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Hamasuna R, Eizuru Y, Shishime Y, Minamishima Y. Protective Effect of Carrageenan against Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of iota-carrageenan (CAR) was evaluated against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice. Female ICR mice were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 3 LD50 of salivary gland-passaged MCMV. More than 0.5 mg of CAR showed a protective effect on mice only when CAR was administered i.p. and then MCMV was inoculated i.p. The protective effect of CAR was evidenced by an increase in plaque-forming unit per LD50 and a decrease in the titre of infectious viruses in the target organs. Neither a virucidal nor a virustatic effect on MCMV was evidenced for CAR. The protective effect of CAR seemed to be host-mediated. Pretreatment of mice with CAR augmented natural killer (NK) activity of the spleen cells without elevating the serum interferon level. However, administration of anti-asialo GM1 antibody did not nullify the inhibitory effect of CAR on virus replication in the target organs. MCMV infection induced leukopenia including neutropenia and lymphopenia in saline-treated mice. Pretreatment with CAR protected mice from those signs, except for slight lymphopenia. Administration of cyclophosphamide induced severe leukopenia including neutropenia and lymphopenia even in CAR-treated mice. Under such conditions, the protective effect of CAR against MCMV infection was abrogated by cyclophosphamide. Thus, the protective effect of CAR seems to be non-NK-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hamasuna
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan
| | - Y. Eizuru
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan
| | - Y. Shishime
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan
| | - Y. Minamishima
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan
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Beaulieu AM, Bezman NA, Lee JE, Matloubian M, Sun JC, Lanier LL. MicroRNA function in NK-cell biology. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:40-52. [PMID: 23550637 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The important role of microRNAs in directing immune responses has become increasingly clear. Here, we highlight discoveries uncovering the role of specific microRNAs in regulating the development and function of natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of NK cells on the entire immune system during global and specific microRNA ablation in the settings of inflammation, infection, and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a well-studied model of natural beta-herpesvirus infection. However, many questions remain regarding its control by and evasion of the immune response it generates. CD8 and CD4 T cells have both unique and redundant roles in control of the virus that differ based on the immunocompetence of the infected mice. MCMV encodes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immune evasion genes that can have an impact in vitro, but their role in infection of immunocompetent mice has been difficult to identify. This review addresses the evidence for their in vivo function and suggests why they may be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Doom
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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4
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Salazar-Mather TP, Hokeness KL. Cytokine and chemokine networks: pathways to antiviral defense. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 303:29-46. [PMID: 16570855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33397-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complex interplays between cytokines and chemokines are emerging as key communication signals in the shaping of innate and adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens, including viruses. In particular, the virus-induced expression of cytokine and chemokine profiles drives the recruitment and activation of immune effector cells to sites of tissue infection. Under the conditions of infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a herpesvirus with pathogenic potential, early immune functions are essential in the control of virus replication and virus-induced pathology. The coordinated MCMV-induced cytokine and chemokine responses promote effective natural killer (NK) cell recruitment and function, and ultimately MCMV clearance. The studies highlighted in this chapter illustrate in vivo pathways mediated by innate cytokines in regulating chemokine responses that are vital for localized antiviral defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Salazar-Mather
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, 69 Brown Street, Box G-B6, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Abstract
Expressed predominantly on myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, DAP12 is an adapter protein that can associate with a variety of receptors. To date, DAP12 has predominantly been characterized as an adapter protein that activates various myeloid and NK cell effector functions; however, recent findings have demonstrated that DAP12 can also inhibit myeloid functions. Here we review the dual functionality of DAP12 and present evidence that DAP12 can suppress as well as activate NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Takaki
- The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Loh J, Chu DT, O'Guin AK, Yokoyama WM, Virgin HW. Natural killer cells utilize both perforin and gamma interferon to regulate murine cytomegalovirus infection in the spleen and liver. J Virol 2005; 79:661-7. [PMID: 15596864 PMCID: PMC538682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.661-667.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for innate regulation of the acute phase of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection and have been reported to utilize perforin (Pfp)- and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-dependent effector mechanisms in an organ-specific manner to regulate MCMV infection in the spleen and liver. In this study, we further examined the roles of NK cells, Pfp, and IFN-gamma in innate immunity to MCMV infection. With the recently described NK cell-deficient (NKD) mouse, we confirmed previous findings that NK cells, but not NKT cells, are required for control of the acute phase of MCMV infection in spleen and liver cells. Interestingly, we found that Pfp and IFN-gamma are each important for regulating MCMV replication in both the spleen and the liver. Moreover, NK cells can regulate MCMV infection in the spleens and livers of Pfp(-/-) mice in a Pfp-independent manner and can use an IFN-gamma-independent mechanism to control MCMV infection in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. Thus, contrary to previous reports, NK cells utilize both Pfp and IFN-gamma to control MCMV infection in the spleen and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Loh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Cavanaugh VJ, Deng Y, Birkenbach MP, Slater JS, Campbell AE. Vigorous innate and virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to murine cytomegalovirus in the submaxillary salivary gland. J Virol 2003; 77:1703-17. [PMID: 12525604 PMCID: PMC140858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.1703-1717.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the immunological mechanisms that permit prolonged shedding of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) from the salivary gland, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of leukocytes infiltrating the submaxillary gland (SMG) were analyzed in infected BALB/c mice. A robust innate immune response, comprised of CD11c+ major histocompatibility complex class II+ CD11b- CD8alpha+ dendritic cells and gamma/delta T-cell receptor-bearing CD3+ T cells was prominent through at least 28 days postinfection. Concurrently, a dramatic increase in pan-NK (DX5+) CD3+ and CD8+ T cells was observed, while CD4+ T cells, known to be essential for viral clearance from this tissue, increased slightly. The expression particularly of gamma interferon but also of interleukin-10 and CC chemokines was extraordinarily high in the SMG in response to MCMV infection. The gamma interferon was produced primarily by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and DX5+ CD3+ T cells. The SMG CD8+ T cells were highly cytolytic ex vivo, and a significant proportion of these cells were specific to an immunodominant MCMV peptide. These peptide-specific clones were not exhausted by the presence of high virus titers, which persisted in the SMG despite the strength of the cell-mediated responses. In contrast, MCMV replication was efficiently cleared from the draining cervical and periglandular lymph nodes, a tissue displaying a substantially weaker antiviral response. Our data indicated that vigorous innate and acquired immune responses are elicited, activated, and retained in response to mucosal inflammation from persistent MCMV infection of the submaxillary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Cavanaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501, USA
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8
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Jerrells TR, Mitchell K, Pavlik J, Jerrells J, Hoerman D. Influence of Ethanol Consumption on Experimental Viral Hepatitis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sjölin H, Tomasello E, Mousavi-Jazi M, Bartolazzi A, Kärre K, Vivier E, Cerboni C. Pivotal role of KARAP/DAP12 adaptor molecule in the natural killer cell-mediated resistance to murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:825-34. [PMID: 11927627 PMCID: PMC2193729 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are major contributors to early defense against infections. Their effector functions are controlled by a balance between activating and inhibiting signals. To date, however, the involvement of NK cell activating receptors and signaling pathways in the defense against pathogens has not been extensively investigated. In mice, several NK cell activating receptors are coexpressed with and function through the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing molecule KARAP/DAP12. Here, we have analyzed the role of KARAP/DAP12 in the early antiviral response to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). In KARAP/DAP12 mutant mice bearing a nonfunctional ITAM, we found a considerable increase in viral titers in the spleen (30-40-fold) and in the liver (2-5-fold). These effects were attributed to NK cells. The formation of hepatic inflammatory foci appeared similar in wild-type and mutant mice, but the latter more frequently developed severe hepatitis with large areas of focal necrosis. Moreover, the percentage of hepatic NK cells producing interferon gamma was reduced by 56 +/- 22% in the absence of a functional KARAP/DAP12. This is the first study that shows a crucial role for a particular activating signaling pathway, in this case the one induced through KARAP/DAP12, in the NK cell-mediated resistance to an infection. Our results are discussed in relation to recent reports demonstrating that innate resistance to MCMV requires the presence of NK cells expressing the KARAP/DAP12-associated receptor Ly49H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sjölin
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Daniels KA, Devora G, Lai WC, O'Donnell CL, Bennett M, Welsh RM. Murine cytomegalovirus is regulated by a discrete subset of natural killer cells reactive with monoclonal antibody to Ly49H. J Exp Med 2001; 194:29-44. [PMID: 11435470 PMCID: PMC2193438 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2000] [Accepted: 05/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral roles of natural killer (NK) cell subsets were examined in C57BL/6 mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and other viruses, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), vaccinia virus (VV), and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Each virus vigorously induced an NK cell infiltrate into the peritoneal cavity and liver, causing some redistributions of NK cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against Ly49A, C/I, D, and G2. Striking results were seen with a mAb (1F8) reactive with the positively signaling molecule Ly49H, present in MCMV-resistant C57BL/6 mice. mAb 1F8 also stains Ly49 C and I, but exclusion of those reactivities with mAb 5E6, which recognizes Ly49 C and I, indicated that Ly49H(+) cells infiltrated the peritoneal cavity and liver and were particularly effective at synthesizing interferon gamma. Depletion of 1F8(+) but not 5E6(+) cells in vivo by mAb injections enhanced MCMV titers by 20-1,000-fold in the spleen and approximately fivefold in the liver. Titers of LCMV or VV were not enhanced. These anti-MCMV effects were attributed to prototypical NK1.1(+)CD3(-) NK cells and not to NK1.1(+)CD3(+) "NK/T" cells. This is the first evidence that control of a virus infection in vivo is mediated by a distinct NK cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Daniels
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Gene Devora
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Wayne C. Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Carey L. O'Donnell
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Michael Bennett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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Ghiasi H, Cai S, Perng GC, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL. The role of natural killer cells in protection of mice against death and corneal scarring following ocular HSV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2000; 45:33-45. [PMID: 10774588 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice depleted of NK (natural killer) cells with anti-asialo-GM1 antibody were more susceptible to lethal HSV-1 ocular challenge (12% survival) than control C57BL/6 mice (100% survival), CD4+ depleted mice (100% survival), CD8+ depleted mice (80% survival), or macrophage depleted mice (85% survival). NK depletion also resulted in significantly higher levels of HSV-1 induced corneal scarring than was seen with any of the other groups. C57BL/6 mice depleted of NK cells with PK136 (anti-NK1.1 antibody which is more specific for NK cells than is anti-asialo-GM1 antibody) were also more susceptible to HSV-1 ocular challenge than T cell or macrophage depleted mice. Vaccination completely protected NK depleted mice against death and corneal scarring. In contrast to C57BL/6 mice, in BALB/c mice, NK depletion had no effect on survival or corneal scarring following ocular HSV-1 challenge. Experiments with IFN-gamma knockout mice (IFN-gamma(o/o) mice) suggested that IFN-gamma played a minor role in protection of naïve mice against death following HSV-1 challenge. However, IFN-gamma did not appear to be an important factor in protection against HSV-1 induced eye disease. Thus, protection against HSV-1 induced corneal scarring in naive mice appeared to be due to a non-INF-gamma NK function. Our results therefore suggest that NK cells were very important in protecting naive C57BL/6 mice but not vaccinated C57BL/6 mice against corneal scarring and death following ocular HSV-1 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ghiasi
- Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Adler H, Beland JL, Del-Pan NC, Kobzik L, Sobel RA, Rimm IJ. In the absence of T cells, natural killer cells protect from mortality due to HSV-1 encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 93:208-13. [PMID: 10378885 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The importance of natural killer (NK) cells in the resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a common infection of immunocompromised patients, is unclear. Previous data on the role of NK cells in murine HSV-1 infection has been contradictory. Adoptive transfer studies suggested that NK cells mediated resistance to HSV-1, but in vivo depletion approaches demonstrated that NK cells were not important. We studied the course of HSV-1 infection after intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of E26 mice (lacking NK and T cells), T cell knockout (T cell ko) mice (lacking T cells only), or normal control mice. The E26 mice showed greater mortality and an impaired ability to clear virus from lung and brain compared to T cell ko mice and control mice, and had severe necrotizing HSV-1 encephalitis. Therefore, the data support the hypothesis that NK cells play an important role in the natural defense of murine HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Heise MT, Pollock JL, O'Guin A, Barkon ML, Bormley S, Virgin HW. Murine cytomegalovirus infection inhibits IFN gamma-induced MHC class II expression on macrophages: the role of type I interferon. Virology 1998; 241:331-44. [PMID: 9499808 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage (M phi) activation, as measured by cell surface expression of MHC class II, was examined during infection of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Intraperitoneal infection of CB17 SCID mice with 10(6) PFU of MCMV elicited a large population of M phi which expressed low levels of MHC class II. This was surprising since infection of SCID mice with lower doses (e.g., 10(4) PFU) of MCMV elicits M phi expressing high levels of MHC class II (M. T. Heise and H. W. Virgin, J. Virol. (1995) 69, 904-909). In vivo administration of recombinant mouse IFN gamma resulted in high levels of MHC class II expression on M phi from control but not MCMV-infected SCID mice, suggesting that MCMV infection generates a state in which IFN gamma is not effective at activating M phi. The effect of MCMV infection was MHC class II specific, since MHC class I and ICAM-1 levels were increased on M phi expressing low levels of MHC class II. Interference with IFN gamma action was not due to productive or abortive infection of M phi. This suggested that MCMV infection induces a soluble factor that alters M phi responsiveness to IFN gamma. Infection of SCID mice with 10(6) PFU of MCMV induced higher levels of serum IFN alpha beta (one candidate for inhibition of IFN gamma induction of MHC class II expression) than infection with 10(4) PFU. We therefore evaluated the role of MCMV-induced IFN alpha beta on IFN gamma responses of bone marrow-derived (BMM phi) or thioglycollate-elicited M phi in vitro. Infection of normal M phi with MCMV at a low m.o.i. (0.1 to 0.2) impaired IFN gamma-mediated induction of M phi MHC class II expression, but not MHC class I expression. Inhibition of IFN gamma responses was not observed in M phi from mice with a null mutation in the IFN alpha beta receptor (IFN alpha beta R-/-). To test the in vivo relevance of virus-induced IFN alpha beta to IFN gamma-mediated responses, the kinetics of MHC class II induction during MCMV infection of IFN alpha beta R-/- mice was evaluated. MCMV-infected IFN alpha beta R-/- mice mounted an earlier M phi MHC class II response than normal mice. We conclude that MCMV infection specifically impairs IFN gamma-mediated MHC class II expression on M phi and that induction of IFN alpha beta is one mechanism by which this inhibition occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Heise
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Wolcott RM, Jennings SR, Chervenak R. In utero exposure to ethanol affects postnatal development of T- and B-lymphocytes, but not natural killer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:170-6. [PMID: 7771646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of intrauterine exposure to ethanol on lymphocyte development in the neonatal period was studied in C57BI/6J mice. Mice were bred, and then the female mice were assigned to 1 of 3 diet groups, 25% ethanol-derived calories (EDC), pair-fed control, or ad libitum laboratory chow. At birth, all offspring were cross-fostered to surrogate mothers who had been fed laboratory chow. At weekly intervals, the neonatal mice were weighed, and 4 mice from each group were used to assess the development of splenic lymphocytes. The total number of splenocytes was similar in all three groups at each sampling. The number of T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells was measured by flow cytometry. T-cells and NK cells did not vary significantly among the three diet groups. However, the total number of B-cells was decreased for the first 3 weeks of life in the ethanol-exposed animals. The function of the T-cells and B-cells was determined by assessing the response to lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A. The response to all four mitogens was significantly reduced in the ethanol-exposed animals and did not recover to control levels until 4-5 weeks of life. Ethanol exposure had no significant effect on the kinetics of acquisition of NK lytic function, as assessed by determining the killing of chromium-51 labeled YAC-1 tumor target cells. These data show that prenatal exposure to ethanol causes a transient immunodeficiency in some, but not all compartments of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wolcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center-Shreveport 71130-3932, USA
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Heise MT, Virgin HW. The T-cell-independent role of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophage activation during murine cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections. J Virol 1995; 69:904-9. [PMID: 7815559 PMCID: PMC188658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.904-909.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We defined the normal and innate (without functional B or T cells) inflammatory response to infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV). Intraperitoneal infection with MCMV or HSV induced an inflammatory infiltrate consisting largely of macrophages (M phi) in both normal CB17 and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (lacking functional B or T cells). M phi from infected mice were activated as shown by (i) spread morphology, (ii) increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, MHC class I, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 molecules, and (iii) downregulation of M phi-specific cell surface protein F4/80. In vivo administration of neutralizing antibodies specific for gamma interferon (IFN gamma) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) inhibited MHC class II induction on infiltrating M phi in both normal and CB17 SCID mice. Anti-TNF alpha decreased the number of M phi in virus-induced inflammatory exudates. The MCMV titer increased in the spleen and liver of IFN gamma-depleted SCID mice, while TNF alpha depletion increased only splenic titers. MCMV-induced pathology was also increased in spleens of IFN gamma- and TNF alpha-depleted SCID mice. We conclude that (i) M phi activation is a prominent part of inflammatory responses to herpesvirus infection and (ii) IFN gamma and TNF alpha play a critical role in both virus-induced M phi activation and control of herpesvirus growth independent of T and B cells. This suggests that IFN gamma- and TNF alpha-mediated M phi activation is an important aspect of innate immunity to viral infection. As the M phi may be involved in MCMV latency, IFN gamma- and TNF alpha-dependent M phi activation during primary infection may be relevant to establishment of viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Heise
- Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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16
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Olver SD, Price P, Shellam GR. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis: characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in resistant and susceptible mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98:375-81. [PMID: 7994901 PMCID: PMC1534516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb05500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice susceptible and resistant to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were infected with this virus and livers were harvested after 2-231 days. Cryostat sections were stained to visualize cells bearing CD4, CD8 or Mac-1 antigens. Mac-1+ cells were prevalent in inflammatory foci after 2 days. These cells persisted in susceptible BALB/c and A/J mice, but disappeared from livers of resistant C57Bl/6 and CBA/CaH mice by day 28. T cell inflammation peaked on days 7-11. This declined by day 56 in C57Bl/6 and CBA/CaH mice, but persisted in BALB/c and A/J mice for at least 231 days. Persistent CD8+ cells were dispersed throughout the parenchyma. More CD8+ cells were observed 7-14 days after infection in the livers of bg/bg (natural killer (NK) cell-deficient) C57Bl/6 and CBA mice, and in C57Bl/6 mice depleted of NK1.1 cells by MoAb. Thus, mice of strains susceptible to MCMV exhibit hepatitis characterized by persistence of dispersed CD8+ cells. This phenomenon may be limited by NK cells in resistant strains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Granulocytes/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Muromegalovirus
- Phenotype
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Olver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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Rager-Zisman B, Segev Y, Blagerman S, Palmon A, Tel-Or S, Pecht M, Trainin N, Burstein Y. Thymic humoral factor, THF-gamma 2, enhances immunotherapy of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection by both CD4+ and CD8+ immune T cells. Immunol Lett 1993; 39:23-31. [PMID: 7908278 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) presents a model for the study of the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of human CMV. The contribution of the different spleen cell subsets in conferring curative immunocytotherapy to fatally MCMV-infected immunosuppressed mice was assessed using adoptive immunotherapy. It was found that the efficacy of passively transferred immune spleen cells is dose dependent and that the therapeutic effect can be enhanced considerably by treating donor mice with thymic humoral factor (THF-gamma 2). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the donor spleen population was negative, indicating that no MCMV-DNA was transferred with the immune cells. Analysis of the donor mice after THF-gamma 2 treatment showed increased levels of CMV-neutralizing antibodies, while enhancement of natural killer (NK) activity was transient and lasted only during the early phase of the infection. FACS analysis demonstrated that treatment with THF-gamma 2 restored the size of both cell subsets CD4+ and CD8+ that were decreased following MCMV infection. It is shown that both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets participate in controlling the development of the fatal disease in MCMV-infected immunosuppressed recipients. It is suggested that the enhancement of the immunocompetence of both populations of spleen cells from treated donors is mediated in part by the restoration of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by THF-gamma 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rager-Zisman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Kunder SC, Wu L, Morahan PS. Role of NK cells in immunomodulator-mediated resistance to herpesvirus infection. Antiviral Res 1993; 21:103-18. [PMID: 8393316 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90047-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Seven chemically diverse biological response modifiers (BRM) were compared for antiviral activity in intact and NK cell-depleted CD-1 mice. Both spontaneous and BRM-induced splenic NK cell cytotoxicity were depleted for at least 5 days following treatment with the monoclonal antibody NK1.1. Antiviral protection of standard doses of MVE-2, pIC, pICLC, rmIFN-tau and CL246,738 against lethal MCMV or HSV-2 infections was not abrogated by NK cell depletion, demonstrating that NK cells are not required for BRM-induced antiviral activity against these herpesviruses. When mice were treated with 100,000 U of rHuIFN-alpha B/D, NK cells were not required for activity against MCMV, while at a dose of 25,000 U, NK cells appeared to be partially required against MCMV. At lower doses, the activity of rHuIFN-alpha B/D against MCMV appeared dependent upon the presence of NK cells. A similar dose-related requirement for NK cells was observed for activity of OK-432. Thus, at higher doses of rHuIFN-alpha B/D and OK-432, elements of the natural immune system in addition to or other than NK cells are apparently involved, while at lower doses NK cells appear to play a more important role in antiviral protection against MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kunder
- Medical College of Pennsylvania, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia 19129
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21
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Abstract
Recent studies have identified cell surface molecules that appear to play important roles in natural killer cell specificity for their targets. Natural killer cells display activation 'receptors', such as NKR-P1 molecules in rodents, that may activate cytotoxicity by transducing biochemical signals. These molecules presumably interact with target cell surface ligands but these structures have not been elucidated. Natural killer cells display other molecules, such as Ly-49 in mice, that appear to be 'inhibitory' receptors that engage target cell MHC class I molecules and deliver signals, negatively regulating natural killer cell cytotoxic activity. The murine NKR-P1 and Ly-49 molecules are structurally similar and encoded by members of polymorphic gene families that reside in the natural killer gene complex on the distal region of mouse chromosome 6. Additional molecules have been serologically defined and studied functionally in murine and human systems. Thus, the specificity of an individual natural killer cell may be determined by its expressed repertoire of these molecules. The complexities of this recognition system are beginning to be appreciated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029
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Morelli L, Lusignan Y, Lemieux S. Heterogeneity of natural killer cell subsets in NK-1.1+ and NK-1.1- inbred mouse strains and their progeny. Cell Immunol 1992; 141:148-60. [PMID: 1555248 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90134-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The 4LO3311 monoclonal antibody, a new NK-specific reagent recently produced in our laboratory, reacts with spleen cells of 11 mouse strains, most of which do not express the NK-1.1 alloantigen recognized by the PK136 mAb. Among positive strains, the susceptibility of spleen cells to the complement-dependent NK-inhibiting activity of the 4LO3311 mAb was variable but independent of the initial NK cell activity level of cells tested. This property was furthermore not modified after poly(I:C) stimulation. The susceptibility of spleen cells to the in vitro 4LO3311 mAb plus complement treatment is however influenced by the absolute number of 4LO3311+ cells as well as by the density of the corresponding alloantigen at the cell surface. Moreover, it was established that the strain-related variations observed also depended upon the relative size of the 4LO3311 cell subset within the lytic NK cell population. Indeed, when C3H (NK-1.1-4LO3311+) mice were inoculated with the 4LO3311 mAb, the lytic activity of their spleen cells was almost unaltered but 4LO3311-reactive cells were no longer detected in the spleen of treated animals and remaining NK cells were totally resistant to the in vitro 4LO3311 mAb plus complement treatment. These findings indicate that the 4LO3311 mAb identifies a subset rather than all NK cells, even in a NK-1.1- strain. Since a NK-1.1-unreactive cell subset was identified in NZB (NK-1.1+4LO3311-) mice inoculated with the PK136 mAb, the NK-1.1+ cell population is not necessarily responsible for all the splenic NK cell activity in all NK-1.1+ strains. In B6C3F1 hybrid mice, a relatively large subset of NK-1.1-4LO3311- cells was found in addition to those expressing the NK-1.1, the 4LO3311 alloantigen, or both. According to these results, NK cell heterogeneity should thus be taken as an evolving concept whose resolution appears more and more complex with the identification of new NK-specific reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morelli
- Centre de Recherche en Immunologie, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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Efficacious control of cytomegalovirus infection after long-term depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Virol 1990; 64:5457-64. [PMID: 1976821 PMCID: PMC248597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5457-5464.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the relative contribution of different immune effector functions to clearing tissues of cytomegalovirus is controversial, the contribution of CD8+ T lymphocytes has generally been accepted as essential. In this report, we show that under certain conditions the CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset can be dispensable for clearance of cytomegalovirus. Mice depleted of the CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset eliminated infectious virus with a clearance kinetics similar to that of normal mice. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that the limitation of virus spread required the cooperation between the CD4+ subset and other cells. Comparison between protective functions generated in fully immunocompetent and in CD8- mice demonstrated that elimination of the CD8+ subset before infection altered the quality of the antiviral immune response. The compensatory protective activity gained by CD4+ cells in CD8- mice was absent in normal mice recovering from virus infection.
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