, quiescence, and therefore chemoresistance of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells in the central nervous system. Herein, we showed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy that in xenotransplanted mice, leukaemic cells infiltrate the connective tissue stroma of the choroid plexus, the brain structure responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid. The ultrastructural study also showed that leukaemia cells are able to migrate through blood vessels located in the choroid plexus stroma. In short-term co-cultures, leukaemic cells established strong interactions with human choroid plexus fibroblasts, mediated by an increased expression of ITGA4 (VLA-4)/ITGAL (LFA-1) and their ligands VCAM1/ICAM1. Upon contact with leukaemia cells, human choroid plexus fibroblasts acquired a cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype, with an increased expression of α-SMA and vimentin as well as pro-inflammatory factors. Human choroid plexus fibroblasts also have the capacity to reduce the proliferative index of leukaemic blasts and promote their survival and chemoresistance to methotrexate and cytarabine. The inhibition of VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions using anti-VLA-4 antibodies, and the blockade of Notch signalling pathway by using a γ-secretase inhibitor partially restored chemotherapy sensitivity of leukaemia cells. We propose that the choroid plexus stroma constitutes a sanctuary for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells in the central nervous system. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - África Gonzalez-Murillo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Advanced Therapies Unit, Niño Jesús University Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Advanced Therapies Unit, Niño Jesús University Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Pearson A, Ajoy R, Crynen G, Reed JM, Algamal M, Mullan M, Purohit D, Crawford F, Ojo JO. Molecular abnormalities in autopsied brain tissue from the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles of nonagenarians and Alzheimer disease patients. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:317. [PMID: 32854643 PMCID: PMC7450601 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventricular system plays a vital role in blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange and interstitial fluid-CSF drainage pathways. CSF is formed in the specialized secretory tissue called the choroid plexus, which consists of epithelial cells, fenestrated capillaries and the highly vascularized stroma. Very little is currently known about the role played by the ventricles and the choroid plexus tissue in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this study, we used our state-of-the-art proteomic platform, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach coupled with Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labeling to conduct a detailed unbiased proteomic analyses of autopsied tissue isolated from the walls of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles in AD (77.2 ± 0.6 yrs), age-matched controls (77.0 ± 0.5 yrs), and nonagenarian cases (93.2 ± 1.1 yrs). RESULTS Ingenuity pathway analyses identified phagosome maturation, impaired tight-junction signaling, and glucose/mannose metabolism as top significantly regulated pathways in controls vs nonagenarians. In matched-control vs AD cases we identified alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, remodeling of epithelia adherens junction, macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Nonagenarian vs AD cases demonstrated augmentation of oxidative stress, changes in gluconeogenesis-glycolysis pathways, and cellular effects of choroidal smooth muscle cell vasodilation. Amyloid plaque score uniquely correlated with remodeling of epithelial adherens junctions, Fc γ-receptor mediated phagocytosis, and alterations in RhoA signaling. Braak staging was uniquely correlated with altered iron homeostasis, superoxide radical degradation and phagosome maturation. CONCLUSIONS These changes provide novel insights to explain the compromise to the physiological properties and function of the ventricles/choroid plexus system in nonagenarian aging and AD pathogenesis. The pathways identified could provide new targets for therapeutic strategies to mitigate the divergent path towards AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pearson
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Rosa Ajoy
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jon M Reed
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Dushyant Purohit
- Bronx Veteran Administration Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Joseph O Ojo
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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