The intersection of endocrine signaling and neuroimmune communication regulates muscle inflammation-induced nociception in neonatal mice

Neonatal pain is a significant clinical issue but the mechanisms by which pain is produced early in life are poorly understood. Our recent work has linked the transcription factor serum response factor downstream of local growth hormone (GH) signaling to incision-related hypersensitivity in neonates. However, it remains unclear if similar mechanisms contribute to inflammatory pain in neonates. We found that local GH treatment inhibited neonatal inflammatory myalgia but appeared to do so through a unique signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) dependent pathway within sensory neurons. The STAT1 transcription factor appeared to regulate peripheral inflammation itself by modulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP1/CCL2) release from sensory neurons. Data suggests that STAT1 upregulation, downstream of GH signaling, contributes to neonatal nociception during muscle inflammation through a novel neuroimmune loop involving chemokine release from primary afferents. Results could uncover new ways to treat muscle pain and inflammation in neonates.

Cannabis sativa alleviates experimentally acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in rats: targeting CB1/SIRT/MAPK signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a frequent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation in the innermost lining of the rectum and colon.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) on the amelioration of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Group 1: normal control group was intrarectally administered saline solution (0.9%); group 2: acetic acid (AA) group was given AA intra-rectally (2 mL of 4% (v/v) in 0.9% NaCl) once.; group 3&4: This group represented the ulcerative colitis-induced rats that were injected with acetic acid intra-rectally, then s.c. injection with C. sativa (20 and 40 mg/kg daily for 8 days).

RESULTS

Colonic architectural abnormality significantly improved after pretreatment with C. sativa. Additionally, it significantly reduced the MDA level and prevented the depletion of GSH content. Moreover, C. sativa administration showed suppressive activities on pro-inflammatory cytokines, including NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, PI3K, AKT, HIF-1α, and TLR4. Moreover, it significantly upregulated the level of SIRT and CB1 in the colon tissue.

CONCLUSION

This study provided a novel impact for CB1 receptor activation produced by C. sativa against AA-induced UC in rats through inhibiting the TLR-4 MAPK/ERK, PI3K, and NFκB signaling pathways.

The intersection of endocrine signaling and neuroimmune communication regulates neonatal nociception

Neonatal pain is a significant clinical issue but the mechanisms by which pain is produced early in life are poorly understood. Our recent work has linked the transcription factor serum response factor downstream of local growth hormone (GH) signaling to incision-related hypersensitivity in neonates. However, it remains unclear if similar mechanisms contribute to inflammatory pain in neonates. We found that local GH treatment inhibited neonatal inflammatory myalgia but appeared to do so through a unique signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) dependent pathway within sensory neurons. The STAT1 transcription factor appeared to regulate peripheral inflammation itself by modulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) release from sensory neurons. Data suggests that STAT1 upregulation, downstream of GH signaling, contributes to neonatal nociception during muscle inflammation through a novel neuroimmune loop involving cytokine release from primary afferents. Results could uncover new ways to treat muscle pain and inflammation in neonates.

Aspergillus awamori: potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic colonic inflammation with a significant health hazard. Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) is a microorganism with various bioactive compounds with natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present work aimed to elucidate the protective and therapeutic effects of varying concentrations of A. awamori against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Nine groups of albino male rats were established: a control negative group (G1), a control positive group (G2,AA), and preventive protocol groups (including G3A, G4A, and G5A) that received 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w, respectively, of A. awamori orally and daily from the 1st day of the experiment and for 7 consecutive days. Then, they were subjected to one dose of AA intrarectally on day 8th. G3B, G4B, and G5B were termed as curative protocol groups that received one dose of AA on day 8th and then administered 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w. of A. awamori, respectively, on day 9th and continued receiving these doses daily until day 16th. Rats in the AA group exhibited marked histopathological alterations of the distal colon, with an exaggeration of the DAI. In addition, a remarkable increase in oxidative stress was represented by the elevation of MDA and NO levels with a decline in SOD and GPx activities. In addition, upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expressions and downregulation of Muc2 and Nrf2 levels were detected. Unambiguously, a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect was noticed either in A. awamori prevented or treated groups expounded by reducing and regulating TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β with improved pathological lesion scoring. The Muc2, Nrf2, and bcl-2 gene levels were upregulated and restored also. In summary, the findings in this work reveal that A. awamori supplementation successfully alleviated the UC induced by AA, which had a better effect when administered before colitis induction.

MicroRNA-513b-5p inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition of colon cancer stem cells through IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

To reveal the mechanisms by which miR-513b-5p inhibits metastasis of colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) through IL-6/STAT3 in HCT116 cells.

METHODS

Sphere formation media and magnetic cell sorting were used to enrich and screen CCSCs. We used a colony formation assay, cell proliferation and viability assays, and a nude mouse transplantation tumor assay to identify CCSCs. ELISA was performed to identify IL-6 in the cell culture medium, and the growth, viability, wound healing, and transwell migration of distinct cell groups were compared to differentiate them. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RT-PCR, and/or Western Blot analysis were conducted to determine the correlation between them.

RESULTS

CD133+CD44+ HCT116 cells were shown to have higher cloning efficiency, greater proliferation ability and viability, and stronger tumorigenicity. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-513b-5p negatively affected STAT3 expression. RT-PCR and/or Western Blot analysis suggested that miR-513b-5p negatively affected STAT3 and Vimentin, while positively affecting E-cadherin expression. The STAT3 overexpression vector + miR-513b-5p inhibitor cell group had the highest efficiency, greatest proliferation ability and viability, and the highest IL-6 level in the experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

Mir-513b-5p inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CCSCs through IL-6/STAT3. This potential mechanism may provide a new therapeutic target for colon cancer.

Tiron ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: Role of TGF-β/EGFR/PI3K/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC), an ongoing inflammatory disorder of the colon, is marked by persistent mucosal surface irritation extending from the rectum to the near-proximal colon. Tiron is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E which is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in various animal models, so the goal of this study was to find out whether Tiron had any preventive impacts on UC inflicted by acetic acid (A.A) exposure in rats.

METHOD

Tiron (235 and 470 mg/kg) was administered intra-peritoneally for 2 weeks, and A.A (2 ml, 3 % v/v) was injected intra-rectally to cause colitis. Colon tissues and blood samples were then collected for measurement of various inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.

RESULTS

Tiron administration significantly diminished lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), colon weight, and the weight/length ratio of the colon as compared to A.A-injected rats. Additionally, Tiron attenuated oxidative stress biomarkers. Tiron also enforced the levels of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), while it greatly lowered the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-1(TGF-β1), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (P-EGFR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) expression in colonic cellular structures. Furthermore, colonichistopathologic damages, revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Alcian Blue stain, were significantly decreased upon Tiron administration.

CONCLUSION

Tiron prevented A.A-induced colitis in rats via modulating inflammatory pathway TGF-β1/P-EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, alongside managing the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, and boosting the reliability of the intestinal barrier.

Interplay of miRNAs and lncRNAs in STAT3 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer progression

In recent decades, colorectal cancer (CRC) has turned into one of the most widespread malignancies, and the incidence of this malignancy is expected to increase. Despite considerable improvements in therapeutic approaches, the prognosis, and the management of CRC face many problems. Likely, the main limitation in the successful treatment of CRC is the lack of appropriate clinical therapeutic targets. As an effective target, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are regulated by a wide range of genes and involved in cellular processes, including cell growth, migration, invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. Aberrant regulation of STAT3 signaling leads to cellular dysfunction, diseases, and malignancies, including CRC. Consequently, targeting this signaling pathway is considered one of the therapeutic strategies used in CRC treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with partial or no protein-coding activity that participate in gene regulation at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels and regulate multiple signaling pathways, including STAT3 signaling (especially JAK/STAT). Therefore, these regulatory molecules are suggested to be very promising targets to present new insights into overcoming the limitations of conventional therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the current review study aimed to summarize the therapeutic and diagnostic significance of miRNAs and lncRNAs and their therapeutic and diagnostic significance related to the expression and activity of STAT3 in CRC.

Targeting beta-catenin signaling for prevention of colorectal cancer - Nutraceutical, drug, and dietary options

Progressive up-regulation of β-catenin signaling is very common in the transformation of colorectal epithelium to colorectal cancer (CRC). Practical measures for opposing such signaling hence have potential for preventing or slowing such transformation. cAMP/PKA activity in colon epithelium, as stimulated by COX-2-generated prostaglandins and β2-adrenergic signaling, boosts β-catenin activity, whereas cGMP/PKG signaling has the opposite effect. Bacterial generation of short-chain fatty acids (as supported by unrefined high-carbohydrate diets, berberine, and probiotics), dietary calcium, daily aspirin, antioxidants opposing cox-2 induction, and nicotine avoidance, can suppress cAMP production in colonic epithelium, whereas cGMP can be boosted via linaclotides, PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil or icariin, and likely high-dose biotin. Selective activation of estrogen receptor-β by soy isoflavones, support of adequate vitamin D receptor activity with UV exposure or supplemental vitamin D, and inhibition of CK2 activity with flavanols such as quercetin, can also oppose β-catenin signaling in colorectal epithelium. Secondary bile acids, the colonic production of which can be diminished by low-fat diets and berberine, can up-regulate β-catenin activity by down-regulating farnesoid X receptor expression. Stimulation of PI3K/Akt via insulin, IGF-I, TLR4, and EGFR receptors boosts β-catenin levels via inhibition of glycogen synthase-3β; plant-based diets can down-regulate insulin and IGF-I levels, exercise training and leanness can keep insulin low, anthocyanins and their key metabolite ferulic acid have potential for opposing TLR4 signaling, and silibinin is a direct antagonist for EGFR. Partially hydrolyzed phytate can oppose growth factor-mediated down-regulation of β-catenin by inhibiting Akt activation. Multifactorial strategies for safely opposing β-catenin signaling can be complemented with measures that diminish colonic mutagenesis and DNA hypomethylation - such as avoidance of heme-rich meat and charred or processed meats, consumption of phase II-inductive foods and nutraceuticals (e.g., Crucifera), and assurance of adequate folate status.

Mechanism by which oleracein E alleviates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of oleracein E (OE) in improving 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce a UC cell model, and TNBS was used to induce a UC rat model. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). Moreover, the activities of catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were detected by kits. Western blotting was performed to assess related proteins of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, tight junction protein (ZO-1, Occludin, and claudin-2) expression levels, and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3). Flow cytometry was used to analyze ROS levels. The morphology of colon tissues and the apoptosis of cells were detected by HE and TUNEL staining, respectively.

RESULTS

OE significantly increased the activity of CAT and decreased the activity of MPO in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells and TNBS-induced UC rats. However, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were markedly reduced both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, OE significantly increased the levels of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-related proteins and tight junction proteins and inhibited cell apoptosis. HE staining showed that OE significantly decreased the severity of acute TNBS-induced colitis in rats.

CONCLUSION

OE may exert a regulatory effect on ameliorating intestinal barrier injury and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress levels by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Sinapic Acid Ameliorates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Suppressing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition which results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. The key indications of active disease are abdominal pain and diarrhea mixed with blood. Aims: We explore the underlying colon protective mechanism of sinapic acid (SA) against acetic acid (AA) induced ulcerative colitis in rats. The implications of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are studied. Methodology: Twenty-four rats were distributed into four categories, normal control (NC), ulcerative colitis (UC), ulcerative Colitis with SA 40 mg/kg (SA 40 mg/kg + AA), and ulcerative colitis with prednisolone (PRDL 10 mg/kg + AA), and were pretreated orally with saline, saline and SA (40 mg/kg/day) or PRDL (10 mg/kg/day) respectively, for 7 days. UC was prompted by trans-rectal administration of 4% AA on the 5th day, colon tissues were surgically removed for gross morphology and histological inspection, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers and immunoblot analysis of Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Results: Macroscopic and histological inspection demonstrated that both SA 40 mg/kg and PRDL (10 mg/kg/day) significantly ameliorates colonic injuries. In addition, both pretreatments significantly ameliorates AA-induced UC, oxidative stress, as indicated by suppressed malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels and restoring antioxidant/oxidant balance as indicated by catalase and glutathione levels, suppressed inflammation via inhibiting cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, inflammatory markers MPO, PGE2, COX-2 and NF-κB and inhibiting the protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 apoptotic protein and increasing the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Conclusion: Sinapic acid significantly ameliorates AA induced UC in rats by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colonic tissues which exhibits its potential for the management of UC.

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Through Modulation of NF-κB and Cell Adhesion Molecules

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a serious health condition and defined as inflammation in the colon. Untreated, UC can develop into colitis-associated cancer (CAC), for which effective medicines are not available. Natural products are a better choice to treat UC by alleviating the inflammation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenolic compound and known for its beneficial effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anticancer. We aimed to study the effect of CAPE on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mouse model. Administration of CAPE to DSS-induced mice protected against colon damage by improving body weight of mice, reducing the weight of spleen, and increased colon length. In addition, administration of CAPE resulted reduced the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and CD68+ positive cells. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the production of key cytokines and the expression of nuclear factor (p65-NF)-κB. Moreover, p65-NF-κB activation was reduced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells from mouse origin. CAPE treatment leads to the reduced expressions of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM), both are key cell adhesion molecules. The results of this study clearly indicate that CAPE can potentially control inflammation in the colon and can be used as a therapy for UC.

Anti-Obesity Drug Orlistat Alleviates Western-Diet-Driven Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer via Inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB-Mediated Signaling

Many researchers have argued that Western diet (WD)-induced obesity accelerates inflammation and that inflammation is a link between obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC). This study investigated the effect of WDs on the development and progression of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) and the efficacy of the anti-obesity agent orlistat on WD-driven CAC in mice. The results revealed that the WD exacerbated CAC in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice, which showed increased mortality, tumor formation, and aggravation of tumor progression. Furthermore, WD feeding also upregulated inflammation, hyperplasia, and tumorigenicity levels through the activation of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling in an AOM/DSS-induced mouse model. In contrast, treatment with orlistat increased the survival rate and alleviated the symptoms of CAC, including a recovery in colon length and tumor production decreases in WD-driven AOM/DSS-induced mice. Additionally, orlistat inhibited the extent of inflammation, hyperplasia, and tumor progression via the inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB activation. Treatment with orlistat also suppressed the β-catenin, slug, XIAP, Cdk4, cyclin D, and Bcl-2 protein levels in WD-driven AOM/DSS-induced mice. The results of this study indicate that orlistat alleviates colon cancer promotion in WD-driven CAC mice by suppressing inflammation, especially by inhibiting STAT3 and NF-κB activation.

Atractylodin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Alleviating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inhibiting Inflammatory Response Through the MAPK Pathway

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanism of atractylodin (ATL) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. We found that atractylodin could significantly reverse the effects of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, such as weight loss, disease activity index score; shorten the colon length, and reverse the pathological changes in the colon of mice. Atractylodin could inhibit the activation of colonic macrophages by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and alleviate intestinal inflammation in the mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Moreover, it could protect the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the decrease of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2. Additionally, atractylodin could decrease the abundance of harmful bacteria and increase that of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice, effectively improving the intestinal microecology. In an LPS-induced macrophage model, atractylodin could inhibit the MAPK pathway and expression of the inflammatory factors of macrophages. Atractylodin could also inhibit the production of lactate, which is the end product of glycolysis; inhibit the activity of GAPDH, which is an important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis; inhibit the malonylation of GAPDH, and, thus, inhibit the translation of TNF-α. Therefore, ours is the first study to highlight the potential of atractylodin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and reveal its possible mechanism.

Rosmarinic acid represses colitis-associated colon cancer: A pivotal involvement of the TLR4-mediated NF-κB-STAT3 axis

Previously, we found that rosmarinic acid (RA) exerted anti-inflammatory activities in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Here, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of RA on colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We established an azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced CAC murine model for in vivo studies and used a conditioned media (CM) culture system in vitro. H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, western blot assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, molecular docking, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assay were utilized to investigate how RA prevented colorectal cancer. In the AOM/DSS-induced CAC murine model, RA significantly reduced colitis severity, inflammation-related protein expression, tumor incidence, and colorectal adenoma development. It significantly modulated toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation, thus attenuating the expression of anti-apoptotic factors, which mediate transcription factor-dependent tumor growth. In vitro, RA inhibited CM-induced TLR4 overexpression and competitively inhibited TLR4-myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex in an inflammatory microenvironment. Thus, RA suppressed NF-κB and STAT3 activation in colon cancer cells in an inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, RA suppressed colitis-associated tumorigenesis in the AOM/DSS-induced CAC murine model and abrogated human colon cancer progression in an inflammatory microenvironment by propitiating TLR4-mediated NF-κB and STAT3 activation, pleiotropically.

Phytochemicals Targeting JAK-STAT Pathways in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from Animal Models

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that consists of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Cytokines are thought to be key mediators of inflammation-mediated pathological processes of IBD. These cytokines play a crucial role through the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. Several small molecules inhibiting JAK have been used in clinical trials, and one of them has been approved for IBD treatment. Many anti-inflammatory phytochemicals have been shown to have potential as new drugs for IBD treatment. This review describes the significance of the JAK–STAT pathway as a current therapeutic target for IBD and discusses the recent findings that phytochemicals can ameliorate disease symptoms by affecting the JAK–STAT pathway in vivo in IBD disease models. Thus, we suggest that phytochemicals modulating JAK–STAT pathways are potential candidates for developing new therapeutic drugs, alternative medicines, and nutraceutical agents for the treatment of IBD.

Dieckol alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via inhibition of inflammatory pathway and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the major type of inflammatory ailment with elevated prevalence worldwide. Dieckol (DEK) is a phlorotannin that is extensively found in marine algae and has been found to have different pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, the impact of DEK in UC has not been investigated earlier. Therefore, we appraised DEK's function in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in the mouse. An overall of 30 mice was randomized into 5 equal groups. Control mice treated with a standard diet (group I), colitis mice challenged with 3% of DSS through drinking water for 7 consecutive days (group II), DEK was supplemented via oral gavage from day 1 to 10 at the dosages of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. All animals were sacrificed on the 11th day. The body weight (bwt), colon length, disease activity index, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and histological features were observed using suitable techniques, and COX-2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β, p65, IκBα, HO-1, and Nrf2 expressions were measured using ELISA and RT-PCR techniques, respectively. DEK treatment to the colitis mice considerably lessened, DSS-challenged alterations in body weight, DAI, colonic length shortening and histological changes. DEK exhibited potent antioxidant effects due to the reduced MDA and MPO, and Nrf2 expression markers while the HO-1 marker was augmented. Additionally, DEK also suppressed the expression s of TNF-α, IL-1β, and the p-p65, p-IκBα, and p65 and augmented the expression of IκBα, which eventually proved the anti-inflammatory potential of DEK against the DSS-challenge. Based on these results, DEK has been found effective in mitigating colitis, conceivably alleviating colon inflammation through the NF-κB inhibition and triggering of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascade.

High-Fat Diet Propelled AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer Alleviated by Administration of Aster glehni via STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Many epidemiological observational studies suggest that a high-fat diet (HFD) accelerates the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammation can play a key role in the relationship between colon cancer and HFD. Although reported by several studies, controlled experimental studies have not explored this relationship. We established an HFD-fed colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mice model and evaluated the anti-tumorigenic effects of AG on HFD-propelled CAC along with its mechanism of action. Previously, we found that Aster glehni (AG) exerts chemopreventive effects on azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CAC in a mice model, and has anti-adipogenic effects in a HFD-induced obesity mice model. In the HFD-propelled CAC mice model, AG significantly reduced cancer-related death, prevented body weight loss, and alleviated splenic enlargement. Additionally, AG prevented colon shortening and reduced the number of colorectal polyps. Histological studies demonstrated the up-regulation of inflammation, hyperplasia, and neoplasia in HFD-propelled CAC mice, whereas AG suppressed colonic disease progression and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, AG significantly inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway and attenuated the protein expression of the STAT3 target gene, which mediates transcription factor-dependent tumor cell proliferation. These results indicate that AG abrogates inflammation-induced tumor progression in HFD-propelled CAC mice by inhibiting STAT3 activation.

Maggot Extracts Alleviate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Acute Experimental Colitis via the Activation of Nrf2

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common chronic remitting disease driven through altered immune responses with production of inflammatory cytokines. Oxidant/antioxidant balance is also suggested to be an important factor for the recurrence and progression of UC. Maggots are known as a traditional Chinese medicine also known as "wu gu chong." NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) transcription factor regulates the oxidative stress response and also represses inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maggot extracts on the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis and evaluate if the maggot extracts could repress inflammation and oxidative stress using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, we found that the maggot extracts significantly prevented the loss of body weight and shortening of colon length in UC induced by DSS. Furthermore, DSS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines at both mRNA and protein levels in the colon was also attenuated by the maggot extracts. In addition, the maggot extracts could significantly suppress the expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NFκB p65, p-IκB, p22-phox, and gp91-phox in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and colonic tissues. The maggot extracts increased the level of Nrf2 and prevented the degradation of Nrf2 through downregulating the expression of Keap1, which resulted in augmented levels of HO-1, SOD, and GSH-Px and reduced levels of MPO and MDA. However, after administering an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) to block the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, we failed to observe the protective effects of the maggot extracts in mice with colitis and RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our data for the first time confirmed that the maggot extracts ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental colitis via modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study sheds light on the possible development of an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases.

MicroRNAs, intestinal inflammatory and tumor

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most malignant tumor. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. And colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a CRC subtype, representing the inflammation-related colorectal cancer. For the past decades, we have known that ectopic microRNA (miRNA) expression was involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC, playing a pivotal role in the progression of inflammation to colorectal cancer. Thus, this review provides the recent advances in altered human tissue-specific miRNAs that contribute to IBD, CRC and CAC pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Meanwhile, the potential utilization of miRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of CRC was also discussed.

HBD Inhibits the Development of Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice via the IL-6R/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a malignant disease of the colon that is caused by recurrent episodes of chronic intestinal inflammation. Huangqi Baizhu decoction (HBD) is a classic prescription comprised of Radix Astragali and Rhizoma Atractylodis, which are usually used to treat digestive conditions, such as peptic ulcers, colitis, or colorectal carcinoma in clinics. HBD is well known for “tonifying qi and spleen” based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, and has the preponderant effect of alleviating chronic intestinal mucosa damage associated with disease. However, the underlying mechanism behind this is still unknown. In the current study, we employed the AOM/DSS mouse model to analyze the effects of HBD on the development of inflammation in colonic carcinoma. The in vivo study showed that HBD could significantly reduce the mortality of mice and control the incidence and size of colonic tumors by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. In vitro, Astragaloside and Atractylenolide (CAA), the main components of HBD, inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116 cells as determined by an MTT assay. Furthermore, CAA notably suppressed the protein expression of IL-6R, STAT3, Survivin, and Cyclin D1 induced by IL-6 in HCT-116 and RAW264.7 cells. These results suggested that HBD exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, inhibiting the development of CAC in mice.

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs) Proteins in Cancer and Inflammation: Functions and Therapeutic Implication

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is connected upstream with Janus kinases (JAK) family protein and capable of integrating inputs from different signaling pathways. Each family member plays unique functions in signal transduction and crucial in mediating cellular responses to different kind of cytokines. STAT family members notably STAT3 and STAT5 have been involved in cancer progression whereas STAT1 plays opposite role by suppressing tumor growth. Persistent STAT3/5 activation is known to promote chronic inflammation, which increases susceptibility of healthy cells to carcinogenesis. Here, we review the role of STATs in cancers and inflammation while discussing current therapeutic implications in different cancers and test models, especially the delivery of STAT3/5 targeting siRNA using nanoparticulate delivery system.

Phytochemicals and inflammatory bowel disease: a review

Gastrointestinal tract is the second largest organ in the body that mainly functions in nutrients and minerals intake through the intestinal barrier. Intestinal permeability maintains the circulation of minerals and nutrients from digested foods. Life and all the metabolic processes depend either directly or indirectly on proper functioning of GI tract. Compromised intestinal permeability and related disorders are common among all the patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a collective term of inflammatory diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Many synthetic drugs are currently in use to treat IBD such as 5-aminosalicylic acid corticosteroids. However, they all have some drawbacks as long-term use result in many complications. These problems encourage us to look out for alternative medicine. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the plant-derived secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, alkaloids, terpenoids, oligosaccharides, and quinones could reduce permeability, ameliorate-related dysfunctions with promising results. In addition, many of them could modulate enzymatic activity, suppress the inflammatory transcriptional factors, ease oxidative stress, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. In this review, we summarized the phytochemicals, which were proven potent in treating increased intestinal permeability and related complication along with their mechanism of action.

Sinomenine alleviates dextran sulfate sodium‑induced colitis via the Nrf2/NQO‑1 signaling pathway

Sinomenine (SIN), a pure alkaloid isolated from Sinomenium acutum, has been widely used in arthritis for its anti‑inflammatory effect, but little is known about the effect of SIN on human ulcerative colitis (UC). In the present study, the effect and mechanism of SIN was examined in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‑induced murine colitis model, which mimics human UC. Oral administration of SIN significantly suppressed the elevated disease activity index and ameliorated colonic histological damage in a DSS‑induced colitis model. Tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were also reduced as detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, SIN reversed the decreased colon length and colonic superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that nuclear factor‑erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes, heme oxygenase‑1 and NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO‑1), were markedly activated by SIN. The current results indicated that SIN alleviated DSS‑induced colitis in mice, which may be due to its antioxidant properties and was at least in part dependent on the Nrf2/NQO‑1 signaling pathway. Therefore, SIN may have potential applications as a protective drug for patients with UC.

Hyperoside attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice possibly via activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway

Background

Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonoid glycoside compound that has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. However, the impact of Hyp on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been previously explored. Thus, we evaluated the role of Hyp in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis in mice.

Methods

We established a mouse model of experimental acute colitis by treating mice with drinking water supplemented with 3.0% DSS for 7 days. The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histological features and colonic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were examined using appropriate methods, and COX-2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, NF-κB p65, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in colorectal tissues were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting.

Results

Hyp significantly attenuated DSS-induced changes in the DAI as well as DSS-induced colonic shortening and histological changes. Hyp also inhibited inflammation, a change reflected by decreases in TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and NF-κB p65 expression and increases in IL-10 expression. Hyp suppressed increases in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Caspase-3 and Bax, but upregulated the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. In addition, Hyp also exerted antioxidant effects. The MDA content was decreased, and the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets HO-1 and SOD were increased by Hyp.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, Hyp possesses the ability to attenuate colitis, possibly by mitigating colonic inflammation and apoptosis via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Colorectal Cancer and Precancerous Lesions Associated with Ulcerative Colitis in Thailand

Background:

Ulcerative colitis(UC) is important risk factor of colorectal cancer. Many evidences from western countries confirmed this relationship but limited studies were reported in ASEAN. This study was aimed to investigate prevalence, clinical presentations, endoscopic findings, histopathology, disease progression and risk for colorectal cancer(CRC) of UC patients in Thailand.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using computer data base from Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand between September 2011 and December 2015, follow-up through May 2016. Diagnosis of UC was confirmed by histopathology and whole clinical course.

Results:

We identified 6,082 patients who diagnosed with colitis during the study period. Of whom, only 22 patients(<1%) was confirmed of UC. Male to female ratio was 13:9 (mean age of 47.2 years). Clinical presentations were bloody diarrhea in 86.4%, watery diarrhea in 31.8% and abdominal pain in 59.1%. According to Montreal classification, disease extensions were ulcerative proctitis in 22.7%, distal UC in 50%, and pancolitis in 27.3%. Disease grading was mild in 31.8%, moderate in 9.1%, and severe in 59.1%. The prevalence of precancerous lesions were 2/22 patients(9.1%). There was no definite invasive colorectal cancer patient during study period. However, history of malnutrition was significantly higher in patients with dysplasia than those without dysplastic lesions(50%vs.0%, P-value=0.045). There was no difference in duration and disease extension between 2 groups. Interestingly, subgroup analysis demonstrated that pancolitis was significantly more common in female than male (55.6%vs.7.7%, P-value=0.02, OR=15.0, 95%CI=1.3-169.9). Furthermore, patients’ age> 35 years had significantly more severe colitis than younger group (81.25%vs.0%, P-value=0.0006)

Conclusions:

Although UC is rare disease in ASEAN, precancerous lesions for CRC were not uncommon. UC with pancolitis was common in female whereas severe colitis was common in elderly patients. Proper screening program and careful surveillance for precancerous lesions in patients at risk might be appropriate approach for early detection and improvement the treatment outcome.

Luteolin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice possibly through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Luteolin has a reputation for being a safe and effective natural antioxidant that has strong radical scavenging and cell protective properties. The role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been well established and is increasingly highlighted. Thus, we studied the protective effect of luteolin administration in a mouse model of experimental colitis.

METHODS

Experimental acute colitis was induced by administering 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water of mice for 7days. The disease activity index (DAI); colon length; histological assessment; mRNA levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADP(H): quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1); protein expression of Nrf2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); colon malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; and the activity levels of colonic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were examined.

RESULTS

Luteolin (20 and 50mg/kg) significantly attenuated the DAI, colon shortening and histological damage. In addition, luteolin administration effectively decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6. Luteolin also decreased the colonic content of MDA. The activities of colonic SOD and CAT and the levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets, HO-1 and NQO1, were elevated by luteolin treatment.

CONCLUSION

These observations indicate that luteolin may suppress experimental colitis through the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Bevacizumab Regulates Cancer Cell Migration by Activation of STAT3

There are numerous clinical cases indicating that long-term use of bevacizumab may increase the invasiveness of tumors. However, to date, little is known about underlying molecular mechanisms. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate effects of bevacizumab in four cancer cells lines (WSU-HN6, CAL27, Tca83, and HeLa). It was found to promote migration and invasion in the WSU-HN6 and Tca83 cases, while exerting inhibitory effects in CAL27 and HeLa cells. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 inhibitors niclosamide and S3I-201 inhibited the STAT3 signal pathway, which is activated by bevacizumab. These inhibitors also substantially blocked bevacizumab-induced migration of WSU-HN6 and Tca83 cells. Bevacizumab upregulated interleukin (IL)-6 and phosphorylated (p)-STAT3 expression time-dependently. Therefore, we propose that bevacizumab has differential effects on the migration of different cancer cell lines and promotes migration via the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

MGMT-B gene promoter hypermethylation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease - a novel finding

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) as a well-known precancerous condition. Alterations in DNA methylation and mutation in K-ras are believed to play an early etiopathogenic role in CRC and may also an initiating event through deregulation of molecular signaling. Epigenetic silencing of APC and SFRP2 in the WNT signaling pathway may also be involved in IBD-CRC. The role of aberrant DNA methylation in precancerous state of colorectal cancer (CRC) is under intensive investigation worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of promoter methylation of MGMT-B, APC1A and SFRP2 genes, in inflamed and normal colon tissues of patients with IBD compared with control normal tissues. A total of 52 IBD tissues as well as corresponding normal tissues and 30 samples from healthy participants were obtained. We determined promoter methylation status of MGMT-B, SFRP2 and APC1A genes by chemical treatment with sodium bisulfite and subsequent MSP. The most frequently methylated locus was MGMT-B (71%; 34 of 48), followed by SFRP2 (66.6 %; 32 of 48), and APC1A (43.7%; 21 of 48). Our study demonstrated for the first time that hypermethylation of the MGMT-B and the SFRP2 gene promoter regions might be involved in IBD development. Methylation of MGMT-B and SFRP2 in IBD patients may provide a method for early detection of IBD-associated neoplasia.

Cryptotanshinone suppresses the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells via the STAT3 signaling pathway

Pancreatic cancer remains a challenging disease worldwide. Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is one of the active constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and exhibits significant antitumor activities in several human cancer cells. However, the efficacy and molecular mechanism of CPT in pancreatic cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effect of CPT on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of human pancreatic cancer cell BxPC‑3 cells was evaluated. The results demonstrated that CPT inhibited proliferation of the BxPC‑3 cells in a concentration‑dependent manner, and significantly induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The protein levels of cleaved caspase‑3, caspase‑9 and poly ADP ribose polymerase were upregulated, while the levels of c‑myc, survivin and cyclin D1 were downregulated following treatment with CPT. In addition, CPT decreased the activities of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and several upstream regulatory signaling pathways after 24 h. However, CPT only inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 Tyr705 within 30 min, without marked effects on the phosphorylation of the other proteins. These results suggested that the inhibition of STAT3 activity by CPT was directly and independent of the upstream regulators in human pancreatic cancer. The present study demonstrated that CPT exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway in human BxPC-3 cells.

Gallic acid suppresses inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: Possible mechanisms

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) encompass at least two forms of intestinal inflammation: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both conditions are chronic and inflammatory disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, with an increasing prevalence being associated with the industrialization of nations and in developing countries. Patients with these disorders are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop cancer of the colon. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of a naturally occurring polyphenol, gallic acid (GA), in an experimental murine model of UC. A significant blunting of weight loss and clinical symptoms was observed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-exposed, GA-treated mice compared with control mice. This effect was associated with a remarkable amelioration of the disruption of the colonic architecture, a significant reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and a decrease in the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, GA reduced the activation and nuclear accumulation of p-STAT3(Y705), preventing the degradation of the inhibitory protein IκB and inhibiting of the nuclear translocation of p65-NF-κB in colonic mucosa. These findings suggest that GA exerts potentially clinically useful anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the suppression of p65-NF-κB and IL-6/p-STAT3(Y705) activation.

Dietary cocoa inhibits colitis associated cancer: a crucial involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for developing ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 signaling regulates survival and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC. Cocoa is enriched with polyphenols that known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Here, we explored the antitumor effects and mechanisms of cocoa diet on colitis-associated cancer (CAC) using the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium model, with a particular focus on whether cocoa exerts its anticancer effect through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. We found that cocoa significantly decreased the tumor incidence and size in CAC-induced mice. In addition to inhibiting proliferation of tumor epithelial cells, cocoa suppressed colonic IL-6 expression and subsequently activation of STAT3. Thus, our findings demonstrated that cocoa diet suppresses CAC tumorigenesis, and its antitumor effect is partly mediated by limiting IL-6/STAT3 activation. In addition, cocoa induces apoptosis by increased the expressions of Bax and caspase 3 and decreased Bcl-xl. Thus, we conclude that cocoa may be a potential agent in the prevention and treatment of CAC.

Gallic acid attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in BALB/c mice

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyhydroxy phenolic compound that has been detected in various natural products, such as green tea, strawberries, grapes, bananas, and many other fruits. In inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation is promoted by oxidative stress. GA is a strong antioxidant; thus, we evaluated the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory role of GA in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model. Experimental acute colitis was induced in male BALB/c mice by administering 2.5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days. The disease activity index; colon weight/length ratio; histopathological analysis; mRNA expressions of IL-21 and IL-23; and protein expression of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were compared between the control and experimental mice. The colonic content of malondialdehyde and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity were examined as parameters of the redox state. We determined that GA significantly attenuated the disease activity index and colon shortening, and reduced the histopathological evidence of injury. GA also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the expressions of IL-21 and IL-23. Furthermore, GA activates/upregulates the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets, including UDP-GT and NQO1, in DSS-induced mice. The findings of this study demonstrate the protective effect of GA on experimental colitis, which is probably due to an antioxidant nature of GA.

Luteolin, a bioflavonoid inhibits colorectal cancer through modulation of multiple signaling pathways: a review

Luteolin, 3', 4', 5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, belongs to a group of naturally occurring compounds called flavonoids that are found widely in the plant kingdom. It possesses many beneficial properties including antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic and anti-proliferative actions. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Many signaling pathways are deregulated during the progression of colon cancer. In this review we aimed to analyze the protection offered by luteolin on colon cancer. During colon cancer genesis, luteolin known to reduce oxidative stress thereby protects the cell to undergo damage in vivo. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, deregulated during neoplastic development, is modified by luteolin. Hence, luteolin can be considered as a potential drug to treat CRC.

IRX2-mediated upregulation of MMP-9 and VEGF in a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent type of primitive malignant bone tumor with a poor prognosis due to distant metastasis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that IRX2 is overexpressed and is important in cell proliferation and invasion. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the IRX2‑dependent regulation of OS progression remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of IRX2 on the upregulation of MMP2 and VEGF in OS were determined by western blotting, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were elucidated. These findings provided data suggesting that IRX2 modulates the expression levels of MMP2 and VEGF in an AKT‑dependent manner. The overexpression of IRX2 promoted the activation of PI3K/Akt and increased the proliferation and invasiveness of the OS cell lines as shown by CCK8 and invasion assays. Notably, interruption of the AKT pathway by treatment with LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, attenuated IRX2‑induced cell proliferation and invasive ability, and the upregulation of MMP2 and VEGF. The results of the present study suggested that inhibition of the IRX2‑mediated AKT signaling pathway may be a suitable therapeutic target for the treatment of OS.

Influence of propofol, isoflurane and enflurance on levels of serum interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 in cancer patients

OBJECTIVE

To observe the influence of propofol, isoflurane and enflurance on interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-10 levels in cancer patients.

METHODS

Ninety cancer patients with selective operation from March 2011 to May 2014 were randomly divided into group A (34 cases), group B (28 cases) and group C (28 cases). Intramuscular injections of scopine hydrochloride and phenobarbital sodium were routinely conducted to 3 groups. After general anesthesia was induced, tracheal intubations were given. During the maintenance of anesthesia, 0.5~1.0 mg/ kg propofol was intravenously injected to group A discontinuously, while continuous suctions of isoflurane and enflurance were subsequently performed to group B and C correspondingly. Clinical outcomes, postoperative complications as well as serum IL-8 and IL-10 levels before operation (T0), at the time of skin incision (T1), 3 h after the beginning of the operation (T2) and 24 h (T3) and 72 h (T4) after the operation were observed among 3 groups.

RESULTS

Operations in all groups were successfully completed. The rates of surgery associated complications were 8.82% (3/34), 7.14% (2/28) and 7.14% (2/28) in group A, B and C, respectively, and there were no significant differences (P>0.05). Serum IL-8 and IL-10 levels increased gradually from the beginning of the operation and reached the peak at T3, and were evidently higher at each time point than at T0 (P<0.01). At T1, serum IL-8 and IL-10 levels had no significant differences among 3 groups (P<0.05), but the differences were significant at T2, T3 and T4 (P<0.05). Moreover, correlation analysis suggested that serum IL-8 level was in positive relation with IL-10 level (r=0.952, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Propofol, which is better in inhibiting serum IL-8 secretion and improving IL-10 secretion than isoflurane and enflurance, can be regarded as a preferable anesthetic agent in inhibiting traumatic inflammatory responses.

Allicin Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate- (DSS-) Induced Ulcerative Colitis in BALB/c Mice

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of allicin (10 mg/kg body weight, orally) in an experimental murine model of UC by administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water to BALB/c mice. DSS-induced mice presented reduced body weight, which was improved by allicin administration. We noted increases in CD68 expression, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and Malonaldehyde (MDA) and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and IL-17, and decrease in the activities of enzymic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GR), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in DSS-induced mice. However, allicin treatment significantly decreased CD68, MPO, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines and increased the enzymic antioxidants significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, allicin was capable of reducing the activation and nuclear accumulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby preventing degradation of the inhibitory protein IκB and inducing inhibition of the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 in the colonic mucosa. These findings suggest that allicin exerts clinically useful anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the suppression of the NF-κB and IL-6/p-STAT3^Y705 pathways.

Association Study of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of STAT2/STAT3/IFN-γ Genes in Cervical Cancer in Southern Chinese Han Women

OBJECTIVE

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) each play an important role in carcinogenesis associated with viral infection. Cervical cancer is almost invariably associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV), and previous studies suggested that dysregulation of the signal pathway involved in IFN-γ and STATs is associated. Our objective was to evaluate the association of SNPs in STAT2, STAT3, and IFN-γ with cervical cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han women in Hunan province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 234 cervical cancer patients and 216 healthy female controls. STAT2 and STAT3 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme (PCR-RE) analysis. IFN-γ genotyping was detected by PCR-amplification of specific allele (PASA).

RESULTS

For STAT2 rs2066807 polymorphisms, there was no significant difference of genotype distribution (P=0.827) and allele frequencies (P=0.830, OR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.51-2.31) between cases and controls. For STAT3 rs957970 polymorphisms, there was no significant difference of genotype distribution (P=0.455) and allele frequencies (P=0.560, OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.71-1.20) between cases and controls. For IFN-γ +874A/T polymorphisms, there was no significant difference of genotype distribution (P=0.652) and allele frequencies (P=0.527, OR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.79-1.59) between cases and controls.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that polymorphisms in STAT2, STAT3 and IFN-γ genes are not likely to be strong predictors of cervical cancer in Han women in southern China.

Expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and its phosphorylated form is significantly upregulated in patients with papillary thyroid cancer

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in tissues of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in comparison with the expression in adjacent normal tissues. The expression of STAT3, pSTAT3, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) was examined in tissues of 42 cases of PTC and the adjacent normal tissues of 20 of the 42 PTC cases using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The association between the expression levels and the clinicopathological features was analyzed. The expression of STAT3, pSTAT3, FGF2 and VEGF-C in the PTC tissues (76.2, 42.9, 81.0 and 73.8%, respectively) was significantly higher than that in the normal tissues (P<0.05). In the PTC tissues, the expression of STAT3 was linearly correlated with the levels of pSTAT3 and VEGF-C (P<0.05). In conclusion, STAT3 and pSTAT3 are significantly upregulated in PTC tissues, and may potentially be used as markers to screen for PTC with lymph node metastasis.

Dietary cocoa protects against colitis-associated cancer by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in males and the second most common cancer worldwide. Chronic colonic inflammation is a known risk factor for CRC. Cocoa contains many polyphenolic compounds that have beneficial effects in humans. The objective of this study is to explore the antioxidant properties of cocoa in the mouse model of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer, focusing on the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mice were treated with AOM/DSS and randomized to receive either a control diet or a 5 and 10% cocoa diet during the study period. On day 62 of the experiment, the entire colon was processed for biochemical and histopathological examination and further evaluations. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in AOM/DSS-induced mice; however, subsequent administration of cocoa decreased the MDA. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, were decreased in the AOM/DSS mice. Cocoa treatment increases the activities/levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, were elevated during AOM/DSS-induction, and treatment with 5 and 10% cocoa effectively decreases the expression of iNOS and COX-2. The NF-E2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets, such as NQO1 and UDP-GT, were increased by cocoa treatment. The results of our study suggest that cocoa may merit further clinical investigation as a chemopreventive agent that helps prevent CAC.

SOCS3 methylation in synergy with Reg3A overexpression promotes cell growth in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the world, but the molecular mechanisms for its development remain unclear. Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha (Reg3A) has been reported overexpressed in pancreatic inflammation and associated with PaC malignancies, thus believed as a potential target in inflammation-linked pancreatic carcinogenesis. Silencing of suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS3, a well-known feedback inhibitor of cell proliferation, has been found in many human cancers. Here, we identified that SOCS3 was aberrantly methylated in its CpG island in 3/5 human PaC cell lines and 11/36 cancer tissue samples. SOCS3 restoration by a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, remarkably suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of methylated PaC cells. Moreover, we also have shown that Reg3A was highly expressed in PaC cells and tissue samples. Assessment of potential relationship between SOCS3 and Reg3A aberrations in vitro revealed that SOCS3 worked downstream of Reg3A and modulated Reg3A-linked pro-tumor functions. siRNA-mediated SOCS3 knock-down in normal pancreatic epithelial cells and plasmid-transfected SOCS3 overexpression in PaC cells, respectively, resulted in the obvious promotion and inhibition of Reg3A-induced cell proliferation, thereby suggesting SOCS3 negatively regulating Reg3A-mediated PaC progression. In addition, our findings also revealed that JAK/STAT3/NF-κB appear involved in the effect of SOCS3-Reg3A interaction on pancreatic cell growth. In summary, SOCS3 inactivation by methylation was demonstrated to act in synergy with Reg3A overexpression to promote PaC cell growth and maybe the progress of inflammation-linked pancreatic carcinogenesis.

KEY MESSAGES

Reg3A overexpression promoted cell growth in pancreatic cancer. SOCS3 is a key target in cancer by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis. SOCS3 negatively regulated Reg3A-mediated cell growth in pancreatic cancer. SOCS3 methylation act in synergy with Reg3A overexpression to promote pancreatic cancer cell growth.