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Berraquero-García C, Martínez-Sánchez L, Guadix EM, García-Moreno PJ. Encapsulation of Tenebrio molitor Hydrolysate with DPP-IV Inhibitory Activity by Electrospraying and Spray-Drying. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:840. [PMID: 38786796 PMCID: PMC11123797 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the encapsulation of Tenebrio molitor hydrolysate exhibiting DPP-IV inhibitory activity by spray-drying and electrospraying techniques. First, we optimized the feed formulation and processing conditions required to obtain nano-microcapsules by electrospraying when using Arabic gum as an encapsulating agent and pullulan and Tween 20 as additives. The optimum formulation was also dried by spray-drying, where the removal of the additives was also assayed. Morphology analysis reveals that electrosprayed capsules have a smaller size (1.2 ± 0.5 µm vs. 12.4 ± 8.7 µm) and greater uniformity compared to those obtained by spray-drying. Regarding the surface nitrogen content and DPP-IV inhibitory activity, our results show no significant difference between the electrosprayed capsules and spray-dried capsules containing additives (IC50 of ~1.5 mg protein/mL). Therefore, it was concluded that adding additives during spray-drying allows for a similar encapsulation efficiency and reduced degradation during processing, as achieved by electrospraying technique but providing higher productivity. On the other hand, spray-dried capsules without additives displayed a higher surface nitrogen content percentage, which was mainly due to the absence of Tween 20 in the feed formulation. Consequently, these capsules presented a higher IC50 value (IC50 of 1.99 ± 0.03 mg protein/mL) due to the potential degradation of surface-exposed peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro J. García-Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.M.-S.); (E.M.G.)
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Kotsou K, Chatzimitakos T, Athanasiadis V, Bozinou E, Lalas SI. Exploiting Agri-Food Waste as Feed for Tenebrio molitor Larvae Rearing: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1027. [PMID: 38611333 PMCID: PMC11011778 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The agri-food industry generates substantial amounts of waste, including by-products and residues. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the agri-food sector has sparked an interest in finding alternative uses for such waste materials. One promising approach is the utilization of waste from the agri-food industry as feed for the rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). Since agri-food waste is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins, as well as other bioactive compounds, all of which are essential for insect growth and development, incorporating such waste into the diet of mealworms promotes sustainable insect production, reducing the economic and environmental problems associated with waste disposal. This practice can also be beneficial for the rearing of mealworms since their nutritional value can also be enhanced. To this end, various waste materials, such as fruit and vegetable peels, spent grains, and food processing residues, have been investigated as potential feed sources, leading to increased mass production, lower cost, and enhanced nutritional value. This review aims to highlight the potential of agri-food waste as a feed source for mealworms, as well as their potential to enhance their nutritional value. Furthermore, the potential applications of mealworms reared on agri-food waste are highlighted, including their potential as a sustainable protein source for human consumption and as feed ingredients in the livestock and aquaculture sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kotsou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (T.C.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (S.I.L.)
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Musembi JP, Owino EA, Oyieke FA, Tanga CM, Beesigamukama D, Subramanian S, Cheseto X, Egonyu JP. Efficient agri-food waste valorization using mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) into nutrient-rich biomass for food and feed. J Econ Entomol 2024:toae035. [PMID: 38430932 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), for food and feed is gaining interest globally. However, its production is hindered by expensive commercial diets. This study assessed mealworm growth performance, survival, bioconversion, and nutritional composition when fed on wheat bran (WB) with different inclusion levels (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of Irish potato waste (PW). Results indicated that mealworms fed on diets with 25%-75% PW had increased body length and 1-2 times higher weight gain compared to sole WB and PW diets. The survival rate was 93%-94% across all diets. Mealworms fed on WB had a feed conversion ratio of 3.26, while the efficiency of diet conversion increased with PW inclusion levels. Mealworms fed on diets with 75% PW inclusion had the highest crude fat (48%) and energy levels (598 kcal/100 g), while sole WB produced mealworms with the highest crude protein (55%). The acid detergent fiber achieved using 100% WB was 2- to 3-fold higher, but the crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber did not vary significantly. Considerable amounts of lysine (1.6-2 mg/100 g), methionine (0.5-0.7 mg/100 g), leucine (1.4-2 mg/100 g), and threonine (0.8-1 mg/100 g) were achieved in the mealworm larvae. Our findings revealed that cheap agricultural by-products could be successfully used for the mass production of mealworms, substantially contributing to reduced production costs. Further exploration of the nutrient-dense mealworm larvae for the development of novel food and feed products is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Musembi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biloogy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice A Owino
- Department of Biloogy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence A Oyieke
- Department of Biloogy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xavier Cheseto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James P Egonyu
- Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
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Zacharis C, Bonos E, Voidarou C(C, Magklaras G, Fotou K, Giannenas I, Giavasis I, Mitsagga C, Athanassiou C, Antonopoulou E, Grigoriadou K, Tzora A, Skoufos I. Combined Dietary Supplementation of Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Chitosan in Growing Pigs: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2024; 11:73. [PMID: 38393091 PMCID: PMC10893168 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the global animal industry faces considerable challenges in securing sufficient feed resources. Responding to consumer demands for reduced use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, better animal welfare status, and reduced impact on the environment, there is an increased urgency to develop innovative functional feeds with a reduced environmental footprint and the ability to improve meat quality and safety. In an effort to explore innovative feed ingredients for growing pig diets, the combined dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae and chitosan was investigated. An experimental trial was performed with 48 weaned pigs (34 days of life; mixed sex) that were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (with six males and six females each): Group A (control), Group B (supplemented with T. molitor larvae at 10%), Group C (supplemented with chitosan at 0.05%), and Group D (supplemented with both ingredients at 10% and 0.05%, respectively). On the 42nd day of the experimental trial, samples of blood, feces, and carcass parts were taken for analysis. The results indicated that the insect larvae meal significantly improved (p < 0.05) overall performance, increased (p < 0.05) blood red blood cell content, increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). On the other hand, chitosan had no significant effect on overall performance (p > 0.05), but it significantly increased blood lymphocyte content (p < 0.05), affected the fecal microbiota (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid composition (p < 0.05) and (p < 0.05) meat color. Finally, the combined use of both T. molitor and chitosan significantly affected some important zootechnical parameters (p < 0.05), fecal microbial populations (p < 0.05), meat color (p < 0.05), and fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). Further investigation into the potential interaction between insect larvae meals and chitosan in pig diets is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Georgios Magklaras
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Giavasis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Chrysanthi Mitsagga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece;
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DIMITRA, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athina Tzora
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
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Kotsou K, Chatzimitakos T, Athanasiadis V, Bozinou E, Athanassiou CG, Lalas SI. Innovative Applications of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in Food Product Development: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:4223. [PMID: 38231605 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of alternative and sustainable food sources has garnered significant interest as a means to address the challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. Tenebrio molitor larvae, commonly known as mealworms, have emerged as a promising candidate in this context, as they are a rich source of nutrients and can be reared with relatively low resource input. This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the diverse range of food products developed using T. molitor larvae and the distinctive properties they bestow on these products. The review encompasses an exploration of the nutritional composition of the larvae, emphasizing their rich protein content, balanced amino acid profile, fatty acids with health benefits, vitamins, and minerals. It delves into how these attributes have been harnessed to enhance the nutritional value of a variety of food items, ranging from protein-rich snacks and energy bars to pasta, bakery goods, etc. Each of these applications is discussed with regard to how T. molitor larvae contribute to the nutritional content and sensory characteristics of the final product. Furthermore, this review sheds light on the innovative techniques and processing methods employed to incorporate T. molitor larvae into different food matrices. It addresses challenges related to taste, texture, and appearance that have been encountered and the strategies devised to overcome related problems. Overall, this comprehensive review elucidates the diverse food products that have been developed utilizing T. molitor larvae as a key ingredient. Highlighting the nutritional, sensory, and sustainability aspects of these products, this review offers valuable insights to harness the potential of this alternative protein source to meet the evolving needs of modern food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kotsou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Chatzimitakos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vassilis Athanasiadis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Bozinou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Stavros I Lalas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Ma Y, Su Z, Chen F, Xu C, Jiang K, An W, Zhang G, Xie D, Wang S, Dong Y, Li Y. Terrestrial Compound Protein Replacing Dietary Fishmeal Improved Digestive Enzyme Activity, Immune Response, Intestinal Microflora Composition, and Protein Metabolism of Golden Pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus). Aquac Nutr 2023; 2023:2716724. [PMID: 37829512 PMCID: PMC10567510 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2716724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial compound protein (Cpro) can be potentially used to replace fishmeal (FM) in the marine carnivorous teleost, golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Four isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (12%) diets named FM30, AP80, PP80, and CP80 were formulated. FM30 (control) contained 30% FM and 25% basic protein, while AP80, PP80, and CP80 only contained 6% FM, where 80% FM and 25% basic protein of control diet were completely replaced by animal protein, plant protein, and Cpro, respectively. After golden pompano juveniles (initial weight: 10.32 ± 0.09 g) were, respectively, fed the four diets in floating sea cages for 10 weeks, the growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and immune responses, protein metabolism indices of the CP80 group were similar to or better than those of the FM30 group (P > 0.05), and significantly better than those of the AP80 and PP80 groups. Specifically, the weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) contents of serum, mRNA level of interleukin-10 (il-10), zonula occludens-2 (zo-2), claudin-3, claudin-12, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eif4g) were significantly higher, and the activity of α-amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS) in the foregut and midgut, interleukin-8 (il-8) expression in the intestine was significantly lower than that in the CP80 group, compared with those in AP80 and PP80 groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal microflora composition of golden pompano fed with the CP80 diet was improved. Specifically, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of harmful bacterial strains cyanobacteria and TM7 of CP80 group was similar to those of FM30 group (P > 0.05), but was significantly lower than those of AP80 and PP80 groups (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the beneficial bacterial strains Agrobacterium and Blantia of CP80 group were also similar to those of FM30 group (P < 0.05), which were significantly higher than those of AP80 and PP80 groups, but the beneficial bacterial strains Bifidobacterium and Devosia of CP80 group were significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). Besides, in diet CP80, the contents of amino acids and anti-nutritional factor, as well as the in vitro digestion rate were comparable to those of FM30, and the anti-nutritional factor content was between AP80 and PP80; total essential amino acids (EAAs) and methionine contents were higher than those in AP80, the glycine content was higher than that in PP80. Taken together, these results indicated that the CP80 diet had better amino acid composition and relatively low content of anti-nutritional factors, as well as high-digestion rate, and thus leads to the fish fed CP80 displaying improved effects in digestive enzyme activity, immune response, protein metabolism, and intestinal microbiota composition, which may be the important reasons to explain why that 80% of FM can be replaced by Cpro in the diet of golden pompano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcai Ma
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zeliang Su
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kunsheng Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenqiang An
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guanrong Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Malla N, Nørgaard JV, Roos N. Protein quality of edible insects in the view of current assessment methods. Anim Front 2023; 13:50-63. [PMID: 37583798 PMCID: PMC10425142 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Malla
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Rolighedsvej, Denmark
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Kang Y, Applegate CC, He F, Oba PM, Vieson MD, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Swanson KS. Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. J Nutr 2023; 153:2237-2248. [PMID: 37331631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-protein diets not only meet amino acid needs but also modulate satiety and energy metabolism. Insect-based proteins are sustainable, high-quality proteins. Mealworms have been studied, but limited information is known about their ability to impact metabolism and obesity. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)- and whole lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus)-based proteins on the body weight (BW), serum metabolites, and liver and adipose tissue (AT) histology and gene expression of diet-induced obesity mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 46% kcal) to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obese mice were then assigned to treatments (n = 10/group) and fed for 8 wk: HFD: HFD with casein protein; B50: HFD with 50% protein from whole lesser mealworm; B100: HFD with 100% protein from whole lesser mealworm; Y50: HFD with 50% protein from defatted yellow mealworm; Y100: HFD with 100% protein from defatted yellow mealworm. Lean mice (n = 10) fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% kcal) were included. Longitudinal food intake, BW, body composition, and glucose response were measured. At time of killing, serum metabolites, tissue histopathology and gene expression, and hepatic triglycerides were analyzed. RESULTS After 8 wk, HFD, B50, and B100 had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain than LFD, whereas Y50 and Y100 did not. Y50, B100, and Y100 had a lower (P < 0.05) BW change rate than HFD. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and reduced (P<0.05) LDL/HDL ratio. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) hepatic expression of genes related to energy balance, immune response, and antioxidants and reduced (P < 0.05) AT expression of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Mealworm-based diets altered (P < 0.05) hepatic and AT expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes. CONCLUSIONS In addition to serving as an alternative protein source, mealworms may confer health benefits to obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Kang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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9
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Zacharis C, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Voidarou CC, Tsinas A, Fotou K, Papadopoulos G, Mitsagga C, Athanassiou C, Antonopoulou E, Grigoriadou K. Utilization of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Reared with Different Substrates as Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:393. [PMID: 37368779 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The procurement of adequate feed resources is one of the most important challenges for the animal industry worldwide. While the need for feeds rich in protein is constantly increasing, their production cannot readily keep up. Consequently, to overcome this challenge in a sustainable way, it is necessary to identify and develop new feeding strategies and feed ingredients, such as insect meals. In the present study, Tenebrio molitor larvae that were reared on two different substrates (standard and enriched with medicinal aromatic plant material) were used as feed ingredients for growing pigs. A total of 36 weaned pigs (34 days old) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and fed either the control diet (A) or diets supplemented at 10% with one of the two insect meals (B and C). At the end of the trial (42 days), blood, feces, and meat samples were collected for analysis. The insect meal supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) overall performance but significantly modified (p < 0.001) the fecal microflora balance and the blood cholesterol (p < 0.001), while the rest of the blood parameters tested were not affected. Moreover, this dietary supplementation significantly affected some microbial populations (p < 0.001), improved the total phenolic content (p < 0.05), and the fatty acid profile (p < 0.001) of the meat cuts, but did not affect (p > 0.05) meat color or proximate composition. Further research is needed to evaluate the different types and levels of inclusion of insect meals in pig nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Athina Tzora
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | | | - Anastasios Tsinas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Georgios Papadopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Mitsagga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ELGO-DIMITRA, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Tenke J, Vida O, Nagy I, Tossenberger J. Classifying Genetic Lines in Pork Production by Ileal Crude Protein and Amino Acid Digestibility in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1898. [PMID: 37370409 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary lysine (LYS) to energy (DE) ratios on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and selected amino acids (AA) in growing pigs (40-60 kg) of different genotypes. The second aim was to classify genotypes into groups based on the AID of CP and AAs. The trials were conducted on a total of 90 cross-bred barrows (30 animals/genotype) in two replicates. Before the trial series, the experimental animals (average initial body weight (BW) = 40.9 ± 8.5 kg) were surgically fitted with post valve T-cannula (PVTC). The diets were formulated with six different total LYS/DE ratios. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was added to the diets (5 g/kg) as an indigestible marker. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the LYS/DE ratio of the diets affected the AID of the CP and AA in different ways by each genotype (p < 0.05). It can also be concluded that pigs of different genetic potential can be classified with a high accuracy (91.7%) in respect of their CP and AA digestive capacity. Our results indicate the development of genetic-profile-based swine nutrition technologies as a future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tenke
- Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, Lucsony Str. 2, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
- Bonafarm Agriculture-Swine Department, Ady Endre Str. 21, H-7754 Bóly, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Vida
- DSM Nutritional Products Hungary Ltd., Japán Fasor 4, H-2367 Újhartyán, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor Str. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - János Tossenberger
- Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, Lucsony Str. 2, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
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11
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Stejskal V, Tran HQ, Prokesová M, Zare M, Gebauer T, Policar T, Caimi C, Gai F, Gasco L. Defatted black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) in pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca) diets: Effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality, economic and environmental sustainability. Anim Nutr 2023; 12:7-19. [PMID: 36381064 PMCID: PMC9633741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of insect meal in aquafeed formulations has recently gained attention. Detailed knowledge about the inclusion levels for pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), a promising candidate for intensive aquaculture in Europe remains, however, fragmented. In the present study, 4 isoproteic (45% dry matter) and isoenergetic (21 MJ/kg) diets were formulated, including a control diet (H0) containing 30% fishmeal (FM) on an as-fed basis and the other 3 diets in which FM protein was replaced by defatted black soldier fly (Hemetia illucens) meal (HIM) at 25%, 50%, and 100% (diet abbreviation H9, H18 and H36, corresponding to an inclusion level of 9%, 18% and 36%, respectively). The feeding trial was performed in triplicate groups of 50 juvenile pikeperch (mean weight, 68.7 g) fed with experimental diets for 84 d during which the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality and economic and environmental sustainability of rearing pikeperch were evaluated. Our findings indicated that pikeperch in H0, H9, and H18 groups displayed better results regarding growth performance indices, except for survival rate where no significant difference among groups was recorded (P = 0.642). A significantly lower organ-somatic index, including hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and perivisceral fat index, was found in fish in H18 groups than other groups (P < 0.05). Inclusion of HIM affected the digestibility of the nutrients and resulted in an almost linear reduction in the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter and protein. Concerning the fillet quality, dietary HIM negatively affected the protein and ash contents of the fish fillets, while the crude fat remained unchanged. Dietary HIM did not significantly modify total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fillets of fed pikeperch (P > 0.05) but did reduce total n-3 fatty acids (P = 0.001) and increased total n-6 (P < 0.001). Increasing inclusion levels of HIM reduced the environmental impacts associated with fish in-to-fish out ratio but entailed heavy burdens on energy use and eutrophication. Low and moderate inclusion levels of HIM did not negatively affect land use and water use compared to an HIM-free diet (P > 0.05). The addition of HIM at a level as low as 9% elicited a similar carbon footprint to that of the control diet. The economic conversion ratio and economic profit index were negatively affected at increased insect meal inclusion levels. This study has shown that the incorporation of HIM in feed formulations for pikeperch is feasible at inclusion levels of 18% without adverse effects on growth performance parameters. The feasibility also highlighted the environmental benefits associated with land use and marine resources required to produce farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Stejskal
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hung Quang Tran
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Prokesová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mahyar Zare
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Gebauer
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Policar
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Husova tř. 458/102, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Caimi
- University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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12
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Cho KH, Sampath V, Kim AJ, Yoo JS, Kim IH. Evaluation of full-fatted and hydrolysate mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae as a substitute for spray-dried plasma protein diet in weaning pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:589-597. [PMID: 35971570 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this experiment was to examine the effect of dietary inclusion of full-fatted mealworm larvae (FFML) or hydrolysate mealworm larvae (HML) (Tenebrio molitor) as a substitute for spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) as a protein source on the performance and immune status of nursery pigs. A total of 150 crossbred piglets (6.48 ± 0.01 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary groups in two feeding phases: phase 1 (Days 0-14) and phase 2 (Days 15-35). Each treatment had 10 replicates with 5 pigs per replicate. The nutritious diets were: Phase 1: SDPP-CON (control-basal diet) + 6% SDPP diet; FFML-CON + 3% SDPP and 3% FFML diet; HML-CON + 3% SDPP and 3% HML diet. Phase 2: SDPP-CON (basal diet) + 3% SDPP diet; FFML-CON + 3% FFML diet; HML-CON + 3% HML diet. The inclusion of FFML or HML diet did not show significant difference but had a comparable effect as that of standard control diet containing SDPP on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal score throughout the trial. In comparison to pigs fed SDPP diet, pigs fed FFML and HML diets had similar and/or higher (p < 0.05) serum immunoglobulin (IgA and IgG) concentration at the end of phase 1 and 2. The result of the present study indictes that SDPP would be partially or fully replaced with FFML or HML to suit weaning pigs diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hoon Cho
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vetriselvi Sampath
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Al Ji Kim
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sang Yoo
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Tanga CM, Mokaya HO, Kasiera W, Subramanian S. Potential of Insect Life Stages as Functional Ingredients for Improved Nutrition and Health. Insects 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 36835705 PMCID: PMC9959540 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide information on the nutrients of the edible larval stage of Gonimbrasia cocaulti (GC) for the first time, while exploring the potential nutrient content of the pupal life stages of the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori; BM) and the Eri silkworm (Samia Cynthia ricini; SC). The three insects were analyzed for fatty acids, minerals, proximate composition and vitamins. Among the fatty acids, linoleic, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, was approximately threefold higher in GC than in the silkworms. The Ca, Fe and K contents were highest in GC. However, the Zn and Na contents were highest in BM, while Mg content was predominant in SC. The crude protein content of the various developmental life stages of the edible caterpillars and pupae ranged between 50 and 62%. Further, the fiber content of GC was substantially higher compared to the pupal stages of the two silkworm species. The vitamin (B6, B9, B12 and α-tocopherol) levels of the two insect life stages were considerably high. These insects are comparably rich in nutrients with potential suitability to be utilized in food fortification and thus ease pressure on the over-reliance on animal and plant-based sources, which are becoming unsustainable.
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14
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Wang X, Tang T. Effects of Polystyrene Diet on the Growth and Development of Tenebrio molitor. Toxics 2022; 10:608. [PMID: 36287887 PMCID: PMC9610515 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of Tenebrio molitor in degrading polystyrene foam through its gut microbes has become the focus of research. However, little literature has reported the effect of feeding on polystyrene foam on the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different polystyrene by evaluating the vital signs of Tenebrio molitor fed in the intestines and excrement fluids using RNA-Seq t.echnology and then verifying the transcriptome sequencing findings using qRT-PCR technology. The average weight of Tenebrio molitor larvae in the wheat bran group increased significantly. Tenebrio molitor larvae in the PS group, on the other hand, didn't grow as much and had a much lower average weight than those in the wheat bran group. Compared to the bran group, the excrement of Tenebrio molitor fed only on polystyrene foam was flaky and coarse, increased nitrogen and phosphorus atomic concentration ratios by about 50%, decreased potassium atomic concentration ratios by 63%, with the enterocytes and circular muscle of Tenebrio molitor falling as well. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment indicated that the differential genes were mainly related to metabolic pathways. There was an agreement between qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq analyses for the growth and development genes chitinase, heat shock protein 70, and cytochrome P450. Only feeding polystyrene foam shall lead to the growth and development retardation of Tenebrio molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Wang
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tianle Tang
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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15
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Nekrasov RV, Ivanov GA, Chabaev MG, Zelenchenkova AA, Bogolyubova NV, Nikanova DA, Sermyagin AA, Bibikov SO, Shapovalov SO. Effect of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) Fat on Health and Productivity Performance of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162118. [PMID: 36009708 PMCID: PMC9405003 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the intensive development of technologies for obtaining protein, energy feed and biologically active supplements from insects, the feasibility and effectiveness of introducing these products into the rations of farm animals require further study. This research aims to study the possibility and effects of feeding dairy cows fat from the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFLF). The composition and properties of the BSFLF have been studied. The research of the fatty acid composition of BSFLF showed a high content of saturated fatty acids, including 58.9% lauric acid. The experiment was performed on black-and-white cows at the beginning of lactation (control, D0 (n = 12) vs. experimental D10 (n = 12) and D100 (n = 12) groups, 10 and 100 g/head/day BSFLF, respectively. There was no negative effect of BSFLF feeding on the process of feed digestion. The pH of the rumen content decreased (6.80 ± 0.07 & 6.85 ± 0.09 vs. 7.16 ± 0.06, p < 0.05), with an increase in the number of infusoria (0.27 ± 0.03&0.37 ± 0.09 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 g/100 mL, p = 0.16); there was an increase in the concentration of VFA in the rumen content of animals of the experimental groups by 2.1 (p < 0.05) and 3.81 (p < 0.01) (8.66 ± 0.46 & 10.37 ± 0.42 vs. 6.56 ± 0.29) mmol/100 mL. The average daily milk yield of Group D10 cows over the experimental period (d17−d177) was slightly higher than the control (by 4.9%, p = 0.24 vs. Group D0). At the same time, Group D100 cows showed a significant increase in natural-fat milk compared to controls (by 8.0%, p < 0.05 vs. Group D0) over the same experiment period. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the milk of the experimental animals showed some changes in the fatty acid composition of milk under the influence of BSFLF feeding; these changes were especially noticeable in Group D10. Thus, it was found that feeding dairy cows BSFLF at different dosages leads to better indicators of pre-gastric digestion and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Nekrasov
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4967651277
| | | | - Magomed G. Chabaev
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Daria A. Nikanova
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Sermyagin
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Semen O. Bibikov
- Cherkizovo Research and Testing Center LLC, 107143 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Choi EY, Lee JH, Han SH, Jung GH, Han EJ, Jeon SJ, Jung SH, Park JU, Park JH, Bae YJ, Park ES, Jung JY. Subacute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Expanded-Polystyrene-Fed
Tenebrio molitor (Yellow Mealworm) Larvae Powder in
Sprague-Dawley Rats. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:609-624. [PMID: 35855272 PMCID: PMC9289806 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor larvae, as known as edible insects, has advantages of being rich in protein, and has been recognized as a suitable alternate protein source for broiler and pig feed. Moreover, given their ability to biodegrade polystyrene, a major pollutant, Tenebrio molitor larvae has been proposed as an innovative solution to environmental problems. In the present study, we investigated the toxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae powder (TMlp) ingested with expanded-polystyrene (W/ eps) through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The objective of this study was to determine whether TMlp W/ eps can be applied as livestock alternative protein source. For in vitro experiments, cytotoxicity test was performed to investigate the effects of TMlp-extract on the viability of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells. The possibility of estrogen response was investigated in two groups: Expanded-polystyrene-fed (W/ eps) TMlp group and without expanded-polystyrene-fed (W/o eps) TMlp group. For in vivo experiments, The male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided based on the dosage of TMlp administered and oral administration was performed to every day for 5 weeks. A toxicological assessments were performed, which included clinical signs, food consumption, body and organ weights, hematology, serum chemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of liver and kidney. There were no specific adverse effect of TMlp W/ eps-related findings under the experimental conditions of this study, but further studies on both sexes and animal species differences should be investigated. In conclusion, TMlp W/ eps was considered non-toxic and observed to be applicable as an alternative protein source for livestock feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - So-Hee Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - Gi-Hwan Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - Su-Ji Jeon
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea
- Corresponding author: Ji-Youn Jung, Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Korea, Tel: +82-41-330-1526, Fax: +82-41-330-1529, E-mail:
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17
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Dragojlović D, Đuragić O, Pezo L, Popović L, Rakita S, Tomičić Z, Spasevski N. Comparison of Nutritional Profiles of Super Worm (Zophobas morio) and Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as Alternative Feeds Used in Animal Husbandry: Is Super Worm Superior? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1277. [PMID: 35625124 PMCID: PMC9137835 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are acknowledged as a valuable nutritional source and promising alternative to traditional feed ingredients, while the optimization of rearing conditions is required for their wider utilization in the animal feed industry. The main goal of this study was to compare and optimize the rearing conditions of the two species’ larvae and identify the most favorable nutritive composition of the full-fat larval meal. For that purpose, Tenebrio molitor (TM) and Zophobas morio (ZM) were reared on three different substrates and harvested after three time periods. An artificial neural network (ANN) with multi-objective optimization (MOO) was used to investigate the influence between the observed parameters as well as to optimize and determine rearing conditions. The optimization of the larval rearing conditions showed that the best nutritive composition of full-fat larval meal was obtained for ZM larvae reared on a mixture of cabbage, carrot and flaxseed and harvested after 104 days. The best nutritive composition contained 39.52% protein, 32% crude fat, 44.01% essential amino acids, 65.21 mg/100 g Ca and 651.15 mg/100 g P with a favorable ratio of 1.5 of n6/n3 fatty acids. Additionally, the incorporation of flaxseed in the larval diet resulted in an increase in C18:3n3 content in all samples.
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18
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Cha JY, Jang HW, Yong HI, Choi YS. How to Develop Strategies to Use Insects as Animal Feed: Digestibility, Functionality, Safety, and Regulation. J Anim Sci Technol 2022; 64:409-431. [PMID: 35709133 PMCID: PMC9184698 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical,
eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are
livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals
were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing
methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient
(ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related
to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several
livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be
a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect
livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components
have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing
to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in
the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement
of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be
obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of
insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards,
chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North
America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations
regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed
resources for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul
01133, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hae In Yong, Division of
Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-821-5775, E-mail:
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Yun-Sang Choi, Research Group
of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel:
+82-63-219-9387, E-mail:
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19
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Malla N, Nørgaard JV, Lærke HN, Heckmann LHL, Roos N. Some Insect Species Are Good-Quality Protein Sources for Children and Adults: Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) Determined in Growing Pigs. J Nutr 2022; 152:1042-1051. [PMID: 35102372 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect species are suitable for farming as "mini livestock" for human and animal consumption. It is important to assess the protein quality of relevant species to understand the potential of these novel protein sources in future sustainable food systems. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the protein quality of 5 insect species-lesser mealworm (LMW), yellow mealworm, house cricket (HC), banded cricket (BC), and black soldier fly-using the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in a pig model. METHODS Five diets were formulated to contain 10% insect crude protein (CP). A nitrogen (N)-free diet was included to estimate endogenous losses. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 ileal cannulated crossbred [Duroc × (Danish Landrace × Yorkshire)] male pigs with an initial body weight of 35 ± 2 kg were fed the 6 diets. Each diet was fed for 1 wk over 6 wk. Ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 5 and 7 each week. Analyzed CP, amino acid (AA) contents, and calculated values of standardized ileal digestibility for CP and AAs were used to assess the DIAAS of each insect. RESULTS The DIAAS for young children aged 6 mo-3 y and for older children, adolescents, and adults identified sulfur AAs (cysteine + methionine) as the first limiting AA in all 4 species of cricket and mealworm. For young children, both cricket species had DIAASs > 75 and for older children, adolescents, and adults both cricket species and LMW had DIAASs > 75. CONCLUSIONS Both cricket species (HC and BC) are classified as good-quality protein sources for young children aged 6 mo-3 y and for older children, adolescents, and adults. One mealworm species, LMW, is a good-quality protein source for older children, adolescents, and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Malla
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle N Lærke
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Shah AA, Totakul P, Matra M, Cherdthong A, Harnboonsong Y, Wanapat M. Nutritional composition of various insects and potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets -A review. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:317-331. [PMID: 34991214 PMCID: PMC8831828 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to determine the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets. The feeding industry is to develop a production system that uses accessible resources, such as feed resources, and concentrate on their potential impacts on production yield and nutritional quality. Invertebrate insects, such as black soldier flies, grasshopper mealworms, housefly larvae, and crickets, have been naturally as human food and as nonruminants and aqua culture while for ruminants are of limitations. Insects can be mass-produced, participating in a circular economy that minimizes or eliminates food- and feed-waste through bioconversion. Although the model for formula-scale production of insects as feed for domestic animals has been explored for a number of years, significant production and transformation of conventional protein resources remains to be deeply investigated. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources, as well as their roles for potential use to promote and support sustainable animal production. Furthermore, nutritional compositions, such as high protein, lauric acid omega 6, and omega 3, and bioactive compounds, such as chitin, are of great potential use for animal feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assar Ali Shah
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yupa Harnboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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21
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Abstract
Among edible insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and common housefly (Musca domestica) have been considered as an alternative protein source for pigs. Because they are easy to breed and grow in the organic wastes, and they have well-balanced nutritional value as a protein source for pigs. The black soldier fly larvae and mealworm could replace the fish meal in the diets for weaned pigs without adverse effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Black soldier fly could also be included in the finishing pig’s diet without any negative effects on the growth performance and pork quality of the market pigs. Insect products showed a greater standardized ileal digestibility value of amino acids than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. Due to the limited amount of insect products used for pig feeding study, most previous pig studies have been conducted in weaned pigs. Thus, further study is needed about the optimal inclusion level of insect products in every phase diet from weaned pigs to sows. The use of insect products in swine diets has some challenges in terms of cost, supply, and safety. Lastly, intrinsic differences among insect species, processing method, and feeding phase should be taken into consideration for the use of insect products in the swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Cláudia da Costa Rocha A, José de Andrade C, de Oliveira D. Perspective on integrated biorefinery for valorization of biomass from the edible insect Tenebrio molitor. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Floret C, Monnet AF, Micard V, Walrand S, Michon C. Replacement of animal proteins in food: How to take advantage of nutritional and gelling properties of alternative protein sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:920-946. [PMID: 34310247 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1956426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given the growing world population, there is a need to balance animal and vegetable sources of dietary protein and to limit overall protein resources, and food formulation has to consider alternative protein sources as a way to meet human requirements. The protein concentration, essential amino acids (EAA) of all protein sources were analyzed with respect to human needs along with additional macronutrients of nutritional and energy interest (i.e. carbohydrates and lipids). New indexes are proposed to classify the alternative protein sources considering their EAA balance and how it may change during food processing. A global overview of all protein sources is provided including the quantity of food and associated caloric intakes required to fulfill our daily protein needs. As texture is a key parameter in food formulation, and is often influenced by protein gelation, we conducted an exhaustive review of the literature in a large scientific database on the ability of proteins from all sources to go through the sol-gel transition with the corresponding physical-chemical conditions. Traditional and innovative recipes are discussed and some improvement are proposed in terms of their ability to fulfill human needs for EAA and food and caloric intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Floret
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Massy, France
| | - Anne-Flore Monnet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Massy, France
| | - Valérie Micard
- IATE, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camille Michon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Massy, France
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24
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Kong C, Kim KH, Ji SY, Kim BG. Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in meat meal, fish meal, and soybean meal fed to pigs. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1822-1828. [PMID: 34237934 PMCID: PMC8563252 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objectives of the present study were to determine digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in meat meal (MM) and to compare these values with those in fish meal (FM), and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. Methods Two experiments were conducted to determine energy concentrations and STTD of P in MM, FM, and SBM fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, DE and ME in the 3 test ingredients were measured using 24 barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 77.7±8.3 kg. A corn-based diet and 3 diets containing corn and 22% to 30% of each test ingredient were prepared. In Exp. 2, the STTD of P in the 3 test ingredients was measured using 24 barrows (90.9±6.6 kg BW). Three diets were formulated to contain each test ingredient as the sole source of P. Results In Exp. 1, the DE and ME values in MM (3,310 and 2,856 kcal/kg dry matter [DM]) were less (p<0.05) than those in FM (4,121 and 3,572 kcal/kg DM) and SBM (4,390 and 4,032 kcal/kg DM). In Exp. 2, FM (64.3%) had greater (p<0.05) STTD of P than SBM (44.8%) with MM (55.8%) having intermediate STTD of P. Conclusion The MM contains less energy concentrations compared with FM and SBM, and digestibility of phosphorus in MM does not differ from that in FM and SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea.,Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Animal Nutritional Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55363, Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Babatunde OO, Park CS, Adeola O. Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051196. [PMID: 33919422 PMCID: PMC8143358 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Common feed ingredients such as corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, and canola meal are used to feed broiler chickens and pigs in various countries around the world. However, due to rising costs and the need to practice sustainable animal husbandry, concerted efforts have been aimed at identifying and examining the nutritional potentials of atypical feed ingredients for pigs and chickens. Although there are some articles and reviews that discuss the potential of a single or few feed ingredients for either chickens or pigs, there has not been an extensive review that integrates information from several alternative feed ingredients for both species in one place. Therefore, this review aims to enumerate several feed ingredients that have shown prospects in supplying either one or more nutrients to pigs and chickens while reducing the dependence on commonly used feedstuff. In addition, feeding practices, merits, and limitations associated with these uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. Furthermore, practical applications of these alternative feed ingredients in relation to either pigs or chickens are briefly examined. Abstract Diets play an important part in monogastric nutrition. This is because diets are comprised of various feed ingredients that supply energy and nutrients required by broiler chickens or pigs for normal growth and development. The main feed ingredients used for formulating diets for pigs and chickens are comprised of cereals and oilseed meals. Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are mostly used in North America for animal feeds. However, due to geographical locations, availability, and cost, ingredients such as wheat, barley, and canola meal are often used for feeding pigs and chickens. Overdependence on common ingredients such as corn and SBM for decades has resulted in rising costs of animal production. Therefore, the need has risen to examine the potentials of alternative feed ingredients capable of supplying the required energy and nutrients for monogastric animals. Research has been carried out to identify and evaluate several uncommon feed ingredients and their utilization by broiler chickens and pigs. Thus, this review enumerates the nutritional potentials of feed ingredients in 4 main nutritional classes using information from articles in peer-reviewed journals. Feeding practices, advantages, and limitations of using certain uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. In addition, species-specific factors in terms of practical applications are explored.
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Derler H, Lienhard A, Berner S, Grasser M, Posch A, Rehorska R. Use Them for What They Are Good at: Mealworms in Circular Food Systems. Insects 2021; 12:40. [PMID: 33419154 PMCID: PMC7825568 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Future food systems must provide more food produced on less land with fewer greenhouse gas emissions if the goal is to keep planetary boundaries within safe zones. The valorisation of agricultural and industrial by-products by insects is an increasingly investigated strategy, because it can help to address resource scarcities and related environmental issues. Thus, insects for food and feed have gained increasing attention as a sustainable protein production strategy in circular food systems lately. In this article, we provide an overview on by-products, which have already been fed to T. molitor (mealworms), a common edible insect species. In addition, we investigate other by-products in Austria, which can be suitable substrates for T. molitor farming. We also provide an overview and discuss different perspectives on T. molitor and link it with the circular economy concept. We identify several future research fields, such as more comprehensive feeding trials with other by-products, feeding trials with mealworms over several generations, and the development of a standardized framework for insect rearing trials. In addition, we argue that due to their ability to convert organic by-products from agricultural and industrial processes into biomass in an efficient way, T. molitor can contribute towards resource-efficient and circular food and feed production. However, several hurdles, such as legal frameworks, need to be adapted, and further research is needed to fully reap the benefits of mealworm farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Derler
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Andrea Lienhard
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Simon Berner
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Monika Grasser
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Alfred Posch
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - René Rehorska
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Ververis E, Knutsen HK. Safety of dried yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06343. [PMID: 33488808 PMCID: PMC7805300 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The term yellow mealworm refers to the larval form of the insect species Tenebrio molitor. The NF is the thermally dried yellow mealworm, either as whole dried insect or in the form of powder. The main components of the NF are protein, fat and fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the levels of contaminants in the NF depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel notes that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf life. The NF has a high protein content, although the true protein levels in the NF are overestimated when using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non-protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF as whole, dried insect in the form of snacks, and as a food ingredient in a number of food products. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population. The Panel notes that considering the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The submitted toxicity studies from the literature did not raise safety concerns. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF may induce primary sensitisation and allergic reactions to yellow mealworm proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects with allergy to crustaceans and dust mites. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.
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28
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Silva LB, de Souza RG, da Silva SR, Feitosa ADC, Lopes EC, Lima SBP, Dourado LRB, Pavan BE. Development of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Poultry Litter-Based Diets: Effect on Chemical Composition of Larvae. J Insect Sci 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 33480430 PMCID: PMC7820700 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate a low-cost and sustainable food source, the present study evaluated the use of poultry litter for rearing Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experiment was performed with five diets containing increasing levels of poultry litter (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) replacing the control diet and five replicates with 50 larvae per sample unit. Larval growth and development were evaluated and the chemical compositions of diet and T. molitor larvae were determined. Larval development and reproduction efficiency of T. molitor were similar in all treatments. The sole use of poultry litter to feed T. molitor reduced the crude protein of flour by only 8%. Including 50% or more poultry litter in the standard diet is the best-suited formulation for larvae production and incorporation of minerals in the larvae. Mealworm can be grown successfully on diets composed by poultry litter, the diet did not affect survival, growth, and development; however, studies spanning several insect generations should be performed to determine the effects of diet composition on adult fecundity. The knowledge acquired using poultry litter to feed T. molitor will be useful to carry out new research, in addition to evidencing the possibility of low-cost mass rearing of these larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Barboza Silva
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Reneton Gomes de Souza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elainy Cristina Lopes
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Ettore Pavan
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Park CS, Naranjo VD, Htoo JK, Adeola O. Comparative amino acid digestibility between broiler chickens and pigs fed different poultry by-products and meat and bone meal. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5871871. [PMID: 32667675 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 poultry by-products including hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), and poultry meal (PM) and also a meat and bone meal (MBM) between broiler chickens and pigs. Experimental diets consisted of 4 diets containing each test ingredient as a sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet. In experiment 1, 416 male broiler chickens with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 705 ± 100 g were allotted to 5 diets with 8 replicate cages per diet in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor at day 18 posthatching. After 5 d of feeding experimental diets, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, and ileal digesta samples were collected from distal two-thirds of the ileum. In experiment 2, 10 barrows with a mean initial BW of 22.1 ± 1.59 kg were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin Square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. Each period lasted for 7 d including 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data from experiments 1 and 2 were pooled together and analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (broiler chickens or pigs) and 4 experimental diets (HFM, FDPP, PM, or MBM). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between experimental diets and species in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, Val, and all dispensable AA except Tyr. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in FDPP (73.3%) was greater (P < 0.05) than in HFM (55.7%) but was lower (P < 0.05) than in MBM (86.5%), which was not different from PM (78.7%). In pigs, however, the SID of Lys in FDPP and PM (70.0 and 70.1%, respectively) were greater (P < 0.05) than in HFM (39.0%) but were lower (P < 0.05) than in MBM (79.2%). Broiler chickens fed FDPP and PM had lower (P < 0.05) SID of His, Thr, and Trp than those fed MBM; however, there was no difference in the SID of His, Thr, or Trp among pigs fed FDPP, PM, or MBM. The SID of Val in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other test ingredients for broiler chickens, but there was no difference in the SID of Val among test ingredients for pigs. Pigs had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Ile and Met than broiler chickens. In conclusion, the pattern of differences in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val, but not the other indispensable AA, among poultry by-products and MBM were different between broiler chickens and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Abstract
Sustainable production of healthy food for a growing global population, in the face of the uncertainties of climate change, represents a major challenge for the coming decade. Livestock provide food with high nutritional value but are frequently fed on human-edible crops and are associated with significant production of greenhouse gases. Recent years have seen increasing interest in the farming of insects as a sustainable source of human food, or as a replacement of ingredients such as soya or fishmeal in the feeds of terrestrial livestock or fish. This review provides an overview of insect physiology and growth regulation, considers the requirements for insect farming and mass production, and summarizes the nutritional value of the 10 most commonly studied insect species, before reviewing the literature on the use of insects as feed and food. We highlight the challenges required to develop a sustainable, safe, and affordable insect farming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerensa J Hawkey
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Carlos Lopez-Viso
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Brameld
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Tim Parr
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew M Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
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31
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Gałęcki R, Michalski MM, Wierzchosławski K, Bakuła T. Gastric canthariasis caused by invasion of mealworm beetle larvae in weaned pigs in large-scale farming. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:439. [PMID: 33176765 PMCID: PMC7659124 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mealworm beetle T. molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most important cosmopolitan primary storage pests, scavenging on a variety of post-harvest grains and affecting the quality and safety of food and feed. In addition to being an important factor in feed hygiene, the insect can also be an epidemiological factor of canthariasis. Livestock infestations with T. molitor are rarely reported. This article describes T. molitor-caused canthariasis in pigs in large scale closed-cycle farming. Results In the spring, we registered a significantly increased mortality among weaned pigs. In autopsy, live 3–6 mm long T. molitor larvae were found in their stomachs, especially in the non-glandular oesophageal region, on average 2–3 larvae per 10 cm2 of gastric mucosa. Corrective actions reduced the number of deaths back to basal levels. Conclusions This is the first documented case of potentially lethal gastric canthariasis in weaned pigs, caused by invasion of T. molitor larvae. Although canthariasis caused by T. molitor has not been a significant problem in farm animals so far, our case indicates that the presence of mealworm beetles is a potential threat to animal welfare and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Gałęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13st, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Mariusz Michalski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13st, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Bakuła
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13st, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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Hong J, Han T, Kim YY. Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor Larvae) as an Alternative Protein Source for Monogastric Animal: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112068. [PMID: 33171639 PMCID: PMC7695176 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae, known as mealworm, have been considered a good protein source for monogastric animals. They have a high quantity and quality of protein content and amino acid profile. The inclusion of T. molitor larvae in broiler diets improved the growth performance without having negative effects on carcass traits and blood profiles in broiler chickens, or had no influence on the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. The supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance and protein utilization of weaning pigs. Furthermore, the replacement of fishmeal with T. molitor larvae resulted in no difference in the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs. However, there are some challenges regarding biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and price for the use of T. moiltor larvae in animal feed. Consequently, T. molitor larvae could be used as an alternative or sustainable protein source in monogastric animal feed. Abstract Edible insects have been used as an alternative protein source for food and animal feed, and the market size for edible insects has increased. Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as mealworm and yellow mealworm, are considered a good protein source with nutritional value, digestibility, flavor, and a functional ability. Additionally, they are easy to breed and feed for having a stable protein content, regardless of their diets. Therefore, T. molitor larvae have been produced industrially as feed for pets, zoo animals, and even for production animals. To maintain the nutrient composition and safety of T. molitor larvae, slaughtering (heating or freezing) and post-slaughtering (drying and grinding) procedures should be improved for animal feed. T. molitor larvae are also processed with defatting or hydrolysis before grinding. They have a high quality and quantity of protein and amino acid profile, so are considered a highly sustainable protein source for replacing soybean meal or fishmeal. T. molitor has a chitin in its cuticle, which is an indigestible fiber with positive effects on the immune system. In studies of poultry, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance of broiler chickens, without having negative effects on carcass traits, whereas some studies have reported that there were no significant differences in the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. In studies of swine, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance and protein utilization of weaning pigs. Furthermore, 10% of T. molitor larvae showed greater amino acid digestibility than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. However, there are some challenges regarding the biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and price for the use of T. moiltor larvae in animal feed. Consequently, T. molitor larvae could be used as an alternative or sustainable protein source in monogastric animal feed with a consideration of the nutritional values, biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and market price of T. molitor larvae products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Taehee Han
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-878-5838; Fax: +82-2-878-5839
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Ko H, Kim Y, Kim J. The produced mealworm meal through organic wastes as a sustainable protein source for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2020; 62:365-373. [PMID: 32568268 PMCID: PMC7288227 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM) as an alternative source of protein to fish meal on growth response, retention of nutrient, hematological factors, immune system, and intestinal integrity in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weanling pigs (initial bodyweight of 6.27 ± 0.15 kg; 21 d) were distributed based on the bodyweight between 3 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment including 10 piglets per replicate. The diets corresponding to treatments consisted of a fish meal diet (CON), a fish meal-dried mealworm diet (TM1, 50% replacement of fish meal with TM meal), and a dried mealworm diet (TM2, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal). This study was performed in two phases as phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and phase 2 (d 15 to 28). The pigs in the TM2 treatment showed a greater gain to feed ratio compared with the TM1 pigs in phase 1. Throughout the experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) of the TM1 pigs was significantly greater than that of the TM2 treatment. The IgG concentration was increased in the TM1 and TM2 treatments compared with the CON pigs in phase 1. In conclusion, the supplementation of TM meal (50% replacement of fish meal) did not show any adverse effects in the performance of weanling pigs, however, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanSeo Ko
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - YoungHwa Kim
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Cho KH, Kang SW, Yoo JS, Song DK, Chung YH, Kwon GT, Kim YY. Effects of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility in growing pigs compared to those of defatted mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2020; 33:490-500. [PMID: 32054168 PMCID: PMC7054617 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effect of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility compared to those of dried mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble in growing pigs. METHODS A total of 12 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with average body weight of 28.70±0.32 kg were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. RESULTS Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM) was the highest in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of crude protein (CP) were higher in pigs fed HML and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the other two diets. AID of total amino acid was higher (p = 0.06) in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) were similar in pigs fed DMLM and HML diets, but were higher (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p = 0.05, respectively) than those in pigs fed FPBM or HFS diet. Pigs fed HML diet had higher standardized ileal digestibilities (SIDs) of DM and CP (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively) compared to pigs fed the other FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of total amino acid were not different (p = 0.06) between treatments. For SIDs of Lys, Met, and Thr, pigs fed HML and DMLM diets showed higher SIDs (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) than pigs fed FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of non-essential amino acids (aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine) were higher (p<0.05, p< 0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) in pigs fed HML, FPBM, and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the HFS diet. AID and SID of glutamic acid were higher in pigs fed HML and FPBM diets. CONCLUSION In conclusion, dietary supplementation of mealworm larvae hydrolysate had higher digestibility in DM, CP, Lys, Met, and Thr compared to dietary supplementation with fermented poultry by-product and hydrolyzed fish soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sun Woo Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Jong Sang Yoo
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon 22300,
Korea
| | - Dae Kil Song
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810,
Korea
| | - Yi Hyung Chung
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810,
Korea
| | - Gyoo Taik Kwon
- Berry & Biofood Research Institute, Gochang 56417,
Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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Ao X, Kim I. Effects of dietary dried mealworm (Ptecticus tenebrifer) larvae on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kowalska D. Insects as a source of nutrients in animal feed. Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global production of compound feed in 2018 was 1.103 billion tonnes, which was an increase
of 3% compared to 2017. To meet the needs of the growing livestock population, a further increase
in compound feed production is necessary. The need for new, alternative nutrient sources for feed
production, in order to meet the anticipated consumer demand for animal products, has led to an
increase in research on the potential uses and effects of insect-derived products, such as whole
insects or insect meals and oils. Insects appear to be one of the most promising alternatives to nutrient
sources such as soybean and fish meal, commonly used in feed for livestock and aquaculture. The
purpose of the review was to present the currently available literature on the use of insects as feed
in livestock production and to systematize it in one easy-to-read document. Particular focus has
been placed on the use of insect products for animals such as poultry, rabbits and pigs, as well as
their effect on productivity, nutrient digestibility, performance, and product quality. The results of
numerous studies suggest that insects can be a source of nutrients in feed for poultry, rabbits and
pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalska
- National Research Institute of Animal Production Department of Small Livestock Breeding
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Carvalho TSG, Saad CEP, Alvarenga RR, Oliveira EA, Carvalho MCS, Ramos LGS, Ferreira LG, Gonçalves TM, Costa DV, Zangeronimo MG. Inclusion of Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) meal in the diet of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in captivity: Influences on offspring development. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:89-93. [PMID: 31445398 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of unconventional food for animals is becoming more common. The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) meal in the diet of cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) chicks in captivity. Twenty-eight cockatiel chicks were used during 90 days of experiment. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group (receiving commercial feed + seed mixture) and a test group (receiving a control diet supplemented with Madagascar cockroach meal). The cockroach meal was mixed into commercial feed at a ratio of 14:1 (commercial feed: cockroach meal; 6.6% inclusion). Parents of the chicks were fed the experimental diets 30 days before egg laying to evaluate the influence of the cockroach meal on offspring development in the nest (1 to 30 days of age). Body development of the birds was evaluated every three days from the first to the 30th day of age and then every 15 days from the 31st to the 90th day of age. The cockroach meal did not influence (P > .05) the growth characteristics, body weight, total length or length of the animal's beaks, wings or tails, but increased seed consumption from the 31st to the 90th day of age. It is concluded that the cockroach meal can be used in the diet of growing cockatiels at an addition level of 6.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatijanne S G Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Saad
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata R Alvarenga
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erika A Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C S Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Ramos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia G Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio M Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego V Costa
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcio G Zangeronimo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Mailbox 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Carvalho TSGD, Saad CEDP, Esposito M, Faria PB, Alvarenga RR, Ferreira LG, Motta Ferreira W, Moraes Gonçalves T, Zangeronimo MG. Reproductive Characteristics of Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) Maintained in Captivityand Receiving Madagascar Cockroach ( Gromphadorhina portentosa) Meal. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E312. [PMID: 31159333 PMCID: PMC6616587 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) meal in the feed of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in captivity and its influence on the reproductive characteristics of these birds. Twelve pairs of birds were used during two subsequent reproductive cycles of 130 days each, with time divided into four phases: laying, incubation, rearing of chicks until 30 days of age, and return to the new laying phase. The pairs were divided into two groups: a control group, which received a commercial diet for psittacines + a mixture of seeds, and a test group, which received the same diet as the control group except for the addition of a Madagascar cockroach meal in a ratio of 14 g of commercial food to 1 g of cockroach meal (6.6%). After hatching, chicks remained with their parents until 30 days of age. Subsequently, the chicks were transferred to another room and monitored until the 90th day of life. The inclusion of cockroach meal did not influence (p > 0.05) the intake of commercial food and mixture of seeds during the reproductive phases evaluated, except for feed intake, which was increased relative to control values (p = 0.02) in the return-to-laying phase. Yolk cholesterol content, egg width and egg shape index were increased with the inclusion of the cockroach meal, whereas the number of days to return to the new laying phase was reduced compared to the control (p = 0.02). The number of eggs laid decreased (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of the cockroach meal; however, the percentage of hatching was higher in the test group than in the control group (p < 0.05). No significant effect (p > 0.05) of dietary treatment was observed on the number of viable chicks at 1, 30 and 90 days of age or on the contents of most fatty acids present in the yolk. The findings of this study indicate that a Madagascar cockroach meal can be used as an alternative feedstuff in the diets for cockatiels and can lead to minor improvements in reproductive characteristics when replacing 6.6% of the commercial pelleted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Esposito
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Peter Bitencourt Faria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata Ribeiro Alvarenga
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Livia Geraldi Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Walter Motta Ferreira
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Tarcisio Moraes Gonçalves
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
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Gasco L, Biasato I, Dabbou S, Schiavone A, Gai F. Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E170. [PMID: 30995783 PMCID: PMC6523619 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, the industrial compound feed production throughout the world was 1103 metric billion tons, which was an increase of 3% compared to 2017. In order to meet the needs of the increasing population, a further increment in compound feed production is necessary. Conventional protein sources are no longer suitable to completely satisfy the increment of feed production in a sustainable way. Insects are one of the most promising options, due to their valuable nutritional features. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of research on the use of insect meals and oils in aquatic, avian and other animal species diets, focusing mainly on the effects on digestibility, performance and product quality. In general, insect-derived product digestibility is affected by the insect species, the inclusion levels and by the process. Sometimes, the presence of chitin can lead to a decrease in nutrient digestibility. The same considerations are true for animal performance. As far as product quality is concerned, a dramatic effect of insect products has been recorded for the fatty acid profile, with a decrease in valuable n3 fatty acids. Sensory analyses have reported no or slight differences. Insect-derived products seem to be a good alternative to conventional feed sources and can make an important contribution to the sustainable development of the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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