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Filograna A, De Tito S, Monte ML, Oliva R, Bruzzese F, Roca MS, Zannetti A, Greco A, Spano D, Ayala I, Liberti A, Petraccone L, Dathan N, Catara G, Schembri L, Colanzi A, Budillon A, Beccari AR, Del Vecchio P, Luini A, Corda D, Valente C. Identification and characterization of a new potent inhibitor targeting CtBP1/BARS in melanoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:137. [PMID: 38711119 PMCID: PMC11071220 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-terminal-binding protein 1/brefeldin A ADP-ribosylation substrate (CtBP1/BARS) acts both as an oncogenic transcriptional co-repressor and as a fission inducing protein required for membrane trafficking and Golgi complex partitioning during mitosis, hence for mitotic entry. CtBP1/BARS overexpression, in multiple cancers, has pro-tumorigenic functions regulating gene networks associated with "cancer hallmarks" and malignant behavior including: increased cell survival, proliferation, migration/invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Structurally, CtBP1/BARS belongs to the hydroxyacid-dehydrogenase family and possesses a NAD(H)-binding Rossmann fold, which, depending on ligands bound, controls the oligomerization of CtBP1/BARS and, in turn, its cellular functions. Here, we proposed to target the CtBP1/BARS Rossmann fold with small molecules as selective inhibitors of mitotic entry and pro-tumoral transcriptional activities. METHODS Structured-based screening of drug databases at different development stages was applied to discover novel ligands targeting the Rossmann fold. Among these identified ligands, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-{[(4-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}benzenesulfonamide, called Comp.11, was selected for further analysis. Fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal calorimetry, computational modelling and site-directed mutagenesis were employed to define the binding of Comp.11 to the Rossmann fold. Effects of Comp.11 on the oligomerization state, protein partners binding and pro-tumoral activities were evaluated by size-exclusion chromatography, pull-down, membrane transport and mitotic entry assays, Flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, motility/invasion, and colony assays in A375MM and B16F10 melanoma cell lines. Effects of Comp.11 on tumor growth in vivo were analyzed in mouse tumor model. RESULTS We identify Comp.11 as a new, potent and selective inhibitor of CtBP1/BARS (but not CtBP2). Comp.11 directly binds to the CtBP1/BARS Rossmann fold affecting the oligomerization state of the protein (unlike other known CtBPs inhibitors), which, in turn, hinders interactions with relevant partners, resulting in the inhibition of both CtBP1/BARS cellular functions: i) membrane fission, with block of mitotic entry and cellular secretion; and ii) transcriptional pro-tumoral effects with significantly hampered proliferation, EMT, migration/invasion, and colony-forming capabilities. The combination of these effects impairs melanoma tumor growth in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a potent and selective inhibitor of CtBP1/BARS active in cellular and melanoma animal models revealing new opportunities to study the role of CtBP1/BARS in tumor biology and to develop novel melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Filograna
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano De Tito
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. The Study Has Been Previously Performed at IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lo Monte
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- Animal Facility Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Roca
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, 80145, Italy
| | - Adelaide Greco
- Interdepartmental Service Center of Veterinary Radiology, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Liberti
- National Research Council (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro, 700185, Rome, Italy
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Nina Dathan
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Catara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- National Research Council (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro, 700185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmen Valente
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore"(IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Present address: Dompé Farmaceutici S.P.A, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Chougoni KK, Park H, Damle PK, Mason T, Cheng B, Dcona MM, Szomju B, Dozmorov MG, Idowu MO, Grossman SR. Coordinate transcriptional regulation of ErbB2/3 by C-terminal binding protein 2 signals sensitivity to ErbB2 inhibition in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37949862 PMCID: PMC10638350 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to identify new therapeutic vulnerabilities in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Transcriptional co-regulators C-terminal binding proteins (CtBP) 1 and 2 are highly overexpressed in human PDAC, and CRISPR-based homozygous deletion of Ctbp2 in a mouse PDAC cell line (CKP) dramatically decreased tumor growth, reduced metastasis, and prolonged survival in orthotopic mouse allografts. Transcriptomic profiling of tumors derived from CKP vs. Ctbp2-deleted CKP cells (CKP/KO) revealed significant downregulation of the EGFR-superfamily receptor Erbb3, the heterodimeric signaling partner for both EGFR and ErbB2. Compared with CKP cells, CKP/KO cells also demonstrated reduced Erbb2 expression and did not activate downstream Akt signaling after stimulation of Erbb3 by its ligand neuregulin-1. ErbB3 expression in human PDAC cell lines was similarly dependent on CtBP2 and depletion of ErbB3 in a human PDAC cell line severely attenuated growth, demonstrating the critical role of ErbB3 signaling in maintaining PDAC cell growth. Sensitivity to the ErbB2-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib, but not the EGFR-targeted agent erlotinib, varied in proportion to the level of ErbB3 expression in mouse and human PDAC cells, suggesting that an ErBb2 inhibitor can effectively leverage CtBP2-driven transcriptional activation of physiologic ErbB2/3 expression and signaling in PDAC cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranthi Kumar Chougoni
- Keck School of Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Haemin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Priyadarshan K Damle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Travis Mason
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Bo Cheng
- Keck School of Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Martin M Dcona
- Keck School of Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Barbara Szomju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael O Idowu
- VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Steven R Grossman
- Keck School of Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Dcona MM, Chougoni KK, Dcona DT, West JL, Singh SJ, Ellis KC, Grossman SR. Combined Targeting of NAD Biosynthesis and the NAD-dependent Transcription Factor C-terminal Binding Protein as a Promising Novel Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2003-2013. [PMID: 37707363 PMCID: PMC10549224 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies targeting metabolic derangements unique to cancer cells are emerging as a key strategy to address refractory solid tumors such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) that exhibit resistance to extreme nutrient deprivation in the tumor microenvironment. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) participates in multiple metabolic pathways and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is one of the key intracellular enzymes that facilitate the synthesis of NAD. C-terminal binding proteins 1 and 2 (CtBP) are paralogous NAD-dependent oncogenic transcription factors and dehydrogenases that nucleate an epigenetic complex regulating a cohort of genes responsible for cancer proliferation and metastasis. As adequate intracellular NAD is required for CtBP to oligomerize and execute its oncogenic transcriptional coregulatory activities, we hypothesized that NAD depletion would synergize with CtBP inhibition, improving cell inhibitory efficacy. Indeed, depletion of cellular NAD via the NAMPT inhibitor GMX1778 enhanced growth inhibition induced by either RNAi-mediated CtBP1/2 knockdown or the CtBP dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-chlorophenyl-2-hydroxyimino propanoic acid as much as 10-fold in PDAC cells, while untransformed pancreatic ductal cells were unaffected. The growth inhibitory effects of the NAMPT/CtBP inhibitor combination correlated pharmacodynamically with on-target disruption of CtBP1/2 dimerization, CtBP2 interaction with the CoREST epigenetic regulator, and transcriptional activation of the oncogenic target gene TIAM1. Moreover, this same therapeutic combination strongly attenuated growth of PDAC cell line xenografts in immunodeficient mice, with no observable toxicity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that targeting CtBP in combination with NAD depletion represents a promising therapeutic strategy for PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE Effective precision therapies are lacking in PDAC. We demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of NAD metabolism and the oncoprotein CtBP is potently effective at blocking growth of both PDAC cells in culture and human PDAC-derived tumors in mice and should be explored further as a potential therapy for patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Michael Dcona
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kranthi Kumar Chougoni
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diana T. Dcona
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jacqueline L. West
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sahib J. Singh
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Keith C. Ellis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven R. Grossman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Singh V, Katiyar A, Malik P, Kumar S, Mohan A, Singh H, Jain D. Identification of molecular biomarkers associated with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) using whole-exome sequencing. Cancer Biomark 2023:CBM220211. [PMID: 37694353 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ADCA) based on molecular profiling. However, no such molecular target exists for squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). An exome sequence may provide new markers for personalized medicine for lung cancer patients of all subtypes. The current study aims to discover new genetic markers that can be used as universal biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS WES of 19 advanced NSCLC patients (10 ADCA and 9 SQCC) was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000. Variant calling was performed using GATK HaplotypeCaller and then the impacts of variants on protein structure or function were predicted using SnpEff and ANNOVAR. The clinical impact of somatic variants in cancer was assessed using cancer archives. Somatic variants were further prioritized using a knowledge-driven variant interpretation approach. Sanger sequencing was used to validate functionally important variants. RESULTS We identified 24 rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) including 17 non-synonymous SNVs, and 7 INDELs in 18 genes possibly linked to lung carcinoma. Variants were classified as known somatic (n= 10), deleterious (n= 8), and variant of uncertain significance (n= 6). We found TBP and MPRIP genes exclusively associated with ADCA subtypes, FBOX6 with SQCC subtypes and GPRIN2, KCNJ18 and TEKT4 genes mutated in all the patients. The Sanger sequencing of 10 high-confidence somatic SNVs showed 100% concordance in 7 genes, and 80% concordance in the remaining 3 genes. CONCLUSIONS Our bioinformatics analysis identified KCNJ18, GPRIN2, TEKT4, HRNR, FOLR3, ESSRA, CTBP2, MPRIP, TBP, and FBXO6 may contribute to progression in NSCLC and could be used as new biomarkers for the treatment. The mechanism by which GPRIN2, KCNJ12, and TEKT4 contribute to tumorigenesis is unclear, but our results suggest they may play an important role in NSCLC and it is worth investigating in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Bioinformatics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Malik
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Saraiva C, Lopes-Nunes J, Esteves M, Santos T, Vale A, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R, Bernardino L. CtBP Neuroprotective Role in Toxin-Based Parkinson's Disease Models: From Expression Pattern to Dopaminergic Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4246-4260. [PMID: 37060501 PMCID: PMC10293336 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal binding proteins (CtBP) are transcriptional co-repressors regulating gene expression. CtBP promote neuronal survival through repression of pro-apoptotic genes, and may represent relevant targets for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, evidence of the role of CtBP1 and CtBP2 in neurodegeneration are scarce. Herein, we showed that CtBP1 and CtBP2 are expressed in neurons, dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of adult mice. Old mice showed a lower expression of CtBP1 in the SN and higher expression of CtPB2 in the SN and striatum compared with adult mice. In vivo models for PD (paraquat, MPTP, 6-OHDA) showed increased expression of CtBP1 in the SN and striatum while CtBP2 expression was increased in the striatum of paraquat-treated rats only. Moreover, an increased expression of both CtBP was found in a dopaminergic cell line (N27) exposed to 6-OHDA. In the 6-OHDA PD model, we found a dual effect using an unspecific ligand of CtBP, the 4-methylthio 2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB): higher concentrations (e.g. 2500 µM, 1000 µM) inhibited dopaminergic survival, while at 250 μM it counteracted cell death. In vitro, this latter protective role was absent after the siRNA silencing of CtBP1 or CtBP2. Altogether, this is the first report exploring the cellular and regional expression pattern of CtBP in the nigrostriatal pathway and the neuroprotective role in PD toxin-based models. CtBP could counteract dopaminergic cell death in the 6-OHDA PD model and, therefore, CtBP function and therapeutic potential in PD should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Saraiva
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marta Esteves
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Vale
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Clara Cristóvão
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Chen Y, Lu X, Gao L, Dean DC, Liu Y. Spheroid-induced heterogeneity and plasticity of uveal melanoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:309-321. [PMID: 35404029 PMCID: PMC9050762 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism underlying cancer heterogeneity and plasticity remains elusive, in spite of the fact that multiple hypotheses have been put forward. We intended to clarify this heterogeneity in uveal melanoma (UM) by looking for evidence of cancer stem cell involvement and a potential role of ZEB1 in cancer cell plasticity. METHODS Spheroids derived from human UM cells as well as xenograft tumors in nude mice were dissected for signs of heterogeneity and plasticity. Two human UM cell lines were studied: the epithelioid type C918 cell line and the spindle type OCM1 cell line. We knocked down ZEB1 in both cell lines to investigate its involvement in the regulation of stem-like cell formation and vascularization by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. RESULTS We found that a small side population (SP) in OCM1 showed stem cell-like properties such as heterogeneity, remote dissemination and nuclear dye exclusion after spheroid formation in vitro. ZEB1 regulated UM stem cell generation indirectly by promoting cell proliferation to form large size tumors in vivo and spheroid in vitro, and directly by binding to stemness genes such as TERT and ABCB1. In addition, we found that ZEB1 participates in vasculogenic mimicry system formation through the regulation of CD34 and VE-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that cancer stem cells may contribute to UM heterogeneity and plasticity and that ZEB1 may play a regulatory role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Medical Center for Geriatric Diseases of Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
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Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Integration Reveals Redox-Dependent Metabolic Rewiring in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205058. [PMID: 34680207 PMCID: PMC8534001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewiring glucose metabolism toward aerobic glycolysis provides cancer cells with a rapid generation of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH, while pyruvate oxidation to lactate guarantees refueling of oxidized NAD+ to sustain glycolysis. CtPB2, an NADH-dependent transcriptional co-regulator, has been proposed to work as an NADH sensor, linking metabolism to epigenetic transcriptional reprogramming. By integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics in a triple-negative human breast cancer cell line, we show that genetic and pharmacological down-regulation of CtBP2 strongly reduces cell proliferation by modulating the redox balance, nucleotide synthesis, ROS generation, and scavenging. Our data highlight the critical role of NADH in controlling the oncogene-dependent crosstalk between metabolism and the epigenetically mediated transcriptional program that sustains energetic and anabolic demands in cancer cells.
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The transrepression and transactivation roles of CtBPs in the pathogenesis of different diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1335-1347. [PMID: 34196767 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene transcription is strictly controlled by transcriptional complexes, which are assemblies of transcription factors, transcriptional regulators, and co-regulators. Mammalian genomes encode two C-terminal-binding proteins (CtBPs), CtBP1 and CtBP2, which are both well-known transcriptional corepressors of oncogenic processes. Their overexpression in tumors is associated with malignant behavior, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as with an increase in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CtBPs coordinate with other transcriptional regulators, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (p300 and CBP [CREBP-binding protein]) that contain the PXDLS motif, and with transcription factors to assemble transcriptional complexes that dock onto the promoters of genes to initiate gene transcription. Emerging evidence suggests that CtBPs function as both corepressors and coactivators in different biological processes ranging from apoptosis to inflammation and osteogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of CtBPs or the interactions required to form transcriptional complexes has also shown promising effects in preventing disease progression. This review summarizes the most recent progress in the study of CtBP functions and therapeutic inhibitors in different biological processes. This knowledge may enable a better understanding of the complexity of the roles of CtBPs, while providing new insights into therapeutic strategies that target CtBPs.
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Haldavnekar R, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan DB. Boosting the sub-cellular biomolecular cancer signals by self-functionalized tag-free nano sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113407. [PMID: 34134072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-based sub-cellular cancer diagnosis can simultaneously obtain multiple biomolecular signals crucial in diagnostic platform for a heterogeneous disease like cancer. But, SERS-probes being typically tagged with chemical functionalization demonstrate limitations due to adverse biocompatibility, ineffective cellular internalization, SERS-signal quenching and spectral contamination. Although, tag-free SERS-probes overcome these limitations; complexity in spectral interpretation and detection insensitivity make it disadvantageous. In this study, we have exploited the inherent charges of cellular biomolecules and introduced self-functionalized complementary charged, tag-free SERS nano probes for biomolecule-specific investigation. Extremely small nano probes (sub 10 nm), synthesized with multiphoton ionization were functionalized with charge by physical synthesis without any ligands or chemical processes. The probes demonstrated significant SERS (EF~106) with analyte molecules (4ATP & 4MBA). Multifold signal boost was achieved for the signals of cellular components - amplification of ~7 fold for DNA, ~16 fold for proteins and ~24 fold for lipids with the commentary charged nano probes as compared to the neutral nano probes. The signal boost was attributed to the efficient delivery of extremely small, complementary charged probes to the cellular biomolecules of interest enabling simultaneous detection of sub-cellular biomolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids and with high reproducibility. Cancer classification and investigation of drug resistance in cancer with single cell sensitivity was demonstrated. Such biomolecule-specific investigation of cancer from intact cells will open pathways for comprehensive cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Haldavnekar
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada; Nanocharacterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada; Nanocharacterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Dr Bo Tan
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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Expression and Function of ZEB1 in the Cornea. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040925. [PMID: 33923743 PMCID: PMC8074155 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZEB1 is an important transcription factor for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in the regulation of cell differentiation and transformation. In the cornea, ZEB1 presents in all three layers: the epithelium, the stroma and the endothelium. Mutations of ZEB1 have been linked to multiple corneal genetic defects, particularly to the corneal dystrophies including keratoconus (KD), Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of ZEB1 may affect corneal stem cell homeostasis, and cause corneal cell apoptosis, stromal fibrosis, angiogenesis, squamous metaplasia. Understanding how ZEB1 regulates the initiation and progression of these disorders will help us in targeting ZEB1 for potential avenues to generate therapeutics to treat various ZEB1-related disorders.
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11
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Li M, Riddle S, Kumar S, Poczobutt J, McKeon BA, Frid MG, Ostaff M, Reisz JA, Nemkov T, Fini MA, Laux A, Hu CJ, El Kasmi KC, D’Alessandro A, Brown RD, Zhang H, Stenmark KR. Microenvironmental Regulation of Macrophage Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiles in Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640718. [PMID: 33868271 PMCID: PMC8044406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and subsequent polarization of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages in the perivascular regions of pulmonary arteries is a key feature of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the mechanisms driving macrophage polarization within the adventitial microenvironment during PH progression remain unclear. We previously established that reciprocal interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages are essential in driving the activated phenotype of both cell types although the signals involved in these interactions remain undefined. We sought to test the hypothesis that adventitial fibroblasts produce a complex array of metabolites and proteins that coordinately direct metabolomic and transcriptomic re-programming of naïve macrophages to recapitulate the pathophysiologic phenotype observed in PH. Media conditioned by pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts isolated from pulmonary hypertensive (PH-CM) or age-matched control (CO-CM) calves were used to activate bone marrow derived macrophages. RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses were performed. Fibroblast conditioned medium from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or controls were used to validate transcriptional findings. The microenvironment was targeted in vitro using a fibroblast-macrophage co-culture system and in vivo in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH. Both CO-CM and PH-CM actively, yet distinctly regulated macrophage transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. Network integration revealed coordinated rewiring of pro-inflammatory and pro-remodeling gene regulation in concert with altered mitochondrial and intermediary metabolism in response to PH-CM. Pro-inflammation and metabolism are key regulators of macrophage phenotype in vitro, and are closely related to in vivo flow sorted lung interstitial/perivascular macrophages from hypoxic mice. Metabolic changes are accompanied by increased free NADH levels and increased expression of a metabolic sensor and transcriptional co-repressor, C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1), a mechanism shared with adventitial PH-fibroblasts. Targeting the microenvironment created by both cell types with the CtBP1 inhibitor MTOB, inhibited macrophage pro-inflammatory and metabolic re-programming both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, coordinated transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming is a critical mechanism regulating macrophage polarization in response to the complex adventitial microenvironment in PH. Targeting the adventitial microenvironment can return activated macrophages toward quiescence and attenuate pathological remodeling that drives PH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Suzette Riddle
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joanna Poczobutt
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - B. Alexandre McKeon
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maria G. Frid
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maureen Ostaff
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mehdi A. Fini
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aya Laux
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Dale Brown
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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12
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Kreuzer M, Banerjee A, Birts CN, Darley M, Tavassoli A, Ivan M, Blaydes JP. Glycolysis, via NADH-dependent dimerisation of CtBPs, regulates hypoxia-induced expression of CAIX and stem-like breast cancer cell survival. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2988-3001. [PMID: 32618367 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. These responses include the upregulation of glycolysis to maintain ATP production. This also generates acidic metabolites, which require HIF-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) for their neutralisation. C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are coregulators of gene transcription and couple glycolysis with gene transcription due to their regulation by the glycolytic coenzyme NADH. Here, we find that experimental manipulation of glycolysis and CtBP function in breast cancer cells through multiple complementary approaches supports a hypothesis whereby the expression of known HIF-inducible genes, and CAIX in particular, adapts to available glucose in the microenvironment through a mechanism involving CtBPs. This novel pathway promotes the survival of stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cells in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kreuzer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
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13
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Jin L, Zhang Y, Liang W, Lu X, Piri N, Wang W, Kaplan HJ, Dean DC, Zhang L, Liu Y. Zeb1 promotes corneal neovascularization by regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:349. [PMID: 32620870 PMCID: PMC7335040 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for tissue repair; but abnormal angiogenesis or neovascularization (NV) causes diseases in the eye. The avascular status in the cornea is a prerequisite for corneal clarity and thought to be maintained by the equilibrium between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors that controls proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) sprouting from the pericorneal plexus. VEGF is the most important intrinsic factor for angiogenesis; anti-VEGF therapies are available for treating ocular NV. However, the effectiveness of the therapies is limited because of VEGF-independent mechanism(s). We show that Zeb1 is an important factor promoting vascular EC proliferation and corneal NV; and a couple of small molecule inhibitors can evict Ctbp from the Zeb1-Ctbp complex, thereby reducing EC Zeb1 expression, proliferation, and corneal NV. We conclude that Zeb1-regulation of angiogenesis is independent of Vegf and that the ZEB1-CtBP inhibitors can be of potential therapeutic significance in treating corneal NV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Niloofar Piri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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14
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Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Song T, Yu Z, Li Z, Duan N, Dang X. NSM00158 Specifically Disrupts the CtBP2-p300 Interaction to Reverse CtBP2-Mediated Transrepression and Prevent the Occurrence of Nonunion. Mol Cells 2020; 43:517-529. [PMID: 32434298 PMCID: PMC7332362 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are transcription regulators that control gene expression in multiple cellular processes. Our recent findings indicated that overexpression of CtBP2 caused the repression of multiple bone development and differentiation genes, resulting in atrophic nonunion. Therefore, disrupting the CtBP2-associated transcriptional complex with small molecules may be an effective strategy to prevent nonunion. In the present study, we developed an in vitro screening system in yeast cells to identify small molecules capable of disrupting the CtBP2-p300 interaction. Herein, we focus our studies on revealing the in vitro and in vivo effects of a small molecule NSM00158, which showed the strongest inhibition of the CtBP2-p300 interaction in vitro. Our results indicated that NSM00158 could specifically disrupt CtBP2 function and cause the disassociation of the CtBP2-p300-Runx2 complex. The impairment of this complex led to failed binding of Runx2 to its downstream targets, causing their upregulation. Using a mouse fracture model, we evaluated the in vivo effect of NSM00158 on preventing nonunion. Consistent with the in vitro results, the NSM00158 treatment resulted in the upregulation of Runx2 downstream targets. Importantly, we found that the administration of NSM00158 could prevent the occurrence of nonunion. Our results suggest that NSM00158 represents a new potential compound to prevent the occurrence of nonunion by disrupting CtBP2 function and impairing the assembly of the CtBP2-p300-Runx2 transcriptional complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 70005, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Department of Surgery Room, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zirui Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ning Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 70005, China
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15
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Banerjee A, Birts CN, Darley M, Parker R, Mirnezami AH, West J, Cutress RI, Beers SA, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Blaydes JP. Stem cell-like breast cancer cells with acquired resistance to metformin are sensitive to inhibitors of NADH-dependent CtBP dimerization. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:871-882. [PMID: 30668646 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered flux through major metabolic pathways is a hallmark of cancer cells and provides opportunities for therapy. Stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cells can cause metastasis and therapy resistance. They possess metabolic plasticity, theoretically enabling resistance to therapies targeting a specific metabolic state. The C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) transcriptional regulators are potential therapeutic targets in highly glycolytic cancer cells, as they are activated by the glycolytic coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). However, SCLC cells commonly exist in an oxidative state with low rates of glycolysis. Metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain; it can kill oxidative SCLC cells and has anti-cancer activity in patients. SCLC cells can acquire resistance to metformin through increased glycolysis. Given the potential for long-term metformin therapy, we have studied acquired metformin resistance in cells from the claudin-low subtype of breast cancer. Cells cultured for 8 weeks in sub-IC50 metformin concentration proliferated comparably to untreated cells and exhibited higher rates of glucose uptake. SCLC cells were enriched in metformin-adapted cultures. These SCLC cells acquired sensitivity to multiple methods of inhibition of CtBP function, including a cyclic peptide inhibitor of NADH-induced CtBP dimerization. Single-cell mRNA sequencing identified a reprogramming of epithelial-mesenchymal and stem cell gene expression in the metformin-adapted SCLC cells. These SCLC cells demonstrated an acquired dependency on one of these genes, Tenascin C. Thus, in addition to acquisition of sensitivity to glycolysis-targeting therapeutic strategies, the reprograming of gene expression in the metformin-adapted SCLC cells renders them sensitive to potential therapeutic approaches not directly linked to cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alex H Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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16
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Deng Y, Guo W, Li G, Li S, Li H, Li X, Niu B, Song M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li F. Protocatechuic Aldehyde Represses Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells through Targeting C-terminal Binding Protein 1. J Breast Cancer 2020; 23:20-35. [PMID: 32140267 PMCID: PMC7043946 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2020.23.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) is a transcriptional co-repressor that is overexpressed in many cancers. CtBP1 transcriptionally represses a broad array of tumor suppressors, which promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that CtBP1 is a potential target for cancer therapy. This study was designed to screen for compounds that potentially target CtBP1. Methods Using a structure-based virtual screening for CtBP1 inhibitors, we found protocatechuic aldehyde (PA), a natural compound found in the root of a traditional Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, that directly binds to CtBP1. Microscale thermophoresis assay was performed to determine whether PA and CtBP1 directly bind to each other. Further, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated Cas9 nuclease-mediated CtBP1 knockout in breast cancer cells was used to validate the CtBP1 targeting specificity of PA. Results Functional studies showed that PA repressed the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, PA elevated the expression of the downstream targets of CtBP1, p21 and E-cadherin, and decreased CtBP1 binding affinity for the promoter regions of p21 and E-cadherin in breast cancer cells. However, PA did not affect the expression of p21 and E-cadherin in the CtBP1 knockout breast cancer cells. In addition, the CtBP1 knockout breast cancer cells showed resistance to PA-induced repression of proliferation and migration. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that PA directly bound to CtBP1 and inhibited the growth and migration of breast cancer cells through CtBP1 inhibition. Structural modifications of PA are further required to enhance its binding affinity and selectivity for CtBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guancheng Li
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bei Niu
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhu Song
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yamei Zhang
- Central Lab, Chengdu Univerisity Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fulun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Li H, Zhang C, Yang C, Blevins M, Norris D, Zhao R, Huang M. C-terminal binding proteins 1 and 2 in traumatic brain injury-induced inflammation and their inhibition as an approach for anti-inflammatory treatment. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1107-1120. [PMID: 32174788 PMCID: PMC7053329 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.42109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces an acute inflammatory response in the central nervous system that involves both resident and peripheral immune cells. The ensuing chronic neuroinflammation causes cell death and tissue damage and may contribute to neurodegeneration. The molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of this chronic inflammation state remain underexplored. C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) 1 and 2 are transcriptional coregulators that repress diverse cellular processes. Unexpectedly, we find that the CtBPs can transactivate a common set of proinflammatory genes both in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia, astrocytes and macrophages, and in a mouse model of the mild form of TBI. We also find that the expression of these genes is markedly enhanced by a single mild injury in both brain and peripheral blood leukocytes in a severity- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate that specific inhibitors of the CtBPs effectively suppress the expression of the CtBP target genes and thus improve neurological outcome in mice receiving single and repeated mild TBIs. This discovery suggests new avenues for therapeutic modulation of the inflammatory response to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Melanie Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - David Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - Mingxia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
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18
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Byun JS, Park S, Yi DI, Shin JH, Hernandez SG, Hewitt SM, Nicklaus MC, Peach ML, Guasch L, Tang B, Wakefield LM, Yan T, Caban A, Jones A, Kabbout M, Vohra N, Nápoles AM, Singhal S, Yancey R, De Siervi A, Gardner K. Epigenetic re-wiring of breast cancer by pharmacological targeting of C-terminal binding protein. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:689. [PMID: 31534138 PMCID: PMC6751206 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is an NADH-dependent dimeric family of nuclear proteins that scaffold interactions between transcriptional regulators and chromatin-modifying complexes. Its association with poor survival in several cancers implicates CtBP as a promising target for pharmacological intervention. We employed computer-assisted drug design to search for CtBP inhibitors, using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and docking. Functional screening of these drugs identified 4 compounds with low toxicity and high water solubility. Micro molar concentrations of these CtBP inhibitors produces significant de-repression of epigenetically silenced pro-epithelial genes, preferentially in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. This epigenetic reprogramming occurs through eviction of CtBP from gene promoters; disrupted recruitment of chromatin-modifying protein complexes containing LSD1, and HDAC1; and re-wiring of activating histone marks at targeted genes. In functional assays, CtBP inhibition disrupts CtBP dimerization, decreases cell migration, abolishes cellular invasion, and improves DNA repair. Combinatorial use of CtBP inhibitors with the LSD1 inhibitor pargyline has synergistic influence. Finally, integrated correlation of gene expression in breast cancer patients with nuclear levels of CtBP1 and LSD1, reveals new potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. These findings implicate a broad role for this class of compounds in strategies for epigenetically targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung S Byun
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samson Park
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dae Ik Yi
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jee-Hye Shin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Laura Guasch
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Binwu Tang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tingfen Yan
- National Human Genome Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ambar Caban
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alana Jones
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbout
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nasreen Vohra
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Anna María Nápoles
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ryan Yancey
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adriana De Siervi
- Laboratorio de Oncologıa Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapeuticos, Instituto de Biologıa y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kevin Gardner
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Zhang X, Du K, Lou Z, Ding K, Zhang F, Zhu J, Chang Z. The CtBP1-HDAC1/2-IRF1 transcriptional complex represses the expression of the long noncoding RNA GAS5 in human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1460-1471. [PMID: 31337976 PMCID: PMC6643137 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Arrest Specific 5 (GAS5), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. However, its function, downstream targets and upstream regulatory mechanism are still obscure in osteosarcoma cells. Here, we discovered that GAS5 was downregulated in cancerous osteosarcoma tissues and cells. Using a microarray analysis, we identified that GAS5 can regulate the expression of TP53, Bax, Bim, DDB2, TGFB and ROS1 in osteosarcoma cells. Specifically, GAS5 overexpression in the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line induced TP53, Bax and Bim levels but inhibited DDB2, TGFB and ROS1 expression, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, colony formation and in vivo tumor formation. By analyzing the GAS5 promoter region (-2000), we identified several potential transcription factor-binding sites including NF-ĸB, IK-1, AP-1, SP1 and IRF1. By individually knocking down these transcription factors, we found that only knockdown of IRF1 affected GAS5 expression. Using immunoprecipitation (IP), mass spectrometry assays, and co-IP assays, we identified that IRF1 formed a transcriptional complex with Histone Deacetylase 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) and C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1). Functional analyses indicated that the CtBP1-HDAC1/2-IRF1 complex specifically bound to the GAS5 promoter and regulated its expression and downstream events. Knockdown of CtBP1 or overexpression of IRF1 in osteosarcoma cells can significantly reverse their oncogenic phenotypes. Altogether, our results indicated that the CtBP1-HDAC1/2-IRF1 transcriptional complex inhibited GAS5-mediated signaling in osteosarcoma cells, and it might be a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. NO.76 Nanguo Rd, Xi'an City, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Kaili Du
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Zhenkai Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Keyuan Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. NO.76 Nanguo Rd, Xi'an City, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. NO.76 Nanguo Rd, Xi'an City, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhen Chang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. NO.76 Nanguo Rd, Xi'an City, 710054, Shanxi, China
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20
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Dcona MM, Damle PK, Zarate-Perez F, Morris BL, Nawaz Z, Dennis MJ, Deng X, Korwar S, Singh SJ, Ellis KC, Royer WE, Bandyopadhyay D, Escalante C, Grossman SR. Active-Site Tryptophan, the Target of Antineoplastic C-Terminal Binding Protein Inhibitors, Mediates Inhibitor Disruption of CtBP Oligomerization and Transcription Coregulatory Activities. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:99-108. [PMID: 31036695 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding proteins (CtBP1/2) are oncogenic transcriptional coregulators and dehydrogenases often overexpressed in multiple solid tumors, including breast, colon, and ovarian cancer, and associated with poor survival. CtBPs act by repressing expression of genes responsible for apoptosis (e.g., PUMA, BIK) and metastasis-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (e.g., CDH1), and by activating expression of genes that promote migratory and invasive properties of cancer cells (e.g., TIAM1) and genes responsible for enhanced drug resistance (e.g., MDR1). CtBP's transcriptional functions are also critically dependent on oligomerization and nucleation of transcriptional complexes. Recently, we have developed a family of CtBP dehydrogenase inhibitors, based on the parent 2-hydroxyimino-3-phenylpropanoic acid (HIPP), that specifically disrupt cancer cell viability, abrogate CtBP's transcriptional function, and block polyp formation in a mouse model of intestinal polyposis that depends on CtBP's oncogenic functions. Crystallographic analysis revealed that HIPP interacts with CtBP1/2 at a conserved active site tryptophan (W318/324; CtBP1/2) that is unique among eukaryotic D2-dehydrogenases. To better understand the mechanism of action of HIPP-class inhibitors, we investigated the contribution of W324 to CtBP2's biochemical and physiologic activities utilizing mutational analysis. Indeed, W324 was necessary for CtBP2 self-association, as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and in vivo cross-linking. Additionally, W324 supported CtBP's association with the transcriptional corepressor CoREST, and was critical for CtBP2 induction of cell motility. Notably, the HIPP derivative 4-chloro-HIPP biochemically and biologically phenocopied mutational inactivation of CtBP2 W324. Our data support further optimization of W318/W324-interacting CtBP dehydrogenase inhibitors that are emerging as a novel class of cancer cell-specific therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Dcona
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Priyadarshan K Damle
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Francisco Zarate-Perez
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Benjamin L Morris
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Zaid Nawaz
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Michael J Dennis
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Sudha Korwar
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Sahib J Singh
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Keith C Ellis
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - William E Royer
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Carlos Escalante
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
| | - Steven R Grossman
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M.D., P.K.D., Z.N., M.J.D., S.J.S., S.R.G.), Human and Molecular Genetics (B.L.M., S.R.G.), Physiology and Biophysics (F.Z.-P., C.E.), Medicinal Chemistry (S.K., K.C.E.), and Biostatistics (X.D., D.B.) and Massey Cancer Center (K.C.E., D.B., C.E., S.R.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (W.E.R.)
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21
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Arthur SA, Blaydes JP, Houghton FD. Glycolysis Regulates Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal under Hypoxia through HIF-2α and the Glycolytic Sensors CTBPs. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:728-742. [PMID: 30880076 PMCID: PMC6450050 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis and hypoxia are key regulators of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal, but how changes in metabolism affect gene expression is poorly understood. C-terminal binding proteins (CTBPs) are glycolytic sensors that through NADH binding link the metabolic state of the cell to its gene expression, by acting as transcriptional corepressors, or coactivators. However, the role of CTBPs in hESCs has not previously been investigated. A direct interaction between hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) and the CTBP proximal promoters in hESCs cultured only under hypoxia was demonstrated. Decreasing the rate of flux through glycolysis in hESCs maintained under hypoxia resulted in a reduction of CTBPs, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, but also in the expression of HIF-2α. Silencing CTBP expression resulted in the loss of pluripotency marker expression demonstrating that CTBPs are involved in hESC maintenance. These data suggest that under hypoxia, glycolysis regulates self-renewal through HIF-2α and the induction of the metabolic sensors CTBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Arthur
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Franchesca D Houghton
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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22
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An intestinal stem cell niche in Apc mutated neoplasia targetable by CtBP inhibition. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32408-32418. [PMID: 30197752 PMCID: PMC6126694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) drives intestinal polyposis in the Apcmin mouse model of human Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. As CtBP2 is targetable by an inhibitor of its dehydrogenase domain, understanding CtBP2’s role in adenoma formation is necessary to optimize CtBP-targeted therapies in Apc mutated human neoplasia. Tumor initiating cell (TIC) populations were substantially decreased in ApcminCtbp2+/- intestinal epithelia. Moreover, normally nuclear Ctbp2 was mislocalized to the cytoplasm of intestinal crypt stem cells in Ctbp2+/- mice, both Apcmin and wildtype, correlating with low/absent CD133 expression in those cells, and possibly explaining the lower burden of polyps in Apcmin Ctbp2+/- mice. The CtBP inhibitor 4-chloro-hydroxyimino phenylpyruvate (4-Cl-HIPP) also robustly downregulated TIC populations and significantly decreased intestinal polyposis in Apcmin mice. We have therefore demonstrated a critical link between polyposis, intestinal TIC’s and Ctbp2 gene dosage or activity, supporting continued efforts targeting CtBP in the treatment or prevention of Apc mutated neoplasia.
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23
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Blevins MA, Huang M, Zhao R. The Role of CtBP1 in Oncogenic Processes and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 16:981-990. [PMID: 28576945 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional corepressor proteins have emerged as an important facet of cancer etiology. These corepressor proteins are often altered by loss- or gain-of-function mutations, leading to transcriptional imbalance. Thus, research directed at expanding our current understanding of transcriptional corepressors could impact the future development of new cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapies. In this review, our current understanding of the CtBP corepressors, and their role in both development and disease, is discussed in detail. Importantly, the role of CtBP1 overexpression in adult tissues in promoting the progression of multiple cancer types through their ability to modulate the transcription of developmental genes ectopically is explored. CtBP1 overexpression is known to be protumorigenic and affects the regulation of gene networks associated with "cancer hallmarks" and malignant behavior, including increased cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As a transcriptional regulator of broad developmental processes capable of promoting malignant growth in adult tissues, therapeutically targeting the CtBP1 corepressor has the potential to be an effective method for the treatment of diverse tumor types. Although efforts to develop CtBP1 inhibitors are still in the early stages, the current progress and the future perspectives of therapeutically targeting this transcriptional corepressor are also discussed. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 981-90. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mingxia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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24
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Immobilization of d -amino acid oxidase via a biomimetic coating and its application for the production of 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Feng Y, Zhou L, Sun X, Li Q. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2): a promising target for anti-cancer therapies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20452-20461. [PMID: 28107201 PMCID: PMC5386776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIPK2 (serine/threonine homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) is a "caretaker" gene, its inactivation increases tumorigenicity while its activation inhibits tumor growth. This report reviews the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of HIPK2, which include promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis in hypoxia, prevention of tumor invasion/metastasis and attenuation of multidrug resistance in cancer. Additionally, we summarize conditions or factors that may increase HIPK2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Chen L, Yang Y, Xu L, Liu R, Wang Y. Integrated gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing: Analysis of the C-terminal binding protein in breast cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:1472-1480. [PMID: 28613020 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Tumor and Blood Disease; The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine; Changchun China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Tumor and Blood Disease; The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine; Changchun China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Tumor and Blood Disease; The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine; Changchun China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, China-Japan Union Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun China
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27
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Dcona MM, Morris BL, Ellis KC, Grossman SR. CtBP- an emerging oncogene and novel small molecule drug target: Advances in the understanding of its oncogenic action and identification of therapeutic inhibitors. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:379-391. [PMID: 28532298 PMCID: PMC5536941 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Binding Proteins (CtBP) 1 and 2 are oncogenic transcriptional co-regulators overexpressed in many cancer types, with their expression level correlating to worse prognostic outcomes and aggressive tumor features. CtBP negatively regulates the expression of many tumor suppressor genes, while coactivating genes that promote proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell self-renewal activity. In light of this evidence, the development of novel inhibitors that mitigate CtBP function may provide clinically actionable therapeutic tools. This review article focuses on the progress made in understanding CtBP structure, role in tumor progression, and discovery and development of CtBP inhibitors that target CtBP's dehydrogenase activity and other functions, with a focus on the theory and rationale behind the designs of current inhibitors. We provide insight into the future development and use of rational combination therapy that may further augment the efficacy of CtBP inhibitors, specifically addressing metastasis and cancer stem cell populations within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Dcona
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Benjamin L Morris
- b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Keith C Ellis
- c Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,d Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,e VCU Massey Cancer Center , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Steven R Grossman
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,d Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,e VCU Massey Cancer Center , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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28
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Sumner ET, Chawla AT, Cororaton AD, Koblinski JE, Kovi RC, Love IM, Szomju BB, Korwar S, Ellis KC, Grossman SR. Transforming activity and therapeutic targeting of C-terminal-binding protein 2 in Apc-mutated neoplasia. Oncogene 2017; 36:4810-4816. [PMID: 28414304 PMCID: PMC5561459 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcriptional coregulators C-terminal binding proteins 1 and 2 (CtBP) occurs in many human solid tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. CtBP modulates oncogenic gene expression programs and is an emerging drug target, but its oncogenic role is unclear. Consistent with oncogenic potential, exogenous CtBP2 transformed primary mouse and human cells to anchorage independence similarly to mutant H-Ras. To investigate CtBP’s contribution to in vivo tumorigenesis, Apcmin/+ mice, which succumb to massive intestinal polyposis, were bred to Ctbp2+/− mice. CtBP interacts with Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) protein, and is stabilized in both APC-mutated human colon cancers and Apcmin/+ intestinal polyps. Ctbp2 heterozygosity increased the median survival of Apcmin/+ mice from 21 to 48 weeks, and reduced polyp formation by 90%, with Ctbp2+/− polyps exhibiting reduced levels of β-catenin and its oncogenic transcriptional target, cyclin D1. Ctbp’s potential as a therapeutic target was studied by treating Apcmin/+ mice with the CtBP small molecule inhibitors 4-methlythio-2-oxobutyric acid and 2-hydroxy-imino phenylpyruvic acid, both of which reduced polyposis by more than half compared with vehicle treatment. Phenocopying Ctbp2 deletion, both Ctbp inhibitors caused substantial decreases in the protein level of Ctbp2, as well its oncogenic partner β-catenin, and the effects of the inhibitors on CtBP and β-catenin levels could be modeled in an APC mutated human colon cancer cell line. CtBP2 is thus a druggable transforming oncoprotein critical for the evolution of neoplasia driven by Apc mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Sumner
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A T Chawla
- Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A D Cororaton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R C Kovi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - I M Love
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B B Szomju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S Korwar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - K C Ellis
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S R Grossman
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Li M, Riddle S, Zhang H, D'Alessandro A, Flockton A, Serkova NJ, Hansen KC, Moldovan R, McKeon BA, Frid M, Kumar S, Li H, Liu H, Caánovas A, Medrano JF, Thomas MG, Iloska D, Plecitá-Hlavatá L, Ježek P, Pullamsetti S, Fini MA, El Kasmi KC, Zhang Q, Stenmark KR. Metabolic Reprogramming Regulates the Proliferative and Inflammatory Phenotype of Adventitial Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Hypertension Through the Transcriptional Corepressor C-Terminal Binding Protein-1. Circulation 2016; 134:1105-1121. [PMID: 27562971 PMCID: PMC5069179 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in metabolism have been suggested to contribute to the aberrant phenotype of vascular wall cells, including fibroblasts, in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Here, we test the hypothesis that metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis is a critical adaptation of fibroblasts in the hypertensive vessel wall that drives proliferative and proinflammatory activation through a mechanism involving increased activity of the NADH-sensitive transcriptional corepressor C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1). METHODS RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction,13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence-lifetime imaging, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, and tracing experiments with U-13C-glucose were used to assess glycolytic reprogramming and to measure the NADH/NAD+ ratio in bovine and human adventitial fibroblasts and mouse lung tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess CtBP1 expression in the whole-lung tissues. CtBP1 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) were used to abrogate CtBP1 activity in cells and hypoxic mice. RESULTS We found that adventitial fibroblasts from calves with severe hypoxia-induced PH and humans with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH-Fibs) displayed aerobic glycolysis when cultured under normoxia, accompanied by increased free NADH and NADH/NAD+ ratios. Expression of the NADH sensor CtBP1 was increased in vivo and in vitro in fibroblasts within the pulmonary adventitia of humans with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and animals with PH and cultured PH-Fibs, respectively. Decreasing NADH pharmacologically with MTOB or genetically blocking CtBP1 with siRNA upregulated the cyclin-dependent genes (p15 and p21) and proapoptotic regulators (NOXA and PERP), attenuated proliferation, corrected the glycolytic reprogramming phenotype of PH-Fibs, and augmented transcription of the anti-inflammatory gene HMOX1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that CtBP1 directly binds the HMOX1 promoter. Treatment of hypoxic mice with MTOB decreased glycolysis and expression of inflammatory genes, attenuated proliferation, and suppressed macrophage numbers and remodeling in the distal pulmonary vasculature. CONCLUSIONS CtBP1 is a critical factor linking changes in cell metabolism to cell phenotype in hypoxic and other forms of PH and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Suzette Riddle
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Amanda Flockton
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Radu Moldovan
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - B Alexandre McKeon
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Maria Frid
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Sushil Kumar
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Hong Li
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Hongbing Liu
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Angela Caánovas
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Juan F Medrano
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Milton G Thomas
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Dijana Iloska
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Petr Ježek
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Soni Pullamsetti
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Mehdi A Fini
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - QingHong Zhang
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.)
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- From Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.L., S.R., H.Z., A.F., B.A.M., M.F., S.K., M.A.F., K.R.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Biological Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource (A.D., K.C.H.), Department of Anesthesiology (N.J.S.), Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility (R.M.), Department of Dermatology (H.L., H.L., Q.Z.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (K.C.E.K.), University of Colorado, Denver; Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.P.-H., P.J.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (D.I., S.P.); Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (A.C.); Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis (J.F.M.); and Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (M.G.T.).
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Korwar S, Morris BL, Parikh HI, Coover RA, Doughty TW, Love IM, Hilbert BJ, Royer WE, Kellogg GE, Grossman SR, Ellis KC. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of substrate-competitive inhibitors of C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2707-15. [PMID: 27156192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP) is a transcriptional co-regulator that downregulates the expression of many tumor-suppressor genes. Utilizing a crystal structure of CtBP with its substrate 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) and NAD(+) as a guide, we have designed, synthesized, and tested a series of small molecule inhibitors of CtBP. From our first round of compounds, we identified 2-(hydroxyimino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid as a potent CtBP inhibitor (IC50=0.24μM). A structure-activity relationship study of this compound further identified the 4-chloro- (IC50=0.18μM) and 3-chloro- (IC50=0.17μM) analogues as additional potent CtBP inhibitors. Evaluation of the hydroxyimine analogues in a short-term cell growth/viability assay showed that the 4-chloro- and 3-chloro-analogues are 2-fold and 4-fold more potent, respectively, than the MTOB control. A functional cellular assay using a CtBP-specific transcriptional readout revealed that the 4-chloro- and 3-chloro-hydroxyimine analogues were able to block CtBP transcriptional repression activity. This data suggests that substrate-competitive inhibition of CtBP dehydrogenase activity is a potential mechanism to reactivate tumor-suppressor gene expression as a therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Korwar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Benjamin L Morris
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Palliative Care, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Hardik I Parikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Robert A Coover
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Tyler W Doughty
- Department of Molecular, Cell, & Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ian M Love
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Palliative Care, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Brendan J Hilbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - William E Royer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Steven R Grossman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Palliative Care, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Keith C Ellis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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31
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Gremonprez F, Willaert W, Ceelen W. Animal models of colorectal peritoneal metastasis. Pleura Peritoneum 2016; 1:23-43. [PMID: 30911606 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains an important cause of mortality worldwide. The presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) causes significant symptoms and is notoriously difficult to treat. Therefore, informative preclinical research into the mechanisms and possible novel treatment options of colorectal PC is essential in order to improve the prognostic outlook in these patients. Several syngeneic and xenograft animal models of colorectal PC were established, studying a wide range of experimental procedures and substances. Regrettably, more sophisticated models such as those giving rise to spontaneous PC or involving genetically engineered mice are lacking. Here, we provide an overview of all reported colorectal PC animal models and briefly discuss their use, strengths, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Gremonprez
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Willaert
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 2K12 IC UZ Gent De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Patel J, Baranwal S, Love IM, Patel NJ, Grossman SR, Patel BB. Inhibition of C-terminal binding protein attenuates transcription factor 4 signaling to selectively target colon cancer stem cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3506-18. [PMID: 25483087 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.958407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective targeting of cancer stem cells (CSCs), implicated in tumor relapse, holds great promise in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Overexpression of C-terminal binding protein (CtBP), an NADH dependent transcriptional regulator, is often observed in colon cancer. Of note, TCF-4 signaling is also up-regulated in colonic CSCs. We hypothesized that CtBP, whose dehydrogenase activity is amenable to pharmacological inhibition by 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB), positively regulates TCF-4 signaling, leading to CSC growth and self-renewal. CSCs demonstrated significant upregulation of CtBP1 and CtBP2 levels (mRNA and protein) and activity partly due to increased NADH/NAD ratio, as well as increased TCF/LEF transcriptional activity, compared to respective controls. Depletion of CtBP2 inhibited, while its overexpression enhanced, CSC growth (1° spheroids) and self-renewal (2°/3° spheroids). Similarly, MTOB caused a robust inhibition of spheroid growth and self-renewal in a dose dependent manner. MTOB displayed significantly greater selectivity for growth inhibition in the spheroids, at least in part through induction of apoptosis, compared to monolayer controls. Moreover, MTOB inhibited basal as well as induced (by GSK-3β inhibitor) TCF/LEF activity while suppressing mRNA and protein levels of several β-catenin target genes (CD44, Snail, C-MYC and LGR5). Lastly, CtBP physically interacted with TCF-4, and this interaction was significantly inhibited in the presence of MTOB. The above findings point to a novel role of CtBPs in the promotion of CSC growth and self-renewal through direct regulation of TCF/LEF transcription. Moreover, small molecular inhibition of its function can selectively target CSCs, presenting a novel approach for treatment of colorectal cancer focused on targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrut Patel
- a Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center ; Richmond , VA USA
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33
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Wang W, Zhang G, Gu H, Liu Y, Lao J, Li K, Guan H. Role of CtBP2 in the Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:633-40. [PMID: 25627828 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. C-terminal-binding protein 2 (CtBP2) is a transcriptional repressor which plays an important role in central nervous system injury and repair. Using the glaucoma model of DBA/2J mouse whose retina ganglion cells (RGCs) were degenerating with the process of glaucoma, we demonstrated for the first time the special relationship between CtBP2 protein and RGCs. Our research indicated that the expression of CtBP2 was gradually decreased with aging by the means of Western blotting. The CtBP2 immunoreactivity-positive cells were present in the various retinal layers, and CtBP2-positive cells were dramatically decreased in ganglion cell layer. Our research also found ectopic expression of CtBP2 can protect the apoptosis of primary mouse RGC cells induced by L-glutamate. These results suggest that CtBP2 may have a potential therapeutic effect in protecting RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Department of Pathology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
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34
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Hilbert BJ, Morris BL, Ellis KC, Paulsen JL, Schiffer CA, Grossman SR, Royer WE. Structure-guided design of a high affinity inhibitor to human CtBP. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1118-27. [PMID: 25636004 DOI: 10.1021/cb500820b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transcriptional coregulators C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP) 1 and 2 possess regulatory d-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (D2-HDH) domains that provide an attractive target for small molecule intervention. Findings that the CtBP substrate 4-methylthio 2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) can interfere with CtBP oncogenic activity in cell culture and in mice confirm that such inhibitors could have therapeutic benefit. Recent crystal structures of CtBP 1 and 2 revealed that MTOB binds in an active site containing a dominant tryptophan and a hydrophilic cavity, neither of which are present in other D2-HDH family members. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of exploiting these active site features for the design of high affinity inhibitors. Crystal structures of two such compounds, phenylpyruvate (PPy) and 2-hydroxyimino-3-phenylpropanoic acid (HIPP), show binding with favorable ring stacking against the CtBP active site tryptophan and alternate modes of stabilizing the carboxylic acid moiety. Moreover, ITC experiments show that HIPP binds to CtBP with an affinity greater than 1000-fold over that of MTOB, and enzymatic assays confirm that HIPP substantially inhibits CtBP catalysis. These results, thus, provide an important step, and additional insights, for the development of highly selective antineoplastic CtBP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Hilbert
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Morris
- Division
of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Human
and Molecular Genetics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Keith C. Ellis
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Janet L. Paulsen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Steven R. Grossman
- Division
of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Human
and Molecular Genetics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - William E. Royer
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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35
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Wang L, Zhou H, Wang Y, Cui G, Di LJ. CtBP maintains cancer cell growth and metabolic homeostasis via regulating SIRT4. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1620. [PMID: 25633289 PMCID: PMC4669780 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on glycolysis to maintain high levels of anabolism. However, the metabolism of glucose via glycolysis in cancer cells is frequently incomplete and results in the accumulation of acidic metabolites such as pyruvate and lactate. Thus, the cells have to develop strategies to alleviate the intracellular acidification and maintain the pH stability. We report here that glutamine consumption by cancer cells has an important role in releasing the acidification pressure associated with cancer cell growth. We found that the ammonia produced during glutaminolysis, a dominant glutamine metabolism pathway, is critical to resist the cytoplasmic acidification brought by the incomplete glycolysis. In addition, C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) was found to have an essential role in promoting glutaminolysis by directly repressing the expression of SIRT4, a repressor of glutaminolysis by enzymatically modifying glutamate dehydrogenase in mitochondria, in cancer cells. The loss of CtBP in cancer cells resulted in the increased apoptosis due to intracellular acidification and the ablation of cancer cell metabolic homeostasis represented by decreased glutamine consumption, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Importantly, the immunohistochemistry staining showed that there was excessive expression of CtBP in tumor samples from breast cancer patients compared with surrounding non-tumor tissues, whereas SIRT4 expression in tumor tissues was abolished compared with the non-tumor tissues, suggesting CtBP-repressed SIRT4 expression contributes to the tumor growth. Therefore, our data suggest that the synergistically metabolism of glucose and glutamine in cancer cells contributes to both pH homeostasis and cell growth. At last, application of CtBP inhibitor induced the acidification and apoptosis of breast cancer cells and inhibited glutaminolysis in engrafted tumors, suggesting that CtBP can be potential therapeutic target of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhou
- School of life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - G Cui
- 1] Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China [2] Bioengineering department, Zunyi Medical college, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L-J Di
- University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
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Blevins MA, Kouznetsova J, Krueger AB, King R, Griner LM, Hu X, Southall N, Marugan JJ, Zhang Q, Ferrer M, Zhao R. Small Molecule, NSC95397, Inhibits the CtBP1-Protein Partner Interaction and CtBP1-Mediated Transcriptional Repression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:663-72. [PMID: 25477201 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114561400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyl-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is a transcriptional corepressor that suppresses multiple proapoptotic and epithelial genes. CtBP is overexpressed in many human cancers, and its overexpression increases stem cell-like features, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer cell survival. Knockdown of CtBP also increases apoptosis independent of p53 in cell culture. Therefore, targeting CtBP with small molecules that disrupt its interaction with transcription factor partners may be an effective cancer therapy. To elicit its corepressing effect, CtBP binds to a conserved peptide motif in each transcription factor partner. We developed an AlphaScreen high-throughput screening assay to monitor the interaction between CtBP and E1A (which mimics the interaction between CtBP and its transcriptional partners). We screened the LOPAC library of 1280 bioactive compounds and identified NSC95397, which inhibits the CtBP-E1A interaction (IC50 = 2.9 µM). The inhibitory activity of NSC95397 was confirmed using two secondary assays and a counterscreen. NSC95397 also behaved as a weak substrate of CtBP dehydrogenase activity and did not inhibit another dehydrogenase, lactase dehydrogenase. Finally, NSC95397 was able to disrupt CtBP-mediated transcriptional repression of a target gene. These studies present a new possibility for the development of a therapeutic agent targeting tumors through disrupting the CtBP transcriptional complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Aaron B Krueger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca King
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lesley Mathews Griner
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhao LJ, Subramanian T, Vijayalingam S, Chinnadurai G. CtBP2 proteome: Role of CtBP in E2F7-mediated repression and cell proliferation. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:31-40. [PMID: 24955216 PMCID: PMC4063256 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) family transcriptional corepressors include CtBP1 and CtBP2. While CtBP1 and CtBP2 share significant amino acid sequence homology, CtBP2 possesses a unique N-terminal domain that is modified by acetylation and contributes to exclusive nuclear localization. Although CtBP1 and CtBP2 are functionally redundant for certain activities during vertebrate development, they also perform unique functions. Previous studies have identified several CtBP1-interacting proteins that included other transcriptional corepressors, DNA-binding repressors and histone modifying enzymatic components such as the histone deacetylases and the histone demethylase LSD-1. Here, we carried out an unbiased proteomic analysis of CtBP2-associated proteins and discovered the association of several components of the CtBP1 proteome as well as novel interactions. The CtBP2 proteome contained components of the NuRD complex and the E2F family member E2F7. E2F7 interacted with the hydrophobic cleft region of CtBP1 and CtBP2 through a prototypical CtBP binding motif, PIDLS. E2F7 repressed E2F1 transcription, inhibited cell proliferation in a CtBP-dependent fashion. Our study identified CtBP as a corepressor of E2F7 and as a regulator of DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Virology Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center Doisy Research Center 1100 South Grand Blvd St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - T Subramanian
- Institute for Molecular Virology Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center Doisy Research Center 1100 South Grand Blvd St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - S Vijayalingam
- Institute for Molecular Virology Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center Doisy Research Center 1100 South Grand Blvd St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - G Chinnadurai
- Institute for Molecular Virology Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center Doisy Research Center 1100 South Grand Blvd St. Louis, Missouri 63104
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Hilbert BJ, Grossman SR, Schiffer CA, Royer WE. Crystal structures of human CtBP in complex with substrate MTOB reveal active site features useful for inhibitor design. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1743-8. [PMID: 24657618 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic corepressors C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP) 1 and 2 harbor regulatory d-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (d2-HDH) domains. 4-Methylthio 2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) exhibits substrate inhibition and can interfere with CtBP oncogenic activity in cell culture and mice. Crystal structures of human CtBP1 and CtBP2 in complex with MTOB and NAD(+) revealed two key features: a conserved tryptophan that likely contributes to substrate specificity and a hydrophilic cavity that links MTOB with an NAD(+) phosphate. Neither feature is present in other d2-HDH enzymes. These structures thus offer key opportunities for the development of highly selective anti-neoplastic CtBP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Hilbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Steven R Grossman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William E Royer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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BRCA1 expression is epigenetically repressed in sporadic ovarian cancer cells by overexpression of C-terminal binding protein 2. Neoplasia 2014; 15:600-8. [PMID: 23730208 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality from gynecological malignancy despite advancements in novel therapeutics. We have recently demonstrated that the transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse-transcribed cDNA from CtBP2 wild-type and knockdown ovarian cancer cell lines was hybridized to Affymetrix Gene 1.0 ST microarrays, and differentially expressed genes were studied. Immunohistochemical analysis of CtBP2 and BRCA1 staining of ovarian tissues was performed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays were carried out. The effect of the drugs 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor Olaparib on CtBP2 wild-type and knockdown cell lines was examined using methylthiazol tetrazolium assays and an xCELLigence System. RESULTS Eighty-five genes involved in DNA repair, mitotic checkpoint, nucleosome assembly, and the BRCA1 network were differentially regulated by CtBP2 expression. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays using a BRCA1 promoter-regulated luciferase construct indicated that the CtBP2 complex binds the BRCA1 promoter and represses BRCA1 transcription. Immunohistochemistry illustrated a significant inverse CtBP2 and BRCA1 expression in a panel of malignant ovarian tumor tissues. The CtBP2 inhibitor MTOB suppressed ovarian cancer cell survival in a CtBP2-dependent manner. Ovarian cancer cells with CtBP2 knockdown did not display increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor Olaparib. CONCLUSION CtBP2 is an ovarian cancer oncogene that may play a significant role in epigenetically silencing BRCA1 function in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. CtBP2-specific inhibitors, such as MTOB, may be effective adjunct therapies in the management of patients with CtBP2-positive ovarian carcinoma.
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Debiais-Delpech C, Godet J, Pedretti N, Bernard FX, Irani J, Cathelineau X, Cussenot O, Fromont G. Expression patterns of candidate susceptibility genes HNF1β and CtBP2 in prostate cancer: association with tumor progression. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:426-32. [PMID: 24332637 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies have identified variants at multiple loci associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Some of these loci include candidate susceptibility genes, such as MSMB, HNF1β, and C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP2). Except for MSMB, the clinicopathological significance of these genes has not been investigated. We therefore aimed to analyze their expression in PCa tissues, in relation with tumor progression and aggressiveness. METHODS AND MATERIALS Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing samples from normal prostate (NL, n = 91), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, n = 61), clinically localized PCa (CLC, n = 434), PCa metastases (M, n = 28), and castration-resistant PCa (CRC, n = 49). Moreover, mRNA expression for each marker was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, on 53 frozen samples of NL, CLC, and CRC. RESULTS These genes were differentially expressed at the different stages of PCa natural history. MSMB expression decreased with disease development and progression. In contrast, nuclear HNF1β and CtBP2 staining significantly increased in the CRC and M groups when compared with CLC, together with the transcripts levels. In patients with CLC, HNF1β and CtBP2 nuclear expressions were strongly associated with cancer cell proliferation. After adjusting for the Gleason score and the pathological stage, none of the candidate genes was significantly predictive of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. In patients with CRC, CtBP2 nuclear staining was associated with shorter overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The decrease of MSMB expression during tumor progression strongly supports its role as a tumor-suppressor gene. Although its functions remain to be clarified in PCa cells, HNF1β and CtBP2 are associated with cancer cell proliferation, tumor progression, and castration-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Godet
- Department of Pathology, CHU-Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Jacques Irani
- Department of Urology, CHU-Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- Centre d'etude et de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatique (CeRePP), Hospital Tenon, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, CHU-Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Centre d'etude et de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatique (CeRePP), Hospital Tenon, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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41
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Madison DL, Wirz JA, Siess D, Lundblad JR. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-induced multimerization of the co-repressor CtBP1 relies on a switching tryptophan. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27836-48. [PMID: 23940047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) interacts with a number of repressor proteins and chromatin modifying enzymes. How the biochemical properties including binding of dinucleotide, oligomerization, and dehydrogenase domains of CtBP1 direct the assembly of a functional co-repressor to influence gene expression is not well understood. In the current study we demonstrate that CtBP1 assembles into a tetramer in a NAD(H)-dependent manner, proceeding through a dimeric intermediate. We find that NAD-dependent oligomerization correlates with NAD(+) binding affinity and that the carboxyl terminus is required for assembly of a dimer of dimers. Mutant CtBP1 proteins that abrogate dinucleotide-binding retain wild type affinity for the PXDLS motif, but do not self-associate either in vitro or in vivo. CtBP1 proteins with mutations in the dehydrogenase domain still retain the ability to self-associate and bind target proteins. Both co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid experiments demonstrate that CtBP1 self-association occurs within the nucleus, and depends on dinucleotide binding. Repression of transcription does not depend on dinucleotide binding or an intact dehydrogenase domain, but rather depends on the amino-terminal domain that recruits PXDLS containing targets. We show that tryptophan 318 (Trp(318)) is a critical residue for tetramer assembly and likely functions as a switch for effective dimerization following NAD(+) binding. These results suggest that dinucleotide binding permits CtBP1 to form an intranuclear homodimer through a Trp(318) switch, creating a nucleation site for multimerization through the C-terminal domain for tetramerization to form an effective repression complex.
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42
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Birts CN, Nijjar SK, Mardle CA, Hoakwie F, Duriez PJ, Blaydes JP, Tavassoli A. A cyclic peptide inhibitor of C-terminal binding protein dimerization links metabolism with mitotic fidelity in breast cancer cells. Chem Sci 2013; 4:3046-3057. [PMID: 30450179 PMCID: PMC6237275 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of direct modulators of transcription factor protein-protein interactions is a key challenge for ligand discovery that promises to significantly advance current approaches to cancer therapy. Here, we report an inhibitor of NADH-dependent dimerization of the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) transcriptional repressor, identified by screening genetically encoded cyclic peptide libraries of up to 64 million members. CtBP dimers form the core of transcription complexes associated with epigenetic regulation of multiple genes that control many characteristics of cancer cells, including proliferation, survival and migration. CtBP monomers also have distinct and critical cellular function, thus current experimental tools that deplete all forms of a targeted protein (e.g. siRNA) do not allow the cellular consequences of this metabolically regulated transcription factor to be deciphered. The most potent inhibitor from our screen (cyclo-SGWTVVRMY) is demonstrated to disrupt CtBP dimerization in vitro and in cells. This compound is used as a chemical tool to establish that the NADH-dependent dimerization of CtBPs regulates the maintenance of mitotic fidelity in cancer cells. Treatment of highly glycolytic breast cancer cell lines with the identified inhibitor significantly reduced their mitotic fidelity, proliferation and colony forming potential, whereas the compound does not affect mitotic fidelity of cells with lower glycolytic flux. This work not only links the altered metabolic state of transformed cells to a key determinant of the tumor cell phenotype, but the uncovered compound also serves as the starting point for the development of potential therapeutic agents that target tumors by disrupting the CtBP chromatin-modifying complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Birts
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sharandip K Nijjar
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Charlotte A Mardle
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Patrick J Duriez
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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43
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Stankiewicz TR, Schroeder EK, Kelsey NA, Bouchard RJ, Linseman DA. C-terminal binding proteins are essential pro-survival factors that undergo caspase-dependent downregulation during neuronal apoptosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:322-332. [PMID: 23859824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are transcriptional co-repressors that are subject to proteasome-dependent downregulation during apoptosis. Alternative mechanisms that regulate CtBP expression are currently under investigation and the role of CtBPs in neuronal survival is largely unexplored. Here, we show that CtBPs are downregulated in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) induced to undergo apoptosis by a variety of stressors. Moreover, antisense-mediated downregulation of CtBP1 is sufficient to cause CGN apoptosis. Similarly, the CtBP inhibitor, 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid, induces expression of the CtBP target Noxa and causes actinomycin-sensitive CGN apoptosis. Unexpectedly, we found that the mechanism of CtBP downregulation in CGNs undergoing apoptosis varies in a stimulus-specific manner involving either the proteasome or caspases. In the case of CGNs deprived of depolarizing potassium (5K apoptotic condition), caspases appear to play a dominant role in CtBP downregulation. However, incubation in 5K does not enhance the kinetics of CtBP1 degradation and recombinant CtBP1 is not cleaved in vitro by caspase-3. In addition, 5K has no significant effect on CtBP transcript expression. Finally, mouse embryonic stem cells display caspase-dependent downregulation of CtBP1 following exposure to staurosporine, an effect that is not observed in DGCR8 knockout cells which are deficient in miRNA processing. These data identify caspase-dependent downregulation of CtBPs as an alternative mechanism to the proteasome for regulation of these transcriptional co-repressors in neurons undergoing apoptosis. Moreover, caspases appear to regulate CtBP expression indirectly, at a post-transcriptional level, and via a mechanism that is dependent upon miRNA processing. We conclude that CtBPs are essential pro-survival proteins in neurons and their downregulation contributes significantly to neuronal apoptosis via the de-repression of pro-apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Stankiewicz
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, 80220, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Emily K Schroeder
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, 80220, USA
| | - Natalie A Kelsey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Ron J Bouchard
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, 80220, USA
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, 80220, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
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44
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Genome-wide profiles of CtBP link metabolism with genome stability and epithelial reprogramming in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1449. [PMID: 23385593 PMCID: PMC3768144 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is a NADH-dependent transcriptional repressor that links carbohydrate metabolism to epigenetic regulation by recruiting diverse histone modifying complexes to chromatin. Here, global profiling of CtBP in breast cancer cells reveals that it drives epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stem cell pathways, and genome instability. CtBP expression induces mesenchymal and stem cell-like features while CtBP depletion or caloric restriction reverses gene repression and increases DNA repair. Multiple members of the CtBP-targeted gene network are selectively down-regulated in aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Differential expression of CtBP-targeted genes predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients, and elevated levels of CtBP in patient tumors predict shorter median survival. Finally, both CtBP promoter targeting and gene repression can be reversed by small molecule inhibition. These findings define broad roles for CtBP in breast cancer biology and suggest novel chromatin-based strategies for pharmacologic and metabolic intervention in cancer.
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45
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C-Terminal Binding Protein: A Molecular Link between Metabolic Imbalance and Epigenetic Regulation in Breast Cancer. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:647975. [PMID: 23762064 PMCID: PMC3671672 DOI: 10.1155/2013/647975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has given rise to significant global concerns as numerous population-based studies demonstrate an incontrovertible association between obesity and breast cancer. Mechanisms proposed to account for this linkage include exaggerated levels of carbohydrate substrates, elevated levels of circulating mitogenic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines that impinge on epithelial programming in many tissues. Moreover, recently many scientists have rediscovered the observation, first described by Otto Warburg nearly a century ago, that most cancer cells undergo a dramatic metabolic shift in energy utilization and expenditure that fuels and supports the cellular expansion associated with malignant proliferation. This shift in substrate oxidation comes at the cost of sharp changes in the levels of the high energy intermediate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In this review, we discuss a novel example of how shifts in the concentration and flux of substrates metabolized and generated during carbohydrate metabolism represent components of a signaling network that can influence epigenetic regulatory events in the nucleus. We refer to this regulatory process as "metabolic transduction" and describe how the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) family of NADH-dependent nuclear regulators represents a primary example of how cellular metabolic status can influence epigenetic control of cellular function and fate.
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46
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Lee JS, Yoo SJ. C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein regulates C-terminal binding protein 2 and the expression of its target genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:418-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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47
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Wang Y, Liu F, Mao F, Hang Q, Huang X, He S, Wang Y, Cheng C, Wang H, Xu G, Zhang T, Shen A. Interaction with cyclin H/cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CCNH/CDK7) stabilizes C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) and promotes cancer cell migration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9028-34. [PMID: 23393140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CtBP2 has been demonstrated to possess tumor-promoting capacities by virtue of up-regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and down-regulating apoptosis in cancer cells. As a result, cellular CtBP2 levels are considered a key factor determining the outcome of oncogenic transformation. How pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic factors compete for fine-tuning CtBP2 levels is incompletely understood. Here we report that the cyclin H/cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CCNH/CDK7) complex interacted with CtBP2 in vivo and in vitro. Depletion of either CCNH or CDK7 decreased CtBP2 protein levels by accelerating proteasome-dependent CtBP2 clearance. Further analysis revealed that CCNH/CDK7 competed with the tumor repressor HIPK2 for CtBP2 binding and consequently inhibited phosphorylation and dimerization of CtBP2. Phosphorylation-defective CtBP2 interacted more strongly with CCNH/CDK7 and was more resistant to degradation. Finally, overexpression of CtBP2 increased whereas depletion of CtBP2 dampened the invasive and migratory potential of breast cancer cells. CtBP2 promoted the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells in a CCNH-dependent manner. Taken together, our data have delineated a novel pathway that regulates CtBP2 stability, suggesting that targeting the CCNH/CDK7-CtBP2 axis may yield a viable anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Wang
- Department of Pathogen and Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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48
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Grivas PD, Papavassiliou AG. Transcriptional corepressors in cancer: emerging targets for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2012; 119:1120-8. [PMID: 23224952 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The normal cell transcriptional process entails a high degree of combinatorial effects and time-dependent "flexibility" to translate cellular signaling into differential gene expression levels. Transcriptional corepressors can function as histone-modifying enzymes to regulate epigenetic events, modulate chromatin structure, and hence control transcriptional activity. Various corepressor complexes have been described; qualitative and quantitative alterations of corepressors can crucially influence the transcriptional output of both normal and malignant cells. Because these molecules can exert epigenetic control of tumorigenic signaling pathways, they can be considered potential regulators of cancer cell-related phenomena. Alterations of the expression level and/or function of transcriptional corepressors have been reported in a wide range of human cancers; thus, corepressors may present rational therapeutic targets as well as potential biomarkers of response to selective therapeutic interventions. Deeper insights into the context-specific and time-specific physical connections among transcription factors, coregulators, and gene regulatory elements, as well as epigenetic modifications, and their interactions, can enhance the capacity to interfere with small molecules that may restore the normal transcriptome/interactome in a cancer cell. There are several conceivable mechanisms of corepressor targeting in cancer that create enthusiasm. However, design, discovery, and testing of such innovative treatment approaches require extensive elaboration before they can achieve practical implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros D Grivas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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49
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Paliwal S, Ho N, Parker D, Grossman SR. CtBP2 Promotes Human Cancer Cell Migration by Transcriptional Activation of Tiam1. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:481-90. [PMID: 23264848 PMCID: PMC3527986 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912463695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian COOH-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) CtBP1 and CtBP2 are metabolically regulated transcriptional co-repressors that are degraded upon acute exposure to the alternative reading frame (ARF) tumor suppressor. We reported previously that CtBP stimulates cell migration in certain contexts via repression of PTEN transcription and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. We have now identified an additional and direct mechanism for CtBP stimulation of cell migration via regulation of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) protein. Tiam1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac GTPase that plays a critical role in regulating cell adhesion, invasion, and migration and has been directly implicated in the promotion of cancer progression and metastasis. We noted a strict positive correlation between CtBP2 and Tiam1 expression levels and that CtBP promotion of cell migration required CtBP-dependent transcriptional activation of Tiam1. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of CtBP2 in human colon or lung carcinoma cells led to decreased Tiam1 protein and mRNA expression, while overexpression of CtBP2 increased Tiam1 expression levels. RNAi and overexpression studies also demonstrated that Tiam1 is a key downstream mediator of CtBP2-mediated cell migration. An analysis of the Tiam1 promoter revealed binding sites for the CtBP-interacting Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8), and a Tiam1 promoter luciferase reporter was induced in the presence of both KLF8 and CtBP2, consistent with KLF8-dependent CtBP transactivation of Tiam1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated CtBP2 occupancy of the Tiam1 promoter that was dependent on the presence of KLF8. Our results indicate that Tiam1 is a transcriptional activation target of CtBP2 and that this interaction promotes the pro-oncogenic function of CtBP2 leading to cancer cell migration. Transcriptional activation thus plays a role in CtBP pro-oncogenic functions along with the previously characterized CtBP co-repressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Paliwal
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc Ho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Parker
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Steven R. Grossman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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50
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Vaiopoulos AG, Kostakis ID, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting transcription factor corepressors in tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1745-53. [PMID: 22527719 PMCID: PMC11114811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
By being the "integration" center of transcriptional control as they move and target transcription factors, corepressors fine-tune the epigenetic status of the nucleus. Many of them utilize enzymatic activities to modulate chromatin through histone modification or chromatin remodeling. The clinical and etiological relevance of the corepressors to neoplastic growth is increasingly being recognized. Aberrant expression or function (both loss and gain of) of corepressors has been associated with malignancy and contribute to the generation of transcriptional "inflexibility" manifested as distorted signaling along certain axes. Understanding and predicting the consequences of corepressor alterations in tumor cells has diagnostic and prognostic value, and also have the capacity to be targeted through selective epigenetic regimens. Here, we evaluate corepressors with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in malignant development, and also highlight areas that can be exploited for molecular targeting of a large proportion of clinical cancers and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis D. Kostakis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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