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Ramkumar D, Marty A, Ramkumar J, Rosencranz H, Vedantham R, Goldman M, Meyer E, Steinmetz J, Weckle A, Bloedorn K, Rosier C. Food for thought: Making the case for food produced via regenerative agriculture in the battle against non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). One Health 2024; 18:100734. [PMID: 38711478 PMCID: PMC11070632 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a global health challenge, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic strain. Our review underscores the escalating incidence of NCDs worldwide and highlights the potential of regenerative agriculture (RA) products in mitigating these diseases. We also explore the efficacy of dietary interventions in NCD management and prevention, emphasizing the superiority of plant-based diets over those high in processed foods and red meat. Examining the role of the gut microbiome in various diseases, including liver disorders, allergies, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer, we find compelling evidence implicating its influence on disease development. Notably, dietary modifications can positively affect the gut microbiome, fostering a symbiotic relationship with the host and making this a critical strategy in disease prevention and treatment. Investigating agricultural practices, we identify parallels between soil/plant and human microbiome studies, suggesting a crucial link between soil health, plant- and animal-derived food quality, and human well-being. Conventional/Industrial agriculture (IA) practices, characterized in part by use of chemical inputs, have adverse effects on soil microbiome diversity, food quality, and ecosystems. In contrast, RA prioritizes soil health through natural processes, and includes avoiding synthetic inputs, crop rotation, and integrating livestock. Emerging evidence suggests that food from RA systems surpasses IA-produced food in quality and nutritional value. Recognizing the interconnection between human, plant, and soil microbiomes, promoting RA-produced foods emerges as a strategy to improve human health and environmental sustainability. By mitigating climate change impacts through carbon sequestration and water cycling, RA offers dual benefits for human and planetary health and well-being. Emphasizing the pivotal role of diet and agricultural practices in combating NCDs and addressing environmental concerns, the adoption of regional RA systems becomes imperative. Increasing RA integration into local food systems can enhance food quality, availability, and affordability while safeguarding human health and the planet's future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davendra Ramkumar
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Aileen Marty
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Japhia Ramkumar
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Holly Rosencranz
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Radhika Vedantham
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Modan Goldman
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Erin Meyer
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Jasia Steinmetz
- University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point 202 College of Professional Studies, Stevens Point, WI 54481-3897, USA
| | - Amy Weckle
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kelly Bloedorn
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Carl Rosier
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
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Yu L, Gao F, Li Y, Su D, Han L, Li Y, Zhang X, Feng Z. Role of pattern recognition receptors in the development of MASLD and potential therapeutic applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116724. [PMID: 38761424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, and its occurrence is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), genetics, and metabolic stress. Ranging from simple fatty liver to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), even to severe complications such as liver fibrosis and advanced cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, the underlying mechanisms of MASLD progression are complex and involve multiple cellular mediators and related signaling pathways. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA receptors, have been demonstrated to potentially contribute to the pathogenesis for MASLD. Their signaling pathways can induce inflammation, mediate oxidative stress, and affect the gut microbiota balance, ultimately resulting in hepatic steatosis, inflammatory injury and fibrosis. Here we review the available literature regarding the involvement of PRR-associated signals in the pathogenic and clinical features of MASLD, in vitro and in animal models of MASLD. We also discuss the emerging targets from PRRs for drug developments that involved agent therapies intended to arrest or reverse disease progression, thus enabling the refinement of therapeutic targets that can accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Feifei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Yaoxin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Liping Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yueming Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.
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Ramachandran G, Pottakkat B. Probiotics-A Promising Novel Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Chronic Liver Diseases. J Med Food 2024. [PMID: 38574254 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of liver diseases has been observed in recent years and is associated with gut dysbiosis, which causes bacterial infection, intestinal permeability, and further leads to disease-related complications. Probiotics, active microbial strains, are gaining more clinical importance due to their beneficial effect in the management of many diseases, including liver diseases. Clinical scenarios show strong evidence that probiotics have efficacy in treating liver diseases due to their ability to improve epithelial barrier function, prevent bacterial translocation, and boost the immune system. Moreover, probiotics survive both bile and gastric acid to reach the gut and exert their health benefit. Evidence shows that probiotics are a promising approach to prevent several complications in clinical practice. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence, challenges, and appropriate use of probiotics in managing advanced liver diseases, which may have an impact on future therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the superior effect of strain-specific probiotics and their efficacy and safety in managing liver diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulapriya Ramachandran
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Biju Pottakkat
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Brakebush E. An update on treatment and outcomes for alcoholic hepatitis. JAAPA 2024; 37:42-44. [PMID: 38531032 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0001007356.14309.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alcoholic hepatitis is a form of inflammation of the liver caused by alcohol use. Data on the best treatment are conflicting. Treatment guidelines include the use of prednisolone and supportive care, although this is controversial. This article reviews the guidelines for treating alcoholic hepatitis and current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brakebush
- Elizabeth Brakebush practices at St. Vincent Healthcare in Billings, Mont. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Silva-Sperb AS, Moraes HA, Barcelos STA, de Moura BC, Longo L, Michalczuk MT, Cerski CTS, Uribe-Cruz C, da Silveira TR, Álvares-da-Silva MR, Dall’Alba V. Probiotic supplementation for 24 weeks in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the PROBILIVER randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1362694. [PMID: 38600992 PMCID: PMC11004384 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1362694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Considering the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and treatment gaps, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on liver function markers, nutritional status, and clinical parameters. Methods This double-blind, randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT0346782) included adult outpatients with biopsy-proven NASH. The intervention consisted of 24 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic mix Lactobacillus acidophilus (1 × 109 CFU) + Lactobacillus rhamnosus (1 × 109 CFU) + Lactobacillus paracasei (1 × 109 CFU) + Bifidobacterium lactis (1 × 109 CFU), or placebo, twice a day. The following parameters were evaluated: demographic and clinical data, transient elastography (FibroScan), liver enzymes, NAFLD fibrosis score, fatty liver index, laboratory assessment, serum concentration of toll-like receptor-4 (sTLR-4) and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), anthropometric data, dietary intake, and physical activity. Regarding data analysis, the comparison between the groups was based on the delta of the difference of each variable analyzed (value at the end of treatment minus the baseline value) using the t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results Forty-four patients with NASH completed the trial (51.4 ± 11.6 years). At baseline, 87% of participants had a mild liver fibrosis degree on biopsy, normal values of liver enzymes, transient elastography values consistent with grade 1 fibrosis in both groups, increased waist circumference (WC), a BMI of 30.97 kg/m2, and 76% presented with metabolic syndrome (MetS). After the intervention, no differences were observed between the probiotic and placebo groups in terms of MetS, WC, BMI scores, or liver enzyme levels (p > 0.05 for all). The elastography values remained consistent with grade 1 fibrosis in both groups. Although CK-18 was reduced in both groups, a larger effect size was noted in the probiotic group (D = 1.336). sTLR-4 was also reduced in both groups, with no difference between groups (p = 0.885). Conclusion Intervention with probiotics in the early stages of NASH demonstrated no significant change in hepatic and clinical parameters. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT0346782.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Souza Silva-Sperb
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helena Abadie Moraes
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Concheski de Moura
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Truccolo Michalczuk
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valesca Dall’Alba
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Nutrition Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Tarantino G, Citro V. Could Adverse Effects of Antibiotics Due to Their Use/Misuse Be Linked to Some Mechanisms Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1993. [PMID: 38396671 PMCID: PMC10888279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, recently re-named metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic fatty liver disease, is considered the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. Its molecular initiation events are multiple and not always well-defined, comprising insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of them acting on genetic and epigenetic grounds. Nowadays, there is a growing public health threat, which is antibiotic excessive use and misuse. This widespread use of antibiotics not only in humans, but also in animals has led to the presence of residues in derived foods, such as milk and dairy products. Furthermore, antibiotics have been used for many decades to control certain bacterial diseases in high-value fruit and vegetables. Recently, it has been emphasised that antibiotic-induced changes in microbial composition reduce microbial diversity and alter the functional attributes of the microbiota. These antibiotic residues impact human gut flora, setting in motion a chain of events that leads straight to various metabolic alterations that can ultimately contribute to the onset and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Medical School of Naples, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera Inferiore (SA), 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy;
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Thilakarathna WPDW, Rupasinghe HPV. Proanthocyanidins-Based Synbiotics as a Novel Strategy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Risk Reduction. Molecules 2024; 29:709. [PMID: 38338453 PMCID: PMC10856248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease worldwide, is a spectrum of liver abnormalities ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by excessive lipid accumulation. The prevalence of NAFLD is predicted to increase rapidly, demanding novel approaches to reduce the global NAFLD burden. Flavonoids, the most abundant dietary polyphenols, can reduce the risk of NAFLD. The majority of dietary flavonoids are proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are oligomers and polymers of the flavonoid sub-group flavan-3-ols. The efficacy of PAC in reducing the NAFLD risk can be significantly hindered by low bioavailability. The development of synbiotics by combining PAC with probiotics may increase effectiveness against NAFLD by biotransforming PAC into bioavailable metabolites. PAC and probiotic bacteria are capable of mitigating steatosis primarily through suppressing de novo lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. PAC and probiotic bacteria can reduce the progression of steatosis to NASH mainly through ameliorating hepatic damage and inflammation induced by hepatic oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Synbiotics of PAC are superior in reducing the risk of NAFLD compared to independent administration of PAC and probiotics. The development of PAC-based synbiotics can be a novel strategy to mitigate the increasing incidence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasitha P. D. W. Thilakarathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
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Sung J, Rajendraprasad SS, Philbrick KL, Bauer BA, Gajic O, Shah A, Laudanski K, Bakken JS, Skalski J, Karnatovskaia LV. The human gut microbiome in critical illness: disruptions, consequences, and therapeutic frontiers. J Crit Care 2024; 79:154436. [PMID: 37769422 PMCID: PMC11034825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
With approximately 39 trillion cells and over 20 million genes, the human gut microbiome plays an integral role in both health and disease. Modern living has brought a widespread use of processed food and beverages, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory drugs, and invasive procedures, all of which profoundly disrupt the delicate homeostasis between the host and its microbiome. Of particular interest is the human gut microbiome, which is progressively being recognized as an important contributing factor in many aspects of critical illness, from predisposition to recovery. Herein, we describe the current understanding of the adverse impacts of standard intensive care interventions on the human gut microbiome and delve into how these microbial alterations can influence patient outcomes. Additionally, we explore the potential association between the gut microbiome and post-intensive care syndrome, shedding light on a previously underappreciated avenue that may enhance patient recuperation following critical illness. There is an impending need for future epidemiological studies to encompass detailed phenotypic analyses of gut microbiome perturbations. Interventions aimed at restoring the gut microbiome represent a promising therapeutic frontier in the quest to prevent and treat critical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyun Sung
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kemuel L Philbrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brent A Bauer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ognjen Gajic
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Shah
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Johan S Bakken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Luke's Hospital, Duluth, MN, United States of America
| | - Joseph Skalski
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Salamat S, Jahan-Mihan A, Tabandeh MR, Mansoori A. Randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of synbiotic supplementation on serum endotoxin and trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with dyslipidaemia. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2024; 9:e18-e25. [PMID: 38434939 PMCID: PMC10905263 DOI: 10.5114/amsad/178106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated serum endotoxin and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are associated with metabolic disorders including dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week treatment with a synbiotic supplement on serum endotoxin and TMAO levels in patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia. Material and methods A total of 56 patients who met the study inclusion criteria were recruited in this randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups and received either synbiotic or placebo sachets twice a day for 12 weeks. The sociodemographic data, food intake, physical activity, and anthropometric indices of participants were assessed before and after intervention. Serum endotoxin, TMAO, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured at the baseline and end of the study. Results No significant difference in the baseline characteristics of participants in the 2 groups was observed. After the 12 weeks of intervention, the mean of serum endotoxin (p < 0.0001), TMAO (p < 0.0001), and FBG (p < 0.0001) was decreased in patients who received synbiotic supplements while no significant change was observed in the control group. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between changes in endotoxin (r = 0.41, p = 0.041) and TMAO (r = 0.40, p = 0.047) with FBG changes was observed. Conclusions A significant reduction in serum endotoxin and TMAO levels, as well as improvements in FBG, following 12 weeks of supplementation with synbiotics, may offer a potential approach for improving metabolic status in patients with dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekoufeh Salamat
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Afshar N, Amini K, Mohajerani H, Saki S. Evaluation of probiotic bifidobacteria strains from Iranian traditional dairy products for their anti-hyperlipidemic potential. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-023-01124-1. [PMID: 38198044 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic potential of probiotic bifidobacteria, isolated from Iranian fermented dairy products, in a hyperlipidemic animal model. Bifidobacterium strains were extracted from traditional dairy samples and screened using physiological and phenotypic examinations, 16S rRNA analysis, and probiotic properties such as tolerance to gastrointestinal juice, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility. The ability of the screened bifidobacteria to reduce serum and liver lipids in vivo was tested using male Wistar rats. Six strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from traditional Iranian fermented dairy. These strains showed promising in vitro activity in lowering triglyceride and cholesterol, tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal juice, the ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells, acceptable antibiotic susceptibility, and a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The diet supplemented with isolated bifidobacteria significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), liver tissue lipid levels, and hepatic enzymes in animals when compared to a high-fat diet without strains (p < 0.01). Additionally, the potential probiotic-supplemented diet significantly increased bile acid excretion in the feces and upregulated hepatic CYP7A1 expression levels (p < 0.05), while NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP gene expressions in small intestinal cells were downregulated (p < 0.05). Bifidobacteria isolated from Iranian traditional dairy showed potential for use in the production of fermented foods that have hypolipemic activity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Kumarss Amini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran.
| | | | - Sasan Saki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Banerjee G, Papri SR, Satapathy SK, Banerjee P. Akkermansia muciniphila - A Potential Next-generation Probiotic for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:426-433. [PMID: 37724669 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230915103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver conditions, and its growing prevalence is a serious concern worldwide, especially in Western countries. Researchers have pointed out several genetic mutations associated with NAFLD; however, the imbalance of the gut microbial community also plays a critical role in the progression of NAFLD. Due to the lack of approved medicine, probiotics gain special attention in controlling metabolic disorders like NAFLD. Among these probiotics, Akkermansia muciniphila (a member of natural gut microflora) is considered one of the most efficient and important bacterium in maintaining gut health, energy homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. In this perspective, we discussed the probable molecular mechanism of A. muciniphila in controlling the progression of NAFLD and restoring liver health. The therapeutic potential of A. muciniphila in NAFLD has been tested primarily on animal models, and thus, more randomized human trials should be conducted to prove its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Suraya R Papri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Sanjaya K Satapathy
- 2Department of Medicine, Northwell Health Center for Liver Disease & Transplantation, North Shore, University Hospital/Northwell Health, 400 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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12
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Jadhav PA, Thomas AB, Nanda RK, Chitlange SS. Unveiling the role of gut dysbiosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:1324-1333. [PMID: 37823422 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial complicated condition, reflected by the accumulation of extra fat in the liver. A detailed study of literature throws light on the fascinating connection between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. The term 'gut dysbiosis' describes an imbalance in the harmony and operation of the gut microflora, which can upshoot a number of metabolic disorders. To recognize the underlying mechanisms and determine treatment options, it is essential to comprehend the connection between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. This in-depth review discusses the normal gut microflora composition and its role in health, alterations in the gut microflora composition that leads to disease state focusing on NAFLD. The potential mechanisms influencing the advent and aggravation of NAFLD suggested disturbance of microbial metabolites, changes in gut barrier integrity, and imbalances in the composition of the gut microflora. Furthermore, it was discovered that gut dysbiosis affected immune responses, liver inflammation, and metabolic pathways, aggravating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali A Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Jayachandran M, Qu S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and gut microbial dysbiosis- underlying mechanisms and gut microbiota mediated treatment strategies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:1189-1204. [PMID: 37840104 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is by far the most prevalent form of liver disease worldwide. It's also the leading cause of liver-related hospitalizations and deaths. Furthermore, there is a link between obesity and NAFLD risk. A projected 25% of the world's population grieves from NAFLD, making it the most common chronic liver disorder. Several factors, such as obesity, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, typically accompany NAFLD. Weight loss, lipid-lowering agents, thiazolidinediones, and metformin help prominently control NAFLD. Interestingly, pre-clinical studies demonstrate gut microbiota's potential causal role in NAFLD. Increased intestinal permeability and unhindered transport of microbial metabolites into the liver are the major disruptions due to gut microbiome dysbiosis, contributing to the development of NAFLD by dysregulating the gut-liver axis. Hence, altering the pathogenic bacterial population using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could benefit patients with NAFLD. Therefore, it is crucial to acknowledge the importance of microbiota-mediated therapeutic approaches for NAFLD and comprehend the underlying mechanisms that establish a connection between NAFLD and gut microbiota. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the affiliation between dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the progress of NAFLD, as well as the potential benefits of prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic supplementation, and FMT in obese individuals with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumaran Jayachandran
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai center of Thyroid diseases, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Uceda S, Echeverry-Alzate V, Reiriz-Rojas M, Martínez-Miguel E, Pérez-Curiel A, Gómez-Senent S, Beltrán-Velasco AI. Gut Microbial Metabolome and Dysbiosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Psychobiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Therapeutic Approach-A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13294. [PMID: 37686104 PMCID: PMC10487945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive narrative review conducted in this study delves into the mechanisms of communication and action at the molecular level in the human organism. The review addresses the complex mechanism involved in the microbiota-gut-brain axis as well as the implications of alterations in the microbial composition of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases with neuronal loss or death is analyzed, as well as the mechanisms of action of the main metabolites involved in the bidirectional communication through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, interventions targeting gut microbiota restructuring through fecal microbiota transplantation and the use of psychobiotics-pre- and pro-biotics-are evaluated as an opportunity to reduce the symptomatology associated with neurodegeneration in these pathologies. This review provides valuable information and facilitates a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms to be addressed in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Uceda
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Echeverry-Alzate
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Reiriz-Rojas
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Miguel
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Curiel
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gómez-Senent
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Guo GJ, Yao F, Lu WP, Xu HM. Gut microbiome and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Current status and potential applications. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:867-882. [PMID: 37547030 PMCID: PMC10401411 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i7.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. In recent years, the occurrence rate of MAFLD has been on the rise, mainly due to lifestyle changes, high-calorie diets, and imbalanced dietary structures, thereby posing a threat to human health and creating heavy social and economic burdens. With the development of 16S sequencing and integrated multi-omics analysis, the role of the gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites in MAFLD has been further recognized. The GM plays a role in digestion, energy metabolism, vitamin synthesis, the prevention of pathogenic bacteria colonisation, and immunoregulation. The gut-liver axis is one of the vital links between the GM and the liver. Toxic substances in the intestine can enter the liver through the portal vascular system when the intestinal barrier is severely damaged. The liver also influences the GM in various ways, such as bile acid circulation. The gut-liver axis is essential in maintaining the body’s normal physiological state and plays a role in the onset and prognosis of many diseases, including MAFLD. This article reviews the status of the GM and MAFLD and summarizes the GM characteristics in MAFLD. The relationship between the GM and MAFLD is discussed in terms of bile acid circulation, energy metabolism, micronutrients, and signalling pathways. Current MAFLD treatments targeting the GM are also listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jing Guo
- Gastroenterology Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Science and Education, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Peng Lu
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Yang YL, Huang YH, Wang FS, Tsai MC, Chen CH, Lian WS. MicroRNA-29a Compromises Hepatic Adiposis and Gut Dysbiosis in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice via Downregulating Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200348. [PMID: 37118999 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE miR-29a expression patterns influence numerous physiological phenomena. Of note, upregulation of miR-29a ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver dysfunctions in mice. However, the miR-29a effect on gut microbiome composition and HFD-induced gut microbiota changes during metabolic disturbances remains unclear. The study provides compelling evidence for the protective role of miR-29a in gut barrier dysfunction and steatohepatitis. METHODS AND RESULTS miR-29a overexpressed mice (miR-29aTg) are bred to characterize intestinal, serum biochemical, and fecal microbiota profiling features compared to wild-type mice (WT). Mice are fed an HFD for 8 months to induce steatohepatitis, and intestinal dysfunction is determined via histopathological analysis. miR-29aTg has better lipid metabolism capability that decreases total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum than WT of the same age. The study further demonstrates that miR-29aTg contributes to intestinal integrity by maintaining periodic acid Schiff positive cell numbers and diversity of fecal microorganisms. HFD-induced bacterial community disturbance and steatohepatitis result in more severe WT than miR-29aTg. Gut microorganism profiling reveals Lactobacillus, Ruminiclostridium_9, and Lachnoclostridium enrichment in miR-29aTg and significantly decreases interleukin-6 expression in the liver and intestinal tract. CONCLUSION This study provides new evidence that sheds light on the host genetic background of miR-29a, which protects against steatohepatitis and other intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chang, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Tsai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
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Alonso-Peña M, Del Barrio M, Peleteiro-Vigil A, Jimenez-Gonzalez C, Santos-Laso A, Arias-Loste MT, Iruzubieta P, Crespo J. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: When Knowing Your Patient Is Key. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10718. [PMID: 37445895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic steatosis may result from the dysfunction of multiple pathways and thus multiple molecular triggers involved in the disease have been described. The development of NASH entails the activation of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. Furthermore, NAFLD is also strongly associated with several extra-hepatic comorbidities, i.e., metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Due to the heterogeneity of NAFLD presentations and the multifactorial etiology of the disease, clinical trials for NAFLD treatment are testing a wide range of interventions and drugs, with little success. Here, we propose a narrative review of the different phenotypic characteristics of NAFLD patients, whose disease may be triggered by different agents and driven along different pathophysiological pathways. Thus, correct phenotyping of NAFLD patients and personalized treatment is an innovative therapeutic approach that may lead to better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Peña
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Del Barrio
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Peleteiro-Vigil
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Carolina Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Arias-Loste
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Gong Y, Chen A, Zhang G, Shen Q, Zou L, Li J, Miao YB, Liu W. Cracking Brain Diseases from Gut Microbes-Mediated Metabolites for Precise Treatment. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2974-2998. [PMID: 37416776 PMCID: PMC10321288 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis has been a subject of significant interest in recent years. Understanding the link between the gut and brain axis is crucial for the treatment of disorders. Here, the intricate components and unique relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the brain are explained in detail. Additionally, the association between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and brain health is emphasized. Meanwhile, gut microbiota-derived metabolites with their recent applications, challenges and opportunities their pathways on different disease treatment are focus discussed. The prospective strategy of gut microbiota-derived metabolites potential applies to the brain disease treatments, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, is proposed. This review provides a broad perspective on gut microbiota-derived metabolites characteristics facilitate understand the connection between gut and brain and pave the way for the development of a new medication delivery system for gut microbiota-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Department of Haematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Anmei Chen
- Department of Haematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of reproductive medicine, Sichuan Provincial maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qing Shen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang-Bao Miao
- Department of Haematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of reproductive medicine, Sichuan Provincial maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
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19
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Wang S, Xiong L, Ruan Z, Gong X, Luo Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Shang H, Chen J. Indole-3-propionic acid alleviates sepsis-associated acute liver injury by activating pregnane X receptor. Mol Med 2023; 29:65. [PMID: 37208586 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality of sepsis are extremely high, which is a major problem plaguing human health. However, current drugs and measures for the prevention and treatment of sepsis have little effect. Sepsis-associated acute liver injury (SALI) is an independent risk factor for sepsis, which seriously affects the prognosis of sepsis. Studies have found that gut microbiota is closely related to SALI, and indole-3-propionic Acid (IPA) can activate Pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, the role of IPA and PXR in SALI has not been reported. METHODS This study aimed to explore the association between IPA and SALI. The clinical data of SALI patients were collected and IPA level in feces was detected. The sepsis model was established in wild-type mice and PXR knockout mice to investigate the role of IPA and PXR signaling in SALI. RESULTS We showed that the level of IPA in patients' feces is closely related to SALI, and the level of IPA in feces has a good ability to identify and diagnose SALI. IPA pretreatment significantly attenuated septic injury and SALI in wild-type mice, but not found in knockout PXR gene mice. CONCLUSIONS IPA alleviates SALI by activating PXR, which reveals a new mechanism of SALI, and provides potentially effective drugs and targets for the prevention of SALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Liangzhi Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanrong Luo
- Physical examination center, Shiyan Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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20
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Wen X, Liu H, Luo X, Lui L, Fan J, Xing Y, Wang J, Qiao X, Li N, Wang G. Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-diet-fed rats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146672. [PMID: 37266005 PMCID: PMC10229879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Many clinical studies have underlined the link between NAFLD and atherosclerosis. Our previous experiments have discovered that Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum ATCC14917 supplementation could decrease the progression of atherosclerotic lesion formation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of supplementation of L. plantarum ATCC14917 mitigates liver injury in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% kcal from fat). A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups, including two intervention groups, who fed with HFD and administering either 1 × 107 or 1 × 109 colony forming units (CFU) of L. plantarum ATCC14917, the normal control group, and the HFD control group. The results showed that supplementation with low-dose and high-dose of L. plantarum ATCC14917 for 8 weeks could alleviate the body weight gain (p < 0.05), hepatic steatosis, and serum lipid metabolism (p < 0.05) in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, supplementation of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (p < 0.05) in serum, and improved HFD-associated inflammation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, cecal contents were analyzed by high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The results indicated that supplementation of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 could ameliorate HFD-induced gut dysbiosis. In summary, our findings suggest that supplementation of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 could mitigate NAFLD in rats, suggesting it may be considered as a probiotic agent for preventing HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hejing Liu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Lui
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiuyu Fan
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajing Xing
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingfang Qiao
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Bica IC, Pietroșel VA, Salmen T, Diaconu CT, Fierbinteanu Braticevici C, Stoica RA, Suceveanu AI, Pantea Stoian A. The Effects of Cardioprotective Antidiabetic Therapy on Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087184. [PMID: 37108347 PMCID: PMC10138454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the pathophysiologic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are discovered, there is a switch from glucocentric to a more comprehensive, patient-centered management. The holistic approach considers the interlink between T2DM and its complications, finding the best therapies for minimizing the cardiovascular (CV) or renal risk and benefitting from the treatment's pleiotropic effects. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) fit best in the holistic approach because of their effects in reducing the risk of CV events and obtaining better metabolic control. Additionally, research on the SGLT-2i and GLP-1 RA modification of gut microbiota is accumulating. The microbiota plays a significant role in the relation between diet and CV disease because some intestinal bacteria lead to an increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and consequent positive effects. Thus, our review aims to describe the relation between antidiabetic non-insulin therapy (SGLT-2i and GLP-1 RA) with CV-proven benefits and the gut microbiota in patients with T2DM. We identified five randomized clinical trials including dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, liraglutide, and loxenatide, with different results. There were differences between empagliflozin and metformin regarding the effects on microbiota despite similar glucose control in both study groups. One study demonstrated that liraglutide induced gut microbiota alterations in patients with T2DM treated initially with metformin, but another failed to detect any differences when the same molecule was compared with sitagliptin. The established CV and renal protection that the SGLT-2i and GLP-1 RA exert could be partly due to their action on gut microbiota. The individual and cumulative effects of antidiabetic drugs on gut microbiota need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Cristina Bica
- The Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valeria-Anca Pietroșel
- Department of Diabetes, "Prof. Dr. N.C. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor Salmen
- The Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmina-Theodora Diaconu
- The Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Roxana-Adriana Stoica
- The Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- The Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Yao Q, Yu Z, Meng Q, Chen J, Liu Y, Song W, Ren X, Zhou J, Chen X. The Role of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Obesity and Its Related Diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115546. [PMID: 37044299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health problem worldwide and its occurrence is increasing globally. Obesity has also been shown to be involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases and pathological conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR). In recent years, gut microbiota has received extensive attention as an important regulatory part involved in host diseases and health status. A growing body of evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis has a significant adverse effect on the host. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), a type of intestinal microbial dysbiosis, has been gradually revealed to be associated with obesity and its related diseases. The presence of SIBO may lead to the destruction of intestinal barrier integrity, increased intestinal permeability, increased endotoxin levels, activation of inflammatory responses, and translocation of bacteria from the colon to the small intestine. However, the causal relationship between SIBO and obesity and the specific mechanisms have not been well elucidated. This review discusses the cross-talk between SIBO and obesity and its related diseases, and expounds its potential mechanisms and interventions, which may help to discover new therapeutic targets for obesity and its related diseases and develop treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zihan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wenxuan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiangfeng Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jinjie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
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23
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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040903. [PMID: 37107278 PMCID: PMC10136128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Li H, Xi Y, Xin X, Feng Q, Hu Y. Geniposide plus chlorogenic acid reverses non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulation of gut microbiota and bile acid signaling in a mouse model in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148737. [PMID: 37077819 PMCID: PMC10106595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Geniposide and chlorogenic acid are the major active ingredients in Yinchenhao Decoction and are widely used as herbal medicines in Asia. This study further assessed their effects on improvement of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a mouse model and explored the underlying molecular events in vivo.Methods: Male C57BL/6 and farnesoid X receptor knockout (FXR−/−) mice were used to establish the NASH model and were treated with or without geniposide, chlorogenic acid, obeticholic acid (OCA), and antibiotics for assessment of the serum and tissue levels of various biochemical parameters, bile acid, DNA sequencing of bacterial 16S amplicon, protein expression, and histology.Results: The data showed that the combination of geniposide and chlorogenic acid (GC) reduced the levels of blood and liver lipids, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the liver tissue index in NASH mice. In addition, GC treatment improved the intestinal microbial disorders in the NASH mice as well as the intestinal and serum bile acid metabolism. At the gene level, GC induced FXR signaling, i.e., increased the expression of FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), and bile salt export pump (BSEP) in liver tissues and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression in the ileal tissues of NASH mice. However, antibiotics (ampicillin, neomycin, vancomycin, and tinidazole) in drinking water (ADW) reversed the effect of GC on NASH and altered the gut microbiota in NASH mice in vivo. Furthermore, GC treatment failed to improve NASH in the FXR−/− mouse NASH model in vivo, indicating that the effectiveness of GC treatment might be through FXR signaling activation.Conclusion: GC was able to alleviate NASH by improving the gut microbiome and activating FXR signaling; its effect was better than each individual agent alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Li
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongshan Li, ; Yiyang Hu,
| | - Yingfei Xi
- Endocrine Department, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongshan Li, ; Yiyang Hu,
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25
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Jin LT, Xu MZ. Characterization of gut dominant microbiota in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1113643. [PMID: 36756620 PMCID: PMC9899993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In obese patients, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is common. However, whether there is a connection between the gut microbiota and the onset of NAFLD in obese people is yet unknown. Using quantitative real-time PCR, the microbiota of feces of the eligible 181 obese individuals was identified to compare the differences in gut microbiota between obesity with NAFLD and simple obesity. According to the findings, the gut dominant microbiota was similar between obesity with NAFLD and simple obesity. Nonetheless, compared to the simple obesity group, the quantity of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii colonies was much lower in the obesity with the NAFLD group. Bacteroides were present in greater than 65% of both groups. Bacteroides, Clostridium leptum, and Clostridium butyricum accounted for more than 80% of the cases in the obesity with NAFLD group, whereas Bacteroides, Clostridium butyricum, and F. prausnitzii accounted for more than 80% of the cases in the simple obesity group. We look for potential contributing variables to obesity-related NAFLD and potential prevention measures for obese people. Based on a multi-factor logistic regression analysis, lymphocytes may be a risk factor for obesity with NAFLD while F. prausnitzii may be a protective factor. Additionally, F. prausnitzii is positively impacted by Bacteroides, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium butyricum, and Eubacterium rectale, yet adversely impacted by Enterobacteriaceae. Notably, lymphocytes and F. prausnitzii may help determine whether obese patients would develop NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ting Jin
- Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Ming-Zhi Xu,
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26
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Riezu-Boj JI, Barajas M, Pérez-Sánchez T, Pajares MJ, Araña M, Milagro FI, Urtasun R. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM20174 Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota, Improving Metabolic Risk Factors, and Attenuating Adipose Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245212. [PMID: 36558371 PMCID: PMC9787191 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Targeting the gut-adipose tissue-liver axis by modulating the gut microbiota can be a promising therapeutic approach in NAFLD. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a potent lactic-acid-producing bacterium, has been shown to attenuate NAFLD. However, to our knowledge, the possible effect of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain DSM20174 (L.p. DSM20174) on the gut-adipose tissue axis, diminishing inflammatory mediators as fuel for NAFLD progression, is still unknown. Using a NAFLD mouse model fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) diet for 10 weeks, we show that L.p DSM20174 supplementation of HFHF mice prevented weight gain, improved glucose and lipid homeostasis, and reduced white adipose inflammation and NAFLD progression. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the faecal microbiota suggested that treatment of HFHF-fed mice with L.p DSM20174 changed the diversity and altered specific bacterial taxa at the levels of family, genus, and species in the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of L.p DSM20174 in preventing fatty liver progression may be related to modulations in the composition and potential function of gut microbiota associated with lower metabolic risk factors and a reduced M1-like/M2-like ratio of macrophages and proinflammatory cytokine expression in white adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I. Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tania Pérez-Sánchez
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Pajares
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.I.M.); (R.U.); Tel.: +34-948-425600 (F.I.M.); +34-948-169000 (R.U.)
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.I.M.); (R.U.); Tel.: +34-948-425600 (F.I.M.); +34-948-169000 (R.U.)
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27
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Gangadhar M, Kottapalli A, Kottapalli V. A Novel Treatment Approach to Treatment-Resistant, Recurrent Clostridium difficile. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2022; 16:646-651. [PMID: 36605728 PMCID: PMC9808310 DOI: 10.1159/000527854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 36-year-old male with a previous medical history of persistent Clostridium difficile presented to clinic for evaluation of diarrheal symptoms intermittently for the last 2 years. He reported recurrent episodes of C. difficile that initially began after prophylactic antibiotic use prior to a tooth extraction. He underwent 12 unsuccessful treatment trials at a nearby clinic with courses of vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin. His chronic diarrhea had caused him to endure significant lifestyle alterations over the years. After multiple episodes of incomplete bacterial clearance, he was referred to a university-based tertiary care facility but instead opted for care at a nearby clinic. Upon work-up, his serology was again positive for C. difficile, and he was initiated on a 14-day course of fidaxomicin 200 mg p.o. BID, along with yogurt and probiotic supplementation. Despite fidaxomicin treatment, subsequent serological PCR testing for C. difficile remained positive, consistent with CT abdomen and pelvis findings suspicious for enteritis. His recurrent resistance to standard therapy protocols inspired an unconventional treatment approach: another 14-day course of fidaxomicin 200 mg p.o. BID, followed by fidaxomicin 200 mg p.o. each morning and cholestyramine 4 g p.o. each evening for another 2 weeks, concluded by fecal microbial transplant. Two weeks following this antibiotic regimen and fecal transplant, serology was negative for C. difficile. Subsequent follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrence.
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28
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Xie F, Xu HF, Zhang J, Liu XN, Kou BX, Cai MY, Wu J, Dong JL, Meng QH, Wang Y, Chen D, Zhang Y. Dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota associated with early-stage NAFLD in ASPP2-deficiency mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974872. [PMID: 36466835 PMCID: PMC9716097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that lipid metabolism disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis were related to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Apoptosis-stimulating p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) has been reported to protect against hepatocyte injury by regulating the lipid metabolism, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of ASPP2 deficiency on NAFLD, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota using ASPP2 globally heterozygous knockout (ASPP2+/-) mice. METHODS ASPP2+/- Balb/c mice were fed with methionine and choline deficient diet for 3, 10 and 40 day to induce an early and later-stage of NAFLD, respectively. Fresh fecal samples were collected and followed by 16S rRNA sequencing. HPLC-MRM relative quantification analysis was used to identify changes in hepatic lipid profiles. The expression level of innate immunity-, lipid metabolism- and intestinal permeability-related genes were determined. A spearman's rank correlation analysis was performed to identify possible correlation between hepatic medium and long-chain fatty acid and gut microbiota in ASPP2-deficiency mice. RESULTS Compared with the WT control, ASPP2-deficiency mice developed moderate steatosis at day 10 and severe steatosis at day 40. The levels of hepatic long chain omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n-3), were decreased at day 10 and increased at day 40 in ASPP+/- mice. Fecal microbiota analysis showed significantly increased alpha and beta diversity, as well as the composition of gut microbiota at the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species levels in ASPP2+/- mice. Moreover, ASPP-deficiency mice exhibited impaired intestinal barrier function, reduced expression of genes associated with chemical barrier (REG3B, REG3G, Lysozyme and IAP), and increased expression of innate immune components (TLR4 and TLR2). Furthermore, correlation analysis between gut microbiota and fatty acids revealed that EPA was significantly negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium family. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that ASPP2-deficiency promotes the progression of NAFLD, alterations in fatty acid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The long chain fatty acid EPA was significantly negatively correlated with Bifidobacterial abundance, which is a specific feature of NAFLD in ASPP2-deficiency mice. Totally, the results provide evidence for a mechanism of ASPP2 on dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hang-fei Xu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Bu-xin Kou
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-yin Cai
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-ling Dong
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-hua Meng
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
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MEDORI MARIACHIARA, NAUREEN ZAKIRA, DHULI KRISTJANA, PLACIDI GIORGIO, FALSINI BENEDETTO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Dietary supplements in retinal diseases, glaucoma, and other ocular conditions. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E189-E199. [PMID: 36479474 PMCID: PMC9710404 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, inadequate eating habits and unhealthy lifestyles have led to a tremendous increase in ocular diseases worldwide. Given the costly treatments that are currently available for the most common and threatening eye diseases (such as cataract, dry eye disorder, or diabetic retinopathy), curing these diseases or preventing refractive errors by taking nutraceuticals and natural compounds that are present in our daily diet is a very valuable intervention. The eyes are the most important part of our visual system and require micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, trace metals, and omega-3 fatty acids in order to function properly and to protect themselves against light-induced and age-mediated degenerative disorders. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has been in the limelight since the 1980s because of the several health benefits it provides, including eye health. MedDiet is characterized by the consumption of small amounts of red meat, while emphasizing the intake of fish, eggs, nuts, legumes, citrus fruits, green vegetables, olives and their derivatives, especially olive oil, and dairy products in a proportionate manner, in order to achieve the maximum health benefits. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of these foods - both when used as an ingredient in the dietary regime or as a source of nutritional supplements - have shown promising results in the management of chronic degenerative ocular diseases, both in animal models and in human subjects. In this chapter, we will focus on the importance of MedDiet and natural compounds for the visual system and its role in slowing down age-related ocular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | | | - GIORGIO PLACIDI
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Oftalmologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - BENEDETTO FALSINI
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Oftalmologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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30
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In Vivo and In Silico Investigation of the Anti-Obesity Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Combined with Chia Seeds, Green Tea, and Chitosan in Alleviating Hyperlipidemia and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012200. [PMID: 36293055 PMCID: PMC9602495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity has become a demanding issue in both high-income and low-income countries. Treating obesity is challenging as the treatment options have many limitations. Recently, diet modification has been commonly applied to control or prevent obesity and its risks. In this study, we investigated novel therapeutic approaches using a combination of a potential probiotic source with prebiotics. Forty-eight adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were selected and divided into seven groups (eight rats per group). The first group was fed a high-fat diet, while the second group was a negative control. The other five groups were orally administered with a probiotic, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), and potential prebiotics sources (chia seeds, green tea, and chitosan) either individually or in combination for 45 days. We collected blood samples to analyze the biochemical parameters and dissected organs, including the liver, kidney, and pancreas, to evaluate obesity-related injuries. We observed a more significant decrease in the total body weight by combining these approaches than with individual agents. Moreover, treating the obese rats with this combination decreased serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, and liver malondialdehyde levels. A histopathological examination revealed a reduction in obesity-related injuries in the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Further docking studies indicated the potential role of chia seeds and green tea components in modulating obesity and its related problems. Therefore, we suggest that the daily administration of a pre- and probiotic combination may reduce obesity and its related problems.
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31
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Probiotics suppress nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and carcinogenesis progression in hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16206. [PMID: 36171333 PMCID: PMC9519992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a hepatic characteristic of metabolic syndrome, received significant attention in clinical settings. The multiple-hit theory is one of the proposed mechanisms of NAFLD, and gut dysbiosis is considered a hit. Thus, controlling gut microbiota is a potential target in the management of NAFLD, and probiotics can be used as a treatment agent for NAFLD. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of probiotics against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mouse model that mimics the characteristics of human NAFLD. Probiotics were administered to male knockout mice for 8 or 40 weeks. Next, we assessed hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, carcinogenesis, and oxidative stress. Probiotics were found to reduce serum transaminase levels, NAFLD activity score, and the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, they decreased liver fibrosis grade, which was examined via Sirius red staining, gene expression of fibrotic markers, and hydroxyproline. Furthermore, probiotics suppressed the number of liver tumors, particular in HCC. Probiotics reduced oxidative stresses, including glutathione levels, and anti-oxidative stress marker, which may be an underlying mechanism for their beneficial effects. In conclusion, probiotics treatment had beneficial effects against NAFLD and carcinogenesis in hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mice.
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Age-Related NAFLD: The Use of Probiotics as a Supportive Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182827. [PMID: 36139402 PMCID: PMC9497179 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aging, a natural process characterized by structural and physiological changes, leads to alterations of homeostatic mechanisms, decline of biological functions, and subsequently, the organism becomes vulnerable to external stress or damage. In fact, the elderly population is prone to develop diseases due to deterioration of physiological and biological systems. With aging, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases, and this causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage, leading to cellular dysfunction and altered cellular processes. Indeed, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several chronic disorders, including hepatic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, the most common liver disorder in the Western world, is characterized by intrahepatic lipid accumulation; is highly prevalent in the aging population; and is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Among the risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the dysbiotic gut microbiota plays an essential role, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and production of various toxic metabolites. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem of microbes involved in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis; the alteration of its composition and function, during aging, is implicated in different liver diseases. Therefore, gut microbiota restoration might be a complementary approach for treating NAFLD. The administration of probiotics, which can relieve oxidative stress and elicit several anti-aging properties, could be a strategy to modify the composition and restore a healthy gut microbiota. Indeed, probiotics could represent a valid supplement to prevent and/or help treating some diseases, such as NAFLD, thus improving the already available pharmacological intervention. Moreover, in aging, intervention of prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, as well as probiotics, will provide novel therapeutic approaches. However, the relevant research is limited, and several scientific research works need to be done in the near future to confirm their efficacy.
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Huang P, Cao J, Chen J, Luo Y, Gong X, Wu C, Wang Y. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1015825. [PMID: 36132990 PMCID: PMC9483100 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the main cause of acute kidney injury and the cause of rapid renal dysfunction and high mortality. In recent years, with the gradual deepening of the understanding of the intestinal flora, exploring renal IRI from the perspective of the intestinal flora has become a research hotspot. It is well known that the intestinal flora plays an important role in maintaining human health, and dysbiosis is the change in the composition and function of the intestinal tract, which in turn causes intestinal barrier dysfunction. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in the composition of intestinal flora before and after renal IRI, and this difference is closely related to the occurrence and development of renal IRI and affects prognosis. In addition, toxins produced by dysregulated gut microbes enter the bloodstream, which in turn exacerbates kidney damage. This article reviews the research progress of intestinal flora and renal IRI, in order to provide new treatment ideas and strategies for renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedics of Hand and Foot, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
| | - Yanrong Luo
- Physical examination center, Shiyan Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaofang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chengyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
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Jee JJ, Lim J, Park S, Koh H, Lee HW. Gut microbial community differentially characterizes patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1822-1832. [PMID: 35624084 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Discordant reports of the signature gut microbes involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have hampered understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, and thus its diagnosis. Thus, we investigated diagnostic factors and the potential mechanisms for heterogenous NAFLD based on the gut environment, including microbes and functional pathways. METHODS Stools from 16 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients were analyzed for bacterial taxonomy and functional pathways based on 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Data from the physical examination, serum biochemistry, and the gut environment were subjected to a decision tree classifier to identify diagnostic markers. RESULTS We identified two NAFLD subpopulations: those with and without a gut microbiota similar to health controls (HCs), defined as PHC-like and P patients, respectively. Stools of PHC-like patients were significantly populated with Enterobacteriaceae and were inferred to be rich in metabolites degraded from dicarboxylic acid sugars. Significant colonization of Prevotella was observed in the stools of P patients, in parallel with enrichment of metabolites from heme b biosynthesis and sulfate reduction. As a potential mechanism, we suggest that protoporphyrin IX and/or protoheme from Prevotella participates in hepatic injury, and that endogenous hydrogen sulfide increases serum IL-6 level in P patients. However, endotoxin-producing Enterobacteriaceae are thought to produce glycerate, triggering a peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-alpha-mediated decrease in IL-6 level and fat accumulation in PHC-like patients. CONCLUSIONS Heterogenous NAFLD subpopulations were identified, defined according to gut microbial composition and their potential underlying pathogenic mechanisms; our results raise the possibility of personalized treatment for NALFD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai J Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sowon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The Biotics Family: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Metabolic Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081263. [PMID: 36013442 PMCID: PMC9410396 DOI: 10.3390/life12081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pose a major public health threat. Many studies have confirmed the causal relationship between risk factors and the etiopathogenesis of these diseases. Despite this, traditional therapeutic management methods such as physical education and diet have proven insufficient. Recently, researchers have focused on other potential pathways for explaining the pathophysiological variability of metabolic diseases, such as the involvement of the intestinal microbiota. An understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and metabolic diseases is a first step towards developing future therapeutic strategies. Currently, much attention is given to the use of biotics family members such as prebiotics (lactolose, soy oligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides or inulin) and probiotics (genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus or Enterococcus). They can be used both separately and together as synbiotics. Due to their direct influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, they have shown favorable results in the evolution of metabolic diseases. The expansion of the research area in the biotics family has led to the discovery of new members, like postbiotics. In the age of personalized medicine, their use as therapeutic options is of great interest to our study.
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Yuan M, Lin L, Cao H, Zheng W, Wu L, Zuo H, Tian X, Song H. Intestinal Microbiota Participates in the Protective Effect of HO-1/BMMSCs on Liver Transplantation With Steatotic Liver Grafts in Rats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:905567. [PMID: 35756057 PMCID: PMC9226684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.905567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have a protective effect on liver transplantation with steatotic liver grafts in rats, and to determine the role of the intestinal microbiota in such protection. HO-1/BMMSCs were obtained by transduction of Hmox1 gene [encoding heme oxygenase (HO-1)]-encoding adenoviruses into primary rat BMMSCs. Steatotic livers were obtained by feeding rats a high-fat diet, and a model of liver transplantation with steatotic liver grafts was established. The recipients were treated with BMMSCs, HO-1/BMMSCs, or neither, via the portal vein. Two time points were used: postoperative day 1 (POD 1) and POD 7. The results showed that under the effect of HO-1/BMMSCs, the degree of steatosis in the liver grafts was significantly reduced, and the level of liver enzymes and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma were reduced. The effect of HO-1/BMMSCs was better than that of pure BMMSCs in the prolongation of the rats' postoperative time. In addition, HO-1/BMMSCs promoted the recovery of recipients' intestinal structure and function, especially on POD 7. The intestinal villi returned to normal, the expression of tight junction proteins was restored, and intestinal permeability was reduced on POD 7. The intestinal bacterial of the LT group showed significantly weakened energy metabolism and overgrowth. On POD 1, the abundance of Akkermansiaceae was higher. On POD 7, the abundance of Clostridiaceae increased, the level of lipopolysaccharide increased, the intestinal mucosal barrier function was destroyed, and the levels of several invasive bacteria increased. When treated with HO-1/BMMSCs, the energy metabolism of intestinal bacteria was enhanced, and on POD 1, levels bacteria that protect the intestinal mucosa, such as Desulfovibrionaceae, increased significantly. On POD 7, the changed intestinal microbiota improved lipid metabolism and increased the levels of butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, HO-1/BMMSCs have protective effects on steatotic liver grafts and the intestinal barrier function of the recipients. By improving lipid metabolism and increasing the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, the changed intestinal microbiota has a protective effect and prolongs the recipients' survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Yuan
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Cao
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Longlong Wu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiwen Zuo
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Tian
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongli Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China
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Manzoor R, Ahmed W, Afify N, Memon M, Yasin M, Memon H, Rustom M, Al Akeel M, Alhajri N. Trust Your Gut: The Association of Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1045. [PMID: 35630487 PMCID: PMC9146349 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota composition is important for nutrient metabolism, mucosal barrier function, immunomodulation, and defense against pathogens. Alterations in the gut microbiome can disturb the gut ecosystem. These changes may lead to the loss of beneficial bacteria or an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, these have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Pathologies of the liver, such as non-alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis have all been linked to changes in the gut microbiome composition. There is substantial evidence that links gut dysbiosis to the progression and complications of these pathologies. This review article aimed to describe the changes seen in the gut microbiome in liver diseases and the association between gut dysbiosis and liver disease, and finally, explore treatment options that may improve gut dysbiosis in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridda Manzoor
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Weshah Ahmed
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Nariman Afify
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mashal Memon
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Maryam Yasin
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Hamda Memon
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohammad Rustom
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (R.M.); (W.A.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohannad Al Akeel
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Health, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 5674, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
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A Novel 2-Hit Zebrafish Model to Study Early Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020479. [PMID: 35203687 PMCID: PMC8962409 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in adults. NAFLD progresses from benign liver fat accumulation to liver inflammation and cirrhosis, and ultimately leads to liver failure. Although several rodent models have been established for studying NAFLD, they have limitations that include cost, speed of disease development, key dissimilarities, and poor amenability to pharmacological screens. Here, we present a novel 2-hit zebrafish model to replicate aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis. We fed zebrafish larvae a high-fat diet (HFD) to drive liver fat accumulation (first hit). Next, we exacerbated liver-specific inflammation using a transgenic line (fabp10-CETI-PIC3) that induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines following induction with doxycycline (second hit). These hits promoted fat accumulation and liver inflammation, as demonstrated by the high expression of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration, stress induction, and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Furthermore, zebrafish in this paradigm showed deranged glucose metabolism. To validate a small-molecule screening approach, we treated HFD-fed fish with pioglitazone, a drug shown to be beneficial for NAFLD in humans, and measured a sharp reduction in liver lipid accumulation. These results demonstrate new utility for zebrafish in modeling early NAFLD pathogenesis and demonstrate their feasibility for in vivo screening of new pharmacological interventions.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.
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Purohit A, Alam MJ, Kandiyal B, Shalimar, Das B, Banerjee SK. Gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 191:187-206. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sbeit W, Sbeit M, Kalisky I, Katz L, Mari A, Khoury T. The Possible Association of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Acute Cholangitis: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010035. [PMID: 35054428 PMCID: PMC8779558 DOI: 10.3390/life12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly encountered. It is associated with several comorbid diseases. However, its association with infectious biliary diseases is still unknown. Aims: We aimed to assess whether NAFLD is a risk factor for the development of acute cholangitis among patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. Methods: We performed a retrospective study, including all patients with a documented diagnosis of CBD stone that had available data on the presence or absence of NAFLD. Descriptive analysis using univariate and multivariate models was used to assess whether an association existed between NAFLD and acute cholangitis. Results: We included 811 patients. Of them, 161 patients presented with acute cholangitis, vs. 650 patients who presented with symptomatic CBD stone without cholangitis. NAFLD was significantly more common in the cholangitis group compared to the non-cholangitis group (15.5% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.01). In univariate analysis, age (Odds ratio (OR) 1.04, p < 0.0001), male gender (OR 1.47, p = 0.03), hypertension (OR 1.81, p = 0.0008), hyperlipidemia (OR 1.59, p = 0.01), and NAFLD (OR 2.04, p = 0.006) were significantly associated with acute cholangitis. In multivariate analysis, NAFLD kept its association with acute cholangitis irrespective of age (OR 2.15, p = 0.005). Conclusions: NALFD showed a significant association with acute cholangitis among patients with a CBD stone. Clinicians should encourage treatment of NAFLD in general, and especially in the setting of gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Sbeit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2221006, Israel; (W.S.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1320943, Israel
| | - Moeen Sbeit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2221006, Israel; (W.S.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1320943, Israel
| | - Itay Kalisky
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (I.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Lior Katz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (I.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Amir Mari
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy United, The Nazareth Hospital, EMMS, Nazareth 1613101, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2221006, Israel; (W.S.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1320943, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-509870611
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Toll-like receptor 1 as a possible target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17815. [PMID: 34497333 PMCID: PMC8426394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the liver compartment have repeatedly been attributed to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Knowledge on TLR expression in blood cells and their relation to intestinal microbiota and NAFLD development is limited. Here, we determined TLR expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of NAFLD patients and controls, their relation to intestinal microbiota and the impact of TLRs found altered in NAFLD development. Markers of intestinal permeability in blood and TLR mRNA expression in PBMCs were determined in 37 NAFLD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Fecal microbiota composition was evaluated in 21 NAFLD patients and 9 controls using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Furthermore, TLR1-/- and C57BL/6 mice (n = 5-6/group) were pair-fed a liquid control or a fat-, fructose- and cholesterol-rich diet. Intestinal microbiota composition and markers of intestinal permeability like zonulin and bacterial endotoxin differed significantly between groups with the latter markers being significantly higher in NAFLD patients. Expression of TLR1-8 and 10 mRNA was detectable in PBMCs; however, only TLR1 expression, being higher in NAFLD patients, were significantly positively correlated with the prevalence of Holdemanella genus while negative correlations were found with Gemmiger and Ruminococcus genera. TLR1-/- mice were significantly protected from the development of diet-induced NAFLD when compared to wild-type mice. While intestinal microbiota composition and permeability differed significantly between NAFLD patients and healthy subjects, in PBMCs, only TLR1 expression differed between groups. Still, targeting these alterations might be a beneficial approach in the treatment of NAFLD in some patients.
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Jiang J, Xiong J, Ni J, Chen C, Wang K. Live Combined B. subtilis and E. faecium Alleviate Liver Inflammation, Improve Intestinal Barrier Function, and Modulate Gut Microbiota in Mice with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931143. [PMID: 34482357 PMCID: PMC8428156 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic, progressive liver disease with an increasing incidence rate. This study investigated the protective effects of live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium (LCBE) on NAFLD, and its possible mechanisms. Material/Methods Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: chow, HFD, and HFD+LCBE groups. The levels of serum biochemical markers, glucose tolerance, insulin, the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, LPS, and histological staining were measured using commercial kits. qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the liver. Western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, PPAR-α, and CPT-1 in the liver, and occludin and Claudin1 in the intestine. The intestinal flora of the mice was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA. Results LCBE significantly lowered the body weight, liver/body weight ratio, and serum glucose level, and increased the serum insulin level in NAFLD mice. In addition, LCBE treatment improved the liver function and lipid profile, decreased the levels of LPS and inflammatory cytokines, and downregulated the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65. Moreover, LCBE enhanced the intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of occludin and Claudin1. Furthermore, LCBE modulated the composition of the gut microbiota by reducing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and the proportion of inflammation-related and LPS-producing bacteria, thus re-arranging the structure of the gut microbiota. Conclusions LCBE protects against NAFLD by alleviating inflammation, restoring the intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jianbo Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Congying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Kezhou Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Nagashimada M, Honda M. Effect of Microbiome on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Biogenics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158008. [PMID: 34360773 PMCID: PMC8348401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis. Liver-resident (Kupffer cells) and recruited macrophages contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation in various tissues by modulating macrophage polarization, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Abnormalities in the intestinal environment, such as the gut microbiota, metabolites, and immune system, are also involved in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD. Hepatic macrophage activation is induced by the permeation of antigens, endotoxins, and other proinflammatory substances into the bloodstream as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the gut–liver axis in influencing macrophage activity, which is central to the pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Not only probiotics but also biogenics (heat-killed lactic acid bacteria) are effective in ameliorating the progression of NASH. Here we review the effect of hepatic macrophages/Kupffer cells, other immune cells, intestinal permeability, and immunity on NAFLD and NASH and the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and biogenesis on those diseases.
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Expression of Jejunal Taste Receptors in Women with Morbid Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072437. [PMID: 34371946 PMCID: PMC8308737 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays important roles in promoting satiety and maintaining good homeostatic control. Taste receptors (TAS) are located through the gastrointestinal tract, and recent studies have shown they have a relationship with metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the jejunal expression of TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R14 and TAS2R38 in women with morbid obesity, first classified according to metabolic syndrome presence (MetS; n = 24) or absence (non-MetS; n = 45) and then classified according to hepatic histology as normal liver (n = 28) or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 41). Regarding MetS, we found decreased expression of TAS2R14 in MetS patients. However, when we subclassified patients according to liver histology, we did not find differences between groups. We found negative correlations between glucose levels, triglycerides and MetS with TAS1R3 expression. Moreover, TAS2R14 jejunal expression correlated negatively with the presence of MetS and ghrelin levels and positively with the jejunal Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-10 levels. Furthermore, TAS2R38 expression correlated negatively with TLR9 jejunal expression and IL-6 levels and positively with TLR4 levels. Our findings suggest that metabolic dysfunctions such as MetS trigger downregulation of the intestinal TASs. Therefore, taste receptors modulation could be a possible therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
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Diet-Regulating Microbiota and Host Immune System in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126326. [PMID: 34199182 PMCID: PMC8231888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been known to modulate the immune responses in chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that effects of dietary foods on health care and human diseases are related to both the immune reaction and the microbiome. The gut-microbiome and intestinal immune system play a central role in the control of bacterial translocation-induced liver disease. Dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, translocation, endotoxemia, and the direct effects of metabolites are the main events in the gut-liver axis, and immune responses act on every pathways of chronic liver disease. Microbiome-derived metabolites or bacteria themselves regulate immune cell functions such as recognition or activation of receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic change, activation of immune cells, and the integration of cellular metabolism. Here, we reviewed recent reports about the immunologic role of gut microbiotas in liver disease, highlighting the role of diet in chronic liver disease.
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Solito A, Bozzi Cionci N, Calgaro M, Caputo M, Vannini L, Hasballa I, Archero F, Giglione E, Ricotti R, Walker GE, Petri A, Agosti E, Bellomo G, Aimaretti G, Bona G, Bellone S, Amoruso A, Pane M, Di Gioia D, Vitulo N, Prodam F. Supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632 strains improved insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with obesity in a cross-over, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4585-4594. [PMID: 34229263 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Variations in gut microbiota might impact metabolism leading to body weight excess. We assessed the impact of a probiotic supplementation in pediatric obesity on weight, metabolic alterations, selected gut microbial groups, and functionality. METHODS Cross-over, double-blind, randomized control trial (BIFI-OBESE trial; NCT03261466). 101 youths (6-18 years, Tanner stage ≥2) with obesity and insulin-resistance on diet were randomized to 2 × 109 CFU/AFU/day of Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604) and B. breve B632 (DSM 24706) (51) or placebo (50) for 8 weeks with a 4-weeks wash-out period. RESULTS All subjects (M/F 54/47) completed the first 8 weeks, and 82 (M/F 43/39) the last part without adverse events. Mixed-effects models revealed a carry-over effect on many variables in the entire study, narrowing the analysis to the first 8 weeks before the wash-out periods. All subjects improved metabolic parameters, and decreased weight and Escherichia coli counts. Probiotics improved insulin sensitivity at fasting (QUICKI, 0.013 CI95%0.0-0.03) and during OGTT (ISI, 0.654 CI95%-0.11-1.41). Cytokines, GLP1, and target microbial counts did not vary. Of 25 SCFAs, acetic acid and acetic acid pentyl-ester relative abundance remained stable in the probiotics, while increased in the placebo (p < 0.02). A signature of five butanoic esters identified three clusters, one of them had better glucose responses during probiotics. CONCLUSION An 8 weeks treatment with B. breve BR03 and B632 had beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity in youths with obesity. Microbiota functionality could influence metabolic answers to probiotics. Long-term studies to confirm and enrich our findings are justified. Tailored probiotic treatments could be an additional strategy for obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03261466.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Solito
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Calgaro
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy; SCDU Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Lucia Vannini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Iderina Hasballa
- SCDU Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Francesca Archero
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Enza Giglione
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricotti
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Petri
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bellomo
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- SCDU Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bellone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | | | | | - Diana Di Gioia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy; SCDU Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy.
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