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Fukuda K, Ito Y, Amagai M. Barrier Integrity and Immunity: Exploring the Cutaneous Front Line in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2025; 43:219-252. [PMID: 40279307 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-082323-030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2025]
Abstract
Immune responses are influenced by not only immune cells but also the tissue microenvironment where these cells reside. Recent advancements in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and structures of the epidermal tight junctions (TJs) and stratum corneum (SC) have significantly enhanced our knowledge of skin barrier functions. TJs, located in the granular layer of the epidermis, are crucial boundary elements in the differentiation process, particularly in the transition from living cells to dead cells. The SC forms from dead keratinocytes via corneoptosis and features three distinct pH zones critical for barrier function and homeostasis. Additionally, the SC-skin microbiota interactions are crucial for modulating immune responses and protecting against pathogens. In this review, we explore how these components contribute both to healthy and disease states. By targeting the skin barrier in therapeutic strategies, we can enhance its integrity, modulate immune responses, and ultimately improve outcomes for patients with inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Fukuda
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan;
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2
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Simmons J, Gallo RL. The Central Roles of Keratinocytes in Coordinating Skin Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:2377-2398. [PMID: 39115524 PMCID: PMC11920965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.06.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
The function of keratinocytes (KCs) to form a barrier and produce cytokines is well-known, but recent progress has revealed many different roles for KCs in regulation of skin immunity. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of how KCs communicate with microbes, immunocytes, neurons, and other cells to form an effective immune barrier. We catalog the large list of genes and metabolites of KCs that participate in host defense and discuss the mechanisms of immune crosstalk, addressing how KCs simultaneously form a physical barrier, communicate with fibroblasts, and control immune signals. Overall, the signals sent and received by KCs are an exciting group of therapeutic targets to explore in the treatment of dermatologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Simmons
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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3
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MacGibeny MA, Adjei S, Pyle H, Bunick CG, Ghannoum M, Grada A, Harris-Tryon T, Tyring SK, Kong HH. The Human Skin Microbiome in Health: CME Part 1. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)02671-9. [PMID: 39168311 PMCID: PMC11912297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.07.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Human skin is home to a myriad of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and mites, many of which are considered commensal microbes that aid in maintaining the overall homeostasis or steady-state condition of the skin and contribute to skin health. Our understanding of the complexities of the skin's interaction with its microorganisms is evolving. This knowledge is based primarily on in vitro and animal studies, and more work is needed to understand how this knowledge relates to humans. Here, we introduce the concept of the skin microbiome and discuss skin microbial ecology, some intrinsic factors with potential influence on the human skin microbiome, and possible microbiome-host interactions. The second article of this two-part CME series describes how microbiome alterations may be associated with skin disease, how medications can affect the microbiome, and what microbiome-based therapies are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susuana Adjei
- Department of Dermatology, Lake Granbury Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hunter Pyle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Translational Biomedicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Integrated Microbiome Core and Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ayman Grada
- Integrated Microbiome Core and Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tamia Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, Lake Granbury Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Kim K, Schwarz JM, Ben Amar M. A two-dimensional vertex model for curvy cell-cell interfaces at the subcellular scale. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240193. [PMID: 39192725 PMCID: PMC11407580 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-sections of cell shapes in a tissue monolayer typically resemble a tiling of convex polygons. Yet, examples exist where the polygons are not convex with curved cell-cell interfaces, as seen in the adaxial epidermis. To date, two-dimensional vertex models predicting the structure and mechanics of cell monolayers have been mostly limited to convex polygons. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a framework to study curvy cell-cell interfaces at the subcellular scale within vertex models by using a parametrized curve between vertices that is expanded in a Fourier series and whose coefficients represent additional degrees of freedom. This extension to non-convex polygons allows for cells with the same shape index, or dimensionless perimeter, to be, for example, either elongated or globular with lobes. In the presence of applied, anisotropic stresses, we find that local, subcellular curvature or buckling can be energetically more favourable than larger scale deformations involving groups of cells. Inspired by recent experiments, we also find that local, subcellular curvature at cell-cell interfaces emerges in a group of cells in response to the swelling of additional cells surrounding the group. Our framework, therefore, can account for a wider array of multicellular responses to constraints in the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY13244, USA
| | - J. M. Schwarz
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY13244, USA
- Indian Creek Farm, Ithaca, NY14850, USA
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, 91 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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5
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Morgenstern AR, Peterson LF, Arnold KA, Brewer MG. Differentiation of keratinocytes or exposure to type 2 cytokines diminishes S. aureus internalization. mSphere 2024; 9:e0068523. [PMID: 38501828 PMCID: PMC11036805 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00685-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Colonization by this bacterium is increased in individuals with chronic cutaneous diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and bullous pemphigoid. The greater abundance of S. aureus on the skin of subjects with atopic dermatitis in particular has been linked to recurrent cutaneous infections. The primary cell type of the epidermal layer of the skin is the keratinocyte, and it is thought that S. aureus internalized in keratinocytes associates with an increased incidence of skin infections. This study addresses whether keratinocyte differentiation and/or inflammation, two important characteristics altered in cutaneous diseases, influence bacterial internalization. To do this, S. aureus internalization was measured in immortalized and primary keratinocytes that were differentiated using high Ca2+-containing media and/or exposed to cytokines characteristic of atopic dermatitis (IL-4 and IL-13) or psoriasis (IL-17A and IL-22) skin. Our results indicate that S. aureus internalization is uniquely decreased upon keratinocyte differentiation, since this was not observed with another skin-resident bacterium, S. epidermidis. Additionally, treatment with IL-4 + IL-13 diminished bacterial internalization. We interpret this decrease as a mechanism of keratinocyte-based bacterial killing since a similar number of bacterial genomes were detected in cytokine-treated cells, but less viable internalized S. aureus was recovered. Finally, of the receptors reported for S. aureus binding/internalizing into keratinocytes, expression of the α5 component of the α5β1 integrin was in greatest accordance with the number of internalized bacteria in the context of keratinocyte differentiation.IMPORTANCEIndividuals with chronic cutaneous diseases demonstrate heightened susceptibility for severe and recurrent infections from Staphylococcus aureus. What drives this altered susceptibility remains poorly understood. Previous publications have detected S. aureus as deep as the dermal layer of skin in subjects with atopic dermatitis, suggesting that the cutaneous environment of this disease enables deeper bacterial infiltration than occurs in healthy individuals. This observation indicates that S. aureus has greater opportunity to interact with multiple skin cell types in individuals with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Identifying the characteristics of the skin that influence bacterial internalization, a common method to establish reservoirs and evade the immune response, is critical for our understanding of S. aureus pathogenesis. The significance of this research is the novel identification of epidermal characteristics that influence S. aureus internalization. With this knowledge, methods can be developed to identify patient populations at greater risk for cutaneous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam F. Peterson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Matthew G. Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Évora AS, Zhang Z, Johnson SA, Adams MJ. The effects of hydration on the topographical and mechanical properties of corneocytes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106296. [PMID: 38141363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the biomechanical properties of the Stratum Corneum (SC) are influenced by both moisture-induced plasticization and the lipid content. This study employs Atomic Force Microscopy to investigate how hydration affects the surface topographical and elasto-viscoplastic characteristics of corneocytes from two anatomical sites. Volar forearm cells underwent swelling when immersed in water with a 50% increase in thickness and volume. Similarly, medial heel cells demonstrated significant swelling in volume, accompanied by increased cell area and reduced cell roughness. Furthermore, as the water activity was increased, they exhibited enhanced compliance, leading to a decreased Young's modulus, hardness, and relaxation times. Moreover, the swollen cells also displayed a greater tolerance to strain before experiencing permanent deformation. Despite the greater predominance of immature cornified envelopes in plantar skin, the comparable Young's modulus of medial heel and forearm corneocytes suggests that cell stiffness primarily relies on the keratin matrix rather than on the cornified envelope. The Young's moduli of the cells in distilled water are similar to those reported for the SC, which suggests that the corneodesmosomes and intercellular lamellae lipids junctions that connect the corneocytes are able to accommodate the mechanical deformations of the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Évora
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Simon A Johnson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Michael J Adams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Tohgasaki T, Aihara S, Ikeda M, Takahashi M, Eto M, Kudo R, Taira H, Kido A, Kondo S, Ishiwatari S. Investigation of stratum corneum cell morphology and content using novel machine-learning image analysis. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13565. [PMID: 38279539 PMCID: PMC10818130 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphology and content of stratum corneum (SC) cells provide information on the physiological condition of the skin. Although the morphological and biochemical properties of the SC are known, no method is available to fully access and interpret this information. This study aimed to develop a method to comprehensively decode the physiological information of the skin, based on the SC. Therefore, we established a novel image analysis technique based on artificial intelligence (AI) and multivariate analysis to predict skin conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS SC samples were collected from participants, imaged, and annotated. Nine biomarkers were measured in the samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were then used to teach machine-learning models to recognize individual SC cell regions and estimate the levels of the nine biomarkers from the images. Skin physiological indicators (e.g., skin barrier function, facial analysis, and questionnaires) were measured or obtained from the participants. Multivariate analysis, including biomarker levels and structural parameters of the SC as variables, was used to estimate these physiological indicators. RESULTS We established two machine-learning models. The accuracy of recognition was assessed according to the average intersection over union (0.613), precision (0.953), recall (0.640), and F-value (0.766). The predicted biomarker levels significantly correlated with the measured levels. Skin physiological indicators and questionnaire answers were predicted with strong correlations and correct answer rates. CONCLUSION Various physiological skin conditions can be predicted from images of the SC using AI models and multivariate analysis. Our method is expected to be useful for dermatological treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saki Aihara
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Mariko Ikeda
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Masaya Eto
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Riki Kudo
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Taira
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Ai Kido
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinya Kondo
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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8
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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L, Tomić L, Parać E, Pedić L, Lazić-Mosler E. Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:236. [PMID: 38203406 PMCID: PMC10779394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Tomić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Parać
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lovre Pedić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elvira Lazić-Mosler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Catalán V, Castro M, Cabrera R, Silva-Pinto V, Castro A, Lecaros C. Paleodermatology: Dermatoscopic findings of "Niño del Plomo" an Incan mummy in Chile. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 42:74-77. [PMID: 38156100 PMCID: PMC10753061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Catalán
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Castro
- National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Morphology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Cabrera
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva-Pinto
- National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile
- Doctoral Programme in Mediterranean Geography and History from Prehistory and Modern Age, Early Modern History Department, Faculty of History and Geography, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Alex Castro
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Lecaros
- Dermatology Residency Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Tahara U, Matsui T, Atsugi T, Fukuda K, Terooatea TW, Minoda A, Kubo A, Amagai M. Keratinocytes of the Upper Epidermis and Isthmus of Hair Follicles Express Hemoglobin mRNA and Protein. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2346-2355.e10. [PMID: 37981423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis, the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium surrounding the body surface, offers a valuable framework to investigate how terrestrial animals overcome environmental stresses. However, the mechanisms underlying epidermal barrier function remain nebulous. In this study, we examined genes highly expressed in the human and mouse upper epidermis, the outer frontier that induces various barrier-related genes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the messenger RNA level of hemoglobin α (HBA), an oxygen carrier in erythroid cells, was enriched in the upper epidermis compared with that in the whole epidermis. Immunostaining analysis confirmed HBA protein expression in human and mouse keratinocytes (KCs) of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. HBA was also expressed in hair follicle KCs in the isthmus region; its expression levels were more prominent than those in interfollicular KCs. HBA expression was not observed in noncutaneous keratinized stratified squamous epithelia of mice, for example, the vagina, esophagus, and forestomach. HBA expression was upregulated in human epidermal KC cultures after UV irradiation, a major cause of skin-specific oxidative stress. Furthermore, HBA knockdown increased UV-induced production of ROS in primary KCs. Our findings suggest that epidermal HBA expression is induced by oxidative stress and acts as an antioxidant, contributing to skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Tahara
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Toru Atsugi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukuda
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tommy W Terooatea
- Laboratory for Cellular Epigenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aki Minoda
- Laboratory for Cellular Epigenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Matsui T. Epidermal Barrier Development via Corneoptosis: A Unique Form of Cell Death in Stratum Granulosum Cells. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:43. [PMID: 38132711 PMCID: PMC10744242 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal development is responsible for the formation of the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. The establishment of the epidermal barrier is a critical aspect of mammalian development. Proper formation of the epidermis, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells, is essential for the survival of terrestrial vertebrates because it acts as a crucial protective barrier against external threats such as pathogens, toxins, and physical trauma. In mammals, epidermal development begins from the embryonic surface ectoderm, which gives rise to the basal layer of the epidermis. This layer undergoes a series of complex processes that lead to the formation of subsequent layers, including the stratum intermedium, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The stratum corneum, which is the topmost layer of the epidermis, is formed by corneoptosis, a specialized form of cell death. This process involves the transformation of epidermal keratinocytes in the granular layer into flattened dead cells, which constitute the protective barrier. In this review, we focus on the intricate mechanisms that drive the development and establishment of the mammalian epidermis to gain insight into the complex processes that govern this vital biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura-cho, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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12
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Imafuku K, Iwata H, Natsuga K, Okumura M, Kobayashi Y, Kitahata H, Kubo A, Nagayama M, Ujiie H. Zonula occludens-1 distribution and barrier functions are affected by epithelial proliferation and turnover rates. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13441. [PMID: 36919255 PMCID: PMC10472521 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is a scaffolding protein of tight junctions, which seal adjacent epithelial cells, that is also expressed in adherens junctions. The distribution pattern of ZO-1 differs among stratified squamous epithelia, including that between skin and oral buccal mucosa. However, the causes for this difference, and the mechanisms underlying ZO-1 spatial regulation, have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that epithelial turnover and proliferation are associated with ZO-1 distribution in squamous epithelia. We tried to verify the regulation of ZO-1 by comparing normal skin and psoriasis, known as inflammatory skin disease with rapid turnover. We as well compared buccal mucosa and oral lichen planus, known as an inflammatory oral disease with a longer turnover interval. The imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model, often used as a psoriasis model, can promote cell proliferation. On the contrary, we peritoneally injected mice mitomycin C, which reduces cell proliferation. We examined whether IMQ and mitomycin C cause changes in the distribution and appearance of ZO-1. Human samples and mouse pharmacological models revealed that slower epithelial turnover/proliferation led to the confinement of ZO-1 to the uppermost part of squamous epithelia. In contrast, ZO-1 was widely distributed under conditions of faster cell turnover/proliferation. Cell culture experiments and mathematical modelling corroborated these ZO-1 distribution patterns. These findings demonstrate that ZO-1 distribution is affected by epithelial cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of DermatologyGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuJapan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Makoto Okumura
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yasuaki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of DermatologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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13
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Hayashi K, Nozaki S, Tokushima K, Tanaka F, Hirai Y. Role of syntaxin3 an apical polarity protein in poorly polarized keratinocytes: regulation of asymmetric barrier formations in the skin epidermis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:523-535. [PMID: 37351635 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The skin epidermis exhibits an asymmetric structure composed of multilayered keratinocytes and those in the outer layers form two-way physical barriers, cornified cell envelope (CCE), and tight junctions (TJs). While undifferentiated keratinocytes in the basal layer continuously deliver daughter cells outward, which undergo successive differentiation with losing their polarized characteristics, they retain the expression of several polarity proteins. In the present study, we revealed that the t-SNARE protein syntaxin3, a critical element for the formation of the apical compartment in simple epithelial cells, is required to confer the ability to organize the physical barriers on "poorly polarized" keratinocytes in epidermal outer layers. HaCaT keratinocytes with genetic ablation of syntaxin3 readily succumbed to hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Additionally, they lost the ability to organize TJ and CCE structures, accompanied by notable downregulation of transglutaminase1 and caspase14 (a cornification regulator) expression. These syntaxin3-knockout cells appeared to restore oxidative stress tolerance and functional TJ formation ability, in response to the inducible re-expression of exogenous syntaxin3. While plausible mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unclear, syntaxin3, an apical polarity protein in the simple epithelia, has emerged as a potentially crucial element for barrier formation in poorly polarized keratinocytes in polarized epidermal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Sae Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kanako Tokushima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Fumika Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
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14
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Kam CY, Singh ID, Gonzalez DG, Matte-Martone C, Solá P, Solanas G, Bonjoch J, Marsh E, Hirschi KK, Greco V. Mechanisms of skin vascular maturation and maintenance captured by longitudinal imaging of live mice. Cell 2023; 186:2345-2360.e16. [PMID: 37167971 PMCID: PMC10225355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A functional network of blood vessels is essential for organ growth and homeostasis, yet how the vasculature matures and maintains homeostasis remains elusive in live mice. By longitudinally tracking the same neonatal endothelial cells (ECs) over days to weeks, we found that capillary plexus expansion is driven by vessel regression to optimize network perfusion. Neonatal ECs rearrange positions to evenly distribute throughout the developing plexus and become positionally stable in adulthood. Upon local ablation, adult ECs survive through a plasmalemmal self-repair response, while neonatal ECs are predisposed to die. Furthermore, adult ECs reactivate migration to assist vessel repair. Global ablation reveals coordinated maintenance of the adult vascular architecture that allows for eventual network recovery. Lastly, neonatal remodeling and adult maintenance of the skin vascular plexus are orchestrated by temporally restricted, neonatal VEGFR2 signaling. Our work sheds light on fundamental mechanisms that underlie both vascular maturation and adult homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan Kam
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ishani D Singh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Paloma Solá
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guiomar Solanas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Bonjoch
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edward Marsh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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15
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Adelmann JA, Vetter R, Iber D. The impact of cell size on morphogen gradient precision. Development 2023; 150:dev201702. [PMID: 37249125 PMCID: PMC10281552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue patterning during embryonic development is remarkably precise. Here, we numerically determine the impact of the cell diameter, gradient length and the morphogen source on the variability of morphogen gradients. We show that the positional error increases with the gradient length relative to the size of the morphogen source, and with the square root of the cell diameter and the readout position. We provide theoretical explanations for these relationships, and show that they enable high patterning precision over developmental time for readouts that scale with expanding tissue domains, as observed in the Drosophila wing disc. Our analysis suggests that epithelial tissues generally achieve higher patterning precision with small cross-sectional cell areas. An extensive survey of measured apical cell areas shows that they are indeed small in developing tissues that are patterned by morphogen gradients. Enhanced precision may thus have led to the emergence of pseudostratification in epithelia, a phenomenon for which the evolutionary benefit had so far remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A. Adelmann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Suzuki K, Yamaga K, Tokumasu R, Katsuno T, Tanaka H, Chiba S, Yagi T, Katayama I, Tamura A, Murota H, Tsukita S. Double mutation of claudin‐1 and claudin‐3 causes alopecia in infant mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1523:51-61. [PMID: 37002535 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo cyclic phases of growth, regression, and rest in association with hair shafts to maintain the hair coat. Nonsense mutations in the tight junction protein claudin (CLDN)-1 cause hair loss in humans. Therefore, we evaluated the roles of CLDNs in hair retention. Among the 27 CLDN family members, CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN6, and CLDN7 were expressed in the inner bulge layer, isthmus, and sebaceous gland of murine HFs. Hair phenotypes were observed in Cldn1 weaker knockdown and Cldn3-knockout (Cldn1Δ/Δ Cldn3-/- ) mice. Although hair growth was normal, Cldn1Δ/Δ Cldn3-/- mice showed striking hair loss in the first telogen. Simultaneous deficiencies in CLDN1 and CLDN3 caused abnormalities in telogen HFs, such as an aberrantly layered architecture of epithelial cell sheets in bulges with multiple cell layers, mislocalization of bulges adjacent to sebaceous glands, and dilated hair canals. Along with the telogen HF abnormalities, which shortened the hair retention period, there was an enhanced proliferation of the epithelium surrounding HFs in Cldn1Δ/Δ Cldn3-/- mice, causing accelerated hair regrowth in adults. Our findings suggested that CLDN1 and CLDN3 may regulate hair retention in infant mice by maintaining the appropriate layered architecture of HFs, a deficiency of which can lead to alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Suzuki
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamaga
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Reitaro Tokumasu
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
- KOKORO‐Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Department of Pharmacology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuhei Chiba
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO‐Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Department of Pharmacology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Department of Dermatology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
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17
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Miller JM, Lee C, Ingram S, Yadavalli VK, Greenspoon SA, Ehrhardt CJ. Use of hormone-specific antibody probes for differential labeling of contributor cell populations in trace DNA mixtures. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:1551-1564. [PMID: 36076079 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of casework analyzed by forensic science laboratories is often "touch" or trace forensic DNA evidence, which is deposited through physical contact and is comprised of sloughed epidermal cells. These samples can be challenging to analyze due to low DNA concentrations, frequent degradation, and the presence of cells from multiple individuals in the same sample. To address these challenges, we investigated a new approach for characterizing trace evidence prior to DNA profiling that labels epidermal cells with antibody probes targeting hormone molecules testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The goal was to test whether cell populations derived from separate individuals showed different binding efficiencies to hormone probes and, thus, could be used to detect the presence of multiple cell populations. Additionally, we investigated whether antibody probes could be used to isolate contributor cell populations from an epidermal cell mixture and facilitate deconvolution of mixed DNA profiles recovered from touch/trace evidence. Results showed that cell populations from some individuals could differentiated in trace samples based on fluorescence histograms following probe labeling. However, certain pairs of contributors showed largely or completely overlapping histogram profiles and could not be resolved. Preliminary efforts to separate cell populations that could be differentiated with hormone probes with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) coupled to DNA profiling and probabilistic modeling indicated that it is possible to enrich contributor cell populations from touch/trace samples and produce more probative DNA profiles compared to the original mixture sample. The variability in labeling, differentiation, and physical separation of cell populations may be impacted by similarities in biochemical profiles across some contributors as well as imbalance of contributor DNA quantities in certain mixtures as is typical in casework involving touch/trace evidence. Ultimately, screening and separation of trace DNA samples with this approach may be presumptive and constrained by sample-specific parameters of the original mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Miller
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Christin Lee
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Ingram
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Patel N, Clarke JF, Salem F, Abdulla T, Martins F, Arora S, Tsakalozou E, Hodgkinson A, Arjmandi-Tash O, Cristea S, Ghosh P, Alam K, Raney SG, Jamei M, Polak S. Multi-phase multi-layer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model to predict local and systemic exposure of drug products applied on skin. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:1060-1084. [PMID: 35670226 PMCID: PMC9381913 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models combine knowledge about physiology, drug product properties, such as physicochemical parameters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion characteristics, formulation attributes, and trial design or dosing regimen to mechanistically simulate drug pharmacokinetics (PK). The current work describes the development of a multiphase, multilayer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model within the Simcyp Simulator capable of simulating uptake and permeation of drugs through human skin following application of drug products to the skin. The model was designed to account for formulation characteristics as well as body site- and sex- population variability to predict local and systemic bioavailability. The present report outlines the structure and assumptions of the MPML MechDermA model and includes results from simulations comparing absorption at multiple body sites for two compounds, caffeine and benzoic acid, formulated as solutions. Finally, a model of the Feldene (piroxicam) topical gel, 0.5% was developed and assessed for its ability to predict both plasma and local skin concentrations when compared to in vivo PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Increase in the Intracellular Bulk Water Content in the Early Phase of Cell Death of Keratinocytes, Corneoptosis, as Revealed by 65 GHz Near-Field CMOS Dielectric Sensor. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092886. [PMID: 35566237 PMCID: PMC9102150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While bulk water and hydration water coexist in cells to support the expression of biological macromolecules, how the dynamics of water molecules, which have long been only a minor role in molecular biology research, relate to changes in cellular states such as cell death has hardly been explored so far due to the lack of evaluation techniques. In this study, we developed a high-precision measurement system that can discriminate bulk water content changes of ±0.02% (0.2 mg/cm3) with single-cell-level spatial resolution based on a near-field CMOS dielectric sensor operating at 65 GHz. We applied this system to evaluate the temporal changes in the bulk water content during the cell death process of keratinocytes, called corneoptosis, using isolated SG1 (first layer of stratum granulosum) cells in vitro. A significant irreversible increase in the bulk water content was observed approximately 1 h before membrane disruption during corneoptosis, which starts with cytoplasmic high Ca2+ signal. These findings suggest that the calcium flux may have a role in triggering the increase in the bulk water content in SG1 cells. Thus, our near-field CMOS dielectric sensor provides a valuable tool to dissect the involvement of water molecules in the various events that occur in the cell.
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20
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Peskoller M, Bhosale A, Göbel K, Löhr J, Miceli S, Perot S, Persa O, Rübsam M, Shah J, Zhang H, Niessen CM. ESDR 50th Anniversary Lecture summary: How to build and regenerate a functional skin barrier: the adhesive and cell shaping travels of a keratinocyte. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1020-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Wang X, Schepler H, Neufurth M, Wang S, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Polyphosphate in Chronic Wound Healing: Restoration of Impaired Metabolic Energy State. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 61:51-82. [PMID: 35697937 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-01237-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many pathological conditions are characterized by a deficiency of metabolic energy. A prominent example is nonhealing or difficult-to-heal chronic wounds. Because of their unique ability to serve as a source of metabolic energy, inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) offer the opportunity to develop novel strategies to treat such wounds. The basis is the generation of ATP from the polymer through the joint action of two extracellular or plasma membrane-bound enzymes alkaline phosphatase and adenylate kinase, which enable the transfer of energy-rich phosphate from polyP to AMP with the formation of ADP and finally ATP. Building on these findings, it was possible to develop novel regeneratively active materials for wound therapy, which have already been successfully evaluated in first studies on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hadrian Schepler
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinic Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Schröder HC, Wang X, Neufurth M, Wang S, Müller WEG. Biomimetic Polyphosphate Materials: Toward Application in Regenerative Medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 61:83-130. [PMID: 35697938 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-01237-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) has attracted increasing attention as a biomedical polymer or biomaterial with a great potential for application in regenerative medicine, in particular in the fields of tissue engineering and repair. The interest in polyP is based on two properties of this physiological polymer that make polyP stand out from other polymers: polyP has morphogenetic activity by inducing cell differentiation through specific gene expression, and it functions as an energy store and donor of metabolic energy, especially in the extracellular matrix or in the extracellular space. No other biopolymer applicable in tissue regeneration/repair is known that is endowed with this combination of properties. In addition, polyP can be fabricated both in the form of a biologically active coacervate and as biomimetic amorphous polyP nano/microparticles, which are stable and are activated by transformation into the coacervate phase after contact with protein/body fluids. PolyP can be used in the form of various metal salts and in combination with various hydrogel-forming polymers, whereby (even printable) hybrid materials with defined porosities and mechanical and biological properties can be produced, which can even be loaded with cells for 3D cell printing or with drugs and support the growth and differentiation of (stem) cells as well as cell migration/microvascularization. Potential applications in therapy of bone, cartilage and eye disorders/injuries and wound healing are summarized and possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Yoshida T, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis: From old idea to new opportunity. Allergol Int 2022; 71:3-13. [PMID: 34916117 PMCID: PMC8934597 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic skin inflammatory disease, with a profound impact on patients’ quality of life. AD varies considerably in clinical course, age of onset and degree to which it is accompanied by allergic and non-allergic comorbidities. Skin barrier impairment in both lesional and nonlesional skin is now recognized as a critical and often early feature of AD. This may be explained by a number of abnormalities identified within both the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of key barrier defects in AD, starting with a historical perspective. We will also highlight some of the commonly used methods to characterize and quantify skin barrier function. There is ample opportunity for further investigative work which we call out throughout this review. These include: quantifying the relative impact of individual epidermal abnormalities and putting this in a more holistic view with physiological measures of barrier function, as well as determining whether these barrier-specific endotypes predict clinical phenotypes (e.g. age of onset, natural history, comorbidities, response to therapies, etc). Mechanistic studies with new (and in development) AD therapies that specifically target immune pathways, Staphylococcus aureus abundance and/or skin barrier will help us understand the dynamic crosstalk between these compartments and their relative importance in AD.
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25
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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26
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The Skin's Barrier: A Cryo-EM Based Overview of its Architecture and Stepwise Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:285-292. [PMID: 34474746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major role of the skin is to serve as a barrier toward the environment. The skin's permeability barrier consists of a lipid structure positioned in the stratum corneum. Recent progress in high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has allowed for elucidation of the architecture of the skin's barrier and its stepwise formation process representing the final stage of epidermal differentiation. In this review, we present an overview of the skin's barrier structure and its formation process, as evidenced by cryo-EM.
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27
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Gómez-Gálvez P, Anbari S, Escudero LM, Buceta J. Mechanics and self-organization in tissue development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:147-159. [PMID: 34417092 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization is an all-important feature of living systems that provides the means to achieve specialization and functionality at distinct spatio-temporal scales. Herein, we review this concept by addressing the packing organization of cells, the sorting/compartmentalization phenomenon of cell populations, and the propagation of organizing cues at the tissue level through traveling waves. We elaborate on how different theoretical models and tools from Topology, Physics, and Dynamical Systems have improved the understanding of self-organization by shedding light on the role played by mechanics as a driver of morphogenesis. Altogether, by providing a historical perspective, we show how ideas and hypotheses in the field have been revisited, developed, and/or rejected and what are the open questions that need to be tackled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samira Anbari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
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28
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The precision of macroscale mechanical measurements is limited by the inherent structural heterogeneity of human stratum corneum. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:308-316. [PMID: 34087446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological tissues are structurally heterogenous mosaics at cellular and sub-cellular length scales. Some tissues, like the outermost layer of human skin, or stratum corneum (SC), also exhibit a rich topography of microchannels at larger mesoscopic length scales. Although this is well understood, modern studies continue to characterize the mechanical properties of biological tissues, including the SC, using macroscale techniques that assume these materials are homogenous in structure, thickness, and composition. Macroscale failure testing of SC is commonly associated with large sample to sample variability. We anticipate that microscale heterogeneities play an important role in defining the global mechanical response of the tissue. To evaluate the validity of the prevailing paradigm that macroscopic testing techniques can provide meaningful information about failure in soft heterogenous tissues, the macroscale work of fracture in isolated human SC samples is measured using conventional macroscale testing techniques and compared with the energy cost of creating new crack interfaces at the microscale, measured using a modified traction force microscopy technique. Results show that measured micro- and macroscale energy costs per unit crack path length are highly consistent. However, crack propagation is found to be guided by microscale topographical features in the tissue. This correlation reveals that macroscale mechanical sample to sample variability is caused by notable differences in crack propagation pathways. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although designed to test homogeneous materials, macroscopic uniaxial tensometry is currently the gold standard for measuring the mechanical properties of biological tissues. All tissues, including human stratum corneum are structurally heterogeneous at the microscale and mechanical measurements are commonly highly variable, even for specimens from the same source. This study explores the fundamental causes of this disparity and evaluates the prevailing paradigm that macroscopic testing techniques can provide meaningful information about failure in soft heterogeneous tissues. Results conclude that the cause of large variability in mechanical work of fracture is due to inherent structural heterogeneities governing crack propagation pathways and altering the total crack length. Structural heterogeneities in tissue therefore limits the precision of macroscale biomechanical testing.
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29
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Murakami M, Akagi T, Sasano Y, Akashi M. Effect of 3D-Fibroblast Dermis Constructed by Layer-by-Layer Cell Coating Technique on Tight Junction Formation and Function in Full-Thickness Skin Equivalent. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3835-3844. [PMID: 34286576 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) consisting of an epidermis and dermis have been used as promising tools for drug evaluation and for clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) are essential for the fabrication of HSEs because they play an important role in the maturation of the epidermis. Recently, epidermal tight junctions (TJs), which are complex cell-cell junctions, have attracted much attention as a second barrier and regulator for other barrier functions. In a previous study, we revealed the expression of TJ-related proteins and the time course of formation of TJ structure in the HSE (layer-by-layer (LbL)-three-dimensional (3D) Skin) constructed by layer-by-layer (LbL) cell coating technique that have a unique dermis consisting of NHDFs only (3D-fibroblast dermis). However, the effect of the 3D-fibroblast dermis on the formation of functional epidermal TJs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the 3D-fibroblast dermis on the expression of TJ-related proteins and TJ function in LbL-3D Skin. We demonstrated that the 3D-fibroblast dermis affects the long-term expression of TJ-related proteins and the formation of TJ with barrier function in the epidermis. These results show that the 3D-fibroblast dermis in LbL-3D Skin contributes to the formation and maintenance of functional TJs as in native human skin by direct contact with KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Murakami
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takami Akagi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumi Sasano
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Pharma-Medicals Division, Life & Healthcare Products Department, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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30
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Luger T, Amagai M, Dreno B, Dagnelie MA, Liao W, Kabashima K, Schikowski T, Proksch E, Elias PM, Simon M, Simpson E, Grinich E, Schmuth M. Atopic dermatitis: Role of the skin barrier, environment, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:142-157. [PMID: 34116898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous and pruritic skin lesions. In recent decades, the prevalence of AD has increased worldwide, most notably in developing countries. The enormous progress in our understanding of the complex composition and functions of the epidermal barrier allows for a deeper appreciation of the active role that the skin barrier plays in the initiation and maintenance of skin inflammation. The epidermis forms a physical, chemical, immunological, neuro-sensory, and microbial barrier between the internal and external environment. Not only lesional, but also non-lesional areas of AD skin display many morphological, biochemical and functional differences compared with healthy skin. Supporting this notion, genetic defects affecting structural proteins of the skin barrier, including filaggrin, contribute to an increased risk of AD. There is evidence to suggest that natural environmental allergens and man-made pollutants are associated with an increased likelihood of developing AD. A compromised epidermal barrier predisposes the skin to increased permeability of these compounds. Numerous topical and systemic therapies for AD are currently available or in development; while anti-inflammatory therapy is central to the treatment of AD, some existing and novel therapies also appear to exert beneficial effects on skin barrier function. Further research on the skin barrier, particularly addressing epidermal differentiation and inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the role of bacterial communities for skin barrier function, will likely expand our understanding of the complex etiology of AD and lead to identification of novel targets and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Ange Dagnelie
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter M Elias
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Inserm, University of Toulouse, U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Erin Grinich
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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A unique mode of keratinocyte death requires intracellular acidification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020722118. [PMID: 33893234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020722118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost epidermal layer, consists of nonviable anuclear keratinocytes, called corneocytes, which function as a protective barrier. The exact modes of cell death executed by keratinocytes of the upper stratum granulosum (SG1 cells) remain largely unknown. Here, using intravital imaging combined with intracellular Ca2+- and pH-responsive fluorescent probes, we aimed to dissect the SG1 death process in vivo. We found that SG1 cell death was preceded by prolonged (∼60 min) Ca2+ elevation and rapid induction of intracellular acidification. Once such intracellular ionic changes were initiated, they became sustained, irreversibly committing the SG1 cells to corneocyte conversion. Time-lapse imaging of isolated murine SG1 cells revealed that intracellular acidification was essential for the degradation of keratohyalin granules and nuclear DNA, phenomena specific to SC corneocyte formation. Furthermore, intravital imaging showed that the number of SG1 cells exhibiting Ca2+ elevation and the timing of intracellular acidification were both tightly regulated by the transient receptor potential cation channel V3. The functional activity of this protein was confirmed in isolated SG1 cells using whole-cell patch-clamp analysis. These findings provide a theoretical framework for improved understanding of the unique molecular mechanisms underlying keratinocyte-specific death mode, namely corneoptosis.
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32
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Kitaoka M, Nguyen TC, Goto M. Water-in-oil microemulsions composed of monoolein enhanced the transdermal delivery of nicotinamide. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:302-310. [PMID: 33566391 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to prevent and treat acne and pellagra. It is often found in water-based skin care cosmetics because of its high water solubility. Nicotinamide is a small molecule with a molar mass of 122.1 g/mol. However, it has a hydrophilic nature that becomes an obstacle when it penetrates through the skin. The topmost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, acts as a strong hydrophobic barrier for such hydrophilic molecules. The oil-based formulations are expected to enhance the transdermal delivery efficiency of nicotinamide. METHODS We have developed oil-based microemulsion formulations composed of a squalane vehicle. Monoolein was used as an emulsifier that has a potential to enhance the nicotinamide delivery through the stratum corneum. RESULTS Because the mean size of the emulsions measured by dynamic light scattering was 20.9 ± 0.4 nm, the microemulsion formulation was stable under the long-term storage. Monoolein acted as a skin penetration enhancer, and it effectively enabled the penetration of nicotinamide through human abdominal skin, compared with nicotinamide in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. The flux was increased 25-fold. Microscopic imaging revealed that the hydrophilic bioactive compounds penetrated through the intercellular spaces in the epidermis. CONCLUSION The monoolein-based microemulsion was transparent and stable, suggesting that it is a promising formulation for a transdermal nicotinamide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Trung Cong Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery System Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Imafuku K, Kamaguchi M, Natsuga K, Nakamura H, Shimizu H, Iwata H. Zonula occludens-1 demonstrates a unique appearance in buccal mucosa over several layers. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:691-702. [PMID: 33635425 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) firmly seal epithelial cells and are key players in the epithelial barrier. TJs consist of several proteins, including those of the transmembrane claudin family and the scaffold zonula occludens (ZO) family. Epithelial tissues are exposed to different conditions: to air in the stratified epithelium of the skin and to liquids in the monolayer of the intestine. The TJs in stratified oral mucosal epithelium have remained insufficiently elucidated in terms of distributions, appearances and barrier functions of TJ proteins in normal buccal mucosa. We investigated these and ZO-1 and claudin-1 were found to be expressed in the top third and in the bottom three quarters of the mucosal epithelium. ZO-1 in the buccal mucosa was found to have an irregular linear appearance. ZO-1 in the buccal mucosa continuously existed in several layers. Electron microscopy revealed the buccal mucosa to have kissing points. In a biotin permeation assay that sought to investigate inside-outside barrier function, the biotin tracer penetrated several ZO-1 layers but did not pass through all the ZO-1 layers. We found that the oral mucosal cell knockdown of TJP1 or CLDN1 resulted in decreases of TER but no significant change in FITC-dextran leakage. Our results suggest that the distribution and appearance of ZO-1 in the buccal mucosa differ from those in the skin. We were unable to prove barrier function in this study but we did show barrier function against small molecules in vivo and against ions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Building B9 Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan.
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34
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Zhang B, Lai RC, Sim WK, Choo ABH, Lane EB, Lim SK. Topical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Alleviates the Imiquimod Induced Psoriasis-Like Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:720. [PMID: 33450859 PMCID: PMC7828312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease is increasingly being effectively managed by targeted immunotherapy but long-term immunotherapy poses health risk and loss of response. Therefore, there is a need for alternative therapy strategies. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) exosomes are widely known for their potent immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigated if topically applied MSC exosomes could alleviate psoriasis-associated inflammation. Topically applied fluorescent exosomes on human skin explants were confined primarily to the stratum corneum with <1% input fluorescence exiting the explant over a 24-h period. Nevertheless, topically applied MSC exosomes in a mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ) psoriasis significantly reduced IL-17 and terminal complement activation complex C5b-9 in the mouse skin. MSC exosomes were previously shown to inhibit complement activation, specifically C5b-9 complex formation through CD59. Infiltration of neutrophils into the stratum corneum is characteristic of psoriasis and neutrophils are a major cellular source of IL-17 in psoriasis through the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We propose that topically applied MSC exosomes inhibit complement activation in the stratum corneum and this alleviates IL-17 release by NETS from neutrophils that accumulate in and beneath the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)—A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-39 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (B.Z.); (R.C.L.); (W.K.S.)
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)—A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-39 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (B.Z.); (R.C.L.); (W.K.S.)
| | - Wei Kian Sim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)—A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-39 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (B.Z.); (R.C.L.); (W.K.S.)
| | - Andre Boon Hwa Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)—A*STAR, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Singapore;
| | - Ellen Birgit Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS)—A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)—A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-39 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (B.Z.); (R.C.L.); (W.K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore c/o NUHS Tower Block, Level 8. IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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35
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Abstract
In this Primer, Moreci and Lechler follow the lifetime of an epidermal cell from its birth to its ultimate death, and detail how this journey is necessary for epidermal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Moreci
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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36
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Gómez-Gálvez P, Vicente-Munuera P, Anbari S, Buceta J, Escudero LM. The complex three-dimensional organization of epithelial tissues. Development 2021; 148:148/1/dev195669. [PMID: 33408064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular organization of tissues is key to developmental biology. In order to deal with this complex problem, researchers have taken advantage of reductionist approaches to reveal fundamental morphogenetic mechanisms and quantitative laws. For epithelia, their two-dimensional representation as polygonal tessellations has proved successful for understanding tissue organization. Yet, epithelial tissues bend and fold to shape organs in three dimensions. In this context, epithelial cells are too often simplified as prismatic blocks with a limited plasticity. However, there is increasing evidence that a realistic approach, even from a reductionist perspective, must include apico-basal intercalations (i.e. scutoidal cell shapes) for explaining epithelial organization convincingly. Here, we present an historical perspective about the tissue organization problem. Specifically, we analyze past and recent breakthroughs, and discuss how and why simplified, but realistic, in silico models require scutoidal features to address key morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samira Anbari
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18018, USA
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Askari M, Afzali Naniz M, Kouhi M, Saberi A, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:535-573. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, 3D bioprinting has received immense attention from research communities to bridge the divergence between artificially engineered tissue constructs and native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Askari
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
| | - Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
| | - Monireh Kouhi
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Azadeh Saberi
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department
- Materials and Energy Research Center
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
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38
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Rice G, Rompolas P. Advances in resolving the heterogeneity and dynamics of keratinocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:92-98. [PMID: 33091828 PMCID: PMC7736530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is equipped with a highly dynamic stratified epithelium. The maintenance and regeneration of this epithelium is supported by basally located keratinocytes, which display stem cell properties, including lifelong proliferative potential and the ability to undergo diverse differentiation trajectories. Keratinocytes support not just the surface of the skin, called the epidermis, but also a range of ectodermal structures including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Recent studies have shed light on the hitherto underappreciated heterogeneity of keratinocytes by employing state-of-the-art imaging technologies and single-cell genomic approaches. In this mini review, we highlight major recent discoveries that illuminate the dynamics and cellular mechanisms that govern keratinocyte differentiation in the live mammalian skin and discuss the broader implications of these findings for our understanding of epithelial and stem cell biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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The Whey Acidic Protein WFDC12 Is Specifically Expressed in Terminally Differentiated Keratinocytes and Regulates Epidermal Serine Protease Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1198-1206.e13. [PMID: 33157095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WFDC proteins such as peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI inhibit proteases in the epidermis and other tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that further WFDC protein family members might contribute to epidermal homeostasis. We found that in addition to peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI, WFDC5 and WFDC12 were expressed in human epidermis. In contrast to WFDC5, the expression of WFDC12 was induced during the late differentiation of keratinocytes and was restricted to the outermost layer of live cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that WFDC12-positive keratinocytes were characterized by the upregulation of LCE mRNA expression and downregulated the expression of keratins and claudins. Immunogold-electron microscopy revealed the colocalization of WFDC12 with corneodesmosomes in the lower stratum corneum. WFDC12 was elevated in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Darier disease. By contrast, WFDC12 expression was strongly upregulated not only in the affected but even more so in clinically normal-appearing skin of patients with Netherton syndrome. Finally, functional analysis showed distinct inhibitory activity of WFDC12 on neutrophil elastase and epidermal kallikrein‒related peptidase. Altogether, our study identified WFDC12 as a marker of the last stage of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and suggests that WFDC12 contributes to the control of protease activity in the stratum corneum.
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40
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Bolla BS, Erdei L, Urbán E, Burián K, Kemény L, Szabó K. Cutibacterium acnes regulates the epidermal barrier properties of HPV-KER human immortalized keratinocyte cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12815. [PMID: 32733073 PMCID: PMC7393503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our skin provides a physical barrier to separate the internal part of our body from the environment. Maintenance of complex barrier functions is achieved through anatomical structures in the skin, the stratified squamous epithelium specialized junctional organelles, called tight junctions (TJs). Several members of our microbial communities are known to affect the differentiation state and function of the colonized organ. Whether and how interactions between skin cells and cutaneous microbes, including Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), modify the structure and/or function of our skin is currently only partly understood. Thus, in our studies, we investigated whether C. acnes may affect the epidermal barrier using in vitro model systems. Real-time cellular analysis showed that depending on the keratinocyte differentiation state, the applied C. acnes strains and their dose, the measured impedance values change, together with the expression of selected TJ proteins. These may reflect barrier alterations, which can be partially restored upon antibiotic–antimycotic treatment. Our findings suggest that C. acnes can actively modify the barrier properties of cultured keratinocytes, possibly through alteration of tight cell-to-cell contacts. Similar events may play important roles in our skin, in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Szilvia Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Szabó
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
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41
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Derr K, Zou J, Luo K, Song MJ, Sittampalam GS, Zhou C, Michael S, Ferrer M, Derr P. Fully Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Skin Equivalent Constructs with Validated Morphology and Barrier Function. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:334-343. [PMID: 31007132 PMCID: PMC6589501 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of high-throughput, reproducible, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents (BPSEs) that are morphologically and functionally comparable to native skin tissue is advancing research in skin diseases, and providing a physiologically relevant platform for the development of therapeutics, transplants for regenerative medicine, and testing of skin products like cosmetics. Current protocols for the production of engineered skin grafts are limited in their ability to control 3D geometry of the structure and contraction leading to variability of skin function between constructs. In this study, we describe a method for the biofabrication of skin equivalents (SEs) that are fully bioprinted using an open-market bioprinter, made with commercially available primary cells and natural hydrogels. The unique hydrogel formulation allows for the production of a human-like SE with minimal lateral tissue contraction in a multiwell plate format, thus making them suitable for high-throughput bioprinting in a single print with fast print and relatively short incubation times. The morphology and barrier function of the fully 3D BPSEs are validated by immunohistochemistry staining, optical coherence tomography, and permeation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Derr
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jinyun Zou
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Keren Luo
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Jae Song
- 3 National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - G Sitta Sittampalam
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Chao Zhou
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam Michael
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Paige Derr
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Abstract
The terminal differentiation of the epidermis is a complex physiological process. During the past few decades, medical genetics has shown that defects in the stratum corneum (SC) permeability barrier cause a myriad of pathological conditions, ranging from common dry skin to lethal ichthyoses. Contrarily, molecular phylogenetics has revealed that amniotes have acquired a specialized form of cytoprotection cornification that provides mechanical resilience to the SC. This superior biochemical property, along with desiccation tolerance, is attributable to the proper formation of the macromolecular protein-lipid complex termed cornified cell envelopes (CE). Cornification largely depends on the peculiar biochemical and biophysical properties of loricrin, which is a major CE component. Despite its quantitative significance, loricrin knockout (LKO) mice have revealed it to be dispensable for the SC permeability barrier. Nevertheless, LKO mice have brought us valuable lessons. It is also becoming evident that absent loricrin affects skin homeostasis more profoundly in many more aspects than previously expected. Through an extensive review of aggregate evidence, we discuss herein the functional significance of the thiol-rich protein loricrin from a biochemical, genetic, pathological, metabolic, or immunological aspect with some theoretical and speculative perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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43
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Murine Epidermal Ceramide Synthase 4 Is a Key Regulator of Skin Barrier Homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1927-1937.e5. [PMID: 32092351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal barrier dysfunction is associated with a wide range of highly prevalent inflammatory skin diseases. However, the molecular processes that drive epidermal barrier maintenance are still largely unknown. Here, using quantitative proteomics, lipidomics, and mouse genetics, we characterize epidermal barrier maintenance versus a newly established barrier and functionally identify differential ceramide synthase 4 protein expression as one key difference. We show that epidermal loss of ceramide synthase 4 first disturbs epidermal lipid metabolism and adult epidermal barrier function, ultimately resulting in chronic skin barrier disease characterized by acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and immune cell accumulation. Importantly, prolonged barrier dysfunction induced by loss of ceramide synthase 4 induced a barrier repair response that largely recapitulates molecular programs of barrier establishment. Collectively, this study provides an unbiased temporal proteomic characterization of barrier maintenance and disturbed homeostasis and shows that lipid homeostasis is essential to maintain adult skin barrier function to prevent disease.
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44
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Deguchi M, Jose H, Nishida K, Ooi K. Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)-decreasing Effect by Administration of Zinc in the Elderly People. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:313-318. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
- Life Pharmacy
| | | | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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45
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Müller WEG, Schepler H, Tolba E, Wang S, Ackermann M, Muñoz-Espí R, Xiao S, Tan R, She Z, Neufurth M, Schröder HC, Wang X. A physiologically active interpenetrating collagen network that supports growth and migration of epidermal keratinocytes: zinc-polyP nanoparticles integrated into compressed collagen. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5892-5902. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that polyphosphate, as a component in wound healing mats together with Zn2+, is essential for growth and migration of skin keratinocytes.
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46
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Finegan TM, Hervieux N, Nestor-Bergmann A, Fletcher AG, Blanchard GB, Sanson B. The tricellular vertex-specific adhesion molecule Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000522. [PMID: 31805038 PMCID: PMC6894751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In epithelia, tricellular vertices are emerging as important sites for the regulation of epithelial integrity and function. Compared to bicellular contacts, however, much less is known. In particular, resident proteins at tricellular vertices were identified only at occluding junctions, with none known at adherens junctions (AJs). In a previous study, we discovered that in Drosophila embryos, the adhesion molecule Sidekick (Sdk), well-known in invertebrates and vertebrates for its role in the visual system, localises at tricellular vertices at the level of AJs. Here, we survey a wide range of Drosophila epithelia and establish that Sdk is a resident protein at tricellular AJs (tAJs), the first of its kind. Clonal analysis showed that two cells, rather than three cells, contributing Sdk are sufficient for tAJ localisation. Super-resolution imaging using structured illumination reveals that Sdk proteins form string-like structures at vertices. Postulating that Sdk may have a role in epithelia where AJs are actively remodelled, we analysed the phenotype of sdk null mutant embryos during Drosophila axis extension using quantitative methods. We find that apical cell shapes are abnormal in sdk mutants, suggesting a defect in tissue remodelling during convergence and extension. Moreover, adhesion at apical vertices is compromised in rearranging cells, with apical tears in the cortex forming and persisting throughout axis extension, especially at the centres of rosettes. Finally, we show that polarised cell intercalation is decreased in sdk mutants. Mathematical modelling of the cell behaviours supports the notion that the T1 transitions of polarised cell intercalation are delayed in sdk mutants, in particular in rosettes. We propose that this delay, in combination with a change in the mechanical properties of the converging and extending tissue, causes the abnormal apical cell shapes in sdk mutant embryos. This study identifies the adhesion molecule Sidekick as a resident protein of tricellular vertices between cells, at the level of adherens junctions. A combination of quantitative methods and modelling provides evidence that Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guy B. Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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47
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Lipsky ZW, German GK. Ultraviolet light degrades the mechanical and structural properties of human stratum corneum. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 100:103391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Egawa M, Iwanaga S, Hosoi J, Goto M, Yamanishi H, Miyai M, Katagiri C, Tokunaga K, Asai T, Ozeki Y. Label-free stimulated Raman scattering microscopy visualizes changes in intracellular morphology during human epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12601. [PMID: 31467379 PMCID: PMC6715667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte (KC) differentiation, which involves the process from proliferation to cell death for shedding the outermost layer of skin, is crucial for the barrier function of skin. Therefore, in dermatology, it is important to elucidate the epidermal KC differentiation process to evaluate the symptom level of diseases and skin conditions. Previous dermatological studies used staining or labelling techniques for this purpose, but they have technological limitations for revealing the entire process of epidermal KC differentiation, especially when applied to humans. Here, we demonstrate label-free visualization of three-dimensional (3D) intracellular morphological changes of ex vivo human epidermis during epidermal KC differentiation using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Specifically, we observed changes in nuclei during the initial enucleation process in which the nucleus is digested prior to flattening. Furthermore, we found holes left behind by improperly digested nuclei in the stratum corneum, suggesting abnormal differentiation. Our findings indicate the great potential of SRS microscopy for discrimination of the degree of epidermal KC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Egawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan.
| | - Shinya Iwanaga
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Junichi Hosoi
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Makiko Goto
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Miyai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Chika Katagiri
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Kyoya Tokunaga
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuya Asai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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49
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Holocrine Secretion Occurs outside the Tight Junction Barrier in Multicellular Glands: Lessons from Claudin-1-Deficient Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:298-308.e5. [PMID: 31445004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Holocrine secretion is a specific mode of secretion involving secretion of entire cytoplasmic materials with remnants of dead cells, as observed in multicellular exocrine glands of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Here, we found that sebaceous glands in mice, representative of multicellular exocrine glands of mammals, exhibit a form of polarized stratified epithelium equipped with tight junctions (TJs), and found that holocrine secretion occurred outside the TJ barriers. Sebaceous glands share characteristics of stratified epithelia with interfollicular epidermis, including basal-layer-restricted cell proliferation, TJ barrier formation at a specific single layer of cells with apico-basolateral plasma membrane polarity, and cell death outside the TJ barrier. Knockout of claudin-1, a transmembrane adhesive protein in TJs, in mice caused leakage of the TJ barrier in sebaceous glands and incomplete degradation of the plasma membrane and nuclei during holocrine secretion. Claudin-1 knockout resulted in the accumulation of incompletely degenerated sebocytes in sebaceous ducts, suggesting that the TJ barrier was necessary for differentiation of holocrine secretion. The redefinition of sebaceous glands as TJ-forming stratified epithelia provides an important framework to understand the molecular mechanism of holocrine secretion.
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50
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Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Control of cell death-associated danger signals during cornification prevents autoinflammation of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:884-891. [PMID: 29862564 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The function of the skin as a barrier to the environment is mainly achieved by the outermost layers of the epidermis. In the granular layer, epidermal keratinocytes undergo the last steps of their terminal differentiation program resulting in cornification. The coordinated conversion of living keratinocytes into corneocytes, the building blocks of the cornified layer, represents a unique form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have identified numerous genes that are specifically expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and, surprisingly, this genetic program does not only include mediators of cornification but also suppressors of pyroptosis, another mode of programmed cell death. Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes, leads to the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines, and thereby activates inflammation. In addition, inhibitors of potentially pro-inflammatory proteases and enzymes removing danger-associated cytoplasmic DNA are expressed in differentiated keratinocytes. We propose the concept of cornification as an inherently hazardous process in which damaging side effects are actively suppressed by protective mechanisms. In support of this hypothesis, loss-of-function mutations in epidermal protease inhibitors and IL-1 family antagonists suffice to induce autoinflammation. Similarly, exogenous disturbances of either cornification or its accompanying control mechanisms may be starting points for skin inflammation. Further studies into the relationship between cornification, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death will help to define the initiation phase of inflammatory skin diseases and offer new targets for disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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