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Hegde ST, Lee KH, Styczynski A, Jones FK, Gomes I, Das P, Gurley ES. Potential for Person-to-Person Transmission of Henipaviruses: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:733-742. [PMID: 37925626 PMCID: PMC10938219 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus Bangladesh (NiVB) is a bat-borne zoonosis transmitted between people through the respiratory route. The risk posed by related henipaviruses, including Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus Malaysia (NiVM), is less clear. We conducted a broad search of the literature encompassing both human infections and animal models to synthesize evidence about potential for person-to-person spread. More than 600 human infections have been reported in the literature, but information on viral shedding was only available for 40 case-patients. There is substantial evidence demonstrating person-to-person transmission of NiVB, and some evidence for NiVM. Less direct evidence is available about the risk for person-to-person transmission of HeV, but animals infected with HeV shed more virus in the respiratory tract than those infected with NiVM, suggesting potential for transmission. As the group of known henipaviruses continues to grow, shared protocols for conducting and reporting from human investigations and animal experiments are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hegde
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyu Han Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley Styczynski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California
| | - Forrest K Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabella Gomes
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pritimoy Das
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Caruso S, Edwards SJ. Recently Emerged Novel Henipa-like Viruses: Shining a Spotlight on the Shrew. Viruses 2023; 15:2407. [PMID: 38140648 PMCID: PMC10747904 DOI: 10.3390/v15122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are zoonotic viruses, including some highly pathogenic and capable of serious disease and high fatality rates in both animals and humans. Hendra virus and Nipah virus are the most notable henipaviruses, resulting in significant outbreaks across South Asia, South-East Asia, and Australia. Pteropid fruit bats have been identified as key zoonotic reservoirs; however, the increased discovery of henipaviruses outside the geographic distribution of Pteropid fruit bats and the detection of novel henipa-like viruses in other species such as the shrew, rat, and opossum suggest that Pteropid bats are not the sole reservoir for henipaviruses. In this review, we provide an update on henipavirus spillover events and describe the recent detection of novel unclassified henipaviruses, with a strong focus on the shrew and its emerging role as a key host of henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
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3
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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Kaza B, Aguilar HC. Pathogenicity and virulence of henipaviruses. Virulence 2023; 14:2273684. [PMID: 37948320 PMCID: PMC10653661 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2273684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are responsible for a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals. Among the most notable are the henipaviruses, which include the deadly Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses, the causative agents of outbreaks of severe disease and high case fatality rates in humans and animals. NiV and HeV are maintained in fruit bat reservoirs primarily in the family Pteropus and spillover into humans directly or by an intermediate amplifying host such as swine or horses. Recently, non-chiropteran associated Langya (LayV), Gamak (GAKV), and Mojiang (MojV) viruses have been discovered with confirmed or suspected ability to cause disease in humans or animals. These viruses are less genetically related to HeV and NiV yet share many features with their better-known counterparts. Recent advances in surveillance of wild animal reservoir viruses have revealed a high number of henipaviral genome sequences distributed across most continents, and mammalian orders previously unknown to harbour henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the range of pathogenesis observed for the henipaviruses as well as their replication cycle, epidemiology, genomics, and host responses. We focus on the most pathogenic viruses, including NiV, HeV, LayV, and GAKV, as well as the experimentally non-pathogenic CedV. We also highlight the emerging threats posed by these and potentially other closely related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kaza
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University
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5
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Mor N. Organising for One Health in a developing country. One Health 2023; 17:100611. [PMID: 37588424 PMCID: PMC10425406 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, zoonotic diseases pose an enormous and growing public health challenge, and developing countries like India are at the epicentre of it. Although there is general recognition of this reality, governments around the world have struggled to organise appropriately to respond to it. The widely held view is that organising for One Health requires effective cross-sectoral collaboration, but the prerequisites to enable such collaboration appear almost unattainable. Perhaps an entirely different approach is needed, which is over and above effective collaborations between competing government ministries. The approach would have to recognise that while any organisational response will need to be able to address identified zoonotic diseases and respond effectively to them in times of crises, it would also be required to have the ability to shape the response to megatrends such as climate change, deforestation, and the underlying development models of the country. The paper analyses the success and failures associated with the way in which India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Rwanda have organised for One Health. It also studies the underlying pathways through which zoonotic spillovers take place, and epidemics gather momentum. Based on these critical analyses, the paper concludes that attempts to build single overarching units to address these challenges have only been partially effective. Given the scale and complexity of the challenge, it recommends that, even at the risk of duplication and the very real possibility that unaddressed gaps will remain, an approach, which builds multiple sharply focused units, would have a greater chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Mor
- Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, India
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6
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Sinha P, Yadav AK. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics and binding free energy based identification of novel potential multitarget inhibitors of Nipah virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37921740 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2277852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is one of the most common viral diseases affecting the brain and nervous system of the body. To date, there is no significant antiviral drug specifically designed to inhibit NiV. In the last ten years, there has been a significant increase in interest in multitarget drug development. Therefore, the reported work focuses on designing a multitarget inhibitor for NiV. Among the twelve designed compounds, five exhibited better drug-likeness and ADMET properties, hence being selected for further analysis. In a molecular docking study, these compounds possessed better binding affinity as compared to Favipiravir. The RMSD of these compounds was ≤2Å and the number of H-bonds signified the better stability of the complexes formed. The ΔGbind of C4, C6 and C7 was found to be comparatively higher than the other screened compounds, revealing their greater ability to bind efficiently with NiV-G, NiV-F and NiV-N receptors, respectively. Therefore, based on molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and MM/PBSA analysis, these compounds can act as potential inhibitors of multitargets of NiV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashasti Sinha
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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van Tol S, Hage A, Rajsbaum R, Freiberg AN. Pteropus vampyrus TRIM40 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Antagonizes RIG-I-like Receptors. Viruses 2023; 15:2147. [PMID: 38005825 PMCID: PMC10674255 DOI: 10.3390/v15112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV; genus: Henipavirus; family: Paramyxoviridae) naturally infects Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) without causing overt disease. Conversely, NiV infection in humans and other mammals can be lethal. Comparing bat antiviral responses with those of humans may illuminate the mechanisms that facilitate bats' tolerance. Tripartite motif proteins (TRIMs), a large family of E3-ubiquitin ligases, fine-tune innate antiviral immune responses, and two human TRIMs interact with Henipavirus proteins. We hypothesize that NiV infection induces the expression of an immunosuppressive TRIM in bat, but not human cells, to promote tolerance. Here, we show that TRIM40 is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in pteropodid but not human cells. Knockdown of bat TRIM40 increases gene expression of IFNβ, ISGs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines following poly(I:C) transfection. In Pteropus vampyrus, but not human cells, NiV induces TRIM40 expression within 16 h after infection, and knockdown of TRIM40 correlates with reduced NiV titers as compared to control cells. Bats may have evolved to express TRIM40 in response to viral infections to control immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity and Department of Medicine, RBHS Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy & Smith Foundation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy & Smith Foundation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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8
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Diederich S, Babiuk S, Boshra H. A Survey of Henipavirus Tropism-Our Current Understanding from a Species/Organ and Cellular Level. Viruses 2023; 15:2048. [PMID: 37896825 PMCID: PMC10611353 DOI: 10.3390/v15102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that have been shown to be virulent in several species, including humans, pigs, horses, and rodents. Isolated nearly 30 years ago, these viruses have been shown to be of particular concern to public health, as at least two members (Nipah and Hendra viruses) are highly virulent, as well as zoonotic, and are thus classified as BSL4 pathogens. Although only 5 members of this genus have been isolated and characterized, metagenomics analysis using animal fluids and tissues has demonstrated the existence of other novel henipaviruses, suggesting a far greater degree of phylogenetic diversity than is currently known. Using a variety of molecular biology techniques, it has been shown that these viruses exhibit varying degrees of tropism on a species, organ/tissue, and cellular level. This review will attempt to provide a general overview of our current understanding of henipaviruses, with a particular emphasis on viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E EM4, Canada;
| | - Hani Boshra
- Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development (GUARD), 911 rue Principale, Batiscan, QC G0X 1A0, Canada
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9
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Pigeaud DD, Geisbert TW, Woolsey C. Animal Models for Henipavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:1980. [PMID: 37896758 PMCID: PMC10610982 DOI: 10.3390/v15101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals characterized by a high mortality rate. Despite the grave threat HNVs pose to public health and global biosecurity, no approved medical countermeasures for human use currently exist against HeV or NiV. To develop candidate vaccines and therapeutics and advance the field's understanding of HNV pathogenesis, animal models of HeV and NiV have been instrumental and remain indispensable. Various species, including rodents, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), have been employed for HNV investigations. Among these, NHPs have demonstrated the closest resemblance to human HNV disease, although other animal models replicate some key disease features. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available animal models (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, horses, and swine) to support HNV research. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of each model for conducting pathogenesis and transmission studies on HeV and NiV and for the evaluation of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan D. Pigeaud
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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10
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Donnelly CM, Vogel OA, Edwards MR, Taylor PE, Roby JA, Forwood JK, Basler CF. Henipavirus Matrix Protein Employs a Non-Classical Nuclear Localization Signal Binding Mechanism. Viruses 2023; 15:1302. [PMID: 37376602 DOI: 10.3390/v15061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic species from the Henipavirus genus within the paramyxovirus family and are harbored by Pteropus Flying Fox species. Henipaviruses cause severe respiratory disease, neural symptoms, and encephalitis in various animals and humans, with human mortality rates exceeding 70% in some NiV outbreaks. The henipavirus matrix protein (M), which drives viral assembly and budding of the virion, also performs non-structural functions as a type I interferon antagonist. Interestingly, M also undergoes nuclear trafficking that mediates critical monoubiquitination for downstream cell sorting, membrane association, and budding processes. Based on the NiV and HeV M X-ray crystal structures and cell-based assays, M possesses a putative monopartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) (residues 82KRKKIR87; NLS1 HeV), positioned on an exposed flexible loop and typical of how many NLSs bind importin alpha (IMPα), and a putative bipartite NLS (244RR-10X-KRK258; NLS2 HeV), positioned within an α-helix that is far less typical. Here, we employed X-ray crystallography to determine the binding interface of these M NLSs and IMPα. The interaction of both NLS peptides with IMPα was established, with NLS1 binding the IMPα major binding site, and NLS2 binding as a non-classical NLS to the minor site. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence assays (IFA) confirm the critical role of NLS2, and specifically K258. Additionally, localization studies demonstrated a supportive role for NLS1 in M nuclear localization. These studies provide additional insight into the critical mechanisms of M nucleocytoplasmic transport, the study of which can provide a greater understanding of viral pathogenesis and uncover a potential target for novel therapeutics for henipaviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Donnelly
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Olivia A Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan R Edwards
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paige E Taylor
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wang X, Wise JC, Stewart AJ. Hendra Virus: An Update on Diagnosis, Vaccination, and Biosecurity Protocols for Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:89-98. [PMID: 36737284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) emerged as a zoonotic pathogen in the 1990s, causing low morbidity but high mortality in humans and horses. Pteropid bats are the natural reservoir of HeV and other important zoonotic viruses such as Nipah and Ebola viruses. Equivac HeV, manufactured by Zoetis (Parkville, Victoria, Australia), is the only commercially available vaccine for horses. There is no commercial vaccine for humans. The epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of HeV will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Jessica C Wise
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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12
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Novel Chaphamaparvovirus in Insectivorous Molossus molossus Bats, from the Brazilian Amazon Region. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030606. [PMID: 36992315 PMCID: PMC10054343 DOI: 10.3390/v15030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaphamaparvovirus (CHPV) is a recently characterized genus of the Parvoviridae family whose members can infect different hosts, including bats, which constitute the second most diverse order of mammals and are described worldwide as important transmitters of zoonotic diseases. In this study, we identified a new CHPV in bat samples from the municipality of Santarém (Pará state, North Brazil). A total of 18 Molossus molossus bats were analyzed using viral metagenomics. In five animals, we identified CHPVs. These CHPV sequences presented the genome with a size ranging from 3797 to 4284 bp. Phylogenetic analysis-based nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the VP1 and NS1 regions showed that all CHPV sequences are monophyletic. They are also closely related to CHPV sequences previously identified in bats in southern and southeast Brazil. According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification criteria for this species (the CHPV NS1 gene region must have 85% identity to be classified in the same species), our sequences are likely a new specie within the genus Chaphamaparvovirus, since they have less than 80% identity with other CHPV described earlier in bats. We also make some phylogenetic considerations about the interaction between CHPV and their host. We suggest a high level of specificity of CPHV and its hosts. Thus, the findings contribute to improving information about the viral diversity of parvoviruses and show the importance of better investigating bats, considering that they harbor a variety of viruses that may favor zoonotic events.
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13
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Mire CE, Satterfield BA, Geisbert TW. Nonhuman Primate Models for Nipah and Hendra Virus Countermeasure Evaluation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:159-173. [PMID: 37610581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hendra and Nipah viruses are henipaviruses that have caused lethal human disease in Australia and Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines, respectively. These viruses are considered Category C pathogens by the US Centers for Disease Control. Nipah virus was recently placed on the World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint Roadmaps for vaccine and therapeutic development. Given the infrequent and unpredictable nature of henipavirus outbreaks licensure of vaccines and therapeutics will likely require an animal model to demonstrate protective efficacy against henipavirus disease. Studies have shown that nonhuman primates are the most accurate model of human henipavirus disease and would be an important component of any application for licensure of a vaccine or antiviral drug under the US FDA Animal Rule. Nonhuman primate model selection and dosing are discussed regarding vaccine and therapeutic studies against henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculutre, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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14
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Satterfield BA, Mire CE, Geisbert TW. Overview of Experimental Vaccines and Antiviral Therapeutics for Henipavirus Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:1-22. [PMID: 37610570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses, which have emerged in recent decades and cause sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease in Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Over two billion people currently live in regions potentially at risk due to the wide range of the Pteropus fruit bat reservoir, yet there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to protect against or treat henipavirus disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward developing various experimental vaccine platforms and therapeutics. Here, we describe these advances for both human and livestock vaccine candidates and discuss the numerous preclinical studies and the few that have progressed to human phase 1 clinical trial and the one approved veterinary vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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15
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Yan L, Sterling SL, Fusco DL, Chan YP, Xu K, Laing ED, Broder CC. Recombinant Soluble Henipavirus Glycoprotein Preparation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:33-58. [PMID: 37610572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Henipaviruses possess two envelope glycoproteins, the attachment (G) and the fusion (F) proteins that mediate cellular entry and are the major targets of virus-neutralizing antibody responses. Recombinant expression technologies have been used to produce soluble G and F proteins (sG and sF) that retain native-like oligomeric conformations and epitopes, which are advantageous for the development and characterization of vaccines and antiviral antibody therapeutics. In addition to Hendra virus and Nipah virus tetrameric sG and trimeric sF production, we also describe the expression and purification of Cedar virus tetrameric sG and Ghana virus trimeric sF glycoproteins. These henipavirus glycoproteins were also used as immunizing antigens to generate monoclonal antibodies, and binding was demonstrated with a pan-henipavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer L Sterling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah L Fusco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yee-Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Gazal S, Sharma N, Gazal S, Tikoo M, Shikha D, Badroo GA, Rashid M, Lee SJ. Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121419. [PMID: 36558753 PMCID: PMC9784551 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of NiV and HeV are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year. Due to its extreme pathogenicity, pandemic potential, and lack of established antiviral therapeutics and vaccines, research on henipaviruses is highly warranted so as to develop antivirals or vaccines that could aid in the prevention and control of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Gazal
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sundus Gazal
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Mehak Tikoo
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Deep Shikha
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Gulzar Ahmed Badroo
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.-J.L.)
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Abstract
Bats perform important ecological roles in our ecosystem. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that have spilled over into humans and agricultural animals to cause severe disease. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and coronaviruses that are closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, bats that are naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses do not show clinical signs of disease. Here we have reviewed ecological, behavioural, and molecular factors that may influence the ability of bats to harbour viruses. We have summarized known zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses and stress on the need for further studies to better understand the evolutionary relationship between bats and their viruses, along with discovering the intrinsic and external factors that facilitate the successful spillover of viruses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Corresponding author
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18
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Serological Hendra Virus Diagnostics Using an Indirect ELISA-Based DIVA Approach with Recombinant Hendra G and N Proteins. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061095. [PMID: 35744614 PMCID: PMC9230382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of Hendra virus (HeV) infections in horses in Australia in 1994, more than 80 outbreaks in horses have been reported, and four out of seven spillover infections in humans had a fatal outcome. With the availability of a subunit vaccine based on the HeV-Glycoprotein (HeV-G), there is a need to serologically Differentiate the Infected from the Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). We developed an indirect ELISA using HeV-G expressed in Leishmania tarentolae and HeV-Nucleoprotein (HeV-N) expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells as antigens. During evaluation, we tested panels of sera from naïve, vaccinated and infected horses that either originated from a Hendra-virus free region, or had been pre-tested in validated diagnostic tests. Our data confirm the reliability of this approach, as HeV-N-specific antibodies were only detected in sera from infected horses, while HeV-G-specific antibodies were detected in infected and vaccinated horses with a high level of specificity and sensitivity. Given the excellent correlation of data obtained for German and Australian HeV-negative horses, we assume that this test can be applied for the testing of horse serum samples from a variety of geographical regions.
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19
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Silva MDLE, Silva GEB, Borin-Crivellenti S, Alvarenga AWO, Aldrovani M, Braz LADN, Aoki C, Santana AE, Pennacchi CS, Crivellenti LZ. Renal Abnormalities Caused by Canine Distemper Virus Infection in Terminal Patients. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:822525. [PMID: 35350433 PMCID: PMC8957885 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the glomerular and tubular alterations in dogs with terminal distemper through light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Thirteen animals with a molecular diagnosis of distemper and neurological signs were selected. As a control group, 10 clinically healthy animals with no manifestations or signs of disease and with negative tests for Ehrlichia sp., Anaplasma sp., and Babesia sp. were included in this study. Renal tissue was evaluated by light microscopy, topochemistry for DNA/chromatin, and video image analysis to detect the nuclear phenotypes of the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs), immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that dogs with distemper exhibited anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and proteinuria. Creatinine in the distemper group was lower compared to the control group (p = 0.0026), but there was no significant difference in relation to urea (p = 0.9876). Although this alteration may be due to the smaller muscle mass observed in animals with distemper, it probably is not of clinical importance. Glomerular and tubular lesions were confirmed by light microscopy in 84.6% of these animals. Additional findings in the animals with distemper included deposition of different classes of immunoglobulins, particularly IgM in 92.3% of the cases, fibrinogen deposition in 69.2% of the cases as assessed by immunofluorescence, alterations in the nuclear phenotypes of the RTEC characterized by condensation of chromatin, loss of DNA and reduction in the nuclear shape, and the presence of subendothelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits. These findings confirm the existence of renal alterations related to terminal distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra de Lima e Silva
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade de Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Borin-Crivellenti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade de Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ayane do Nascimento Braz
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aoki
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aureo Evangelista Santana
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Caio Santos Pennacchi
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caio Santos Pennacchi
| | - Leandro Zuccolotto Crivellenti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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20
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Annand EJ, Horsburgh BA, Xu K, Reid PA, Poole B, de Kantzow MC, Brown N, Tweedie A, Michie M, Grewar JD, Jackson AE, Singanallur NB, Plain KM, Kim K, Tachedjian M, van der Heide B, Crameri S, Williams DT, Secombe C, Laing ED, Sterling S, Yan L, Jackson L, Jones C, Plowright RK, Peel AJ, Breed AC, Diallo I, Dhand NK, Britton PN, Broder CC, Smith I, Eden JS. Novel Hendra Virus Variant Detected by Sentinel Surveillance of Horses in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:693-704. [PMID: 35202527 PMCID: PMC8888208 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.211245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and isolated a novel Hendra virus (HeV) variant not detected by routine testing from a horse in Queensland, Australia, that died from acute illness with signs consistent with HeV infection. Using whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, we determined the variant had ≈83% nt identity with prototypic HeV. In silico and in vitro comparisons of the receptor-binding protein with prototypic HeV support that the human monoclonal antibody m102.4 used for postexposure prophylaxis and current equine vaccine will be effective against this variant. An updated quantitative PCR developed for routine surveillance resulted in subsequent case detection. Genetic sequence consistency with virus detected in grey-headed flying foxes suggests the variant circulates at least among this species. Studies are needed to determine infection kinetics, pathogenicity, reservoir-species associations, viral-host coevolution, and spillover dynamics for this virus. Surveillance and biosecurity practices should be updated to acknowledge HeV spillover risk across all regions frequented by flying foxes.
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21
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Zhang D, Yang Y, Li M, Lu Y, Liu Y, Jiang J, Liu R, Liu J, Huang X, Li G, Qu J. Ecological Barrier Deterioration Driven by Human Activities Poses Fatal Threats to Public Health due to Emerging Infectious Diseases. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 10:155-166. [PMID: 33903827 PMCID: PMC8060651 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and concerns about several other pandemics in the 21st century have attracted extensive global attention. These emerging infectious diseases threaten global public health and raise urgent studies on unraveling the underlying mechanisms of their transmission from animals to humans. Although numerous works have intensively discussed the cross-species and endemic barriers to the occurrence and spread of emerging infectious diseases, both types of barriers play synergistic roles in wildlife habitats. Thus far, there is still a lack of a complete understanding of viral diffusion, migration, and transmission in ecosystems from a macro perspective. In this review, we conceptualize the ecological barrier that represents the combined effects of cross-species and endemic barriers for either the natural or intermediate hosts of viruses. We comprehensively discuss the key influential factors affecting the ecological barrier against viral transmission from virus hosts in their natural habitats into human society, including transmission routes, contact probability, contact frequency, and viral characteristics. Considering the significant impacts of human activities and global industrialization on the strength of the ecological barrier, ecological barrier deterioration driven by human activities is critically analyzed for potential mechanisms. Global climate change can trigger and expand the range of emerging infectious diseases, and human disturbances promote higher contact frequency and greater transmission possibility. In addition, globalization drives more transmission routes and produces new high-risk regions in city areas. This review aims to provide a new concept for and comprehensive evidence of the ecological barrier blocking the transmission and spread of emerging infectious diseases. It also offers new insights into potential strategies to protect the ecological barrier and reduce the wide-ranging risks of emerging infectious diseases to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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22
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Bourhis JM, Yabukarski F, Communie G, Schneider R, Volchkova VA, Frénéat M, Gérard F, Ducournau C, Mas C, Tarbouriech N, Ringkjøbing Jensen M, Volchkov VE, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Structural dynamics of the C-terminal X domain of Nipah and Hendra viruses controls the attachment to the C-terminal tail of the nucleocapsid protein. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Lewis CE, Pickering B. Livestock and Risk Group 4 Pathogens: Researching Zoonotic Threats to Public Health and Agriculture in Maximum Containment. ILAR J 2022; 61:86-102. [PMID: 34864994 PMCID: PMC8759435 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum-containment laboratories are a unique and essential component of the bioeconomy of the United States. These facilities play a critical role in the national infrastructure, supporting research on a select set of especially dangerous pathogens, as well as novel, emerging diseases. Understanding the ecology, biology, and pathology at the human-animal interface of zoonotic spillover events is fundamental to efficient control and elimination of disease. The use of animals as human surrogate models or as target-host models in research is an integral part of unraveling the interrelated components involved in these dynamic systems. These models can prove vitally important in determining both viral- and host-factors associated with virus transmission, providing invaluable information that can be developed into better risk mitigation strategies. In this article, we focus on the use of livestock in maximum-containment, biosafety level-4 agriculture (BSL-4Ag) research involving zoonotic, risk group 4 pathogens and we provide an overview of historical associated research and contributions. Livestock are most commonly used as target-host models in high-consequence, maximum-containment research and are routinely used to establish data to assist in risk assessments. This article highlights the importance of animal use, insights gained, and how this type of research is essential for protecting animal health, food security, and the agriculture economy, as well as human public health in the face of emerging zoonotic pathogens. The utilization of animal models in high-consequence pathogen research and continued expansion to include available species of agricultural importance is essential to deciphering the ecology of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, as well as for emergency response and mitigation preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Lewis
- Corresponding Author: Dr Charles E. Lewis, DVM, MPH, MS, National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada. E-mail:
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24
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Zoonotic disease and virome diversity in bats. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:192-202. [PMID: 34954661 PMCID: PMC8696223 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic viral diseases in humans commonly reflects exposure to mammalian wildlife. Bats (order Chiroptera) are arguably the most important mammalian reservoir for zoonotic viruses, with notable examples including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, henipaviruses and lyssaviruses. Herein, we outline our current knowledge on the diversity of bat viromes, particularly through the lens of metagenomic next-generation sequencing and in the context of disease emergence. A key conclusion is that although bats harbour abundant virus diversity, the vast majority of bat viruses have not emerged to cause disease in new hosts such that bats are better regarded as critical but endangered components of global ecosystems.
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25
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Gamble A, Yeo YY, Butler AA, Tang H, Snedden CE, Mason CT, Buchholz DW, Bingham J, Aguilar HC, Lloyd-Smith JO. Drivers and Distribution of Henipavirus-Induced Syncytia: What Do We Know? Viruses 2021; 13:1755. [PMID: 34578336 PMCID: PMC8472861 DOI: 10.3390/v13091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytium formation, i.e., cell-cell fusion resulting in the formation of multinucleated cells, is a hallmark of infection by paramyxoviruses and other pathogenic viruses. This natural mechanism has historically been a diagnostic marker for paramyxovirus infection in vivo and is now widely used for the study of virus-induced membrane fusion in vitro. However, the role of syncytium formation in within-host dissemination and pathogenicity of viruses remains poorly understood. The diversity of henipaviruses and their wide host range and tissue tropism make them particularly appropriate models with which to characterize the drivers of syncytium formation and the implications for virus fitness and pathogenicity. Based on the henipavirus literature, we summarized current knowledge on the mechanisms driving syncytium formation, mostly acquired from in vitro studies, and on the in vivo distribution of syncytia. While these data suggest that syncytium formation widely occurs across henipaviruses, hosts, and tissues, we identified important data gaps that undermined our understanding of the role of syncytium formation in virus pathogenesis. Based on these observations, we propose solutions of varying complexity to fill these data gaps, from better practices in data archiving and publication for in vivo studies, to experimental approaches in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gamble
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - Aubrey A. Butler
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Hubert Tang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Celine E. Snedden
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Christian T. Mason
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
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26
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Doyle MP, Kose N, Borisevich V, Binshtein E, Amaya M, Nagel M, Annand EJ, Armstrong E, Bombardi R, Dong J, Schey KL, Broder CC, Zeitlin L, Kuang EA, Bornholdt ZA, West BR, Geisbert TW, Cross RW, Crowe JE. Cooperativity mediated by rationally selected combinations of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the henipavirus receptor binding protein. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109628. [PMID: 34469726 PMCID: PMC8527959 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV), members of the Henipavirus (HNV) genus, are zoonotic paramyxoviruses known to cause severe disease across six mammalian orders, including humans. We isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the B cells of an individual with prior exposure to equine Hendra virus (HeV) vaccine, targeting distinct antigenic sites. The most potent class of cross-reactive antibodies achieves neutralization by blocking viral attachment to the host cell receptors ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3, with a second class being enhanced by receptor binding. mAbs from both classes display synergistic activity in vitro. In a stringent hamster model of NiV Bangladesh (NiVB) infection, antibodies from both classes reduce morbidity and mortality and achieve synergistic protection in combination. These candidate mAbs might be suitable for use in a cocktail therapeutic approach to achieve synergistic potency and reduce the risk of virus escape. Doyle et al. describe two human monoclonal antibodies that target the henipavirus receptor-binding protein, HENV-103 and HENV-117, that display highly potent activity in vitro and enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo when delivered as a cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Doyle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Marcus Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Edward J Annand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Black Mountain Laboratories & Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra & Geelong, Australia
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jinhui Dong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Erin A Kuang
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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27
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Jolma ER, Gibson L, Suu-Ire RD, Fleischer G, Asumah S, Languon S, Restif O, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Longitudinal Secretion of Paramyxovirus RNA in the Urine of Straw-Coloured Fruit Bats ( Eidolon helvum). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081654. [PMID: 34452518 PMCID: PMC8402643 DOI: 10.3390/v13081654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and is widely hunted for bushmeat. It is known to harbour a range of paramyxoviruses, including rubuloviruses and henipaviruses, but the zoonotic potential of these is unknown. We previously found a diversity of paramyxoviruses within a small, captive colony of E. helvum after it had been closed to contact with other bats for 5 years. In this study, we used under-roost urine collection to further investigate the paramyxovirus diversity and ecology in this colony, which had been closed to the outside for 10 years at the time of sampling. By sampling urine weekly throughout an entire year, we investigated possible seasonal patterns of shedding of virus or viral RNA. Using a generic paramyxovirus L-gene PCR, we detected eight distinct paramyxovirus RNA sequences. Six distinct sequences were detected using a Henipavirus-specific PCR that targeted a different region of the L-gene. Sequence detection had a bi-annual pattern, with the greatest peak in July, although different RNA sequences appeared to have different shedding patterns. No significant associations were detected between sequence detection and birthing season, environmental temperature or humidity, and no signs of illness were detected in any of the bats in the colony during the period of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Rosa Jolma
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK;
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Correspondence: (E.R.J.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK;
| | - Richard D. Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (R.D.S.-I.); (G.F.)
| | - Grace Fleischer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (R.D.S.-I.); (G.F.)
| | - Samuel Asumah
- Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission, P.O. Box M 239, Accra, Ghana;
| | - Sylvester Languon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (O.R.); (J.L.N.W.)
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (O.R.); (J.L.N.W.)
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK;
- Correspondence: (E.R.J.); (A.A.C.)
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28
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Bisset AT, Hoyne GF. An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081639. [PMID: 34442718 PMCID: PMC8401172 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Bisset
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia;
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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29
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Liang J, Zhu C, Zhang L. Cospeciation of coronavirus and paramyxovirus with their bat hosts in the same geographical areas. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:148. [PMID: 34325659 PMCID: PMC8319908 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bat-borne viruses are relatively host specific. We hypothesize that this host specificity is due to coevolution of the viruses with their hosts. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the coevolution of coronavirus and paramyxovirus with their bat hosts. Published nucleotide sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of 60 coronavirus strains identified from 37 bat species, the RNA polymerase large (L) gene of 36 paramyxovirus strains from 29 bat species, and the cytochrome B (cytB) gene of 35 bat species were analyzed for coevolution signals. Each coevolution signal detected was tested and verified by global-fit cophylogenic analysis using software ParaFit, PACo, and eMPRess. Results Significant coevolution signals were detected in coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses and their bat hosts, and closely related bat hosts were found to carry closely related viruses. Conclusions Our results suggest that paramyxovirus and coronavirus coevolve with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chunchao Zhu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. HeV repeatedly re-emerges in Australia while NiV continues to cause outbreaks in South Asia (Bangladesh and India), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. In people and several mammalian species, HeV and NiV infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. NiV stands out as a potential pandemic threat because of its associated high case-fatality rates and capacity for human-to-human transmission. The development of effective vaccines, suitable for people and livestock, against HeV and NiV has been a research focus. Here, we review the progress made in NiV and HeV vaccine development, with an emphasis on those approaches that have been tested in established animal challenge models of NiV and HeV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
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31
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Amaya M, Cheng H, Borisevich V, Navaratnarajah CK, Cattaneo R, Cooper L, Moore TW, Gaisina IN, Geisbert TW, Rong L, Broder CC. A recombinant Cedar virus based high-throughput screening assay for henipavirus antiviral discovery. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105084. [PMID: 34077807 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic, bat-borne paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus that cause severe and often fatal acute respiratory and/or neurologic diseases in humans and livestock. There are currently no approved antiviral therapeutics or vaccines for use in humans to treat or prevent NiV or HeV infection. To facilitate development of henipavirus antivirals, a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform was developed based on a well-characterized recombinant version of the nonpathogenic Henipavirus, Cedar virus (rCedV). Using reverse genetics, a rCedV encoding firefly luciferase (rCedV-Luc) was rescued and its utility evaluated for high-throughput antiviral compound screening. The luciferase reporter gene signal kinetics of rCedV-Luc in different human cell lines was characterized and validated as an authentic real-time measure of viral growth. The rCedV-Luc platform was optimized as an HTS assay that demonstrated high sensitivity with robust Z' scores, excellent signal-to-background ratios and coefficients of variation. Eight candidate compounds that inhibited rCedV replication were identified for additional validation and demonstrated that 4 compounds inhibited authentic NiV-Bangladesh replication. Further evaluation of 2 of the 4 validated compounds in a 9-point dose response titration demonstrated potent antiviral activity against NiV-Bangladesh and HeV, with minimal cytotoxicity. This rCedV reporter can serve as a surrogate yet authentic BSL-2 henipavirus platform that will dramatically accelerate drug candidate identification in the development of anti-henipavirus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | | | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laura Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Irina N Gaisina
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., 2242 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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32
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Dong J, Cross RW, Doyle MP, Kose N, Mousa JJ, Annand EJ, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Sutton R, Nargi R, Majedi M, Fenton KA, Reichard W, Bombardi RG, Geisbert TW, Crowe JE. Potent Henipavirus Neutralization by Antibodies Recognizing Diverse Sites on Hendra and Nipah Virus Receptor Binding Protein. Cell 2021; 183:1536-1550.e17. [PMID: 33306954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) viruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Henipavirus genus causing outbreaks of disease with very high case fatality rates. Here, we report the first naturally occurring human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HeV receptor binding protein (RBP). All isolated mAbs neutralized HeV, and some also neutralized NiV. Epitope binning experiments identified five major antigenic sites on HeV-RBP. Animal studies demonstrated that the most potent cross-reactive neutralizing mAbs, HENV-26 and HENV-32, protected ferrets in lethal models of infection with NiV Bangladesh 3 days after exposure. We solved the crystal structures of mAb HENV-26 in complex with both HeV-RBP and NiV-RBP and of mAb HENV-32 in complex with HeV-RBP. The studies reveal diverse sites of vulnerability on RBP recognized by potent human mAbs that inhibit virus by multiple mechanisms. These studies identify promising prophylactic antibodies and define protective epitopes that can be used in rational vaccine design.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/pathology
- Chiroptera/virology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Ephrin-B2/metabolism
- Female
- Ferrets/virology
- Hendra Virus/immunology
- Henipavirus/immunology
- Humans
- Interferometry
- Liver/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Neutralization Tests
- Nipah Virus/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Edward J Annand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Mountain Laboratories & Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rachel Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mahsa Majedi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Walter Reichard
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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33
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Yuen KY, Fraser NS, Henning J, Halpin K, Gibson JS, Betzien L, Stewart AJ. Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures. One Health 2020; 12:100207. [PMID: 33363250 PMCID: PMC7750128 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) continues to pose a serious public health concern as spillover events occur sporadically. Terminally ill horses can exhibit a range of clinical signs including frothy nasal discharge, ataxia or forebrain signs. Early signs, if detected, can include depression, inappetence, colic or mild respiratory signs. All unvaccinated ill horses in areas where flying foxes exist, may potentially be infected with HeV, posing a significant risk to the veterinary community. Equivac® HeV vaccine has been fully registered in Australia since 2015 (and under an Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority special permit since 2012) for immunization of horses against HeV and is the most effective and direct solution to prevent disease transmission to horses and protect humans. No HeV vaccinated horse has tested positive for HeV infection. There is no registered vaccine to prevent, or therapeutics to treat, HeV infection in humans. Previous equine HeV outbreaks tended to cluster in winter overlapping with the foaling season (August to December), when veterinarians and horse owners have frequent close contact with horses and their bodily fluids, increasing the chance of zoonotic disease transmission. The most southerly case was detected in 2019 in the Upper Hunter region in New South Wales, which is Australia's Thoroughbred horse breeding capital. Future spillover events are predicted to move further south and inland in Queensland and New South Wales, aligning with the moving distribution of the main reservoir hosts. Here we (1) review HeV epidemiology and climate change predicted infection dynamics, (2) present a biosecurity protocol for veterinary clinics and hospitals to adopt, and (3) describe diagnostic tests currently available and those under development. Major knowledge and research gaps have been identified, including evaluation of vaccine efficacy in foals to assess current vaccination protocol recommendations. Hendra virus (HeV) continues to pose a serious public health threat to the equine and veterinary industries. HeV cases are likely to expand further south and inland due to climate change. Strict HeV specific biosecurity protocols should be implemented to protect veterinary staff. Research into HeV vaccination protocols in foals is required for evidence-based recommendations. Point-of-care and other diagnostic tests for HeV are currently under development.
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Key Words
- Biosecurity
- Climate change
- HeV, Hendra virus
- Infectious disease
- LAMP, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- MFI, Median fluorescent intensity
- NSW, New South Wales
- NiV, Nipah virus
- OIE, World Organization for Animal Health
- One health
- PC, Physical containment
- PPE, Personal protective equipment
- QLD, Queensland
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- SNT, Serum neutralization test
- Se, Sensitivity
- Sp, Specificity
- Vaccine
- Zoonosis
- iELISA, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- qRT-PCR, Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- sG, Soluble G
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Y Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Natalie S Fraser
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Kim Halpin
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organization (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Lily Betzien
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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34
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Donnelly CM, Roby JA, Scott CJ, Raidal SR, Forwood JK. The Structural Features of Henipavirus Matrix Protein Driving Intracellular Trafficking. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:27-40. [PMID: 33021467 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that have recently emerged as zoonotic pathogens, capable of causing severe acute respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. The prototypical henipaviruses, Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus, are a major health concern as they have high mortality rates and no currently approved human vaccine or drug therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenicity is of critical importance for therapeutic developments. A novel target for such therapies is the Henipavirus Matrix (M) protein, a multifunctional protein that drives viral assembly and inhibits the innate immune response. These multifunctional attributes promote a complicated lifecycle: while viral replication occurs in the cytoplasm, M traffics to the nucleus, where it is ubiquitinated, for correct cellular targeting and virion packaging. In this study, we review the relationship between the structure and functions of M. In specific cases, the compatibility between structural accessibility and protein functionality is not always evident, and we highlight areas that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Donnelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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35
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Sironi M, Hasnain SE, Rosenthal B, Phan T, Luciani F, Shaw MA, Sallum MA, Mirhashemi ME, Morand S, González-Candelas F. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A genetic, epidemiological, and evolutionary perspective. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 84:104384. [PMID: 32473976 PMCID: PMC7256558 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In less than five months, COVID-19 has spread from a small focus in Wuhan, China, to more than 5 million people in almost every country in the world, dominating the concern of most governments and public health systems. The social and political distresses caused by this epidemic will certainly impact our world for a long time to come. Here, we synthesize lessons from a range of scientific perspectives rooted in epidemiology, virology, genetics, ecology and evolutionary biology so as to provide perspective on how this pandemic started, how it is developing, and how best we can stop it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Tughlakabad, New Delhi, India.
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Tung Phan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Fabio Luciani
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Marie-Anne Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - M Anice Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Serge Morand
- Institute of Evolution Science of Montpellier, Case Courier 064, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio) and CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
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36
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Abstract
Humans are infected with paramyxoviruses of different genera early in life, which induce cytotoxic T cells that may recognize conserved epitopes. This raises the question of whether cross-reactive T cells induced by antecedent paramyxovirus infections provide partial protection against highly lethal zoonotic Nipah virus infections. By characterizing a measles virus-specific but paramyxovirus cross-reactive human T cell clone, we discovered a highly conserved HLA-B*1501-restricted T cell epitope in the fusion protein. Using peptides, tetramers, and single cell sorting, we isolated a parainfluenza virus-specific T cell clone from a healthy adult and showed that both clones cleared Nipah virus-infected cells. We identified multiple conserved hot spots in paramyxovirus proteomes that contain other potentially cross-reactive epitopes. Our data suggest that, depending on HLA haplotype and history of paramyxovirus exposures, humans may have cross-reactive T cells that provide protection against Nipah virus. The effect of preferential boosting of these cross-reactive epitopes needs to be further studied in light of paramyxovirus vaccination studies.IMPORTANCE Humans encounter multiple paramyxoviruses early in life. This study shows that infection with common paramyxoviruses can induce T cells cross-reactive with the highly pathogenic Nipah virus. This demonstrates that the combination of paramyxovirus infection history and HLA haplotype affects immunity to phylogenetically related zoonotic paramyxoviruses.
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Edwards MR, Hoad M, Tsimbalyuk S, Menicucci AR, Messaoudi I, Forwood JK, Basler CF. Henipavirus W Proteins Interact with 14-3-3 To Modulate Host Gene Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:e00373-20. [PMID: 32321809 PMCID: PMC7343215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00373-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), members of the Henipavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens. The NiV and HeV nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA genomes encode nine proteins, including the W protein. Expressed from the P gene through mRNA editing, W shares a common N-terminus with P and V but has a unique C-terminus. Expressed alone, W modulates innate immune responses by several mechanisms, and elimination of W from NiV alters the course of infection in experimentally infected ferrets. However, the specific host interactions that allow W to modulate innate immunity are incompletely understood. This study demonstrates that the NiV and HeV W proteins interact with all seven isoforms of the 14-3-3 family, regulatory molecules that preferentially bind phosphorylated target proteins to regulate a wide range of cellular functions. The interaction is dependent on the penultimate amino acid residue in the W sequence, a conserved, phosphorylated serine. The cocrystal structure of the W C-terminal binding motif with 14-3-3 provides only the second structure of a complex containing a mode III interactor, which is defined as a 14-3-3 interaction with a phosphoserine/phosphothreonine at the C-termini of the target protein. Transcriptomic analysis of inducible cell lines infected with an RNA virus and expressing either wild-type W or W lacking 14-3-3 binding, identifies new functions for W. These include the regulation of cellular metabolic processes, extracellular matrix organization, and apoptosis.IMPORTANCE Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), members of the Henipavirus genus, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens that cause yearly outbreaks. NiV and HeV each encode a W protein that has roles in regulating host signaling pathways, including antagonism of the innate immune response. However, the mechanisms used by W to regulate these host responses are not clear. Here, characterization of the interaction of NiV and HeV W with 14-3-3 identifies modulation of 14-3-3-regulated host signaling pathways not previously associated with W, suggesting new avenues of research. The cocrystal structure of the NiV W:14-3-3 complex, as only the second structure of a 14-3-3 mode III interactor, provides further insight into this less-well-understood 14-3-3 binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikayla Hoad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sofiya Tsimbalyuk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea R Menicucci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Letko M, Seifert SN, Olival KJ, Plowright RK, Munster VJ. Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:461-471. [PMID: 32528128 PMCID: PMC7289071 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most viral pathogens in humans have animal origins and arose through cross-species transmission. Over the past 50 years, several viruses, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2, have been linked back to various bat species. Despite decades of research into bats and the pathogens they carry, the fields of bat virus ecology and molecular biology are still nascent, with many questions largely unexplored, thus hindering our ability to anticipate and prepare for the next viral outbreak. In this Review, we discuss the latest advancements and understanding of bat-borne viruses, reflecting on current knowledge gaps and outlining the potential routes for future research as well as for outbreak response and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Dawes BE, Freiberg AN. Henipavirus infection of the central nervous system. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5462651. [PMID: 30985897 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. These viruses were first identified as the causative agents of severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in the 1990s across Australia and Southern Asia with mortality rates reaching up to 75%. While outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections remain rare and sporadic, there is concern that NiV has pandemic potential. Despite increased attention, little is understood about the neuropathogenesis of henipavirus infection. Neuropathogenesis appears to arise from dual mechanisms of vascular disease and direct parenchymal brain infection, but the relative contributions remain unknown while respiratory disease arises from vasculitis and respiratory epithelial cell infection. This review will address NiV basic clinical disease, pathology and pathogenesis with a particular focus on central nervous system (CNS) infection and address the necessity of a model of relapsed CNS infection. Additionally, the innate immune responses to NiV infection in vitro and in the CNS are reviewed as it is likely linked to any persistent CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Dawes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
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40
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Di Rubbo A, McNabb L, Klein R, White JR, Colling A, Dimitrov DS, Broder CC, Middleton D, Lunt RA. Optimization and diagnostic evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA formats for detection of neutralizing antibodies to Hendra virus in mammalian sera. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113731. [PMID: 31513861 PMCID: PMC8782155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of Hendra virus (HeV) in pteropid bat populations has been associated with spillover events in horses, humans and dogs. Experimental studies have demonstrated infections for several other species including guinea pigs, cats and ferrets. The criteria of a sensitive and specific serological test that is effective for a range of species, but which does not require use of live virus, has not been satisfactorily addressed by currently available tests. We have evaluated the use of two HeV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a blocking format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) to detect serum antibody against a recombinant expressed HeV G protein (sol G) in several animal species. The human mAb m102.4 neutralises both HeV and the closely related Nipah virus (NiV); the mouse mAb 1.2 neutralises only HeV. Given these functional differences, we have investigated both antibodies using a bELISA format. Diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) were optimized using individual thresholds for mAb 1.2 and m102.4. For mAb 1.2 the positive threshold of >33% inhibition yielded DSe and DSp values of 100% (95% CI 95.3-100.0) and 99.5 (95% CI 98.8-99.8) respectively; for mAb m102.4 a positive threshold of >49% inhibition gave DSe and DSp values of 100 (95% CI 95.3-100.0) and 99.8 (95% CI 99.2-100.0) respectively. At these thresholds the DSe was 100% for both tests relative to the virus neutralization test. Importantly, the occurrence of false positive reactions did not overlap across the assays. Therefore, by sequential and selective application of these assays, it is possible to identify false positive reactions and achieve a DSp that approximates 100% in the test population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Rubbo
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - L McNabb
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - R Klein
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J R White
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A Colling
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - D S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - C C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - D Middleton
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - R A Lunt
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Bhattacharya S, Dhar S, Banerjee A, Ray S. Detailed Molecular Biochemistry for Novel Therapeutic Design Against Nipah and Hendra Virus: A Systematic Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 13:108-125. [PMID: 31657692 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191023123732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) of genus Henipavirus are the deadliest zoonotic viruses, which cause severe respiratory ailments and fatal encephalitis in humans and other susceptible animals. The fatality rate for these infections had been alarmingly high with no approved treatment available to date. Viral attachment and fusion with host cell membrane is essential for viral entry and is the most essential event of viral infection. Viral attachment is mediated by interaction of Henipavirus attachment glycoprotein (G) with the host cell receptor: Ephrin B2/B3, while viral fusion and endocytosis are mediated by the combined action of both viral glycoprotein (G) and fusion protein (F). CONCLUSION This review highlights the mechanism of viral attachment, fusion and also explains the basic mechanism and pathobiology of this infection in humans. The drugs and therapeutics used either experimentally or clinically against NiV and HeV infection have been documented and classified in detail. Some amino acid residues essential for the functionality of G and F proteins were also emphasized. Therapeutic designing to target and block these residues can serve as a promising approach in future drug development against NiV and HeV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreyeshi Dhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arundhati Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
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Lu D, Liu K, Zhang D, Yue C, Lu Q, Cheng H, Wang L, Chai Y, Qi J, Wang LF, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Peptide presentation by bat MHC class I provides new insight into the antiviral immunity of bats. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000436. [PMID: 31498797 PMCID: PMC6752855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor many zoonotic viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses of humans and other mammals, but they are typically asymptomatic in bats. To further understand the antiviral immunity of bats, we screened and identified a series of bat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I Ptal-N*01:01-binding peptides derived from four different bat-borne viruses, i.e., Hendra virus (HeV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and H17N10 influenza-like virus. The structures of Ptal-N*01:01 display unusual peptide presentation features in that the bat-specific 3-amino acid (aa) insertion enables the tight "surface anchoring" of the P1-Asp in pocket A of bat MHC I. As the classical primary anchoring positions, the B and F pockets of Ptal-N*01:01 also show unconventional conformations, which contribute to unusual peptide motifs and distinct peptide presentation. Notably, the features of bat MHC I may be shared by MHC I from various marsupials. Our study sheds light on bat adaptive immunity and may benefit future vaccine development against bat-borne viruses of high impact on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Di Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Can Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - George F. Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Gilbert GL, Degeling C, Johnson J. Communicable Disease Surveillance Ethics in the Age of Big Data and New Technology. Asian Bioeth Rev 2019; 11:173-187. [PMID: 32218872 PMCID: PMC7091643 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-019-00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance is essential for communicable disease prevention and control. Traditional notification of demographic and clinical information, about individuals with selected (notifiable) infectious diseases, allows appropriate public health action and is protected by public health and privacy legislation, but is slow and insensitive. Big data-based electronic surveillance, by commercial bodies and government agencies (for profit or population control), which draws on a plethora of internet- and mobile device-based sources, has been widely accepted, if not universally welcomed. Similar anonymous digital sources also contain syndromic information, which can be analysed, using customised algorithms, to rapidly predict infectious disease outbreaks, but the data are nonspecific and predictions sometimes misleading. However, public health authorities could use these online sources, in combination with de-identified personal health data, to provide more accurate and earlier warning of infectious disease events-including exotic or emerging infections-even before the cause is confirmed, and allow more timely public health intervention. Achieving optimal benefits would require access to selected data from personal electronic health and laboratory (including pathogen genomic) records and the potential to (confidentially) re-identify individuals found to be involved in outbreaks, to ensure appropriate care and infection control. Despite existing widespread digital surveillance and major potential community benefits of extending its use to communicable disease control, there is considerable public disquiet about allowing public health authorities access to personal health data. Informed public discussion, greater transparency and an ethical framework will be essential to build public trust in the use of new technology for communicable disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn L. Gilbert
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Research for Social Change, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jane Johnson
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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45
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Mbu'u CM, Mbacham WF, Gontao P, Sado Kamdem SL, Nlôga AMN, Groschup MH, Wade A, Fischer K, Balkema-Buschmann A. Henipaviruses at the Interface Between Bats, Livestock and Human Population in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:455-465. [PMID: 30985268 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are closely related members within the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, for which fruit bats serve as the reservoir. The initial emergence of NiV infections in pigs and humans in Malaysia, and HeV infections in horses and humans in Australia, posed severe impacts on human and animal health, and continues threatening lives of humans and livestock within Southeast Asia and Australia. Recently, henipavirus-specific antibodies have also been detected in fruit bats in a number of sub-Saharan African countries and in Brazil, thereby considerably increasing the known geographic distribution of henipaviruses. Africa is progressively being recognized as a new high prevalence zone for henipaviruses, as deduced from serological and molecular evidence of past infections in Madagascar, Ghana, Republic of Congo, Gulf of Guinea, Zambia, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Nigeria lately. Serological data suggest henipavirus spillover from bats to livestock and human populations in Africa without reported clinical disease in any of these species. All virus isolation attempts have been abortive, highlighting the need for further investigations. The genome of the Ghanaian bat henipavirus designated Ghana virus (GhV), which was detected in a pteropid Eidolon helvum bat, is the only African henipavirus that has been completely sequenced limiting our current knowledge on the genetic diversity and pathogenesis of African henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the available data on the circulation of henipaviruses in Africa, discuss potential sources for virus spillover, and highlight existing research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mbanwi Mbu'u
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- 2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Gontao
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaounderé, Ngaounderé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abel Wade
- 6 National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua & Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Atherstone C, Diederich S, Weingartl HM, Fischer K, Balkema-Buschmann A, Grace D, Alonso S, Dhand NK, Ward MP, Mor SM. Evidence of exposure to henipaviruses in domestic pigs in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:921-928. [PMID: 30576076 PMCID: PMC6849855 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), belonging to the genus Henipavirus, are among the most pathogenic of viruses in humans. Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) are the natural reservoir hosts. Molecular and serological studies found evidence of henipavirus infection in fruit bats from several African countries. However, little is known about the potential for spillover into domestic animals in East Africa, particularly pigs, which served as amplifying hosts during the first outbreak of NiV in Malaysia and Singapore. We collected sera from 661 pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda between December 2015 and October 2016. Using HeV G and NiV G indirect ELISAs, 14 pigs (2%) were seroreactive in at least one ELISA. Seroprevalence increased to 5.4% in October 2016, when pigs were 9.5 times more likely to be seroreactive than pigs sampled in December 2015 (p = 0.04). Eight of the 14 ELISA‐positive samples reacted with HeV N antigen in Western blot. None of the sera neutralized HeV or NiV in plaque reduction neutralization tests. Although we did not detect neutralizing antibodies, our results suggest that pigs in Uganda are exposed to henipaviruses or henipa‐like viruses. Pigs in this study were sourced from many farms throughout Uganda, suggesting multiple (albeit rare) introductions of henipaviruses into the pig population. We postulate that given the widespread distribution of Old World fruit bats in Africa, spillover of henipaviruses from fruit bats to pigs in Uganda could result in exposure of pigs at multiple locations. A higher risk of a spillover event at the end of the dry season might be explained by higher densities of bats and contact with pigs at this time of the year, exacerbated by nutritional stress in bat populations and their reproductive cycle. Future studies should prioritize determining the risk of spillover of henipaviruses from pigs to people, so that potential risks can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Atherstone
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hana M Weingartl
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Siobhan M Mor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Immunoinformatics Approach to Design T-cell Epitope-Based Vaccine Against Hendra Virus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-09805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu J, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao S, Li C, Cai Y, Li J. The Main Risk Factors of Nipah Disease and Its Risk Analysis in China. Viruses 2018; 10:E572. [PMID: 30347642 PMCID: PMC6213763 DOI: 10.3390/v10100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah disease is a highly fatal zoonosis which is caused by the Nipah virus. The Nipah virus is a BSL-4 virus with fruit bats being its natural host. It is mainly prevalent in Southeast Asia. The virus was first discovered in 1997 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Currently, it is mainly harmful to pigs and humans with a high mortality rate. This study describes the route of transmission of the Nipah virus in different countries and analyzes the possibility of the primary disease being in China and the method of its transmission to China. The risk factors are analyzed for different susceptible populations to Nipah disease. The aim is to improve people's risk awareness and prevention and control of the disease and reduce its risk of occurring and spreading in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Xinbo Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zijun Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Shengbin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Changming Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Yumei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinming Li
- China Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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49
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Dawes BE, Kalveram B, Ikegami T, Juelich T, Smith JK, Zhang L, Park A, Lee B, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Freiberg AN. Favipiravir (T-705) protects against Nipah virus infection in the hamster model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7604. [PMID: 29765101 PMCID: PMC5954062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are recently emerged bat-borne paramyxoviruses (genus Henipavirus) causing severe encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans with fatality rates ranging from 40–75%. Despite the severe pathogenicity of these viruses and their pandemic potential, no therapeutics or vaccines are currently approved for use in humans. Favipiravir (T-705) is a purine analogue antiviral approved for use in Japan against emerging influenza strains; and several phase 2 and 3 clinical trials are ongoing in the United States and Europe. Favipiravir has demonstrated efficacy against a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, including members of the Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae families, and the Bunyavirales order. We now demonstrate that favipiravir has potent antiviral activity against henipaviruses. In vitro, favipiravir inhibited Nipah and Hendra virus replication and transcription at micromolar concentrations. In the Syrian hamster model, either twice daily oral or once daily subcutaneous administration of favipiravir for 14 days fully protected animals challenged with a lethal dose of Nipah virus. This first successful treatment of henipavirus infection in vivo with a small molecule drug suggests that favipiravir should be further evaluated as an antiviral treatment option for henipavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Dawes
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Arnold Park
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. .,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. .,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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50
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Balogh LP. Balancing Interests of Science, Scientists, and the Publishing Business. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.29016/180418.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the closely coupled system of diverse interests of science, those of scientists (authors, reviewers, and readers), their organizations (universities, research institutions) and those of publishers, every component is undergoing major changes in the digital era. In reality, these interests are deeply interconnected and long-term dominance of any one of them could hinder progress in many different ways. For science, originality and novelty do not have merit without reproducibility; for scientists, quantity is not a substitute for quality, and if businesses focus only on profit, it will suppress the value of their publications. Science, scientists, and organizations not only coexist, but _cannot exist_ without each other, therefore all participants must adjust their actions to avoid devaluation of the whole. Many efforts are underway to regain this balance, and one possible approach – ours at Precision Nanomedicine – is described here.
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