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Kačániová M, Vukovic NL, Čmiková N, Bianchi A, Garzoli S, Ben Saad R, Ben Hsouna A, Elizondo-Luévano JH, Said-Al Ahl HAH, Hikal WM, Vukic MD. Biological Activity and Phytochemical Characteristics of Star Anise ( Illicium verum) Essential Oil and Its Anti- Salmonella Activity on Sous Vide Pumpkin Model. Foods 2024; 13:1505. [PMID: 38790803 PMCID: PMC11121629 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, represents one of the notable botanical species and is recognized for its rich reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Beyond its culinary application as a spice, this plant has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine. Given the contemporary emphasis on incorporating natural resources into food production, particularly essential oils, to enhance sensory attributes and extend shelf life, our study seeks to elucidate the chemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial (in vitro, in situ) and insecticidal properties of Illicium verum essential oil (IVEO). Also, microbiological analyses of pumpkin sous vide treated with IVEO after inoculation of Salmonella enterica were evaluated after 1 and 7 days of study. GC/MS analysis revealed a significantly high amount of (E)-anethole (88.4%) in the investigated EO. The disc diffusion method shows that the antibacterial activity of the IVEO ranged from 5.33 (Streptococcus constellatus) to 10.33 mm (Citrobacter freundii). The lowest minimal inhibition concentration was found against E. coli and the minimum biofilm inhibition concertation was found against S. enterica. In the vapor phase, the best antimicrobial activity was found against E. coli in the pears model and against S. sonei in the beetroot model. The application of the sous vide method in combination with IVEO application decreased the number of microbial counts and eliminated the growth of S. enterica. The most isolated microbiota identified from the sous vide pumpkin were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and Ralstonia picketii. Modifications to the protein composition of biofilm-forming bacteria S. enterica were suggested by the MALDI TOF MS instigations. The IVEO showed insecticidal potential against Harmonia axyridis. Thanks to the properties of IVEO, our results suggest it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of foods and as a natural insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.D.V.)
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01 043 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Nenad L. Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Natália Čmiková
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P “1177”, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (R.B.S.); (A.B.H.)
| | - Anis Ben Hsouna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P “1177”, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (R.B.S.); (A.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Joel Horacio Elizondo-Luévano
- Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda el Canadá, General Escobedo 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Hussein A. H. Said-Al Ahl
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Wafaa M. Hikal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Milena D. Vukic
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.D.V.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Hu L, Zhang G. Effect of Selective Enrichment Storage Temperature and Duration Time on the Detection of Salmonella in Food. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:471-478. [PMID: 38407384 PMCID: PMC11066602 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For pathogen detection in food, there are occasions where samples cannot be processed immediately after selective enrichment or need to be reexamined days or weeks later for confirmation or retest. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of different prolonged period of storage of selective enrichments of food at 4 ± 2°C and room temperature (20-22°C) on the detection and isolation of Salmonella. METHOD This study included two experiments involving 34 types of foods to compare the effect of 4 ± 2°C and room temperature storage on the detection of Salmonella in 204 selective enrichments (Rappaport-Vassiliadis [RV] and Tetrathionate [TT] broths) during a 42-day storage (Experiment I); and to monitor the survival of Salmonella in 300 selective enrichments (RV and TT) with different pre-enrichment broths (Lactose broth [LB] or Buffered peptone water broth [BPW]), stored at 4°C for 60 days (Experiment II). All the samples were subjected to Salmonella analysis following the FDA BAM method. RESULTS During multiple samplings, the positive detection rate for Salmonella remained consistent through Day 42 after selective enrichment, irrespective of Salmonella serotype, storage temperature, pre-enrichment broth, or selective enrichment broth in both Experiment I and II. However, on Day 60 sampling in Experiment II, seven previously positive results turned to negatives. These data indicated that storage of RV and TT enrichments at 4 ± 2°C or room temperature for up to 42 days after selective enrichment did not compromise the detection of Salmonella in the tested food categories, regardless of Salmonella serotypes and the broths used for pre-enrichment and selective enrichment. CONCLUSIONS At least for the food types studied in this experiment, the recovery of Salmonella from selective enrichments could be postponed for a limited period of time (e.g., <42 days) if needed without adversely affecting the test results. However, the delayed analysis of TT and RV enrichments does pose a risk of reduced detection sensitivity, as evidenced by the seven negative results on Day 60 compared to previous positives. We do not recommend or endorse delaying the analysis of TT and RV enrichments. HIGHLIGHTS In the food matrixes investigated in this experiment, the plating and isolation of Salmonella from selective TT and RV enrichments stored at 4 ± 2°C or room temperature could be deferred for a period (up to 42 days) without any negative effect on the test results, if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Budzyńska A, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Emerging Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens-An Issue of Concern? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050880. [PMID: 37237783 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) have been confirmed for all major foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Of great concern to scientists and physicians are also reports of antibiotic-resistant emerging food pathogens-microorganisms that have not previously been linked to food contamination or were considered epidemiologically insignificant. Since the properties of foodborne pathogens are not always sufficiently recognized, the consequences of the infections are often not easily predictable, and the control of their activity is difficult. The bacteria most commonly identified as emerging foodborne pathogens include Aliarcobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Cronobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptocccus suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The results of our analysis confirm antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance among the mentioned species. Among the antibiotics whose effectiveness is steadily declining due to expanding resistance among bacteria isolated from food are β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Continuous and thorough monitoring of strains isolated from food is necessary to characterize the existing mechanisms of resistance. In our opinion, this review shows the scale of the problem of microbes related to health, which should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Azari R, Yousefi MH, Taghipour Z, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Hosseinzadeh S, Mazloomi SM, Vallino M, Khalatbari-Limaki S, Berizi E. Application of the lytic bacteriophage Rostam to control Salmonella enteritidis in eggs. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 389:110097. [PMID: 36731200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne Salmonella enteritidis infections place human health at risk, driven by regular outbreaks and individual cases by different contaminated food materials. This study was conducted to characterize and employ a single bacteriophage as a potential biocontrol agent. Phage Rostam was isolated, characterized and then applied as biocontrol agent against S. enteritidis in liquid whole eggs and eggshell. Rostam is a novel myovirus belonging to the Rosemountvirus genus and active against Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Rostam is stable in a pH range from 4 to 10, a salt concentration of 1-9 %, whereas UV radiation gradually reduces phage stability, and its 53 kb genome sequence indicates this phage does not contain known toxins or lysogeny-associated genes. Its latent period is short with a burst size of 151 PFU/cell, under standard growth conditions. Killing curves indicate that at higher multiplicities of infection (MOI), the reduction in S. enteritidis count is more pronounced. Phage Rostam (MOI 10,000) reduces S. enteritidis growth to below the detection limit at 4 °C in both liquid whole eggs and on the eggshell within 24 h. Due to its high lytic activity and stability in relevant conditions, Rostam has the potential to be an efficient biopreservative for egg and egg products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Azari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Yousefi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Taghipour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Sepideh Khalatbari-Limaki
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Zou G, Islam MS, Liu K, Xue S, Song Z, Ye Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Wei S, Zhou R, Chen H, Li J. Combine thermal processing with polyvalent phage LPEK22 to prevent the Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica contamination in food. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112454. [PMID: 36869473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermal processing is the most frequently used method to destruct bacteria in food processing. However, insufficient thermal processing may lead to the outbreak of foodborne illness. This study combined thermal processing with thermostable phage to prevent food contamination. The thermostable phages were screened which can retain activity at 70 °C for 1 h. Among them, the polyvalent phage LPEK22 was obtained to lyse Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, especially several multi-drug resistant bacteria. In milk (liquid food matrix), LPEK22 significantly reduced the E. coli by 5.00 ± 0.18 log10 CFU/mL and S. enterica by 4.20 ± 0.23 log10 CFU/mL after thermal processing at 63 °C for 30 min. For beef sausage (solid food matrix), LPEK22 significantly reduced the E. coli by 2.34 ± 0.17 log10 CFU/cm2 and S. enterica by 1.54 ± 0.13 log10 CFU/cm2 after thermal processing at 66 °C for 90 s. Genome analysis revealed that LPEK22 was a novel phage with a unique tail spike protein belonging to the family of Ackermannviridae. LPEK22 did not contain lysogenic, drug-resistant, and virulent genes that may compromise the safety of food application. These results determined that LPEK22, a novel polyvalent Ackermannviridae phage, could combine with thermal processing to prevent drug-resistant E. coli and S. enterica both in vitro and in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Md Sharifull Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Center for Cancer Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suqiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanguo Shi
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Salmonella Prevalence Is Strongly Associated with Spatial Factors while Listeria monocytogenes Prevalence Is Strongly Associated with Temporal Factors on Virginia Produce Farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0152922. [PMID: 36728439 PMCID: PMC9973011 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01529-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of produce production environments complicates the development of universal strategies for managing preharvest produce safety risks. Understanding pathogen ecology in different produce-growing regions is important for developing targeted mitigation strategies. This study aimed to identify environmental and spatiotemporal factors associated with isolating Salmonella and Listeria from environmental samples collected from 10 Virginia produce farms. Soil (n = 400), drag swab (n = 400), and irrigation water (n = 120) samples were tested for Salmonella and Listeria, and results were confirmed by PCR. Salmonella serovar and Listeria species were identified by the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and partial sigB sequencing, respectively. Conditional forest analysis and Bayesian mixed models were used to characterize associations between environmental factors and the likelihood of isolating Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes (LM), and other targets (e.g., Listeria spp. and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport). Surrogate trees were used to visualize hierarchical associations identified by the forest analyses. Salmonella and LM prevalence was 5.3% (49/920) and 2.3% (21/920), respectively. The likelihood of isolating Salmonella was highest in water samples collected from the Eastern Shore of Virginia with a dew point of >9.4°C. The likelihood of isolating LM was highest in water samples collected in winter from sites where <36% of the land use within 122 m was forest wetland cover. Conditional forest results were consistent with the mixed models, which also found that the likelihood of detecting Salmonella and LM differed between sample type, region, and season. These findings identified factors that increased the likelihood of isolating Salmonella- and LM-positive samples in produce production environments and support preharvest mitigation strategies on a regional scale. IMPORTANCE This study sought to examine different growing regions across the state of Virginia and to determine how factors associated with pathogen prevalence may differ between regions. Spatial and temporal data were modeled to identify factors associated with an increased pathogen likelihood in various on-farm sources. The findings of the study show that prevalence of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes is low overall in the produce preharvest environment but does vary by space (e.g., region in Virginia) and time (e.g., season), and the likelihood of pathogen-positive samples is influenced by different spatial and temporal factors. Therefore, the results support regional or scale-dependent food safety standards and guidance documents for controlling hazards to minimize risk. This study also suggests that water source assessments are important tools for developing monitoring programs and mitigation measures, as spatiotemporal factors differ on a regional scale.
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Zhuang L, Gong J, Shen Q, Yang J, Zhang D, Zhang P, Xie H, Hao P, Zhang Y, Zhu M. Graphene oxide-assisted optimized narrow-thermal-cycling amplification for accurate detection of Salmonella spp. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:191-202. [PMID: 36357755 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative zoonotic pathogen that poses a serious global socioeconomic and public health threat. Rapid and accurate detection of Salmonella spp. is critical for effective control of its infection. In this study, an accurate, sensitive and specific graphene oxide-assisted accelerated strand exchange amplification (GO-ASEA) method for rapid detection of Salmonella spp. was developed and validated. The detection limit of the GO-ASEA method was 8.6 × 101 fg μL-1 of Salmonella genomic DNA or 1 × 101 CFU g-1 of Salmonella in spiked chicken faeces free of pre-enrichment. And the GO-ASEA method could specifically detect Salmonella spp. without cross-reactivity with other enteric pathogens. In addition, the novel method achieved Salmonella detection within 30 min and was validated using 209 clinical samples, showing its good clinical applicability. Therefore, the GO-ASEA method is a new optional tool for the rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms, which is ideal for food safety monitoring and high-throughput detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 225125, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 225125, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 225125, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqiang Xie
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Hao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengling Zhu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 212400, Jurong, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao XP, Liu J, Sui ZJ, Xu MJ, Zhu ZY. Preparation and antibacterial effect of chitooligosaccharides monomers with different polymerization degrees from crab shell chitosan by enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:164-174. [PMID: 35307889 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the structure and antibacterial properties of chitooligosaccharide monomers with different polymerization degrees and to provide a theoretical basis for inhibiting Salmonella infection. Chitosan was used as a raw material to prepare and separate low-molecular-weight chitooligosaccharides. Chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetraose were obtained by gradient elution with cation exchange resin. The molecular weights and acetyl groups of the three monomers were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Three chitooligosaccharide monomers were used to explore the antibacterial effect on Salmonella. The results showed that the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was 92.6%, and the enzyme activity of chitosanase was 102.53 U/g. Within 18 h, chitosan was enzymatically hydrolyzed to chitooligosaccharides containing chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetraose, which were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and MALDI-TOF. MALD-TOF and TLC showed that the separation of monomers with ion exchange resins was effective, and NMR showed that there was no acetyl group. Chitobiose had a poor inhibitory effect on Salmonella, and chitotriose and chitotetraose had equivalent antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Jun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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10
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Guo L, Zhao P, Yao Z, Li T, Zhu M, Wang Z, Huang L, Niyazi G, Liu D, Rong M. Inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis on the surface of eggs by air activated with gliding arc discharge plasma. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Korzeniowski P, Śliwka P, Kuczkowski M, Mišić D, Milcarz A, Kuźmińska-Bajor M. Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella Biofilm in Poultry Housing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901770. [PMID: 35847069 PMCID: PMC9277115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the major contaminant of poultry products, and its ability to form biofilms on produced food and poultry farm processing surfaces contributes to Salmonella transmission to humans. Bacteriophages have come under increasing interest for anti-Salmonella biofilm control. In this study, we used the three previously sequenced and described phages UPWr_S1, UPWr_S3, and UPWr_S4 and a phage cocktail, UPWr_S134, containing these three phages to degrade biofilms formed by two S. Enteritidis strains, 327 lux and ATCC 13076, in vitro. It was found that treatment with bacteriophages significantly reduced biofilm on a 96-well microplate (32–69%) and a stainless steel surface (52–98%) formed by S. Enteritidis 327 lux. The reduction of biofilm formed by S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 in the 96-well microplate and on a stainless steel surface for bacteriophage treatment was in the range of 73–87% and 60–97%, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, an experimental model utilizing poultry drinkers artificially contaminated with S. Enteritidis 327 lux and treated with UPWr_S134 phage cocktail was applied. In in vitro trials, the phage cocktail significantly decreased the number of Salmonella on the surface of poultry drinkers. Moreover, the phage cocktail completely eradicated Salmonella from the abundant bacterial load on poultry drinkers in an experimentally infected chickens. Therefore, the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail is a promising candidate for Salmonella biocontrol at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Korzeniowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Śliwka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuczkowski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dušan Mišić
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Milcarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kuźmińska-Bajor
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marta Kuźmińska-Bajor
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12
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Singh A, Yemmireddy V. Pre-Growth Environmental Stresses Affect Foodborne Pathogens Response to Subsequent Chemical Treatments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040786. [PMID: 35456836 PMCID: PMC9028805 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes are known to survive under different environmental stresses with an effect on their physiological properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different environmental stresses on the foodborne pathogens response to subsequent chemical treatments. Three types of pathogens Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes were subjected to different environmental stresses: (i) Desiccation (ii) high salt (iii) low pH, and (iv) temperatures (14, 23, and 37 °C) during their growth. The cells harvested at their early stationary growth phase were subsequently subjected to chlorine (100 or 200 ppm), peracetic acid (40 or 80 ppm), and 0.5% lactic acid treatments. The results showed that pre-growth stress conditions have significant effect on the reduction of tested pathogens depending upon the type of chemical treatment. Salmonella showed the highest sensitivity against all these treatments when compared to E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, Listeria monocytogenes showed the highest percentage of sub-lethally injured cells. These findings highlighted the need to consider pre-growth conditions as an important factor for the validation of physical and chemical intervention treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Veerachandra Yemmireddy
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-956-665-7198
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13
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Avidov R, Varma VS, Saadi I, Khoury O, Chen Y, Laor Y. A Combined Field–Lab Approach for Assessing Salmonella Infantis Persistence in Broiler Litter in a Stockpile and Composting Sleeve. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.811530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler litter (BL) is often contaminated by a variety of zoonotic pathogens. This study attempts to assess the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) in BL based on spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical properties in a stockpile and composting sleeve. A single trial of two pilot-scale setups, ~35 m3 each, included an open static pile (stockpile) and composting in a polyethylene sleeve with forced aeration. The initial water content was adjusted only for the sleeve (~50% w/w) as in a common composting practice. Both systems were monitored weekly and then biweekly during 2 months in 47–53 sampling points each on every campaign. Measurements included temperature, water content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), gas-phase oxygen, and ammonia, and the collected data were used to construct multiple contour grid maps. Of the stockpile volume, 83, 71, and 62% did not reach the commonly required minimum temperature of 55°C for three consecutive days during the first, second, and third weeks, respectively. Oxygen levels showed a strong gradient across the stockpile, while anaerobic conditions prevailed in the core. Variation was also recorded within the sleeve, but due to the water content adjustment and active aeration, the conditions favored more intense degradation and higher temperatures. Combining the grid maps drawn in this study with decay rate constants recently published for S. Infantis in BL under 36 combinations of temperature, water content, and pH, we assessed the spatial persistence of S. Infantis in the stockpile and the sleeve. Temperature was shown as a major factor, while water content and pH had only a small effect, in the stockpile only. Co-correlations between temperature, water content, EC, and oxygen suggest that selected physicochemical properties may be sufficient for such assessments. Up to 3 weeks would be recommended to achieve 7–8 log10 reduction in Salmonella in a stockpile, while this would be fully achieved within 1 week in a sleeve. This approach of combining high-resolution spatial field sampling along with decay rates of pathogens under controlled lab conditions may improve quantitative microbial risk assessments and future regulations of manure utilization.
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14
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Development of a streptavidin-bridged enhanced sandwich ELISA based on self-paired nanobodies for monitoring multiplex Salmonella serogroups. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Srisamran J, Atwill ER, Chuanchuen R, Jeamsripong S. Detection and analysis of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in conventional and organic fruits and vegetables sold in retail markets. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Produce-associated foodborne outbreaks have been increasingly implicated as the significant proportion of the annual incidence of foodborne illness worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of indicator bacteria and the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, and to characterize predictors associated with Salmonella contamination of retail produce from fresh markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 503 samples were collected during May 2018 and February 2019, comprised of sweet basil, spring onion, coriander, cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, and tomato, with n = 167 conventional items from fresh open-air markets, n = 168 conventional items from supermarkets, and n = 168 organic items from supermarkets. The overall prevalence in these 503 items for fecal coliforms and E. coli were 84.3% and 71.4%, with mean concentrations (± S.D.) of fecal coliforms and E. coli being 3.0×105 (± 1.3×106) and 1.8×105 (± 1.1×105) MPN/g, respectively. The concentration of fecal coliforms and E. coli was higher in produce sampled from fresh open-air markets than produce from supermarkets; similarly, these bacterial indicators were higher from produce grown under conventional methods than certified organic produce. The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella was 4.8% and 0.4%, respectively, but no positives were found for E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. The predominant Salmonella serovar were Stanley (30.8%). Based on logistic regression, the odds of Salmonella contamination were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the rainy versus dry season, produce grown using conventional versus organic agriculture, sweet basil versus other commodities, and using ice tank versus dry refrigeration for overnight retail storage. This study indicated that fruits and vegetables are important sources of microbial contamination. Hence, monitoring and surveillance of pathogen contamination to produce is needed to strengthen food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutanat Srisamran
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Western center for food safety, university of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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A Polyvalent Broad-Spectrum Escherichia Phage Tequatrovirus EP01 Capable of Controlling Salmonella and Escherichia coli Contamination in Foods. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020286. [PMID: 35215879 PMCID: PMC8877722 DOI: 10.3390/v14020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) food contamination could lead to serious foodborne diseases. The gradual increase in the incidence of foodborne disease invokes new and efficient methods to limit food pathogenic microorganism contamination. In this study, a polyvalent broad-spectrum Escherichia phage named Tequatrovirus EP01 was isolated from pig farm sewage. It could lyse both Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and E. coli and exhibited broad host range. EP01 possessed a short latent period (10 min), a large burst size (80 PFU/cell), and moderate pH stability (4–10) and appropriate thermal tolerance (30–80 °C). Electron microscopy and genome sequence revealed that EP01 belonged to T4-like viruses genus, Myoviridae family. EP01 harbored 12 CDSs associated with receptor-binding proteins and lacked virulence genes and drug resistance genes. We tested the inhibitory effect of EP01 on S. Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O114:K90 (B90), and E. coli O142:K86 (B) in liquid broth medium (LB). EP01 could significantly reduce the counts of all tested strains compared with phage-free groups. We further examined the effectiveness of EP01 in controlling bacterial contamination in two kinds of foods (meat and milk) contaminated with S. Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O114:K90 (B90), and E. coli O142:K86 (B), respectively. EP01 significantly reduced the viable counts of all the tested bacteria (2.18–6.55 log10 CFU/sample, p < 0.05). A significant reduction of 6.55 log10 CFU/cm2 (p < 0.001) in bacterial counts on the surface of meat was observed with EP01 treatment. Addition of EP01 at MOI of 1 decreased the counts of bacteria by 4.3 log10 CFU/mL (p < 0.001) in milk. Generally, the inhibitory effect exhibited more stable at 4 °C than that at 28 °C, whereas the opposite results were observed in milk. The antibacterial effects were better at MOI of 1 than that at MOI of 0.001. These results suggests that phage EP01-based method is a promising strategy of controlling Salmonella and Escherichia coli pathogens to limit microbial food contamination.
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17
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Diversity, Distribution, and Prevalence in Public Access Waters from a Central California Coastal Leafy Green Growing Region during 2011 - 2016. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0183421. [PMID: 34910555 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01834-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and serovar diversity of Salmonella enterica was measured during a five-year survey of surface waters in a 500 mi^2 agricultural region of the Central California Coast. Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds were sampled bimonthly resulting in 2,979 samples. Overall prevalence was 56.4% with higher levels detected in Spring than in Fall. Small, but significant, differences in prevalence were detected based on sample locations. Detection of Salmonella was correlated positively with both significant rain events and, in some environments, levels of generic Escherichia coli. Analysis of 1,936 isolates revealed significant serovar diversity, with 91 different serovars detected. The most common isolated serovars were S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars I 6,8:d:- (406 isolates, 21.0%, and potentially monophasic Salmonella Muenchen), Give (334 isolates, 17.3%), Muenchen (158 isolates, 8.2%), Typhimurium (227 isolates, 11.7%), Oranienburg (106 isolates, 5.5%), and Montevideo (78 isolates, 4%). Sixteen of the 24 most common serovars detected in the region are among the serovars reported to cause the most human salmonellosis in the United States. Some of the serovars were associated with location and seasonal bias. Analysis of XbaI Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of strains of serovars Typhimurium, Oranienburg, and Montevideo showed significant intra-serovar diversity. PFGE pulsotypes were identified in the region for multiple years of the survey, indicating persistence or regular re-introduction to the region. Importance Non-typhoidal Salmonella is the among the leading causes of bacterial foodborne illness and increasing numbers of outbreaks and recalls are due to contaminated produce. High prevalence and 91 different serovars were detected in this leafy green growing region. Seventeen serovars that cause most of the human salmonellosis in the United States were detected, with 16 of those serovars detected in multiple locations and multiple years of the 5-year survey. Understanding the widespread prevalence and diversity of Salmonella in the region will assist in promoting food safety practices and intervention methods for growers and regulators.
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18
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Khalefa HS, Ahmed ZS, Abdel-Kader F, Ismail EM, Elshafiee EA. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the stn gene of Salmonella species isolated from different environmental sources at Lake Qarun protectorate: The role of migratory birds and public health importance. Vet World 2021; 14:2764-2772. [PMID: 34903938 PMCID: PMC8654765 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2764-2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella causes most foodborne bacterial illnesses worldwide. It is found in various hosts, including pets, farm animals, and wild animals, as well as the environment. This study aimed to examine the epidemiological relationship between Salmonella isolates from aquatic environments and those from other avian hosts. Materials and Methods: The study examined 12 water samples, 210 aquatic animals, and 45 migratory aquatic bird samples collected from the protected area of Lake Qarun in El-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, during migration seasons from different waterfowl migration areas (from October 2018 to January 2019). In addition, 45 fecal samples from domestic chickens were collected from the same geographic location from poultry farms. Bacteriological examination and polymerase chain reaction assay of two virulence genes (i.e., invA and stn) were performed to isolate and identify Salmonella. Results: Salmonella was isolated from 58.3% (7/12) of Lake Qarun water samples, 13.3% (6/45) of migratory waterfowl, 6.6% of (3/45) of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and 4.3% (3/70) of fish and pooled brine shrimp. In migratory aquatic bird species that were sampled, Salmonella were isolated from 23.1% (3/13) of Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), 12.5%, (1/8) of green-winged teal (Anas cardolinesis), 10% (2/20) of northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata), and 0% (0/4) of mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). In 35 Tilapia, Salmonella was isolated by (8.6%) 5.7% of external surfaces, 2.85% from the intestine, and 0% from the muscle. No Salmonella was isolated from the 175 brine shrimp samples. Phylogenetic analysis using the stn genes of Salmonella isolated from the aquatic environment, migratory aquatic birds, and chicken showed a strong association between these isolates. In addition, a higher nucleotide identity percentage was observed between the sequences recovered from migratory aquatic birds and Lake Qarun water samples. Conclusion: Salmonella distribution was confirmed through migratory aquatic birds, based on our phylogeny tree analysis, Salmonella considered a likely carrier of zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, the close relationship between chicken and fish sequences highlights the scenarios of using chicken manure in fish farms and its public health implications. The presence of Salmonella in different environmental sources spotlights the urgent need to control and break down its epidemiological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Khalefa
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Fatma Abdel-Kader
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Eman M Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Elshafiee
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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19
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Onarinde BA. Survival of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 30 on Brazil Nut Kernels and Pumpkin Seeds Stored at 8, 23, and 37°C. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2044-2052. [PMID: 34129662 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Experiments were performed to assess the survival of Salmonella on whole Brazil nut kernels and pumpkin seeds stored at 8, 23, and 37°C. Brazil nut kernels and pumpkin seeds were inoculated with bacterial inoculum containing 10.4 log CFU/mL Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 and aseptically dried at room temperature for 24 h. After the drying step, levels of Salmonella recovered from Brazil nut kernels and pumpkin seeds were 8.67 ± 0.01 and 9.27 ± 0.03 log CFU/g, respectively. The survival of Salmonella and change in water activity was assessed over 413 days. Although Salmonella survived throughout the storage period, significant differences were recorded between the storage temperatures. Results showed that the survival of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 was more enhanced at 8°C compared with storage at 23 and 37°C. Comparing the survival of Salmonella on the two products at different storage temperatures, there was no significant difference between the means of Salmonella counts for the two products. Results show that Salmonella survived longer on pumpkin seeds stored at 8°C (P = 0.53, compared with Brazil nut kernels), and at 23 and 37°C, Salmonella survived longer on Brazil nut kernels (P = 0.12, compared with pumpkin seeds). The highest and lowest survival of Salmonella was observed on pumpkin seeds with decay rates of -0.003 ± 0.001 and -0.015 ± 0.001 log CFU/g/day for pumpkin seeds stored at 8 and 37°C, respectively. The water activity values recorded on days 2 and 413 for Brazil nut kernels stored at 8, 23, and 37°C were 0.424 and 0.434, 0.383 and 0.385, and 0.372 and 0.256, respectively. For pumpkin seeds stored at 8, 23, and 37°C, water activity values recorded on days 2 and 413 were 0.754 and 0.412, 0.627 and 0.350, and 0.787 and 0.205, respectively. The data obtained in this study provide useful insight on the influence of temperature on the survival of Salmonella on the surface of Brazil nut kernels and pumpkin seeds. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola A Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Minerva House, Park Road, Holbeach, Spalding PE12 7PT, UK
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20
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Listeria monocytogenes Survival on Peaches and Nectarines under Conditions Simulating Commercial Stone-Fruit Packinghouse Operations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179174. [PMID: 34501764 PMCID: PMC8431221 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent recalls of stone fruit due to potential Listeria contamination and associated foodborne outbreaks highlight the risk for pathogen transmission through stone-fruit consumption. Particularly, surface contamination of fruits increases the risk for cross-contamination of produce during processing and storage. This highlights the need for quality control in stone fruits intended for consumption. To develop effective food safety practices, it is essential to determine the critical factors during stone-fruit processing that influence Listeria survival. Therefore, this study evaluated the ability of Listeria to survive on peaches and nectarines under simulated stone-fruit loading and staging, waxing and fungicide application and storage conditions. The results of our study indicate that current stone-fruit handling conditions do not favor Listeria growth. However, once fruit is contaminated, Listeria can survive on the fruit surface in significant numbers under current processing conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop and implement preventive controls at the stone-fruit packinghouse to prevent Listeria contamination and deter pathogen persistence.
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21
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Avidov R, Varma VS, Saadi I, Hanan A, Lublin A, Saldinger SS, Chen Y, Laor Y. Factors Influencing the Persistence of Salmonella Infantis in Broiler Litter During Composting and Stabilization Processes and Following Soil Incorporation. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.645721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler litter (BL), a by-product of broiler meat production, is frequently contaminated with Salmonella and other zoonotic pathogens. To ensure the safety of crop production chains and limit pathogen spread in the environment, a pre-treatment is desired before further agricultural utilization. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of physico-chemical properties on Salmonella persistence in BL during composting and stabilization and following soil incorporation, toward optimization of the inactivation process. Thirty-six combinations of temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60°C), water content (40, 55, and 70%; w/w), and initial pH (6, 7, and 8.5) were employed in static lab vessels to study the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis; a multidrug-resistant strain) during incubation of artificially-inoculated BL. The effect of aeration was investigated in a composting simulator, with controlled heating and flow conditions. Temperature was found to be the main factor significantly influencing Salmonella decay rates, while water content and initial pH had a secondary level of influence with significant effects mainly at 30 and 40°C. Controlled simulations showed faster decay of Salmonella under anaerobic conditions at mesophilic temperatures (<45°C) and no effect of NH3 emissions. Re-wetting the BL at mesophilic temperatures resulted in Salmonella burst, and led to a higher tolerance of the pathogen at increased temperatures. Based on the decay rates measured under all temperature, water content, and pH conditions, it was estimated that the time required to achieve a 7 log10 reduction in Salmonella concentration, ranges between 13.7–27.2, 6.5–15.6, 1.2–4.7, and 1.3–1.5 days for 30, 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively. Inactivation of BL indigenous microbial population by autoclaving or addition of antibiotics to which the S. Infantis is resistant, resulted in augmentation of Salmonella multiplication. This suggests the presence of microbial antagonists in the BL, which inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Finally, Salmonella persisted over 90 days at 30°C in a Vertisol soil amended with inoculated BL, presumably due to reduced antagonistic activity compared to the BL alone. These findings are valuable for risk assessments and the formulation of guidelines for safe utilization of BL in agriculture.
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22
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He Y, Chen R, Qi Y, Salazar JK, Zhang S, Tortorello ML, Deng X, Zhang W. Survival and transcriptomic response of Salmonella enterica on fresh-cut fruits. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109201. [PMID: 33930836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is frequently implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks associated with fresh-cut fruits. In the U.S., more than one third of fruit-related outbreaks have been linked to two S. enterica serotypes Newport and Typhimurium. Approximately 80% of fruit-related human salmonellosis cases were associated with tomatoes, cantaloupes and cucumbers. In this study, we investigated the population dynamics of S. Newport and S. Typhimurium on fresh-cut tomato, cantaloupe, cucumber and apple under short-term storage conditions. We further compared the transcriptomic profiles of a S. Newport strain on fresh-cut tomato and cantaloupe using high-throughput RNA-seq. We demonstrated that both S. enterica Newport and Typhimurium survived well on various fresh-cut fruit items under refrigeration storage conditions, independent of inoculation levels. However, S. enterica displayed variable survival behaviors on different types of fruits. For example, at 7 d storage, the population of S. enterica reduced less than 0.2 log (p > 0.05) on fresh-cut tomato and cantaloupe, in contrast to ~0.5 log (p < 0.05) on cucumber and apple. RNA-seq analysis suggested that S. enterica mediates its survival on fresh-cut fruits through differentially regulating genes involved in specific carbon utilization and metabolic pathways. Several known bacterial virulence factors (e.g., pag gene) were found to be differentially regulated on fresh-cut tomato and cantaloupe, suggesting a link between the events of food contamination and subsequent human infection. Findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of S. enterica survival mechanisms on fresh-cut produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshu He
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA; Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
| | - Ruixi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Yan Qi
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Joelle K Salazar
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Shimei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Mary Lou Tortorello
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Xiangyu Deng
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
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23
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Yegin Y, Perez-Lewis KL, Liu S, Kerth CR, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Castillo A, Akbulut M, Taylor TM. Antimicrobial-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Inhibit Enteric Bacterial Pathogens on Spinach Leaf Surfaces During Multiple Simulated Pathogen Contamination Events. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.646980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting fresh-packed produce microbiological safety against pre- and post-harvest microbial pathogen contamination requires innovative antimicrobial strategies. Although largely ignored in the scientific literature, there exists the potential for gross failure in food safety protection of fresh fruits and vegetables leading to opportunity for multiple produce contamination events to occur during production and post-harvest handling of food crops. The primary objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobial-loaded nanoparticles to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on spinach leaf surfaces whilst simulating multiple pathogen contamination events (pre-harvest and post-harvest). Spinach samples were inoculated with a blend of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, each diluted to ~8.0 log10 CFU/mL. The inoculated samples were then submerged in solutions containing nanoparticles loaded with geraniol (GPN; 0.5 wt.% geraniol), unencapsulated geraniol (UG; 0.5 wt.%), or 200 ppm chlorine (HOCl; pH 7.0), with untreated samples serving for controls. Following antimicrobial treatment application, samples were collected for surviving pathogen enumeration or were placed under refrigeration (5°C) for up to 10 days, with periodic enumeration of pathogen loads. After 3 days of refrigerated storage, all samples were removed, aseptically opened and subjected to a second inoculation with both pathogens. Treatment of spinach surfaces with encapsulated geraniol reduced both pathogens to non-detectable numbers within 7 days of refrigerated storage, even with a second contamination event occurring 3 days after experiment initiation. Similar results were observed with the UG treatment, except that upon recontamination at day 3, a higher pathogen load was detected on UG-treated spinach vs. GPN-treated spinach. These data fill a research gap by providing a novel tool to reduce enteric bacterial pathogens on spinach surfaces despite multiple contamination events, a potential food safety risk for minimally processed edible produce.
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24
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Zhou B, Luo Y, Teng ZI, Nou X, Millner P. Factors Impacting Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Wash Water during Simulated Dump Tank Wash of Grape Tomatoes. J Food Prot 2021; 84:695-703. [PMID: 33270875 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fresh and fresh-cut tomatoes are high in phytonutrients. However, illness outbreaks associated with contaminated tomatoes have significantly impacted public health and the economic well-being of the tomato industry. Scientific information is needed to develop an effective, practical food safety standard to reduce pathogen contamination. The aim of this study was to assess factors impacting the deterioration of the quality of tomato wash water and the proliferation of indigenous microorganisms during a simulated dump tank washing process. Freshly harvested grape tomatoes were sorted into four groups: prime, defective, underripe, and nontomato debris. Tomatoes with leaf or stem harvest debris, combined or separate, were washed in tap water with or without free chlorine. Water samples were analyzed for total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and chlorine demand. Microbial populations in water and on tomatoes as impacted by chlorine concentration and water filtration (300 μm) were also quantified. Field debris and defective tomatoes were the major contributors to microbial populations in wash water. Field debris, although accounting for <1% of the total weight of harvested material, contributed 37.84% of total dissolved solids, 46.15% of turbidity, 48.77% of chemical oxygen demand, and 50.55% of chlorine demand in the wash water. Water quality deterioration was proportional to the cumulative quantity of tomatoes and debris washed, and free chlorine at ≥5 mg/L significantly reduced the Enterobacteriaceae, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and yeast and mold populations. These results highlight the importance of minimizing field debris and defective fruits in harvested grape tomatoes to reduce the microbial load and prevent deterioration of wash water quality. This information will be useful for the development of data-driven harvesting and packinghouse food safety practices for grape tomatoes. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-4318 [Y.L.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6877-7527 [P.M.])
| | - Yaguang Luo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-4318 [Y.L.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6877-7527 [P.M.])
| | - Z I Teng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Patricia Millner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-4318 [Y.L.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6877-7527 [P.M.])
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25
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Impact of the Resistance Responses to Stress Conditions Encountered in Food and Food Processing Environments on the Virulence and Growth Fitness of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030617. [PMID: 33799446 PMCID: PMC8001757 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Salmonella as a foodborne pathogen can probably be attributed to two major features: its remarkable genetic diversity and its extraordinary ability to adapt. Salmonella cells can survive in harsh environments, successfully compete for nutrients, and cause disease once inside the host. Furthermore, they are capable of rapidly reprogramming their metabolism, evolving in a short time from a stress-resistance mode to a growth or virulent mode, or even to express stress resistance and virulence factors at the same time if needed, thanks to a complex and fine-tuned regulatory network. It is nevertheless generally acknowledged that the development of stress resistance usually has a fitness cost for bacterial cells and that induction of stress resistance responses to certain agents can trigger changes in Salmonella virulence. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge concerning the effects that the development of resistance responses to stress conditions encountered in food and food processing environments (including acid, osmotic and oxidative stress, starvation, modified atmospheres, detergents and disinfectants, chilling, heat, and non-thermal technologies) exerts on different aspects of the physiology of non-typhoidal Salmonellae, with special emphasis on virulence and growth fitness.
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26
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Antimicrobial and Antivirulence Impacts of Phenolics on Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100668. [PMID: 33022945 PMCID: PMC7600263 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains a major infectious agent in the USA, with an increasing antibiotic resistance pattern, which requires the development of novel antimicrobials capable of controlling ST. Polyphenolic compounds found in plant extracts are strong candidates as alternative antimicrobials, particularly phenolic acids such as gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA) and vanillic acid (VA). This study evaluates the effectiveness of these compounds in inhibiting ST growth while determining changes to the outer membrane through fluorescent dye uptake and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in addition to measuring alterations to virulence genes with qRT-PCR. Results showed antimicrobial potential for all compounds, significantly inhibiting the detectable growth of ST. Fluorescent spectrophotometry and microscopy detected an increase in relative fluorescent intensity (RFI) and red-colored bacteria over time, suggesting membrane permeabilization. SEM revealed severe morphological defects at the polar ends of bacteria treated with GA and PA, while VA-treated bacteria were found to be mid-division. Relative gene expression showed significant downregulation in master regulator hilA and invH after GA and PA treatments, while fliC was upregulated in VA. Results suggest that GA, PA and VA have antimicrobial potential that warrants further research into their mechanism of action and the interactions that lead to ST death.
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Díaz-Torres O, Lugo-Melchor OY, de Anda J, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Amézquita-López BA, Meza-Rodríguez D. Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella Strains Isolated From a Subtropical Lake. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:521146. [PMID: 33042046 PMCID: PMC7518123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.521146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of Salmonella enterica isolated from Lake Zapotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Additionally, the association of the presence of Salmonella with physicochemical and environmental parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Salmonella spp. were identified in 19 of 63 (30.15%) samples. The prevalence of Salmonella was positively correlated with air temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with relative humidity, water temperature, turbidity, and precipitation. The predominant serotype identified was Agona (68.48%), followed by Weltevreden (5.26%), Typhimurium (5.26%), and serogroup B (21.05%). Overall, the highest detected antimicrobial resistance was toward colistin (73.68%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (63.15%), tetracycline (57.89%), nalidixic acid (52.63%), and trimethoprim (52.63%). All Salmonella strains were genetically diverse, with a total of 11 XbaI and four BlnI profiles on PFGE. The use of these two enzymes allowed differentiate strains of Salmonella of the same serotype. The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the Salmonella spp. ecology in an endorheic subtropical lake and provide information for decision makers to propose and implement effective strategies to control point and non-point sources of pathogen contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José de Anda
- Departamento de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Bianca A Amézquita-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Mexico
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28
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Deese LM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown EW, Bell RL. Colonization and Internalization of Salmonella enterica and Its Prevalence in Cucumber Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32547530 PMCID: PMC7273826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus var. sativus) has been linked to several foodborne outbreaks involving Salmonella enterica. The purpose of this work was to investigate the efficiency of colonization and internalization of S. enterica into cucumber plants by various routes of contamination. Produce-associated outbreak strains of Salmonella (a cocktail of serovars Javiana, Montevideo, Newport, Poona, and Typhimurium) were introduced to three cultivars of cucumber plants (two slicing cultivars and one pickling) via blossoms (ca. 6.4 log10 CFU/blossom, 4.5 log10 CFU/blossom, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom) or soil (ca. 8.3 log10 CFU/root zone) and were analyzed for prevalence of Salmonella contamination (internal and external) and serovar predominance in fruit and stems. Of the total slicing fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (ca. 6.4, 4.5, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom), 83.9% (47/56), 81.4% (48/59) or 71.2% (84/118) were found colonized and 67.9% (38/56), 35.6% (21/59) or 22.0% (26/118) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit, respectively. S. Poona was the most prevalent serovar isolated on or in cucumber fruits at all inoculation levels. When soil was inoculated at 1 day post-transplant (dpt), 8% (10/120) of the plants were shown to translocate Salmonella to the lower stem 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Results identified blossoms as an important route by which Salmonella internalized at a high percentage into cucumbers, and S. Poona, the same strain isolated from the 2015 outbreak of cucumbers imported from Mexico, was shown to be well-adapted to the blossom niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren M Deese
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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29
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Misra G, Gibson KE. Survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Javiana and Listeria monocytogenes is dependent on type of soil-free microgreen cultivation matrix. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1720-1732. [PMID: 32396260 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study measured the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Javiana over a 10-day period on four soil-free cultivation matrix (SFCM) types in the absence of microgreens and fertilizers. METHODS AND RESULTS Coco coir (CC), a Sphagnum peat/vermiculite mix, Biostrate® and hemp mat samples were inoculated with 3 × 106 CFU per ml bacteria, incubated at room temperature, and analysed on day 0, 1, 3, 6, and 10. Statistically significant differences in pathogen survival were observed across multiple time points for hemp and Biostrate compared to CC, peat and bacteria in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (P < 0·05). S. Javiana showed greater overall survival compared to Listeria (P < 0·0002). By day 10, S. Javiana persisted at the initial inoculum concentration for hemp and Biostrate while declining by 1-2 log CFU per ml in CC, peat and PBS. Listeria also persisted at the initial concentration in hemp and Biostrate but decreased to 1 log CFU per ml in peat and below the detection limit in CC and PBS. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there are survival differences between bacterial pathogens in SFCM used in microgreen production systems. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of survival among SFCM involving a S. enterica serovar and L. monocytogenes, and the first study comparing CC, Biostrate and hemp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Microgreens production systems predominantly utilize soil alternatives, and it is not well-understood how pathogen transmission risk may be affected by the type of SFCM. The results of this study impact the microgreen industry as media selection may be used to reduce the risk of bacterial pathogen proliferation and transmission to the plant potentially resulting in potential foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Misra
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - K E Gibson
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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30
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Hwang D, Rothrock MJ, Pang H, Guo M, Mishra A. Predicting Salmonella prevalence associated with meteorological factors in pastured poultry farms in southeastern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136359. [PMID: 32019007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumer demand has increased for pastured poultry products as the drive for sustainable farming practices and ethical treatments of livestock have become popular in the press. It is necessary to identify the important meteorological factors associated with the prevalence of Salmonella in the pastured poultry settings since the presence of Salmonella in the environment could lead to contamination of the final product. The objective of this study was to develop a model to describe the relationship between meteorological factors and the presence of Salmonella on the pastured poultry farms. The random forest method was used to develop a model where 83 meteorological factors were included as the predicting variables. The soil model identified humidity as the most important variable associated with Salmonella prevalence, while high wind gust speed and average temperature were identified as important meteorological variables in the feces model. The developed models were robust in predicting the prevalence of Salmonella in pastured poultry farms with the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve values of 0.884 and 0.872 for the soil model and feces model, respectively. The predictive models developed in this study can provide users with practical and effective tools to make informed decisions with scientific evidence regarding the meteorological parameters that are important to monitor for increased on-farm Salmonella prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizy Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hao Pang
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Miao Guo
- PepsiCo Food Safety Center of Excellence, Beijing, China
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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31
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Duc HM, Son HM, Yi HPS, Sato J, Ngan PH, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Isolation, characterization and application of a polyvalent phage capable of controlling Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in different food matrices. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108977. [PMID: 32247506 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are the most important foodborne pathogens, causing serious food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. Bacteriophages are increasingly considered as novel antibacterial agents to control foodborne pathogens. In this study, 8 Salmonella phages and 10 E. coli O157:H7 phages were isolated from chicken products. A polyvalent phage PS5 capable of infecting S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7 was further characterized and its efficacy in reducing these foodborne pathogens was evaluated in in vitro and in foods. Morphology, one-step growth, and stability assay showed that phage PS5 was a myovirus, with relatively short latent periods, large burst sizes, and high stability. Genome sequencing analysis revealed that the genome of PS5 does not contain any genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxins, lysogeny, and virulence factors. In broth, phage PS5 significantly decreased the viable counts of all the three bacterial hosts by more than 1.3 log CFU/mL compared to controls after 2 h of incubation at 4 °C and 24 °C. In foods, treatment with PS5 also resulted in significant reductions of viable counts of all the three bacterial hosts compared to controls at temperatures tested. This is the first report on single phage capable of simultaneously controlling S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 in both in vitro and in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hazel Pang Shu Yi
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jun Sato
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Pham Hong Ngan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Viet Nam
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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32
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Park YS, Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim KM, Ryu CM. The transcriptome analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana in response to the Vibrio vulnificus by RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225976. [PMID: 31841567 PMCID: PMC6913959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the recent increase in the demand for fresh produce, contamination of raw food products has become an issue. Foodborne diseases are frequently caused by the infection of leguminous plants by human bacterial pathogens. Moreover, contamination by Vibrio cholerae, closely related with Vibrio vulnificus, has been reported in plants and vegetables. Here, we investigated the possibility of Vibrio vulnificus 96-11-17M, an opportunistic human pathogen, to infect and colonize Arabidopsis thaliana plants, resulting in typical disease symptoms at 5 and 7 days post-inoculation in vitro and in planta under artificial and favorable conditions, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 5,360, 4,204, 4,916 and 3,741 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-inoculation, respectively, compared with the 0 h time point. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs act in pathways responsive to chemical and hormone stimuli and plant defense. The expression of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA)-, jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent pathways was altered following V. vulnificus inoculation. Genetic analyses of Arabidopsis mutant lines verified that common pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors perceive the V. vulnificus infection, thus activating JA and ET signaling pathways. Our data indicate that the human bacterial pathogen V. vulnificus 96-11-17M modulates defense-related genes and host defense machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana under favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Microbial Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail: ,
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Faour-Klingbeil D, Todd ECD. The Impact of Climate Change on Raw and Untreated Wastewater Use for Agriculture, Especially in Arid Regions: A Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:61-72. [PMID: 29446666 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time that pose unprecedented stress to the environment and threats to human health. The global impacts of climate change are vast, spanning from extreme weather events to changes in patterns and distribution of infectious diseases. Lack of rainfall associated with higher temperatures has a direct influence on agricultural production. This is compounded by a growing population forecasted to expand further with increasing needs for food and water. All this has led to the increasing use of wastewater worldwide. In this review, we more specifically discuss the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, the most arid region in the world. This presents challenges for agriculture with respect to water availability and increasing wastewater use in agri-food chain. This in turn exerts pressures on the safety of food raised from such irrigated crops. Current practices in the MENA region indicate that ineffective water resource management, lack of water quality policies, and slow-paced wastewater management strategies continue to contribute to a decline in water resources and an increased unplanned use of black and graywater in agriculture. Radical actions are needed in the region to improve water and wastewater management to adapt to these impacts. In this regard, the 2006 WHO guidelines for the use of wastewater contain recommendations for the most effective solutions. They provide a step-by-step guide for series of appropriate health protection measures for microbial reduction targets of 6 log units for viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, but these need to be combined with new varieties of crops that are drought and pest resistant. More research into economic local treatment procedures for wastewater in the region is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Faour-Klingbeil
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Plymouth, United Kingdom .,2 DFK for Safe Food Environment , Hannover, Germany
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Bardsley CA, Truitt LN, Pfuntner RC, Danyluk MD, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Growth and Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on Whole and Sliced Cucumbers. J Food Prot 2019; 82:301-309. [PMID: 30682262 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cucumbers were associated with four multistate outbreaks of Salmonella in the United States between 2013 and 2016. This study evaluated the fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on whole and sliced cucumbers at various storage temperatures. Cucumbers were inoculated with five-strain cocktails of L. monocytogenes or Salmonella, air dried, and stored at 23 ± 2, 4 ± 2, and -18 ± 2°C. Whole and sliced cucumber samples were enumerated on nonselective and selective media at 0, 0.21, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days (23 ± 2°C); 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days (4 ± 2°C); and 0, 7, 28, 60, 90, and 120 days (-18 ± 2°C). For Salmonella, additional time points were added at 8 and 17 h (23 ± 2°C) and at 17 h (4 ± 2°C). Population levels were calculated for whole (CFU per cucumber) and sliced (CFU per gram) cucumbers. Both pathogens grew on whole and sliced cucumbers held at ambient temperatures. At 23 ± 2°C, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella populations significantly increased on whole (2.3 and 3.4 log CFU per cucumber, respectively) and sliced (1.7 and 3.2 log CFU/g, respectively) cucumbers within 1 day. Salmonella populations significantly increased on whole and sliced cucumbers after only 5 h (2.1 log CFU per cucumber and 1.5 log CFU/g, respectively), whereas L. monocytogenes populations were not significantly different on whole and sliced cucumbers at 5 h. L. monocytogenes and Salmonella populations survived up to 21 days on refrigerated whole and sliced cucumbers. At 4 ± 2°C, L. monocytogenes populations significantly increased on whole (2.8 log CFU per cucumber) and sliced (2.9 log CFU/g) cucumbers, whereas Salmonella populations significantly decreased on whole (0.6 log CFU per cucumber) and sliced (1.3 log CFU/g) cucumbers over 21 days. Both pathogens survived on frozen whole and sliced cucumbers for at least 120 days. The ability of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella to grow on whole and sliced cucumbers in short amounts of time at ambient temperatures, and to survive on whole and sliced cucumbers past the recommended shelf life at refrigeration temperatures, highlights the need to reduce the likelihood of contamination events throughout the cucumber supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle D Danyluk
- 2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Steven L Rideout
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia 23420
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An economic analysis of salmonella detection in fresh produce, poultry, and eggs using whole genome sequencing technology in Canada. Food Res Int 2019; 116:802-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Simpson KMJ, Hill-Cawthorne GA, Ward MP, Mor SM. Diversity of Salmonella serotypes from humans, food, domestic animals and wildlife in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:623. [PMID: 30518339 PMCID: PMC6280480 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is an important human pathogen in Australia and annual case rates continue to increase. In addition to foodborne exposures, cases have been associated with animal and contaminated environment contact. However, routine surveillance in Australia has tended to focus on humans and food, with no reported attempts to collate and compare Salmonella data from a wider range of potential sources of exposure. METHODS Salmonella data from humans, food, animals and environments were collated from a range of surveillance and diagnostic sources in New South Wales (NSW). Data were categorised to reflect one of 29 sample origins. Serotype diversity was described for each category, and the distribution of serotypes commonly isolated from humans was examined for each sample origin. The distribution of serotypes along the livestock-food-human continuum and at the companion animal-wildlife interface was also examined. RESULTS In total, 49,872 Salmonella isolates were included in this analysis, comprising 325 serotypes. The vast majority of these isolates were from humans (n = 38,106). Overall S. Typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype and was isolated from all sample categories except natural environment and game meat. S. Enteriditis was not isolated from any livestock animal, however sporadic cases were documented in food, companion animals and a reptile. Many serotypes that were frequently isolated from livestock animals and associated food products were only rarely isolated from humans. In addition, a number of key human serotypes were only sporadically isolated from livestock and food products, suggesting alternative sources of infection. In particular, S. Paratyphi B Java and S. Wangata were more often isolated from wild animals. Finally, there was some overlap between serotypes in companion animals and wildlife, with cats in particular having a large number of serotypes in common with wild birds. CONCLUSIONS This is the most comprehensive description of Salmonella data from humans, food, livestock, wildlife, companion animals and various environments in Australia reported to date. Results confirm that livestock and food are important sources of salmonellosis in humans but that alternative sources - such as contact with wildlife and environments - warrant further investigation. Surveillance in NSW is largely human-focussed: major knowledge gaps exist regarding the diversity and frequency of serotypes in animals. More systematic surveillance of domestic animals and wildlife is needed to inform targeted control strategies and quantitative source attribution modelling in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. J. Simpson
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales Australia
| | - Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales Australia
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales Australia
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, Liverpool UK
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Genotoxic, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stresses Regulate the RNA Repair Operon of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00476-18. [PMID: 30201777 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00476-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The σ54 regulon in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium includes a predicted RNA repair operon encoding homologs of the metazoan Ro60 protein (Rsr), Y RNAs (YrlBA), RNA ligase (RtcB), and RNA 3'-phosphate cyclase (RtcA). Transcription from σ54-dependent promoters requires that a cognate bacterial enhancer binding protein (bEBP) be activated by a specific environmental or cellular signal; the cognate bEBP for the σ54-dependent promoter of the rsr-yrlBA-rtcBA operon is RtcR. To identify conditions that generate the signal for RtcR activation in S Typhimurium, transcription of the RNA repair operon was assayed under multiple stress conditions that result in nucleic acid damage. RtcR-dependent transcription was highly induced by the nucleic acid cross-linking agents mitomycin C (MMC) and cisplatin, and this activation was dependent on RecA. Deletion of rtcR or rtcB resulted in decreased cell viability relative to that of the wild type following treatment with MMC. Oxidative stress from peroxide exposure also induced RtcR-dependent transcription of the operon. Nitrogen limitation resulted in RtcR-independent increased expression of the operon; the effect of nitrogen limitation required NtrC. The adjacent toxin-antitoxin module, dinJ-yafQ, was cotranscribed with the RNA repair operon but was not required for RtcR activation, although YafQ endoribonuclease activated RtcR-dependent transcription. Stress conditions shown to induce expression the RNA repair operon of Escherichia coli (rtcBA) did not stimulate expression of the S Typhimurium RNA repair operon. Similarly, MMC did not induce expression of the E. coli rtcBA operon, although when expressed in S Typhimurium, E. coli RtcR responds effectively to the unknown signal(s) generated there by MMC exposure.IMPORTANCE Homologs of the metazoan RNA repair enzymes RtcB and RtcA occur widely in eubacteria, suggesting a selective advantage. Although the enzymatic activities of the eubacterial RtcB and RtcA have been well characterized, the physiological roles remain largely unresolved. Here we report stress responses that activate expression of the σ54-dependent RNA repair operon (rsr-yrlBA-rtcBA) of S Typhimurium and demonstrate that expression of the operon impacts cell survival under MMC-induced stress. Characterization of the requirements for activation of this tightly regulated operon provides clues to the possible functions of operon components in vivo, enhancing our understanding of how this human pathogen copes with environmental stressors.
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Mathew EN, Muyyarikkandy MS, Kuttappan D, Amalaradjou MA. Attachment of Salmonella enterica on Mangoes and Survival Under Conditions Simulating Commercial Mango Packing House and Importer Facility. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1519. [PMID: 30042752 PMCID: PMC6048225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw mangoes has led to multiple Salmonella-associated foodborne outbreaks in the United States. Although several studies have investigated the epiphytic fitness of Salmonella on fresh produce, there is sparse information available on the survival of Salmonella on mangoes under commercial handling and storage conditions. Hence, the objective of the study was to evaluate the survival of Salmonella on mangoes under ambient conditions simulating the mango packing house and importer facility. Further, the ability of the pathogen to adhere and attach on to the mango fructoplane was also investigated. For the attachment assays, mango skin sections were inoculated with fifty microliters of S. Newport suspension (6.5 log CFU/skin section) and minimum time required for adhesion and attachment were recorded. With the survival assays, unwaxed mangoes were spot inoculated with the Salmonella cocktail to establish approximately 4 and 6.5 log CFU/mango. The fruits were then subjected to different storage regimens simulating fruit unloading, waxing, and storage at the packing house and ripening and storage at the importer facility. Results of our study reveal that Salmonella was able to adhere on to the fructoplane immediately after contact. Further, formation of attachment structures was seen as early as 2 min following inoculation. With the survival assays, irrespective of the inoculum levels, no significant increase or decrease in pathogen population was observed when fruit were stored either at ambient (29-32°C and RH 85-95%, for 48 h), ripening (20-22°C and RH 90-95% for 9 days) or refrigerated storage (10-15°C and 85-95% for 24-48 h) conditions. Therefore, once contaminated, mangoes could serve as potential vehicles in the transmission of Salmonella along the post-harvest environment. Hence development and adoption of effective food safety measures are warranted to promote the microbiological safety of mangoes.
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Asare PT, Greppi A, Stettler M, Schwab C, Stevens MJA, Lacroix C. Decontamination of Minimally-Processed Fresh Lettuce Using Reuterin Produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30022970 PMCID: PMC6040215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years the demand for pre-washed, fresh-cut, and minimally-processed (MP) produce has increased. MP fresh vegetable are rapidly spoiled, whereas there is consumers' concern about chemical disinfection treatments such as with chlorine. A promising antimicrobial is reuterin, a broad-spectrum-antimicrobial compound produced by food-grade Lactobacillus reuteri from glycerol. In aqueous solution, reuterin is a dynamic system consisting of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA), its hydrate, its dimer as well as acrolein, which was recently identified as the main antimicrobial component of the system. Here, we tested the use of reuterin containing similar 3-HPA levels but different acrolein concentrations for decontaminating and preserving fresh-cut lettuce. Crude reuterin (CR) was produced by biotransformation of 600 mM glycerol using L. reuteri DSM 20016T. CR preparations were further incubated for 16 h at 50°C to produce enhanced reuterin (ER) with raised concentration of acrolein. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was washed using CR (1.5-1.9 mM acrolein) and ER (7.2-21.9 mM acrolein) solutions at 4°C, or sodium hypochloride (250 mg/L) and tap water, and compared with unwashed lettuce. Washed lettuce samples were packed under modified atmosphere (2% O2, 5% CO2, and 93% N2) and stored for 13 days at 4°C. Application of ER containing 12.1, 20.9, or 21.9 mM acrolein reduced the initial viable plate counts of Enterobacteriaceae (by 2.1-2.8 log CFU/g), and yeasts and molds (by 1.3-2.0 log CFU/g) when compared with unwashed samples. In contrast, reuterin solutions containing 7.2 mM acrolein, sodium hypochlorite and tap water only showed very limited and transient, or no effects on the cell loads of lettuce after washing and during storage. Visual assessment of leaves washed with ER showed acrolein concentration-dependent discoloration noticeable already after 3 days of storage for the highest acrolein concentrations. Discoloration became severe for all ER treatments after 7 days, while the other treatments preserved the aspect of washed lettuce. Our data show the predominant role of acrolein as the main antimicrobial component of the reuterin system for food biopreservation. Reuterin preparations with enhanced acrolein concentration of 12.1 mM and higher were effective to reduce plate counts of Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts and molds washed lettuce until day 7 but induced pronounced discoloration of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Liu H, Whitehouse CA, Li B. Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety. Front Public Health 2018; 6:159. [PMID: 29900166 PMCID: PMC5989457 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella ranks high among the pathogens causing foodborne disease outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella contributed to about 53.4% of all foodborne disease outbreaks from 2006 to 2017, and approximately 32.7% of these foodborne Salmonella outbreaks were associated with consumption of produce. Trace-back investigations have suggested that irrigation water may be a source of Salmonella contamination of produce and a vehicle for transmission. Presence and persistence of Salmonella have been reported in surface waters such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, while ground water in general offers better microbial quality for irrigation. To date, culture methods are still the gold standard for detection, isolation and identification of Salmonella in foods and water. In addition to culture, other methods for the detection of Salmonella in water include most probable number, immunoassay, and PCR. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the Produce Safety Rule (PSR) in January 2013 based on the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), which calls for more efforts toward enhancing and improving approaches for the prevention of foodborne outbreaks. In the PSR, agricultural water is defined as water used for in a way that is intended to, or likely to, contact covered produce, such as spray, wash, or irrigation. In summary, Salmonella is frequently present in surface water, an important source of water for irrigation. An increasing evidence indicates irrigation water as a source (or a vehicle) for transmission of Salmonella. This pathogen can survive in aquatic environments by a number of mechanisms, including entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and/or residing within free-living protozoa. As such, assurance of microbial quality of irrigation water is critical to curtail the produce-related foodborne outbreaks and thus enhance the food safety. In this review, we will discuss the presence and persistence of Salmonella in water and the mechanisms Salmonella uses to persist in the aquatic environment, particularly irrigation water, to better understand the impact on the microbial quality of water and food safety due to the presence of Salmonella in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Liu
- Branch of Microbiology, Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Chris A. Whitehouse
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Baoguang Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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Mathew EN, Muyyarikkandy MS, Bedell C, Amalaradjou MA. Efficacy of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid in Reducing Salmonella Contamination in Wash Water and on Mangoes Under Simulated Mango Packinghouse Washing Operations. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Song Q, Zhang D, Gao H, Wu J. Salmonella Species' Persistence and Their High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Flooded Man-Made Rivers in China. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1404-1411. [PMID: 29750591 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Man-made rivers, owing to proximity to human habitats, facilitate transmission of salmonellosis to humans. To determine the contamination situation by Salmonella in flooded man-made rivers and thereafter the exposure risk to public health, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species and their antimicrobial resistance in such rivers, as well as the relationship between the incidence of local infectious diarrhea cases and the number of Salmonella isolates from patients. After a heavy flood, 95 isolates of 13 Salmonella serotypes were isolated from 80 river water samples. The two most prevalent serotypes were Typhimurium and Derby. Eight Salmonella serotypes were newly detected after the flood. Overall, 50 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and/or cefotaxime and carried at least blaTEM. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Rissen, and Indiana were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carried at least one of blaOXA and blaCTX-M-like genes. Twelve isolates of serotypes Typhimurium, Derby, Agona, Rissen, and Indiana were resistant to ciprofloxacin and had gyrA mutations. Isolates of Typhimurium, Derby, and Indiana were concurrently ciprofloxacin resistant and ESBL producing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis illustrates the circulation of two dominant clones of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates among patients, river, and food. High prevalence of various highly pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serotypes shows that man-made rivers are prone to heavy contamination with Salmonella, and as a result put public health at greater risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Song
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Wu
- 2 Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The number of human salmonellosis within the European Union tended to increase since 2013. One of the reasons might be Salmonella Enteritidis rising in laying hens flocks by around 17% in 2015 vs 2014 and by 57% in 2016 vs 2015. The most important sources of food-borne Salmonella outbreaks are still eggs and egg products as well as ready-to-eat foods having a long shelf life. Specific actions are suggested to restart decreasing the number of human salmonellosis: (1) revision of sampling schemes to solve pathogen under detection in both animals and foods; (2) integration of microbiological criteria with fit for purpose performance objectives and food safety objectives; and (3) improvement of epidemiological investigations of human, food, and animal isolates by using whole-genome sequencing in order to effectively track salmonellosis and verify which prevention measures are most effective.
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Emond-Rheault JG, Jeukens J, Freschi L, Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Boyle B, Dupont MJ, Colavecchio A, Barrere V, Cadieux B, Arya G, Bekal S, Berry C, Burnett E, Cavestri C, Chapin TK, Crouse A, Daigle F, Danyluk MD, Delaquis P, Dewar K, Doualla-Bell F, Fliss I, Fong K, Fournier E, Franz E, Garduno R, Gill A, Gruenheid S, Harris L, Huang CB, Huang H, Johnson R, Joly Y, Kerhoas M, Kong N, Lapointe G, Larivière L, Loignon S, Malo D, Moineau S, Mottawea W, Mukhopadhyay K, Nadon C, Nash J, Ngueng Feze I, Ogunremi D, Perets A, Pilar AV, Reimer AR, Robertson J, Rohde J, Sanderson KE, Song L, Stephan R, Tamber S, Thomassin P, Tremblay D, Usongo V, Vincent C, Wang S, Weadge JT, Wiedmann M, Wijnands L, Wilson ED, Wittum T, Yoshida C, Youfsi K, Zhu L, Weimer BC, Goodridge L, Levesque RC. A Syst-OMICS Approach to Ensuring Food Safety and Reducing the Economic Burden of Salmonellosis. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28626454 PMCID: PMC5454079 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella Syst-OMICS consortium is sequencing 4,500 Salmonella genomes and building an analysis pipeline for the study of Salmonella genome evolution, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Metadata, including phenotypic as well as genomic data, for isolates of the collection are provided through the Salmonella Foodborne Syst-OMICS database (SalFoS), at https://salfos.ibis.ulaval.ca/. Here, we present our strategy and the analysis of the first 3,377 genomes. Our data will be used to draw potential links between strains found in fresh produce, humans, animals and the environment. The ultimate goals are to understand how Salmonella evolves over time, improve the accuracy of diagnostic methods, develop control methods in the field, and identify prognostic markers for evidence-based decisions in epidemiology and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Jeukens
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Luca Freschi
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Irena Kukavica-Ibrulj
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dupont
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gitanjali Arya
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC, Canada
| | - Chrystal Berry
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | | | | | - Travis K Chapin
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, United States
| | | | - France Daigle
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, MontréalQC, Canada
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, United States
| | | | - Ken Dewar
- McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada.,Génome Québec Innovation Center, MontréalQC, Canada
| | | | | | - Karen Fong
- Food Safety Engineering, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Eric Fournier
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC, Canada
| | - Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander Gill
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | | | - Linda Harris
- UC Davis Food Science and Technology, DavisCA, United States
| | - Carol B Huang
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, DavisCA, United States
| | | | - Roger Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada
| | - Maud Kerhoas
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, MontréalQC, Canada
| | - Nguyet Kong
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, DavisCA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Walid Mottawea
- McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Céline Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - John Nash
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ann Perets
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | | | - Aleisha R Reimer
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - John Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxNS, Canada
| | | | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | | | | | - Valentine Usongo
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC, Canada
| | - Caroline Vincent
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food Safety Engineering, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Biological and Chemical Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, IthacaNY, United States
| | - Lucas Wijnands
- National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Emily D Wilson
- Biological and Chemical Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Thomas Wittum
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Catherine Yoshida
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Khadija Youfsi
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC, Canada
| | - Lei Zhu
- McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada
| | - Bart C Weimer
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, DavisCA, United States
| | | | - Roger C Levesque
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
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45
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Bernstein N, Sela (Saldinger) S, Dudai N, Gorbatsevich E. Salinity Stress Does Not Affect Root Uptake, Dissemination and Persistence of Salmonella in Sweet-basil ( Ocimum basilicum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:675. [PMID: 28512466 PMCID: PMC5411819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crop produce can be contaminated in the field during cultivation by bacterial human pathogens originating from contaminated soil or irrigation water. The bacterial pathogens interact with the plant, can penetrate the plant via the root system and translocate and survive in above-ground tissues. The present study is first to investigate effects of an abiotic stress, salinity, on the interaction of plants with a bacterial human pathogen. The main sources of human bacterial contamination of plants are manures and marginal irrigation waters such as treated or un-treated wastewater. These are often saline and induce morphological, chemical and physiological changes in plants that might affect the interaction between the pathogens and the plant and thereby the potential for plant contamination. This research studied effects of salinity on the internalization of the bacterial human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Newport via the root system of sweet-basil plants, dissemination of the bacteria in the plant, and kinetics of survival in planta. Irrigation with 30 mM NaCl-salinity induced typical salt-stress effects on the plant: growth was reduced, Na and Cl concentrations increased, K and Ca concentrations reduced, osmotic potential and anti-oxidative activity were increased by 30%, stomatal conductance was reduced, and concentrations of essential-oils in the plants increased by 26%. Despite these physical, chemical and morphological changes in the plants, root internalization of the bacteria and its translocation to the shoot were not affected, and neither was the die-off rate of Salmonella in planta. The results demonstrate that the salinity-induced changes in the sweet-basil plants did not affect the interaction between Salmonella and the plant and thereby the potential for crop contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sela (Saldinger)
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Nativ Dudai
- Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agriculture Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Elena Gorbatsevich
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
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46
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Yeni F, Alpas H. Vulnerability of global food production to extreme climatic events. Food Res Int 2017; 96:27-39. [PMID: 28528105 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the frequency, intensity or duration of the extreme climatic events have been changing substantially. The ultimate goal of this study was to identify current vulnerabilities of global primary food production against extreme climatic events, and to discuss potential entry points for adaptation planning by means of an explorative vulnerability analysis. Outcomes of this analysis were demonstrated as a composite index where 118 country performances in maintaining safety of food production were compared and ranked against climate change. In order to better interpret the results, cluster analysis technique was used as a tool to group the countries based on their vulnerability index (VI) scores. Results suggested that one sixth of the countries analyzed were subject to high level of exposure (0.45-1), one third to high to very high level of sensitivity (0.41-1) and low to moderate level of adaptive capacity (0-0.59). Proper adaptation strategies for reducing the microbial and chemical contamination of food products, soil and waters on the field were proposed. Finally, availability of data on food safety management systems and occurrence of foodborne outbreaks with global coverage were proposed as key factors for improving the robustness of future vulnerability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yeni
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Earth System Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Alpas
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Earth System Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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47
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Abstract
A microbiological investigation on Salmonella contamination was conducted in two U.S. rendering plants to investigate the potential cross-contamination of Salmonella in the rendering processing environment. Sampling locations were predetermined at the areas where Salmonella contamination may potentially occur, including raw materials receiving, crax (rendered materials before grinding process) grinding, and finished meal loading-out areas. Salmonella was either enumerated directly on xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar plates or enriched in Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate broths. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed using CHROMagar plating and latex agglutination testing and then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, serotyping, and biofilm-forming determination. Among 108 samples analyzed, 79 (73%) samples were Salmonella positive after enrichment. Selected Salmonella isolates (n = 65) were assigned to 31 unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, with 16 Salmonella serotypes, including Typhimurium and Mbandaka, identified as predominant serotypes and 10 Salmonella strains determined as strong biofilm formers. Our results indicated that the raw materials receiving area was the primary source of Salmonella and that the surfaces surrounding crax grinding and finished meal loading-out areas harbor Salmonella in biofilms that may recontaminate the finished meals. The same Salmonella serotypes found in both raw materials receiving and the finished meal loading-out areas suggested a potential of cross-contamination between different areas in the rendering processing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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48
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Guo Y, Li M, Han H, Cai J. Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis on fresh-cut cucumber slices after reduction treatments. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Osvaldo LOPC, Nohelia CDC, Karina R, Crist oacute bal C. Biocontrol of Salmonella Typhimurium growth in tomato surface by bacteriophage P22. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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50
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Bell RL, Jarvis KG, Ottesen AR, McFarland MA, Brown EW. Recent and emerging innovations in Salmonella detection: a food and environmental perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:279-92. [PMID: 27041363 PMCID: PMC4835567 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a diverse genus of Gram‐negative bacilli and a major foodborne pathogen responsible for more than a million illnesses annually in the United States alone. Rapid, reliable detection and identification of this pathogen in food and environmental sources is key to safeguarding the food supply. Traditional microbiological culture techniques have been the ‘gold standard’ for State and Federal regulators. Unfortunately, the time to result is too long to effectively monitor foodstuffs, especially those with very short shelf lives. Advances in traditional microbiology and molecular biology over the past 25 years have greatly improved the speed at which this pathogen is detected. Nonetheless, food and environmental samples possess a distinctive set of challenges for these newer, more rapid methodologies. Furthermore, more detailed identification and subtyping strategies still rely heavily on the availability of a pure isolate. However, major shifts in DNA sequencing technologies are meeting this challenge by advancing the detection, identification and subtyping of Salmonella towards a culture‐independent diagnostic framework. This review will focus on current approaches and state‐of‐the‐art next‐generation advances in the detection, identification and subtyping of Salmonella from food and environmental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Karen G Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Melinda A McFarland
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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