1
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Croucher NJ, Campo JJ, Le TQ, Pablo JV, Hung C, Teng AA, Turner C, Nosten F, Bentley SD, Liang X, Turner P, Goldblatt D. Genomic and panproteomic analysis of the development of infant immune responses to antigenically-diverse pneumococci. Nat Commun 2024; 15:355. [PMID: 38191887 PMCID: PMC10774285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a nasopharyngeal commensal and respiratory pathogen. This study characterises the immunoglobulin G (IgG) repertoire recognising pneumococci from birth to 24 months old (mo) in a prospectively-sampled cohort of 63 children using a panproteome array. IgG levels are highest at birth, due to transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies. The subsequent emergence of responses to individual antigens exhibit distinct kinetics across the cohort. Stable differences in the strength of individuals' responses, correlating with maternal IgG concentrations, are established by 6 mo. By 12 mo, children develop unique antibody profiles that are boosted by re-exposure. However, some proteins only stimulate substantial responses in adults. Integrating genomic data on nasopharyngeal colonisation demonstrates rare pneumococcal antigens can elicit strong IgG levels post-exposure. Quantifying such responses to the diverse core loci (DCL) proteins is complicated by cross-immunity between variants. In particular, the conserved N terminus of DCL protein zinc metalloprotease B provokes the strongest early IgG responses. DCL proteins' ability to inhibit mucosal immunity likely explains continued pneumococcal carriage despite hosts' polyvalent antibody repertoire. Yet higher IgG levels are associated with reduced incidence, and severity, of pneumonia, demonstrating the importance of the heterogeneity in response strength and kinetics across antigens and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Joseph J Campo
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Timothy Q Le
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jozelyn V Pablo
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Christopher Hung
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Claudia Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, 9V54+8FQ, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, 63110, Thailand
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites & Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Paul Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, 9V54+8FQ, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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2
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See KC. Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: A Narrative Review of Considerations for Individualized Decision-Making. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050908. [PMID: 37243012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease remains one of the major causes of severe disease in both children and adults. Severe disease may be prevented by pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, which currently cover more than 20 serotypes. However, unlike routine pneumococcal vaccination in children, guidelines promote only limited pneumococcal vaccination in adults, and do not cater for decision-making for individual patients. In this narrative review, considerations for individualized decision-making are identified and discussed. This review identifies and discusses considerations for individualized decision-making, including the risk of severe disease, immunogenicity, clinical efficacy, mucosal immunity, herd immunity, concomitant administration with other vaccines, waning immunity, and replacement strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Choong See
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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3
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Micoli F, Romano MR, Carboni F, Adamo R, Berti F. Strengths and weaknesses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:135-148. [PMID: 36652051 PMCID: PMC10027807 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent vaccines addressing an increasing number of Streptococcus pneumoniae types (7-, 10-, 13-, 15-, 20-valent) have been licensed over the last 22 years. The use of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines has been pivotal in reducing the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease despite the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes. Notwithstanding its undoubtable success, some weaknesses have called for continuous improvement of pneumococcal vaccination. For instance, despite their inclusion in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, there are challenges associated with some serotypes. In particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 remains a major cause of invasive pneumococcal disease in several countries.Here a deep revision of the strengths and weaknesses of the licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and other vaccine candidates currently in clinical development is reported.
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Kremer PHC, Ferwerda B, Bootsma HJ, Rots NY, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Sanders EAM, Trzciński K, Wyllie AL, Turner P, van der Ende A, Brouwer MC, Bentley SD, van de Beek D, Lees JA. Pneumococcal genetic variability in age-dependent bacterial carriage. eLife 2022; 11:e69244. [PMID: 35881438 PMCID: PMC9395192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of pneumococcal carriage vary between infants and adults. Host immune factors have been shown to contribute to these age-specific differences, but the role of pathogen sequence variation is currently less well-known. Identification of age-associated pathogen genetic factors could leadto improved vaccine formulations. We therefore performed genome sequencing in a large carriage cohort of children and adults and combined this with data from an existing age-stratified carriage study. We compiled a dictionary of pathogen genetic variation, including serotype, strain, sequence elements, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) for each cohort - all of which were used in a genome-wide association with host age. Age-dependent colonization showed weak evidence of being heritable in the first cohort (h2 = 0.10, 95% CI 0.00-0.69) and stronger evidence in the second cohort (h2 = 0.56, 95% CI 0.23-0.87). We found that serotypes and genetic background (strain) explained a proportion of the heritability in the first cohort (h2serotype = 0.07, 95% CI 0.04-0.14 and h2GPSC = 0.06, 95% CI 0.03-0.13) and the second cohort (h2serotype = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.21 and h2GPSC = 0.20, 95% CI 0.12-0.31). In a meta-analysis of these cohorts, we found one candidate association (p=1.2 × 10-9) upstream of an accessory Sec-dependent serine-rich glycoprotein adhesin. Overall, while we did find a small effect of pathogen genome variation on pneumococcal carriage between child and adult hosts, this was variable between populations and does not appear to be caused by strong effects of individual genes. This supports proposals for adaptive future vaccination strategies that are primarily targeted at dominant circulating serotypes and tailored to the composition of the pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip HC Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreefNetherlands
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreefNetherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Hester J Bootsma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenNetherlands
| | - Nienke Y Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenNetherlands
| | - Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenNetherlands
| | - Elisabeth AM Sanders
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenNetherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious D, Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious D, Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious D, Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUtrechtNetherlands
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | - Paul Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for ChildrenSiem ReapCambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamNetherlands
- The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial MeningitisAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreefNetherlands
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreefNetherlands
| | - John A Lees
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory–European Bioinformatics InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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5
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Wu W, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Yang W, Fan X, Xu J, Huang Z, Shao Q. Overexpression of sonic hedgehog enhances the osteogenesis in rat ectomesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Bank 2022; 23:569-580. [PMID: 35147838 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-022-09994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ectoderm-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) were used as potential seed cells for bone tissue engineering to treat bone defects due to their capability of rapid proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling was reported to play an important role in the development of bone tissue, but its role is not understood. The present study investigated the role of Shh molecule in osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs in vitro. Rat EMSCs were isolated form nasal respiratory mucosa and identified with immunofluorescence and analyzed with other methods, including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. EMSCs expressed CD90, CD105, nestin, and vimentin. On the seventh day of osteogenic induction, expression levels of Shh and Gli1 was higher according to the result of qPCR and Western blotting. After induction for 14 days, higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and more mineralized nodules were seen in comparison to the cells that did not undergo induction. Shh signaling appears to enhance osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs, suggesting that Shh signaling directs the lineage differentiation of ectodermal stem cells and represents a promising strategy for skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jili Xu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Panproteome Analysis of the Human Antibody Response to Bacterial Vaccines and Challenge. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34784033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
High-density protein microarray is an established technology for characterizing host antibody profiles against entire pathogen proteomes. As one of the highest throughput technologies for antigen discovery, proteome microarrays are a translational research tool for identification of vaccine candidates and biomarkers of susceptibility or protection from microbial challenge. The application has been expanded in recent years due to increased availability of bacterial genomic sequences for a broader range of species and strain diversity. Panproteome microarrays now allow for fine characterization of antibody specificity and cross-reactivity that may be relevant to vaccine design and biomarker discovery, as well as a fuller understanding of factors underlying themes of bacterial evolution and host-pathogen interactions. In this chapter, we present a workflow for design of panproteome microarrays and demonstrate statistical analysis of panproteomic human antibody responses to bacterial vaccination and challenge. Focus is particularly drawn to the bioinformatics and statistical tools and providing nontrivial, real examples that may help foster hypotheses and rational design of panproteomic studies.
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7
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Weinberger B. Vaccination of older adults: Influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, COVID-19 and beyond. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34627326 PMCID: PMC8501352 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preserving good health in old age is of utmost importance to alleviate societal, economic and health care-related challenges caused by an aging society. The prevalence and severity of many infectious diseases is higher in older adults, and in addition to the acute disease, long-term sequelae, such as exacerbation of underlying chronic disease, onset of frailty or increased long-term care dependency, are frequent. Prevention of infections e.g. by vaccination is therefore an important measure to ensure healthy aging and preserve quality of life. Several vaccines are specifically recommended for older adults in many countries, and in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic older adults were among the first target groups for vaccination due to their high risk for severe disease. This review highlights clinical data on the influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and herpes zoster vaccines, summarizes recent developments to improve vaccine efficacy, such as the use of adjuvants or higher antigen dose for influenza, and gives an overview of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development for older adults. Substantial research is ongoing to further improve vaccines, e.g. by developing universal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to overcome the limitations of the current strain-specific vaccines, and to develop novel vaccines against pathogens, which cause considerable morbidity and mortality in older adults, but for which no vaccines are currently available. In addition, we need to improve uptake of the existing vaccines and increase awareness for life-long vaccination in order to provide optimal protection for the vulnerable older age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Harrow GL, Lees JA, Hanage WP, Lipsitch M, Corander J, Colijn C, Croucher NJ. Negative frequency-dependent selection and asymmetrical transformation stabilise multi-strain bacterial population structures. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1523-1538. [PMID: 33408365 PMCID: PMC8115253 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae can be divided into many strains, each a distinct set of isolates sharing similar core and accessory genomes, which co-circulate within the same hosts. Previous analyses suggested the short-term vaccine-associated dynamics of S. pneumoniae strains may be mediated through multi-locus negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS), which maintains accessory loci at equilibrium frequencies. Long-term simulations demonstrated NFDS stabilised clonally-evolving multi-strain populations through preventing the loss of variation through drift, based on polymorphism frequencies, pairwise genetic distances and phylogenies. However, allowing symmetrical recombination between isolates evolving under multi-locus NFDS generated unstructured populations of diverse genotypes. Replication of the observed data improved when multi-locus NFDS was combined with recombination that was instead asymmetrical, favouring deletion of accessory loci over insertion. This combination separated populations into strains through outbreeding depression, resulting from recombinants with reduced accessory genomes having lower fitness than their parental genotypes. Although simplistic modelling of recombination likely limited these simulations' ability to maintain some properties of genomic data as accurately as those lacking recombination, the combination of asymmetrical recombination and multi-locus NFDS could restore multi-strain population structures from randomised initial populations. As many bacteria inhibit insertions into their chromosomes, this combination may commonly underlie the co-existence of strains within a niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L Harrow
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John A Lees
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Parasites & Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Parasites & Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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9
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Ramos-Sevillano E, Ercoli G, Guerra-Assunção JA, Felgner P, Ramiro de Assis R, Nakajima R, Goldblatt D, Tetteh KKA, Heyderman RS, Gordon SB, Ferreria DM, Brown JS. Protective Effect of Nasal Colonisation with ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABCStreptococcus pneumoniae Strains against Recolonisation and Invasive Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030261. [PMID: 33804077 PMCID: PMC8000150 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Nasopharyngeal administration of live virulence-attenuated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains is a potential novel preventative strategy. One target for creating reduced virulence S. pneumoniae strains is the capsule, but loss of the capsule reduces the duration of S. pneumoniae colonisation in mice which could impair protective efficacy against subsequent infection. OBJECTIVES To assess protective efficacy of nasopharyngeal administration of unencapsulated S. pneumoniae strains in murine infection models. METHODS Strains containing cps locus deletions combined with the S. pneumoniae virulence factors psaA (reduces colonisation) or proABC (no effect on colonisation) were constructed and their virulence phenotypes and ability to prevent recolonisation or invasive infection assessed using mouse infection models. Serological responses to colonisation were compared between strains using ELISAs, immunoblots and 254 S. pneumoniae protein antigen array. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABC strains were strongly attenuated in virulence in both invasive infection models and had a reduced ability to colonise the nasopharynx. ELISAs, immunoblots and protein arrays showed colonisation with either strain stimulated weaker serological responses than the wild type strain. Mice previously colonised with these strains were protected against septicaemic pneumonia but, unlike mice colonised with the wild type strain, not against S. pneumoniae recolonisation. CONCLUSIONS Colonisation with the ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABC strains prevented subsequent septicaemia, but in contrast, to published data for encapsulated double mutant strains they did not prevent recolonisation with S. pneumoniae. These data suggest targeting the cps locus is a less effective option for creating live attenuated strains that prevent S. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ramos-Sevillano
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
- Correspondence: (E.R.-S.); (J.S.B.); Tel.: +44-20-7679-6008 (J.S.B.); Fax: +44-20-7679-6973 (J.S.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Ercoli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
| | | | - Philip Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA; (P.F.); (R.R.d.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Rafael Ramiro de Assis
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA; (P.F.); (R.R.d.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA; (P.F.); (R.R.d.A.); (R.N.)
| | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Kevin Kweku Adjei Tetteh
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Robert Simon Heyderman
- Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
| | - Stephen Brian Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 30096, Malawi;
| | - Daniela Mulari Ferreria
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Jeremy Stuart Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
- Correspondence: (E.R.-S.); (J.S.B.); Tel.: +44-20-7679-6008 (J.S.B.); Fax: +44-20-7679-6973 (J.S.B.)
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10
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Scott NR, Mann B, Tuomanen EI, Orihuela CJ. Multi-Valent Protein Hybrid Pneumococcal Vaccines: A Strategy for the Next Generation of Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:209. [PMID: 33801372 PMCID: PMC8002124 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a bacterial pathogen known to colonize the upper respiratory tract and cause serious opportunistic diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. As a consequence, millions of attributable deaths occur annually, especially among infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Although current vaccines, composed of purified pneumococcal polysaccharide in free form or conjugated to a protein carrier, are widely used and have been demonstrated to be effective in target groups, Spn has continued to colonize and cause life-threatening disease in susceptible populations. This lack of broad protection highlights the necessity of improving upon the current "gold standard" pneumococcal vaccines to increase protection both by decreasing colonization and reducing the incidence of sterile-site infections. Over the past century, most of the pneumococcal proteins that play an essential role in colonization and pathogenesis have been identified and characterized. Some of these proteins have the potential to serve as antigens in a multi-valent protein vaccine that confers capsule independent protection. This review seeks to summarize the benefits and limitations of the currently employed vaccine strategies, describes how leading candidate proteins contribute to pneumococcal disease development, and discusses the potential of these proteins as protective antigens-including as a hybrid construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninecia R. Scott
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Elaine I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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11
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Ercoli G, Ramos-Sevillano E, Nakajima R, de Assis RR, Jasinskas A, Goldblatt D, Felgner P, Weckbecker G, Brown J. The Influence of B Cell Depletion Therapy on Naturally Acquired Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2021; 11:611661. [PMID: 33584691 PMCID: PMC7876223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab to deplete CD20+ B cells is an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and B cell malignancies, but is associated with an increased incidence of respiratory infections. Using mouse models we have investigated the consequences of B cell depletion on natural and acquired humoral immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. B cell depletion of naïve C57Bl/6 mice reduced natural IgM recognition of S. pneumoniae, but did not increase susceptibility to S. pneumoniae pneumonia. ELISA and flow cytometry assays demonstrated significantly reduced IgG and IgM recognition of S. pneumoniae in sera from mice treated with B cell depletion prior to S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization compared to untreated mice. Colonization induced antibody responses to protein rather than capsular antigen, and when measured using a protein array B cell depletion prior to colonization reduced serum levels of IgG to several protein antigens. However, B cell depleted S. pneumoniae colonized mice were still partially protected against both lung infection and septicemia when challenged with S. pneumoniae after reconstitution of their B cells. These data indicate that although B cell depletion markedly impairs antibody recognition of S. pneumoniae in colonized mice, some protective immunity is maintained, perhaps mediated by cellular immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/blood
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/prevention & control
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercoli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Ramos-Sevillano
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Ramiro de Assis
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David Goldblatt
- Department of Immunobiology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gisbert Weckbecker
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Luck JN, Tettelin H, Orihuela CJ. Sugar-Coated Killer: Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:613287. [PMID: 33425786 PMCID: PMC7786310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.613287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which surrounds the bacteria, is one of the most significant and multifaceted contributors to Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. Capsule prevents entrapment in mucus during colonization, traps water to protect against desiccation, can serve as an energy reserve, and protects the bacterium against complement-mediated opsonization and immune cell phagocytosis. To date, 100 biochemically and serologically distinct capsule types have been identified for S. pneumoniae; 20 to 30 of which have well-defined propensity to cause opportunistic human infection. Among these, serotype 3 is perhaps the most problematic as serotype 3 infections are characterized as having severe clinical manifestations including empyema, bacteremia, cardiotoxicity, and meningitis; consequently, with a fatality rate of 30%–47%. Moreover, serotype 3 resists antibody-mediated clearance despite its inclusion in the current 13-valent conjugate vaccine formulation. This review covers the role of capsule in pneumococcal pathogenesis and the importance of serotype 3 on human disease. We discuss how serotype 3 capsule synthesis and presentation on the bacterial surface is distinct from other serotypes, the biochemical and physiological properties of this capsule type that facilitate its ability to cause disease, and why existing vaccines are unable to confer protection. We conclude with discussion of the clonal properties of serotype 3 and how these have changed since introduction of the 13-valent vaccine in 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Luck
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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Su T, Nakamoto R, Chun YY, Chua WZ, Chen JH, Zik JJ, Sham LT. Decoding capsule synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6041728. [PMID: 33338218 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae synthesizes more than one hundred types of capsular polysaccharides (CPS). While the diversity of the enzymes and transporters involved is enormous, it is not limitless. In this review, we summarized the recent progress on elucidating the structure-function relationships of CPS, the mechanisms by which they are synthesized, how their synthesis is regulated, the host immune response against them, and the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines. Based on the genetic and structural information available, we generated provisional models of the CPS repeating units that remain unsolved. In addition, to facilitate cross-species comparisons and assignment of glycosyltransferases, we illustrated the biosynthetic pathways of the known CPS in a standardized format. Studying the intricate steps of pneumococcal CPS assembly promises to provide novel insights for drug and vaccine development as well as improve our understanding of related pathways in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Rei Nakamoto
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Ye Yu Chun
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Wan Zhen Chua
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Justin J Zik
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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14
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Camponovo F, Campo JJ, Le TQ, Oberai A, Hung C, Pablo JV, Teng AA, Liang X, Sim BKL, Jongo S, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Hoffman SL, Daubenberger C, Penny MA. Proteome-wide analysis of a malaria vaccine study reveals personalized humoral immune profiles in Tanzanian adults. eLife 2020; 9:53080. [PMID: 32662772 PMCID: PMC7386907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanzanian adult male volunteers were immunized by direct venous inoculation with radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (PfSPZ Vaccine) and protective efficacy assessed by homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were analyzed longitudinally using a Pf protein microarray covering 91% of the proteome, providing first insights into naturally acquired and PfSPZ Vaccine-induced whole parasite antibody profiles in malaria pre-exposed Africans. Immunoreactivity was identified against 2239 functionally diverse Pf proteins, showing a wide breadth of humoral response. Antibody-based immune ‘fingerprints’ in these individuals indicated a strong person-specific immune response at baseline, with little changes in the overall humoral immunoreactivity pattern measured after immunization. The moderate increase in immunogenicity following immunization and the extensive and variable breadth of humoral immune response observed in the volunteers at baseline suggest that pre-exposure reduces vaccine-induced antigen reactivity in unanticipated ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Camponovo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Amit Oberai
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, United States
| | | | | | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, United States
| | | | | | - Said Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Wagner A, Weinberger B. Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Older Population: Immunological Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32391017 PMCID: PMC7190794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population. Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next decades. Prevention of infections becomes increasingly important to ensure healthy aging for the individual, and to alleviate the socio-economic burden for societies. Undoubtedly, vaccines are the most efficient health care measure to prevent infections. Age-associated changes of the immune system are responsible for decreased immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of most currently used vaccines in older age. Efficacy of standard influenza vaccines is only 30-50% in the older population. Several approaches, such as higher antigen dose, use of MF59 as adjuvant and intradermal administration have been implemented in order to specifically target the aged immune system. The use of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been amended by a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine originally developed for young children several years ago to overcome at least some of the limitations of the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens, but still is only approximately 50% protective against pneumonia. A live-attenuated vaccine against herpes zoster, which has been available for several years, demonstrated efficacy of 51% against herpes zoster and 67% against post-herpetic neuralgia. Protection was lower in the very old and decreased several years after vaccination. Recently, a recombinant vaccine containing the viral glycoprotein gE and the novel adjuvant AS01B has been licensed. Phase III studies demonstrated efficacy against herpes zoster of approx. 90% even in the oldest age groups after administration of two doses and many countries now recommend the preferential use of this vaccine. There are still many infectious diseases causing substantial morbidity in the older population, for which no vaccines are available so far. Extensive research is ongoing to develop vaccines against novel targets with several vaccine candidates already being clinically tested, which have the potential to substantially reduce health care costs and to save many lives. In addition to the development of novel and improved vaccines, which specifically target the aged immune system, it is also important to improve uptake of the existing vaccines in order to protect the vulnerable, older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Santos-Cortez RLP, Bhutta MF, Earl JP, Hafrén L, Jennings M, Mell JC, Pichichero ME, Ryan AF, Tateossian H, Ehrlich GD. Panel 3: Genomics, precision medicine and targeted therapies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109835. [PMID: 32007292 PMCID: PMC7155947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the most recent advances in human and bacterial genomics as applied to pathogenesis and clinical management of otitis media. DATA SOURCES PubMed articles published since the last meeting in June 2015 up to June 2019. REVIEW METHODS A panel of experts in human and bacterial genomics of otitis media was formed. Each panel member reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The panel met at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2019, discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. CONCLUSION Trans-disciplinary approaches applying pan-omic technologies to identify human susceptibility to otitis media and to understand microbial population dynamics, patho-adaptation and virulence mechanisms are crucial to the development of novel, personalized therapeutics and prevention strategies for otitis media. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In the future otitis media prevention strategies may be augmented by mucosal immunization, combination vaccines targeting multiple pathogens, and modulation of the middle ear microbiome. Both treatment and vaccination may be tailored to an individual's otitis media phenotype as defined by molecular profiles obtained by using rapidly developing techniques in microbial and host genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Joshua P. Earl
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8A, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael E. Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Ave., Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Allen F. Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hilda Tateossian
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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17
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Colijn C, Corander J, Croucher NJ. Designing ecologically optimized pneumococcal vaccines using population genomics. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:473-485. [PMID: 32015499 PMCID: PMC7614922 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a common nasopharyngeal commensal that can cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Each component of current protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) generally induces immunity specific to one of the approximately 100 pneumococcal serotypes, and typically eliminates it from carriage and IPD through herd immunity. Overall carriage rates remain stable owing to replacement by non-PCV serotypes. Consequently, the net change in IPD incidence is determined by the relative invasiveness of the pre- and post-PCV-carried pneumococcal populations. In the present study, we identified PCVs expected to minimize the post-vaccine IPD burden by applying Bayesian optimization to an ecological model of serotype replacement that integrated epidemiological and genomic data. We compared optimal formulations for reducing infant-only or population-wide IPD, and identified potential benefits to including non-conserved pneumococcal carrier proteins. Vaccines were also devised to minimize IPD resistant to antibiotic treatment, despite the ecological model assuming that resistance levels in the carried population would be preserved. We found that expanding infant-administered PCV valency is likely to result in diminishing returns, and that complementary pairs of infant- and adult-administered vaccines could be a superior strategy. PCV performance was highly dependent on the circulating pneumococcal population, further highlighting the advantages of a diversity of anti-pneumococcal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Parasites & Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Converso TR, Assoni L, André GO, Darrieux M, Leite LCC. The long search for a serotype independent pneumococcal vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:57-70. [PMID: 31903805 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Serotype replacement - a consequence of polysaccharide vaccine use - will continue to drive the inclusion of new serotypes on conjugate vaccines, increasing production complexity and costs, and making an already expensive vaccine less accessible to developing countries, where prevalence is higher and resources available for health systems, scarcer. Serotype-independent formulations are a promising option, but so far they have not been successful in reducing colonization/transmission.Areas covered: Protein-based and whole-cell vaccine candidates studied in the past 30 years. Challenges for serotype-independent vaccine development and alternative approaches.Expert opinion: Clinical trials performed so far demonstrated the importance to establish more reliable animal models and better correlates of protection. Defining appropriate endpoints for clinical trials of serotype-independent vaccine candidates has been a challenge. Inhibition of colonization has been evaluated, but concern on the extent of bacterial elimination is still a matter of debate. Challenges on establishing representative sites for clinical trials, sample sizes and appropriate age groups are discussed. On a whole, although many challenges will have to be overcome, establishing protein-based antigens as serotype-independent vaccines is still the best alternative against the huge burden of pneumococcal diseases in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - G O André
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - M Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Morais V, Texeira E, Suarez N. Next-Generation Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E151. [PMID: 31623286 PMCID: PMC6963273 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major public health hazard. Although Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) are available and have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases, there is still a need for new vaccines with unlimited serotype coverage, long-lasting protection, and lower cost to be developed. One of the most promising candidates is the Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine (WCV). The new generation of whole-cell vaccines is based on an unencapsulated serotype that allows the expression of many bacterial antigens at a lower cost than a recombinant vaccine. These vaccines have been extensively studied, are currently in human trial phase 1/2, and seem to be the best treatment choice for pneumococcal diseases, especially for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Morais
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Esther Texeira
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Norma Suarez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
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20
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Kwun MJ, Oggioni MR, Bentley SD, Fraser C, Croucher NJ. Synergistic Activity of Mobile Genetic Element Defences in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090707. [PMID: 31540216 PMCID: PMC6771155 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse set of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) transmit between Streptococcus pneumoniae cells, but many isolates remain uninfected. The best-characterised defences against horizontal transmission of MGEs are restriction-modification systems (RMSs), of which there are two phase-variable examples in S. pneumoniae. Additionally, the transformation machinery has been proposed to limit vertical transmission of chromosomally integrated MGEs. This work describes how these mechanisms can act in concert. Experimental data demonstrate RMS phase variation occurs at a sub-maximal rate. Simulations suggest this may be optimal if MGEs are sometimes vertically inherited, as it reduces the probability that an infected cell will switch between RMS variants while the MGE is invading the population, and thereby undermine the restriction barrier. Such vertically inherited MGEs can be deleted by transformation. The lack of between-strain transformation hotspots at known prophage att sites suggests transformation cannot remove an MGE from a strain in which it is fixed. However, simulations confirmed that transformation was nevertheless effective at preventing the spread of MGEs into a previously uninfected cell population, if a recombination barrier existed between co-colonising strains. Further simulations combining these effects of phase variable RMSs and transformation found they synergistically inhibited MGEs spreading, through limiting both vertical and horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kwun
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Marco R Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Pathogens and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Bradshaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Larry S. McDaniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Gonçalves VM, Kaneko K, Solórzano C, MacLoughlin R, Saleem I, Miyaji EN. Progress in mucosal immunization for protection against pneumococcal pneumonia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:781-792. [PMID: 31305196 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1643719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth cause of death worldwide and pneumococcus is the leading cause of pneumonia. Nonetheless, existing pneumococcal vaccines are less effective against pneumonia than invasive diseases and serotype replacement is a major concern. Protein antigens could induce serotype-independent protection, and mucosal immunization could offer local and systemic immune responses and induce protection against pneumococcal colonization and lung infection. Areas covered: Immunity induced in the experimental human pneumococcal carriage model, approaches to address the physiological barriers to mucosal immunization and improve delivery of the vaccine antigens, different strategies already tested for pneumococcal mucosal vaccination, including live recombinant bacteria, nanoparticles, bacterium-like particles, and nanogels as well as, nasal, pulmonary, sublingual and oral routes of vaccination. Expert opinion: The most promising delivery systems are based on nanoparticles, bacterial-like particles or nanogels, which possess greater immunogenicity than the antigen alone and are considered safer than approaches based on living cells or toxoids. These particles can protect the antigen from degradation, eliminating the refrigeration need during storage and allowing the manufacture of dry powder formulations. They can also increase antigen uptake, control release of antigen and trigger innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kan Kaneko
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- c Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- d Science Department and Clinical Department, Aerogen Ltd., IDA Business Park , Galway , Ireland
| | - Imran Saleem
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
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