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Finn L, Onyeaka H, O’Neill S. Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food-Associated Environments: A Persistent Enigma. Foods 2023; 12:3339. [PMID: 37761048 PMCID: PMC10529182 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high rates of mortality (20-30%) and hospitalisation. It is particularly dangerous among vulnerable groups, such as newborns, pregnant women and the elderly. The persistence of this organism in food-associated environments for months to years has been linked to several devastating listeriosis outbreaks. It may also result in significant costs to food businesses and economies. Currently, the mechanisms that facilitate LM persistence are poorly understood. Unravelling the enigma of what drives listerial persistence will be critical for developing more targeted control and prevention strategies. One prevailing hypothesis is that persistent strains exhibit stronger biofilm production on abiotic surfaces in food-associated environments. This review aims to (i) provide a comprehensive overview of the research on the relationship between listerial persistence and biofilm formation from phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies; (ii) to highlight the ongoing challenges in determining the role biofilm development plays in persistence, if any; and (iii) to propose future research directions for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Zanane C, Mitro S, Mazigh D, Lekchiri S, Hakim T, El Louali M, Latrache H, Zahir H. Characterization of Streptomyces Cell Surface by the Microbial Adhesion to Solvents Method. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:8841509. [PMID: 37214152 PMCID: PMC10195169 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8841509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface physicochemical properties of Streptomyces should influencing the dispersal and adsorption of spores and hyphae in soil and should conditioning there interactions with organic or metal substances in the bioremediation of contaminated environment. These properties are concerning surface hydrophobicity, electron donor/acceptor, and charge surface. To date, only hydrophobicity of Streptomyces was studied by contact angle measurements and microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH). In this work, we studied the electron donor/acceptor character of the Streptomyces cell surface in two ionic strength 10-3 M and 10-1 M of KNO3. Thus, to facilitate the characterisation of the surfaces of microbial cells, we used a simple, rapid, and quantitative technique, the microbial adhesion method to solvents (MATS), which is based on the comparison of the affinity of microbial cells for a monopolar solvent with a polar solvent. The monopolar solvent can be acid (electron acceptor) or basic (electron donor), but both solvents should have a surface tension similar to that of the Kifshitz van der Waals components. At the significant ionic strength of the biological medium, the electron donor character is well expressed for all 14 Streptomyces strains with very significant differences among them ranging from 0% to 72.92%. When the cells were placed in a solution with a higher ionic strength, we were able to classify the donor character results into three categories. The first category is that the weak donor character of strains A53 and A58 became more expressed at 10-1 M KNO3 concentration. The second category is that three strains A30, A60, and A63 expressed a weaker character in a higher ionic strength. For the other strains, no expression of the donor trait was obtained at higher ionic strength. In a suspension with a concentration of 10-3 KNO3, only two strains expressed an electron acceptor character. This character is very important for strains A49, A57, A58, A60, A63, and A65 at 10-1M KNO3. This work has shown that these properties vary greatly depending on the Streptomyces strain. It is important to consider the change in physicochemical properties of surface cells with ionic strength when using Streptomyces in different bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Zanane
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - S. Mitro
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - D. Mazigh
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - S. Lekchiri
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - T. Hakim
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - M. El Louali
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - H. Latrache
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - H. Zahir
- Industrial and Surface Engineering, Research Team of Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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3
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Niu H, Liu Y, Ma Y, Wang X, Li Z, Dong Q. Different cellular fatty acid pattern and gene expression of planktonic and biofilm state Listeria monocytogenes under nutritional stress. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112698. [PMID: 37087265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium frequently involved in food-borne disease outbreaks and is widely distributed in the food-processing environment. This work aims to depict the impact of nutrition deficiency on the survival strategy of L. monocytogenes both in planktonic and biofilm states. In the present study, cell characteristics (autoaggression, hydrophobicity and motility), membrane fatty acid composition of MRL300083 (Lm83) in the forms of planktonic and biofilm-associated cells cultured in TSB-YE and 10-fold dilutions of TSB-YE (DTSB-YE) were investigated. Additionally, the relative expression of related genes were also determined by RT-qPCR. It was observed that cell growth in different bacterial life modes under nutritional stress rendered the cells a distinct phenotype. The higher autoaggression (AAG) and motility of the planktonic cells in DTSB-YE is associated with better biofilm formation. An increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (USFA/SFA) indicates more fluidic biophysical properties for cell membranes of L. monocytogenes in planktonic and biofilm cells in DTSB-YE. Biofilm cells produced a higher percentage of USFA and straight fatty acids than the corresponding planktonic cells. An appropriate degree of membrane fluidity is crucial for survival, and alteration of membrane lipids is an essential adaptive response. The adaptation of bacteria to stress is a multifactorial cellular process, the expression of flagella-related genes fliG, fliP, flgE and the two-component chemotactic system cheA/Y genes of planktonic cells in DTSB-YE significantly increased compared to that in TSB-YE (p < 0.05). This study provides new information on the role of the physiological adaptation and gene expression of L. monocytogenes for planktonic and biofilm growth under nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; School of Food and Drugs, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, China
| | - Youzhi Wu
- School of Food and Drugs, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, China
| | - Hongmei Niu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhuosi Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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4
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Cai S, Snyder AB. Thermoresistance in Black Yeasts Is Associated with Halosensitivity and High Pressure Processing Tolerance but Not with UV Tolerance or Sanitizer Tolerance. J Food Prot 2022; 85:203-212. [PMID: 34614188 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Black yeasts can survive extreme conditions in food production because of their polyextremotolerant character. However, significant strain-to-strain variation in black yeast thermoresistance has been observed. In this study, we assessed the variability in tolerance to nonthermal interventions among a collection of food-related black yeast strains. Variation in tolerance to UV light treatment, high pressure processing (HPP), sanitizers, and osmotic pressure was observed within each species. The two strains previously shown to possess high thermotolerance, Exophiala phaeomuriformis FSL-E2-0572 and Exophiala dermatitidis YB-734, were also the most HPP tolerant but were the least halotolerant. Meanwhile, Aureobasidium pullulans FSL-E2-0290 was the most UV and sanitizer tolerant but had been shown to have relatively low thermoresistance. Fisher's exact tests showed that thermoresistance in black yeasts was associated with HPP tolerance and inversely with halotolerance, but no association was found with UV tolerance or sanitizer tolerance. Collectively, the relative stress tolerance among strains varied across interventions. Given this variation, different food products are susceptible to black yeast spoilage. In addition, different strains should be selected in challenge studies specific to the intervention. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Cai
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Abigail B Snyder
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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5
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All Treatment Parameters Affect Environmental Surface Sanitation Efficacy, but Their Relative Importance Depends on the Microbial Target. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.01748-20. [PMID: 33097504 PMCID: PMC7755260 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01748-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sanitation in food manufacturing plants promotes food safety and product microbial quality. However, the development of experimental models remains a challenge due to the complex nature of commercial cleaning processes, which include spraying water and sanitizer on equipment and structural surfaces within manufacturing space. Although simple in execution, the physical driving forces are difficult to simulate in a controlled laboratory environment. Here, we present a bench-scale bioreactor system which mimics the flow conditions in environmental sanitation programs. We applied computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to obtain fluid flow parameters that better approximate and predict industrial outcomes. According to the CFD model, the local wall shear stress achieved on the target surface ranged from 0.015 to 5.00 Pa. Sanitation efficacy on six types of environmental surface materials (hydrophobicity, 57.59 to 88.61°; roughness, 2.2 to 11.9 μm) against two different microbial targets, the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and Exophiala species spoilage fungi, were evaluated using the bench-scale bioreactor system. The relative reduction ranged from 0.0 to 0.82 for Exophiala spp., which corresponded to a 0.0 to 2.21 log CFU/coupon reduction, and the relative reduction ranged from 0.0 to 0.93 in L. monocytogenes which corresponded to a 0.0 to 6.19 log CFU/coupon reduction. Although most treatment parameters were considered statistically significant against either L. monocytogenes or Exophiala spp., contact time was ranked as the most important predictor for L. monocytogenes reduction. Shear stress contributed the most to Exophiala spp. removal on stainless steel and Buna-N rubber, while contact time was the most important factor on HDPE (high-density polyethylene), cement, and epoxy.IMPORTANCE Commercial food manufacturers commonly employ a single sanitation program that addresses both bacterial pathogen and fungal spoilage microbiota, despite the fact that the two microbial targets respond differently to various environmental sanitation conditions. Comparison of outcome-based clusters of treatment combinations may facilitate the development of compensatory sanitation regimes where longer contact time or greater force are applied so that lower sanitizer concentrations can be used. Determination of microbiological outcomes related to sanitation program efficacy against a panel of treatment conditions allows food processors to balance tradeoffs between quality and safety with cost and waste stream management, as appropriate for their facility.
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6
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Razavi R, Tajik H, Moradi M, Molaei R, Ezati P. Antimicrobial, microscopic and spectroscopic properties of cellulose paper coated with chitosan sol-gel solution formulated by epsilon-poly-l-lysine and its application in active food packaging. Carbohydr Res 2020; 489:107912. [PMID: 31978746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose paper-chitosan (CC) double-layer films containing epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) (0.5 and 1% w/v) were developed. FTIR analysis showed a strong association between the ε-PL and CC film. Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated both in vitro and in the chicken breast meat. The CC films without ε-PL showed no antimicrobial activity, while the addition of ε-PL induced significant (p < 0.05) effects. During the 28 days of storage at 4 °C, no significant difference was found on the anti-listeria activity of films. When storage temperature was raised from 4 to 22 °C, the antimicrobial activity was reduced. Films containing 1% ε-PL exhibited 1.5 log10 CFU/g reduction in L. monocytogenes population during 12 days storage of meat at 4 °C, while no significant reduction was found in CC films with 0.5% ε-PL (p > 0.05). This study revealed an antimicrobial activity for CC films impregnated with ε-PL, to control foodborne pathogens in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayieh Razavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - Hossein Tajik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - Mehran Moradi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran.
| | - Rahim Molaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - Parya Ezati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
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7
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Horlbog JA, Stevens MJA, Stephan R, Guldimann C. Global Transcriptional Response of Three Highly Acid-Tolerant Field Strains of Listeria monocytogenes to HCl Stress. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100455. [PMID: 31623206 PMCID: PMC6843411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to acid is of dual importance for the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: acids are used as a preservative, and gastric acid is one of the first defenses within the host. There are considerable differences in the acid tolerance of strains. Here we present the transcriptomic response of acid-tolerant field strains of L. monocytogenes to HCl at pH 3.0. RNAseq revealed significant differential expression of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems, oxidative phosphorylation, cell morphology, motility, and biofilm formation. Genes in the acetoin biosynthesis pathway were upregulated, suggesting that L. monocytogenes shifts to metabolizing pyruvate to acetoin under organic acid stress. We also identified the formation of cell aggregates in microcolonies as a potential relief strategy. A motif search within the first 150 bp upstream of differentially expressed genes identified a novel potential regulatory sequence that may have a function in the regulation of virulence gene expression. Our data support a model where an excess of intracellular H+ ions is counteracted by pumping H+ out of the cytosol via cytochrome C under reduced activity of the ATP synthase. The observed morphological changes suggest that acid stress may cause cells to aggregate in biofilm microcolonies to create a more favorable microenvironment. Additionally, HCl stress in the host stomach may serve as (i) a signal to downregulate highly immunogenic flagella, and (ii) as an indicator for the imminent contact with host cells which triggers early stage virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jule Anna Horlbog
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc J A Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Jones SL, Ricke SC, Keith Roper D, Gibson KE. Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:225-243. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1521369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Jones
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D. Keith Roper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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9
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Apple peel morphology and attachment of Listeria innocua through aqueous environment as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Nanostructured chitosan/ monolaurin film: Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes on ultrafiltered white cheese. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Characterization of cellulosic paper coated with chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite containing nisin and its application in packaging of UF cheese. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:1311-1318. [PMID: 29175522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new antimicrobial bilayer film was developed using chitosan, cellulose, and nisin. Chitosan solution containing nisin (500 and 1000μg/mL) was prepared by sol-gel method and then the solution was coated on cellulose paper by dip coating method. A chitosan-cellulose film without antimicrobial had no inhibitory effect on Listeria monocytogenes, whereas, the incorporation of nisin made a significant increase (P<0.05) in antimicrobial characteristics of the films. Moreover, no significant differences were shown on antimicrobial activity of developed films during the storage at 4°C for one month. However, the addition of nisin showed a significant increase in the swelling index and solubility of bilayer film. Scanning electron microscope images revealed a uniform coating of chitosan solution on cellulose paper. The FTIR analysis also confırmed successful introducing and binding of the nisin in double layer film. Films with 1000μg/mL of nisin completely inactivated the initial (∼5log10 CFU/g) counts of L. monocytogenes on the surface of Ultra-filter white cheese after storage at 4°C for 14 days. We concluded that nanocomposite film of chitosan-cellulose containing nisin has novel antibacterial activity and can be used for packaging in cheese.
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12
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Preacclimation alters Salmonella Enteritidis surface properties and its initial attachment to food contact surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:577-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Mata MM, da Silva WP, Wilson R, Lowe E, Bowman JP. Attached and planktonic Listeria monocytogenes global proteomic responses and associated influence of strain genetics and temperature. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1161-73. [PMID: 25516393 DOI: 10.1021/pr501114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of industrial and domestic food usage environments by the attachement of bacterial food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has public health and economic implications. Comprehensive proteomics experiments using label-free liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry were used to compare the proteomes of two different L. monocytogenes strains (Siliken_1/2c and F2365_4b), which show very different capacities to attach to surfaces. Growth temperature and strain type were highly influential on the proteomes in both attached and planktonic cells. On the basis of the proteomic data, it is highly unlikely that specific surface proteins play a direct role in adherence to inanimate surfaces. Instead, strain-dependent responses related to cell envelope polymer biosynthesis and stress response regulation likely contribute to a different ability to attach and also to survive external stressors. Collectively, the divergent proteome-level responses observed define strain- and growth-temperature-dependent differences relevant to attachment efficacy, highlight relevant proteins involved in stress protection in attached cells, and suggest that strain differences and growth conditions are important in relation to environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M Mata
- Science and Agroindustrial Technology Department, Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas 96160-000, Brazil
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14
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van der Veen S, Nady N, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H, Boom RM, Abee T, Schroën K. Listeria monocytogenesrepellence by enzymatically modified PES surfaces. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van der Veen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Norhan Nady
- Polymers Department; Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI); New Boarg El-Arab City 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Remko M. Boom
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
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15
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Bekir K, Noumi E, Abid NBS, Bakhrouf A. Adhesive properties to materials used in unit care by Staphylococcus aureus strains incubated in seawater microcosms. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Bridier A, Sanchez-Vizuete P, Guilbaud M, Piard JC, Naïtali M, Briandet R. Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens. Food Microbiol 2014; 45:167-78. [PMID: 25500382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial life abounds on surfaces in both natural and industrial environments, one of which is the food industry. A solid substrate, water and some nutrients are sufficient to allow the construction of a microbial fortress, a so-called biofilm. Survival strategies developed by these surface-associated ecosystems are beginning to be deciphered in the context of rudimentary laboratory biofilms. Gelatinous organic matrices consisting of complex mixtures of self-produced biopolymers ensure the cohesion of these biological structures and contribute to their resistance and persistence. Moreover, far from being just simple three-dimensional assemblies of identical cells, biofilms are composed of heterogeneous sub-populations with distinctive behaviours that contribute to their global ecological success. In the clinical field, biofilm-associated infections (BAI) are known to trigger chronic infections that require dedicated therapies. A similar belief emerging in the food industry, where biofilm tolerance to environmental stresses, including cleaning and disinfection/sanitation, can result in the persistence of bacterial pathogens and the recurrent cross-contamination of food products. The present review focuses on the principal mechanisms involved in the formation of biofilms of food-borne pathogens, where biofilm behaviour is driven by its three-dimensional heterogeneity and by species interactions within these biostructures, and we look at some emergent control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Sanchez-Vizuete
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - M Guilbaud
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - J-C Piard
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - M Naïtali
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - R Briandet
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France.
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17
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Lagha R, Bellon-Fontaine MN, Renault M, Briandet R, Herry JM, Mrabet B, Bakhrouf A, Chehimi MM. Impact of long-term starvation on adhesion to and biofilm formation on stainless steel 316 L and gold surfaces of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Robitaille G, Choinière S, Ells T, Deschènes L, Mafu AA. Attachment of Listeria innocua to polystyrene: effects of ionic strength and conditioning films from culture media and milk proteins. J Food Prot 2014; 77:427-34. [PMID: 24674434 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that bacterial adhesion usually occurs on conditioning films made of organic macromolecules absorbed to abiotic surfaces. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent to which milk protein-coated polystyrene (PS) pegs interfere with biofilm formation and the synergistic effect of this conditioning and hypertonic growth media on the bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of Listeria innocua, used as a nonpathogenic surrogate for Listeria monocytogenes. PS pegs were uncoated (bare PS) or individually coated with whey proteins isolate (WPI), β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, or tryptic soy broth (TSB) and were incubated in bacterial suspensions in modified Welshimer's broth. After 4 h, the number of adherent cells was dependent on the coating, as follows: TSB (10(7) CFU/ml) > bare PS > β-lactoglobulin > bovine serum albumin ∼ WPI (10(4) CFU/ml). The sessile cell counts increased up to 24 h, reaching > 10(7) CFU per peg for all surfaces (P > 0.1), except for WPI-coated PS; this indicates that the inhibitory effects of milk protein conditioning films are transient, slowing down the adhesion process. The 4-h bacterial adhesion on milk protein-coated PS in modified Welshimer's broth supplemented with salt (0 to 10% [wt/vol]) did not vary (P > 0.1), indicating that conditioning with milk proteins was the major determinant for inhibition of bacterial adhesion and that the synergetic effect of salt and milk proteins on adhesion was minimal. Moreover, the presence of 5 to 10% salt significantly inhibited 24-h biofilm formation on the TSB-coated and bare PS, with a decrease of >3 log at 10% (wt/vol) NaCl and almost completely depleted viable sessile bacteria on the milk protein-coated PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Robitaille
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3.
| | - Sébastien Choinière
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - Timothy Ells
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4N 1J5
| | - Louise Deschènes
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - Akier Assanta Mafu
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3
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Bartz S, Tondo EC. Evaluation of two recommended disinfection methods for cleaning cloths used in food services of southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:765-70. [PMID: 24516443 PMCID: PMC3910186 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Southern Brazil, a good manufacturing practices regulation was published recommending two disinfection methods for cleaning cloths used in food services. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of those methods. Cleaning cloths were sampled without prior notice at food services, on common working days. For the analyses, the cloths were divided in two sub-samples, being one of them microbiologically analyzed. The second sub-sample was further divided in two pieces and submitted to hand washing for two minutes. After that, one piece was boiled in water for 15 min and the other one was soaked in a 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 min. Both pieces of cloth were submitted to microbiological analyses. Cleaning cloths presented total aerobic mean counts of 6.9 ± 6.7 log/cm(2). All cleaning cloths presented coliform contamination, and 40% demonstrated mean counts of 6.2 ± 5.6 log/cm(2). Presumptive S. aureus mean counts of 5.5 ± 4.9 log/cm(2) were found. No statistic correlation was observed among the number of meals served daily in the food services and the microbiological contamination levels. After washing and disinfection, microbiological counts were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by both methods, achieving an approximately 5 log reduction. The reductions achieved by the sodium hypochlorite soaking method and the boiling method were not significantly different. Thus, it was possible to conclude that both recommended methods were suitable to disinfect cleaning cloths used in food services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bartz
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cesar Tondo
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Nguyen H, Yang Y, Yuk H. Biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steel and acrylic surfaces as affected by temperature and pH level. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Barbosa J, Borges S, Camilo R, Magalhães R, Ferreira V, Santos I, Silva J, Almeida G, Teixeira P. Biofilm Formation among Clinical and Food Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:524975. [PMID: 24489549 PMCID: PMC3893795 DOI: 10.1155/2013/524975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. A total of 725 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, 607 from various foods and 118 from clinical cases of listeriosis, were investigated concerning their ability to form biofilms, at 4°C during 5 days and at 37°C during 24 h. Methods. Biofilm production was carried out on polystyrene tissue culture plates. Five L. monocytogenes isolates were tested for biofilm formation after being exposed to acidic and osmotic stress conditions. Results. Significant differences (P < 0.01) between clinical and food isolates were observed. At 37°C for 24 h, most food isolates were classified as weak or moderate biofilm formers whereas all the clinical isolates were biofilm producers, although the majority were weak. At 4°C during 5 days, 65 and 59% isolates, from food and clinical cases, respectively, were classified as weak. After both sublethal stresses, at 37°C just one of the five isolates tested was shown to be more sensitive to subsequent acidic exposure. However, at 4°C both stresses did not confer either sensitivity or resistance. Conclusions. Significant differences between isolates origin, temperature, and sublethal acidic stress were observed concerning the ability to form biofilms. Strain, origin, and environmental conditions can determine the level of biofilm production by L. monocytogenes isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Borges
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruth Camilo
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Magalhães
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Almeida
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Nychas GJ. Impact of acid adaptation on attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel during long-term incubation under low or moderate temperature conditions and on subsequent recalcitrance of attached cells to lethal acid treatments. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 171:1-7. [PMID: 24296256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible impact of acid adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes cells on their attachment to stainless steel (SS) during long-term incubation under either low or moderate temperature conditions and on the subsequent recalcitrance of attached cells to lethal acid treatments. Initially, nonadapted or acid-adapted stationary phase L. monocytogenes cells were used to inoculate (ca. 10⁸ CFU/ml) brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth in test tubes containing vertically placed SS coupons. Incubation was carried out at either 5 or 30 °C for up to 15 days, under static conditions. On the 5th, 10th and 15th days of incubation, attached cells were subjected to lethal acid treatments by exposing them, for either 6 or 60 min, to pH 2, adjusted with either hydrochloric or lactic acid. Following the acid treatments, remaining viable cells were detached (through strong vortexing with glass beads) and enumerated by agar plating, and also indirectly quantified by conductance measurements via their metabolic activity. Results obtained from both quantification techniques, employed here in parallel, revealed that although the numbers of attached cells for nonadapted and acid-adapted ones were similar, the latter were found to present significantly (p<0.05) increased recalcitrance to all the acid treatments for both incubation temperatures and all sampling days. In addition and regardless of acid adaptation, when long (60 min) acid treatments were applied, conductance measurements revealed that the weak organic lactic acid exhibited significantly (p<0.05) stronger antilisterial activity compared to the strong inorganic hydrochloric acid (at the same pH value of 2). To conclude, present results show that acid adaptation of L. monocytogenes cells during their planktonic growth is conserved even after 15 days of incubation under both low and moderate temperature conditions, and results in the increased recalcitrance of their sessile population to otherwise lethal acid treatments. This "stress hardening" should be severely taken into account when acidic decontamination interventions are used to kill attached to equipment surfaces cells of this important pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, Myrina 81400, Lemnos Island, Greece.
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Neapoleos 25, Aghia Paraskeui 15310, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA) Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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23
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Skovager A, Larsen MH, Castro-Mejia JL, Hecker M, Albrecht D, Gerth U, Arneborg N, Ingmer H. Initial adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes to fine polished stainless steel under flow conditions is determined by prior growth conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Biofilm formation, attachment, and cell hydrophobicity of foodborne pathogens under varied environmental conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-3253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Valderrama WB, Cutter CN. An Ecological Perspective ofListeria monocytogenesBiofilms in Food Processing Facilities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:801-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.561378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Experimental and theoretical investigations of the adhesion time of Penicillium spores to cedar wood surface. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:1276-81. [PMID: 23827572 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the adhesion of 4 Penicillium strains (Penicillium granulatum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium commune and Penicillium chrysogenum) on cedar wood was examined qualitatively and quantitatively by using the extended DLVO (XDLVO) approach and the environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM) technique. A comparison between the XDLVO theories and the ESEM technique was also investigated. The adhesion tests revealed that P. chrysogenum was not able to adhere on the cedar wood substrata, as predicted by the XDLVO approach. We have also found by ESEM that the three Penicillium strains (P. granulatum, P. crustosum, P. commune) adhered on wood, as not predicted theoretically. Moreover, the time of adhesion (3 h and 24 h) was used not only to compare the capacity of adhesion according to contact time but also to explain the discrepancies between the XDLVO approach prediction and the adhesion experiments. A positive relationship between the XDLVO approach and adhesion experiments has been observed after 3h of adhesion. In contrast, a contradiction between the XDLVO predictions and the adhesion test results has been noted after 24h of adhesion of Penicillium strains to the wood surface.
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27
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Mercier-Bonin M, Duviau MP, Ellero C, Lebleu N, Raynaud P, Despax B, Schmitz P. Dynamics of detachment of Escherichia coli from plasma-mediated coatings under shear flow. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:881-894. [PMID: 22963000 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.719160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of plasma-mediated coatings, containing silver nanoparticles embedded in an organosilicon or silica-like matrix, were deposited onto stainless steel and chemically characterized. Their anti-adhesive properties were evaluated in vitro towards Escherichia coli by performing shear-flow induced detachment experiments. Increasing the wall shear stress facilitated E. coli cell detachment, irrespective of the coating characteristics. When nanosilver was incorporated, cell detachment was lower, probably due to the affinity of the embedded silver for biological components of the cell wall. The presence of methyl groups in the matrix network could also promote enhanced hydrophobic interactions. Within the population fraction remaining attached to the coating under increasing shear flow, different association phenotypes were observed, viz. progressively lying flat, moving laterally, remaining tethered, or rotating by a single anchoring point, until alignment with the flow direction. This re-orientation phenotype and its relation with detachment were dependent of the coating. The effects of such heterogeneities should be more deeply explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, F-31077, France.
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28
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Cell adhesion and related fouling mechanism on a tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane using Bacillus cereus spores. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by resident biofilms present on wooden shelves used for cheese ripening. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Variability in biofilm production by Listeria monocytogenes correlated to strain origin and growth conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 150:14-24. [PMID: 21824672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify factors that influence the development of biofilm by Listeria monocytogenes strains and to determine the extent to which biofilm production protects against quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectant challenge. A total of 95 L. monocytogenes strains were studied and biofilm production was assessed as a function of incubation temperature, media pH, strain origin, serotype, and environmental persistence status. Attachment and biofilm development (inferred by the level of attached biomass) were measured in vitro using a colourimetric 96-well microtitre plate method in nutritive media (Brain-Heart Infusion). Increased biofilm production correlated with increasing temperature and the most acidic, or most alkaline, growth conditions tested. Clinical and environmental (food factory) strains were observed to increase biofilm production at higher and lower incubation temperatures respectively, independent of their rate of planktonic growth. Serotype 1/2a strains produced significantly more biofilm. Biofilm maturity, rather than strain, was correlated with resistance to QAC. Carbohydrate containing exopolymeric material could not be detected in the biofilm of representative strains, and no correlation between strains recovered as persistent food factory contaminants and biofilm production was identified. Although limited to in vitro inference based on the assay system used, our results suggest that environmental conditions determine the level of biofilm production by L. monocytogenes strains, independent of the rate of planktonic growth, and that this may manifest from selection pressures to which a given strain grows optimally.
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31
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Mráz B, Kiskó G, Hidi E, Ágoston R, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Gillay Z. Assessment of biofilm formation ofListeria monocytogenesstrains. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.40.2011.suppl.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Oliveira MMM, Brugnera DF, Alves E, Piccoli RH. Biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel surface and biotransfer potential. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:97-106. [PMID: 24031469 PMCID: PMC3768615 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100001000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental model was proposed to study biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117 on AISI 304 (#4) stainless steel surface and biotransfer potential during this process. In this model, biofilm formation was conducted on the surface of stainless steel coupons, set on a stainless steel base with 4 divisions, each one supporting 21 coupons. Trypic Soy Broth was used as bacterial growth substrate, with incubation at 37 °C and stirring of 50 rpm. The number of adhered cells was determined after 3, 48, 96, 144, 192 and 240 hours of biofilm formation and biotransfer potential from 96 hours. Stainless steel coupons were submitted to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after 3, 144 and 240 hours. Based on the number of adhered cells and SEM, it was observed that L. monocytogenes adhered rapidly to the stainless steel surface, with mature biofilm being formed after 240 hours. The biotransfer potential of bacterium to substrate occurred at all the stages analyzed. The rapid capacity of adhesion to surface, combined with biotransfer potential throughout the biofilm formation stages, make L. monocytogenes a potential risk to the food industry. Both the experimental model developed and the methodology used were efficient in the study of biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes on stainless steel surface and biotransfer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Alves
- Departamento de Fitopatologia,Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
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Saulou C, Jamme F, Maranges C, Fourquaux I, Despax B, Raynaud P, Dumas P, Mercier-Bonin M. Synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after exposure to plasma-deposited nanosilver-containing coating. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1441-50. [PMID: 20012742 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work was focused on elucidating changes in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cell composition, ultrastructure) after exposure to antimicrobial plasma-mediated nanocomposite films. In order to achieve this, a nanosilver-containing coating was deposited onto stainless steel using radiofrequency HMDSO plasma deposition, combined with simultaneous silver sputtering. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in an organosilicon matrix. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the nanoparticle-based morphology of the deposited layer. The antifungal properties towards S. cerevisiae were established, since a 1.4 log reduction in viable counts was observed after a 24-h adhesion compared to control conditions with the matrix alone. Differences in cell composition after exposure to the nanosilver was assessed for the protein region using, for the first time, synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of single S. cerevisiae cells, through in situ mapping with sub-cellular spatial resolution. IR spectrum of yeast cells recovered after a 24-h adhesion to the nanosilver-containing coating revealed a significant downshift (20 cm(-1)) of the amide I peak at 1655 cm(-1), compared to freshly harvested cells. This lower band position, corresponding to a loss in alpha-helix structures, is indicative of the disordered secondary structures of proteins, due to the transition between active and inactive conformations under nanosilver-induced stress conditions. No significant effect on the nucleic acid region was detected. The inhibitory action of silver was targeted against both cell wall and intracellular proteins such as enzymes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the yeast ultrastructure confirmed serious morphological and structural damages. A homogeneous protein-binding distribution of nanosilver all over the cell was assumed, since the presence of electron-dense silver clusters was detected not only on the cell surface but also within the cell. For control experiments with the organosilicon matrix alone, no antimicrobial effect was observed, which was consistent with synchrotron FTIR results and TEM observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saulou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Genetic features of resident biofilms determine attachment of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7814-21. [PMID: 19837841 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01333-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic Listeria monocytogenes cells in food-processing environments tend most frequently to adhere to solid surfaces. Under these conditions, they are likely to encounter resident biofilms rather than a raw solid surface. Although metabolic interactions between L. monocytogenes and resident microflora have been widely studied, little is known about the biofilm properties that influence the initial fixation of L. monocytogenes to the biofilm interface. To study these properties, we created a set of model resident Lactococcus lactis biofilms with various architectures, types of matrices, and individual cell surface properties. This was achieved using cell wall mutants that affect bacterial chain formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis and surface hydrophobicity. The dynamics of the formation of these biofilm structures were analyzed in flow cell chambers using in situ time course confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. All the L. lactis biofilms tested reduced the initial immobilization of L. monocytogenes compared to the glass substratum of the flow cell. Significant differences were seen in L. monocytogenes settlement as a function of the genetic background of resident lactococcal biofilm cells. In particular, biofilms of the L. lactis chain-forming mutant resulted in a marked increase in L. monocytogenes settlement, while biofilms of the EPS-secreting mutant efficiently prevented pathogen fixation. These results offer new insights into the role of resident biofilms in governing the settlement of pathogens on food chain surfaces and could be of relevance in the field of food safety controls.
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Mercier-Bonin M, Adoue M, Zanna S, Marcus P, Combes D, Schmitz P. Evaluation of adhesion force between functionalized microbeads and protein-coated stainless steel using shear-flow-induced detachment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 338:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Voravuthikunchai SP, Suwalak S. Changes in cell surface properties of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by Quercus infectoria G. Olivier. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1699-704. [PMID: 19722403 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.8.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Quercus infectoria (family Fagaceae) nutgalls on cell surface properties of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) were investigated with an assay of microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon. The surface of bacterial cells treated with Q. infectoria exhibited a higher level of cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) toward toluene than did the surface of untreated cells. With 50% ethanolic extract, the CSH of the three strains of STEC O157:H7 treated with 4X MIC of the extract resulted in moderate or strong hydrophobicity, whereas at 2x MIC and MIC, the CSH of only one strain of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly affected. The 95% ethanolic extract had a significant effect on CSH of all three strains at both 4X MIC and 2X MIC but not at the MIC. The effect on bacterial CSH was less pronounced with the other STEC strains. At 4X MIC, the 50% ethanolic extract increased the CSH of all non-O157 STEC strains significantly. At 2X MIC and 4X MIC, the 95% ethanolic extract affected the CSH of E. coli O26:H11 significantly but did not affect E. coli O111 :NM or E. coli O22. Electro microscopic examination revealed the loss of pili in the treated cells. The ability of Q. infectoria extract to modify hydrophobic domains enables this extract to partition the lipids of the bacterial cell membrane, rendering the membrane more permeable and allowing leakage of ions and other cell contents, which leads to cell death. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of Q. infectoria extract in food systems or in vivo and provide support for the use of this extract as a food additive for control of these STEC pathogens.
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Tresse O, Lebret V, Garmyn D, Dussurget O. The impact of growth history and flagellation on the adhesion of various Listeria monocytogenes strains to polystyrene. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:189-96. [PMID: 19295651 DOI: 10.1139/w08-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of growth history and flagella to adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes was analysed. An in-frame deletion on the flagellin encoding gene (flaA) was performed in L. monocytogenes EGD-e to compare its adhesion ability with the parental strain, after cultivation at various pH values and temperatures. The pH, as well as the temperature, affected the adhesion of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. In addition, the adhesion of L. monocytogenes EGD-e was reduced in energy-depressed cells. Conversely, the physicochemical bacterial surface characteristics affected by growth history did not influence the adhesion. Adhesion variations observed among environmental and clinical strains was attributed to the flagella. The naturally aflagellated strains resulted in an adhesion capacity similar to that observed for mutants and parental strains cultivated under flagellum expression repressing conditions. However, L. monocytogenes is able to adhere to inert surfaces through a residual adhesion process without flagella. All these observations emphasize the importance to consider the food environmental factors in the risk assessment of L. monocytogenes in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Tresse
- Ecole Veterinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, F-44307-Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
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Naïtali M, Dubois-Brissonnet F, Cuvelier G, Bellon-Fontaine MN. Effects of pH and oil-in-water emulsions on growth and physicochemical cell surface properties of Listeria monocytogenes: Impact on tolerance to the bactericidal activity of disinfectants. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Impact of bacterial stress and biofilm-forming ability on transfer of surface-dried Listeria monocytogenes during slicing of delicatessen meats. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 127:298-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dykes GA, Mills J, Bell RG. The effect of chilled storage on Listeria monocytogenes cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment to beef muscle. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Rieu A, Briandet R, Habimana O, Garmyn D, Guzzo J, Piveteau P. Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e biofilms: no mushrooms but a network of knitted chains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4491-7. [PMID: 18502930 PMCID: PMC2493181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00255-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food pathogen that can attach on most of the surfaces encountered in the food industry. Biofilms are three-dimensional microbial structures that facilitate the persistence of pathogens on surfaces, their resistance toward antimicrobials, and the final contamination of processed goods. So far, little is known about the structural dynamics of L. monocytogenes biofilm formation and its regulation. The aims of this study were, by combining genetics and time-lapse laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), (i) to characterize the structural dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-e sessile growth in two nutritional environments (with or without a nutrient flow), and (ii) to evaluate the possible role of the L. monocytogenes agr system during biofilm formation by tracking the spatiotemporal fluorescence expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter system. In the absence of nutrient flow (static conditions), unstructured biofilms composed of a few layers of cells that covered the substratum were observed. In contrast, when grown under dynamic conditions, L. monocytogenes EGD-e biofilms were highly organized. Indeed, ball-shaped microcolonies were surrounded by a network of knitted chains. The spatiotemporal tracking of fluorescence emitted by the GFP reporter system revealed that agr expression was barely detectable under static conditions, but it progressively increased during 40 h under dynamic conditions. Moreover, spatial analysis revealed that agr was expressed preferentially in cells located outside the microcolonies. Finally, the in-frame deletion of agrA, which encodes a transcriptional regulator, resulted in a decrease in initial adherence without affecting the subsequent biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rieu
- Laboratoire de Recherche En Vigne et Vin, Université de Bourgogne, IUVV, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Keskinen LA, Todd ECD, Ryser ET. Transfer of surface-dried Listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel knife blades to roast turkey breast. J Food Prot 2008; 71:176-81. [PMID: 18236680 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria contamination of food contact surfaces can lead to cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods in delicatessens. Recognizing that variations in Listeria biofilm-forming ability exist, the goal of this study was to determine whether these differences in biofilm formation would affect the Listeria transfer rate during slicing of delicatessen turkey meat. In this study, six previously identified strong and weak biofilm-forming strains of Listeria monocytogenes were grown at 22 degrees C for 48 h on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract and harvested in 0.1% peptone. Thereafter, the strains were combined to obtain two 3-strain cocktails, resuspended in turkey slurry, and inoculated onto flame-sterilized AISI grade 304 stainless steel knife blades that were subjected to 6 and 24 h of ambient storage at approximately 78% relative humidity. After mounting on an Instron Universal Testing Machine, these blades were used to obtain 16 slices of retail roast turkey breast. Based on an analysis of the slices by direct plating, Listeria populations decreased 3 to 5 log CFU per slice after 16 slices. Overall, total transfer to turkey was significantly greater for strong (4.4 log CFU total) as opposed to weak (3.5 log CFU total; P < 0.05) biofilm formers. In addition, significantly more cells were transferred at 6 (4.6 log CFU total) than at 24 h (3.3 log CFU total; P < 0.05) with Listeria quantifiable to the 16th slice, regardless of the inoculation level. Increased survival by the strong biofilm formers, as evidenced by viability staining, suggests that these strains are better adapted to survive stressful conditions than their weak biofilm-forming counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Keskinen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 334A G.M. Trout, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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43
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Influence of food soiling matrix on cleaning and disinfection efficiency on surface attached Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tresse O, Shannon K, Pinon A, Malle P, Vialette M, Midelet-Bourdin G. Variable adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food-processing facilities and clinical cases to inert surfaces. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1569-78. [PMID: 17685327 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One hundred one strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from seafood and cheese industry samples and from patients with listeriosis were assessed using a microtiter plate method for adhesion to polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. The adhesion rate for these strains ranged from 3.10 to 35.29% with an inoculum of 8 x 10(8) cells per well. A strong correlation was found between adhesion to polystyrene and stainless steel microtiter plates, indicating that the intrinsic ability of L. monocytogenes to adhere to inert surfaces is stronger than the influence of the surface's physicochemical properties. The clinical strains were less adherent to inert surfaces than were the industrial strains. By integrating other factors such as location of the industrial strains, contamination type of the clinical strains, serotype, and pulsotype into the analysis, some weak but significant differences were noted. For the industrial isolates, the number of cells attached to both surfaces differed significantly depending on whether they were isolated from food or food-processing environments in the seafood and cheese industry. For clinical isolates, sporadic strains exhibited greater adhesion to polystyrene than did epidemic strains. Strains belonging to the pulsed-field gel electrophoretype clusters A and M (lineages II and I, respectively) were less able to adhere to polystyrene and stainless steel than were strains in the more common clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Tresse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UR638, 396 rue J. Guesde, BP 20039, F-59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Adoue M, Bacchin P, Lorthois S, Combes D, Schmitz P, Mercier-Bonin M. Experimental Methodology for Analysing Macromolecular Interactions in the Context of Marine Bacterial Adhesion to Stainless Steel. Chem Eng Res Des 2007. [DOI: 10.1205/cherd06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guillemot G, Lorthois S, Schmitz P, Mercier-Bonin M. Evaluating the Adhesion Force Between Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Yeast Cells and Polystyrene From Shear-Flow Induced Detachment Experiments. Chem Eng Res Des 2007. [DOI: 10.1205/cherd06082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pan Y, Breidt F, Kathariou S. Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to sanitizing agents in a simulated food processing environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7711-7. [PMID: 17012587 PMCID: PMC1694257 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01065-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes to sanitizing agents under laboratory conditions simulating a food processing environment. Biofilms were initially formed on stainless steel and Teflon coupons using a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes. The coupons were then subjected to repeated 24-h daily cycles. Each cycle consisted of three sequential steps: (i) a brief (60 s) exposure of the coupons to a sanitizing agent (a mixture of peroxides) or saline as a control treatment, (ii) storage of the coupons in sterile plastic tubes without any nutrients or water for 15 h, (iii) and incubation of the coupons in diluted growth medium for 8 h. This regimen was repeated daily for up to 3 weeks and was designed to represent stresses encountered by bacteria in a food processing environment. The bacteria on the coupons were reduced in number during the first week of the simulated food processing (SFP) regimen, but then adapted to the stressful conditions and increased in number. Biofilms repeatedly exposed the peroxide sanitizer in the SFP regimen developed resistance to the peroxide sanitizer as well as other sanitizers (quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorine). Interestingly, cells that were removed from the biofilms on peroxide-treated and control coupons were not significantly different in their resistance to sanitizing agents. These data suggest that the resistance of the treated biofilms to sanitizing agents may be due to attributes of extracellular polymeric substances and is not an intrinsic attribute of the cells in the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA
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48
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Tresse O, Lebret V, Benezech T, Faille C. Comparative evaluation of adhesion, surface properties, and surface protein composition of Listeria monocytogenes strains after cultivation at constant pH of 5 and 7. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:53-62. [PMID: 16834591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the cellular mechanisms that influence Listeria monocytogenes adhesion onto inert surfaces under acidic growth conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS The adhesion capability of all the strains was significantly reduced after cultivation at constant pH 5 than at constant pH 7 and the cell surface was significantly less hydrophobic at pH 5 than at 7. At pH 5, the analyses of surface protein composition revealed that the flagellin was downregulated for all strains, which was confirmed by the absence of flagella and the P60 protein was upregulated for L. monocytogenes EGD-e, X-Li-mo 500 and 111. The use of L. monocytogenes EGD mutants revealed that flagellin could be involved in the adhesion process, but not P60 protein. It was also observed that the hydrophobic character was not linked to the presence or the absence of flagellin or P60 protein at the cell surface of L. monocytogenes. CONCLUSIONS The decrease of L. monocytogenes adhesion at pH 5 could be attributed to the downregulation of the flagellin synthesis under the acidic conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Conservation of food product at pH 5 will delay bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation during food processing on inert surfaces when the product is contaminated with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tresse
- UR638 LGPTA/INRA, 369 rue Jules Guesde, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Ells TC, Truelstrup Hansen L. Strain and growth temperature influence Listeria spp. attachment to intact and cut cabbage. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 111:34-42. [PMID: 16824634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Twenty four Listeria strains representing three different species and two serotypes of L. monocytogenes were investigated for their ability to attach to and colonize cabbage tissue. All strains exhibited a preference to attach to cut tissues compared to the intact leaf surfaces. Most strains attached to cut surfaces at levels 1.0 to 1.2 log CFU/cm(2) above numbers on intact tissue. Although all strains demonstrated the ability to colonize both intact and cut surfaces, some strains consistently exhibited higher levels of attachment. This attribute was independent of species or serotype. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of increased cell numbers on the cut edges with numerous cells located within folds and crevices. The distribution of cells found on the intact surfaces appeared to be randomly distributed with no apparent affinity for specialized surface structures such as stomata. SEM analysis also revealed the increased presence of large clusters of cells on leaf surfaces after 4 and 24 h. These cell aggregates appeared to be in the early stages of biofilm development. L. moncytogenes strain Scott A was used to examine the effect of prior growth temperature on attachment at 10 degrees C. Cells attached to intact cabbage surfaces within 5 min of exposure, with numbers reaching 4.3 log CFU/cm(2) for cells grown at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and 3.8 log CFU/cm(2) for 10 degrees C cultures. The culture growth temperature was shown to significantly (P<0.05) affect the strength of attachment (S(R) values) during the first 4 h of exposure to intact surfaces, as cells cultivated at 37 degrees C were more easily removed from leaf surfaces than those cultivated at 10 degrees C or 22 degrees C. However, after 24 h binding was not significantly different between temperatures (P>0.05) where more than 80% of cells, regardless of cultivation temperature, remained attached to the leaf surfaces following successive washes. Irrespectively of prior growth temperature, increasing exposure time to the cabbage resulted in increased attached cell numbers as well as increased binding strength. The increase in development of cell clusters and early biofilm structures may explain the decreased efficiency over time in removal of cells from the cabbage surfaces. The information presented in this study may have important implications for produce handling practices and the implementation of wash regimes intended to remove microorganisms from edible plant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Ells
- Food Science Program, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3J 2X4
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50
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Méndez-Vilas A, Gallardo-Moreno AM, González-Martín ML. Nano-mechanical exploration of the surface and sub-surface of hydrated cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 89:373-86. [PMID: 16779634 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-005-9041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The surface of hydrated cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis has been probed using an atomic force microscope. While local force measurements over the surface of bacteria reveal a heterogeneous chemical surface, with heterogeneous mechanical properties, different kinds of force curves appear with high frequency, and are thought to provide information on features contributing strongly to the overall mechanical and surface behaviour of the cell. Force curves often present two different mechanical regimes, being the first one (outer) of about 48 nm thick, and presenting a local relative elasticity of about 0.08 N/m, which is about a third of the relative elasticity of the inner part of the cell wall, harder, with a relative elasticity of about 0.24 N/m, in water. Both regimes appears as straight lines in the force versus distance curves (the 'corresponding' stress-strain curves in contact mechanics), but hysteresis is observed between the approach and the retraction line in the inner regime, indicating a degree of viscoelasticity. No viscoelasticity is observed in the outer regime, however, which presents quite linear and juxtaposed approach-retraction lines. These kinds of force curves do not present measurable pull-off forces nor snap-in forces, which indicates an almost null interaction between tip and bacterial surface, which could be in agreement with the measured very high hydrophobicity of this strain. Another kind of force curve has been observed recurrently, showing peaks in the retraction curves. Adhesive pull-off forces were measured giving an average of about 2 nN. Interestingly, however, these force curves appear only when quite irregular and wavy retraction curves are present, from the very beginning of its trace (maximum indentation). This leads us to think that these pull-off forces measured by our AFM do not give information on surface forces-unbinding events at the surface of the bacteria, but could be related to events at the sub-surface of the cell surface. Oscillations seen in the retraction curve in the portion corresponding to the contact with the bacteria surface could be due to rupture phenomena within the multilayered cell wall architecture expected in Gram-positive bacteria as Staphylococcus epidermidis, which could result in local irreversible deformations of the cell surface. Imaging with a sharp tip in contact mode sometimes leads to surface damage. Force curves recorded over damaged parts of the cell surface showed a completely different behaviour, in many cases with two well-defined high-adhesion peaks, and also interestingly, with snap-in forces of about 0-2 nN, which seems to indicate a completely different electrical/hydrophobicity state only a few nanometers down from the surface. Similar indentation effects can occur in the contact of a bacterial cell with a solid surface, even when showing only atomic-molecular-scale roughness, thus interacting not only with the very surface of the cell, especially when soft layers are present in the outer. Our results highlight the importance of the cell surface mechanical properties and their interplay with purely surface properties when analyzing cell-material interaction, and show the AFM as a useful method for investigating this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Méndez-Vilas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain.
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