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Liu J, Liu Y, Li Q, Lu Y. Heat shock protein 70 and Cathepsin B genes are involved in the thermal tolerance of Aphis gossypii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2075-2086. [PMID: 36700477 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated temperature can directly affect the insect pest population dynamics. Many experimental studies have indicated that high temperatures affect the biological and ecological characteristics of the widely distributed crop pest Aphis gossypii, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its response to heat stress remain unstudied. Here, we used transcriptomic analysis to explore the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of thermotolerance in A. gossypii at 29 °C, 32 °C, and 35 °C. RESULTS The results of bioinformatics analysis show that few genes were consistently differentially expressed among the higher temperature treatments compared to 29 °C, and a moderate temperature increase of 3 °C can elicit gene expression changes that help A. gossypii adapt to warmer temperatures. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we found that genes encoding four heat shock protein 70 s (Hsp70s) and nine cathepsin B (CathB) proteins were significantly upregulated at 35 °C compared with 32 °C. Genes related to glutathione production were also highly enriched between 32 °C and 29 °C. Silencing of two Hsp70s (ApHsp70A1-1 and ApHsp68) and two CathBs (ApCathB01 and ApCathB02) with RNA interference using a nanocarrier-based transdermal dsRNA delivery system significantly increased sensitivity of A. gossypii to high temperatures. CONCLUSION A. gossypii is able to fine-tune its response across a range of temperatures, and Hsp70 and CathB genes are essential for adaption of A. gossypii to warmer temperatures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Qin S, Zhu B, Huang X, Hull JJ, Chen L, Luo J. Functional Role of AsAP in the Reproduction of Adelphocoris suturalis (Hemiptera: Miridae). INSECTS 2022; 13:755. [PMID: 36005380 PMCID: PMC9409435 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an omnivorous agricultural pest that has severe economic impacts on a diverse range of agricultural crops. Although the targeted disruption of reproductive development among insects has been proposed as a novel control strategy for pest species, the current understanding of the physiology and molecular mechanisms of A. suturalis reproduction is very limited. In this study, we isolated a putative A. suturalisaspartic protease (AsAP) gene that is highly expressed in the fat body and ovaries of sexually mature females. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated knockdown of AsAP suppressed ovarian development and negatively impacted female fertility, which suggested that it plays an essential role in A. suturalis reproduction. The results of this study could help to expand our understanding of A. suturalis reproductive development and have the potential to facilitate the development of effective strategies for the better control of this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bangqin Zhu
- Guiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Xingxing Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - J. Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Genomic insight into the scale specialization of the biological control agent Novius pumilus (Weise, 1892). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:90. [PMID: 35100986 PMCID: PMC8805230 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the genus Novius Mulsant, 1846 (= Rodolia Mulsant, 1850) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), play important roles in the biological control of cotton cushion scale pests, especially those belonging to Icerya. Since the best-known species, the vedalia beetle Novius cardinalis (Mulsant, 1850) was introduced into California from Australia, more than a century of successful use in classical biological control, some species of Novius have begun to exhibit some field adaptations to novel but related prey species. Despite their economic importance, relatively little is known about the underlying genetic adaptations associated with their feeding habits. Knowledge of the genome sequence of Novius is a major step towards further understanding its biology and potential applications in pest control. RESULTS We report the first high-quality genome sequence for Novius pumilus (Weise, 1892), a representative specialist of Novius. Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution (CAFE) analysis showed that several orthogroups encoding chemosensors, digestive, and immunity-related enzymes were significantly expanded (P < 0.05) in N. pumilus compared to the published genomes of other four ladybirds. Furthermore, some of these orthogroups were under significant positive selection pressure (P < 0.05). Notably, transcriptome profiling demonstrated that many genes among the significantly expanded and positively selected orthogroups, as well as genes related to detoxification were differentially expressed, when N. pumilus feeding on the nature prey Icerya compared with the no feeding set. We speculate that these genes are vital in the Icerya adaptation of Novius species. CONCLUSIONS We report the first Novius genome thus far. In addition, we provide comprehensive transcriptomic resources for N. pumilus. The results from this study may be helpful for understanding the association of the evolution of genes related to chemosensing, digestion, detoxification and immunity with the prey adaptation of insect predators. This will provide a reference for future research and utilization of Novius in biological control programs. Moreover, understanding the possible molecular mechanisms of prey adaptation also inform mass rearing of N. pumilus and other Novius, which may benefit pest control.
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Lu K, Cheng YB, Li YM, Li WR, Song YY, Zeng RS, Sun ZX. The KNRL nuclear receptor controls hydrolase-mediated vitellin breakdown during embryogenesis in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1633-1650. [PMID: 33191602 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitellin (Vn) homeostasis is central to the fecundity of oviparous insects. Most studies have focused on the synthesis and transportation of Vn as a building block for developing eggs during vitellogenesis; however, less is known about how the utilization of this nutrient reserve affects embryonic development. Here, we show that the single ortholog of the knirps and knirps-like nuclear receptors, KNRL, negatively regulates Vn breakdown by suppressing the expression of hydrolase genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. KNRL was highly expressed in the ovary of adult females, and knockdown of KNRL by RNA interference resulted in the acceleration of Vn breakdown and the inhibition of embryonic development. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that numerous hydrolase genes, including cathepsins and trypsins were up-regulated after KNRL knockdown. At least eight of the nine significantly enriched Gene Ontology terms for the up-regulated genes were in proteolysis-related categories. The expression levels of five selected trypsin genes and the enzymatic activities of trypsin in the embryos were significantly increased after KNRL knockdown. Moreover, trypsin injection prolonged egg duration, delayed embryonic development, accelerated Vn breakdown and severely reduced egg hatchability, a pattern similar to that observed in KNRL-silenced N. lugens. These observations suggest that KNRL controls Vn breakdown in embryos via the transcriptional inhibition of hydrolases. Generally, this study provides a foundation for understanding how embryo nutrient reserves are mobilized during embryogenesis and identifies several genes and pathways that may prove valuable targets for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ren-Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Gao S, Zhang K, Wei L, Wei G, Xiong W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Gao A, Li B. Insecticidal Activity of Artemisia vulgaris Essential Oil and Transcriptome Analysis of Tribolium castaneum in Response to Oil Exposure. Front Genet 2020; 11:589. [PMID: 32670352 PMCID: PMC7330086 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is one of the most destructive pests of stored cereals worldwide. The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) is known to be a strong toxicant that inhibits the growth, development, and reproduction of T. castaneum. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of A. vulgaris EO on T. castaneum remain unclear. Here, two detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterase (CarEs) and cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYPs), were dramatically increased in red flour beetle larvae when they were exposed to A. vulgaris EO. Further, 758 genes were differentially expressed between EO treated and control samples. Based on Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched for terms related to the regulation of biological processes, response to stimulus, and antigen processing and presentation. Our results indicated that A. vulgaris EO disturbed the antioxidant activity in larvae and partially inhibited serine protease (SP), cathepsin (CAT), and lipase signaling pathways, thus disrupting larval development and reproduction as well as down-regulating the stress response. Moreover, these DEGs showed that A. vulgaris indirectly affected the development and reproduction of beetles by inducing the expression of genes encoding copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), heme peroxidase (HPX), antioxidant enzymes, and transcription factors. Moreover, the majority of DEGs were mapped to the drug metabolism pathway in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Notably, the following genes were detected: 6 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 5 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 14 CYPs, 3 esterases (ESTs), 5 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), 6 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and 2 multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), of which 8 CYPs, 2 ESTs, 2 GSTs, and 3 UGTs were up-regulated dramatically after exposure to A. vulgaris EO. The residual DEGs were significantly down-regulated in EO exposed larvae, implying that partial compensation of metabolism detoxification existed in treated beetles. Furthermore, A. vulgaris EO induced overexpression of OBP/CYP, and RNAi against these genes significantly increased mortality of larvae exposed to EO, providing further evidence for the involvement of OBP/CYP in EO metabolic detoxification in T. castaneum. Our results provide an overview of the transcriptomic changes in T. castaneum in response to A. vulgaris EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Aoxiang Gao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Oliveira FAA, Buri MV, Rodriguez BL, Costa-da-Silva AL, Araújo HRC, Capurro ML, Lu S, Tanaka AS. The first characterization of a cystatin and a cathepsin L-like peptidase from Aedes aegypti and their possible role in DENV infection by the modulation of apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:141-149. [PMID: 31857170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a salivary gland transcriptome study demonstrated that the transcripts of a putative cystatin gene (SeqID AAEL013287; Aacystatins) from Aedes aegypti were increased in DENV2-infected mosquitoes and that silencing of the Aacystatin gene resulted in an increase in DENV titres. In this work, Aacystatin was biochemically characterized; the purified recombinant inhibitor was able to inhibit typical cysteine proteases with a Ki in the nM range. Pulldown assays using Aag2 cell extracts identified a cathepsin L-like peptidase (AaCatL) as a possible target of Aacystatin. Purified recombinant AaCatL had an optimal pH of 5.0 and displayed a preference for Leu, Val and Phe residues at P2, which is common for other cathepsin L-like peptidases. Transcription analysis of Aacystatin and AaCatL in the salivary glands and midgut of DENV2-infected mosquitoes revealed a negative correlation between DENV2 titres and levels of the inhibitor and peptidase, suggesting their involvement in DENV2-mosquito interactions. Considering that apoptosis may play an important role during viral infections, the possible involvement of Aacystatin in staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Aag2 cells was investigated; the results showed higher expression of the inhibitor in treated cells; moreover, pre incubation with rAacystatin was able to increase Aag2 cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Marcus V Buri
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Boris L Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - André L Costa-da-Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Helena R C Araújo
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Margareth L Capurro
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Stephen Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
| | - Aparecida S Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
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Sun Y, He L, Yu L, Guo J, Nie Z, Liu Q, Zhao J. Cathepsin L-a novel cysteine protease from Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, 1897. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1581-1592. [PMID: 30826925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks are ectoparasites responsible for the transmission of a large number of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens to animals and humans. As long-term blood-pool feeders, the digestion of host blood is critical to their development as well as to the establishment of the sexual cycle of hemoparasites such as Babesia parasites, the agents of human and animal babesiosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that cysteine proteases are involved in blood digestion, embryogenesis, and pathogen transmission in other species of ticks, but their characteristics and functions are still unidentified in Haemaphysalis flava. Here, we describe the characterization of a cysteine protease HfCL from H. flava. We show that HfCL belongs to the L-like papain family of proteases, exhibits high expression in nymphs and adults, and localizes to both the midgut and salivary glands. Biochemical assays using purified recombinant enzyme reveal that rHfCL can hydrolyze the fluorogenic substrate Z-phe-Arg-MCA with optimal activity detected at pH 6. Furthermore, the short-term growth assay indicates that rHfCL can inhibit the intraerythrocytic development of Babesia microti and Babesia gibsoni in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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8
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Gao S, Xiong W, Wei L, Liu J, Liu X, Xie J, Song X, Bi J, Li B. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals the role of latrophilin in controlling development, reproduction and insecticide susceptibility in Tribolium castaneum. Genetica 2018; 146:287-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Tong X, Su Y, Yang L, Wang D, Zhao Y. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome characterization of Poecilobdella javanica provide insight into blood feeding of medicinal leeches. Mol Omics 2018; 14:352-361. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leeches (family Hirudinidae) are classic model invertebrates used in diverse clinical treatments, such as reconstructive microsurgery, hypertension, and gangrene treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Liu
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Xiangrong Tong
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Debin Wang
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
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10
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Almeida F, Suesdek L. Effects of Wolbachia on ovarian apoptosis in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) during the previtellogenic and vitellogenic periods. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:398. [PMID: 28841917 PMCID: PMC5574119 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is programmed cell death that ordinarily occurs in ovarian follicular cells in various organisms. In the best-studied holometabolous insect, Drosophila, this kind of cell death occurs in all three cell types found in the follicles, sometimes leading to follicular atresia and egg degeneration. On the other hand, egg development, quantity and viability in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus are disturbed by the infection with the endosymbiont Wolbachia. Considering that Wolbachia alters reproductive traits, we hypothesised that such infection would also alter the apoptosis in the ovarian cells of this mosquito. The goal of this study was to comparatively describe the occurrence of apoptosis in Wolbachia-infected and uninfected ovaries of Cx. quinquefasciatus during oogenesis and vitellogenesis. For this, we recorded under confocal microscopy the occurrence of apoptosis in all three cell types of the ovarian follicle. In the first five days of adult life we observed oogenesis and, after a blood meal, the initiation step of vitellogenesis. Results Apoptoses in follicular cells were found at all observation times during both oogenesis and vitellogenesis, and less commonly in nurse cells and the oocyte, as well as in atretic follicles. Our results suggested that apoptosis in follicular cells occurred in greater numbers in infected mosquitoes than in uninfected ones during the second and third days of adult life and at the initiation step of vitellogenesis. Conclusions The presence of Wolbachia leads to an increase of apoptosis occurrence in the ovaries of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Future studies should investigate if this augmented apoptosis frequency is the cause of the reduction in the number of eggs laid by Wolbachia-infected females. Follicular atresia is first reported in the previtellogenic period of oogenesis. Our findings may have implications for the use of Wolbachia as a mosquito and pathogens control strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2332-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Almeida
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Kim E, Kim Y, Yeam I, Kim Y. Transgenic Expression of a Viral Cystatin Gene CpBV-CST1 in Tobacco Confers Insect Resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1322-1331. [PMID: 27550161 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A viral gene, CpBV-CST1, was identified from a polydnavirus Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). Its protein product was significantly toxic to lepidopteran insects. This study generated a transgenic tobacco plant expressing CpBV-CST1 Expression of transgene CpBV-CST1 was confirmed in T1 generation (second generation after transgenesis) in both mRNA and protein levels. Young larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) suffered high mortalities after feeding on transgenic tobacco. All 10 T1 transgenic tobacco plants had no significant variation in speed-to-kill. In order to further explore insect resistance of these transgenic tobaccos, bioassays were performed by assessing antixenosis and antibiosis. S. exigua larvae significantly avoided T1 plants in a choice test. Larvae fed with T1 plant exhibited significant decrease in protease activity in the midgut due to consuming CpBV-CST1 protein produced by the transgenic plant. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco exhibited similar insect resistance to other tobacco-infesting insects, including a leaf-feeding insect, Helicoverpa assulta, and a sap-feeding insect, Myzus persicae These results demonstrate that a viral cystatin gene can be used to develop insect-resistant transgenic plant, suggesting a prospective possibility of expanding the current transgenic approach to high-valued crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea (; ; )
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea (; ; )
| | - I Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea (; ; )
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Byeon JH, Seo ES, Lee JB, Lee MJ, Kim JK, Yoo JW, Jung Y, Lee BL. A specific cathepsin-L-like protease purified from an insect midgut shows antibacterial activity against gut symbiotic bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:79-84. [PMID: 26159404 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because gut symbiotic bacteria affect host biology, host insects are expected to evolve some mechanisms for regulating symbiont population. The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, harbors the Burkholderia genus as a gut symbiont in the midgut organ, designated as the M4 region. Recently, we demonstrated that the lysate of M4B, the region adjacent to M4, harbors potent antibacterial activity against symbiotic Burkholderia but not to cultured Burkholderia. However, the bona fide substance responsible for observed antibacterial activity was not identified in the previous study. Here, we report that cathepsin-L-like protease purified from the lysate of M4B showed strong antibacterial activity against symbiotic Burkholderia but not the cultured Burkholderia. To further confirm this activity, recombinant cathepsin-L-like protease expressed in Escherichia coli also showed antibacterial activity against symbiotic Burkholderia. These results suggest that cathepsin-L-like protease purified from the M4B region plays a critical role in controlling the population of the Burkholderia gut symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Byeon
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Seo
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Beom Lee
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Kate Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Yoo
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- Global Research Laboratory of Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin L release in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leyria J, Fruttero LL, Nazar M, Canavoso LE. The Role of DmCatD, a Cathepsin D-Like Peptidase, and Acid Phosphatase in the Process of Follicular Atresia in Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a Vector of Chagas' Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130144. [PMID: 26091289 PMCID: PMC4474837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the involvement of DmCatD, a cathepsin D-like peptidase, and acid phosphatase in the process of follicular atresia of Dipetalogaster maxima, a hematophagous insect vector of Chagas' disease. For the studies, fat bodies, ovaries and hemolymph were sampled from anautogenous females at representative days of the reproductive cycle: pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis as well as early and late atresia. Real time PCR (qPCR) and western blot assays showed that DmCatD was expressed in fat bodies and ovaries at all reproductive stages, being the expression of its active form significantly higher at the atretic stages. In hemolymph samples, only the immunoreactive band compatible with pro-DmCatD was observed by western blot. Acid phosphatase activity in ovarian tissues significantly increased during follicular atresia in comparison to pre-vitellogenesis and vitellogenesis. A further enzyme characterization with inhibitors showed that the high levels of acid phosphatase activity in atretic ovaries corresponded mainly to a tyrosine phosphatase. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that DmCatD and tyrosine phosphatase were associated with yolk bodies in vitellogenic follicles, while in atretic stages they displayed a different cellular distribution. DmCatD and tyrosine phosphatase partially co-localized with vitellin. Moreover, their interaction was supported by FRET analysis. In vitro assays using homogenates of atretic ovaries as the enzyme source and enzyme inhibitors demonstrated that DmCatD, together with a tyrosine phosphatase, were necessary to promote the degradation of vitellin. Taken together, the results strongly suggested that both acid hydrolases play a central role in early vitellin proteolysis during the process of follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Leonardo L. Fruttero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Magalí Nazar
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Lilián E. Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Zhang K, Su J, Chen S, Yu S, Tan J, Xu M, Liang H, Zhao Y, Chao H, Yang L, Cui H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin O in silkworm Bombyx mori related to bacterial response. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:409-17. [PMID: 25996894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are the main members of the cysteine family and play important roles in immune response in vertebrates. The Cathepsin O of Bombyx mori (BmCathepsin O) was cloned from the hemocytes by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The genomic DNA was 6131bp long with a total of six exons and five introns. Its pre-mRNA was spliced to generate two spliceosomes. By comparisons with other reported cathepsins O, it was concluded that the identity between them ranged from 29 to 39%. Expression analysis indicated that BmCathepsin O was specific-expressed in hemocytes, and highly expressed at the 4th molting and metamorphosis stages. Immunofluorescence assay and qRT-PCR showed that BmCathepsin O was expressed in granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Interestingly, BmCathepsin O was significantly up-regulated after stimulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) in vivo, which suggested that BmCathepsin O may be regulated by 20E. Moreover, activation of BmCathepsin O was also observed in hemocytes challenged by Escherichia coli, indicating its potential involvement in the innate immune system of silkworm, B. mori. In summary, our studies provide a new insight into the functional features of Cathepsin O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jingjing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Juan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hanghua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuzu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Huijuan Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Two cathepsins B are responsible for the yolk protein hydrolysis in Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118736. [PMID: 25710877 PMCID: PMC4339980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the established role of Culex quinquefasciatus as a vector of various neurotropic viruses, such as the Rift Valley and West Nile viruses, as well as lymphatic filariasis, little is known regarding the organism’s reproductive physiology. As in other oviparous animals, vitellogenin, the most important source of nutrients for the embryo development, is digested by intracellular proteases. Using mass spectrometry, we have identified two cathepsin B homologues partially purified by self-proteolysis of Cx. quinquefasciatus total egg extract. The transcriptional profile of these two cathepsin B homologues was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and the enzymatic activity associated with the peptidase was determined in ovaries after female engorgement. According to the VectorBase (vectorbase.org) annotation, both cathepsin B homologues shared approximately 66% identity in their amino acid sequences. The two cathepsin B genes are expressed simultaneously in the fat body of the vitellogenic females, and enzymatic activity was detected within the ovaries, suggesting an extra-ovarian origin. Similar to the transcriptional profile of vitellogenin, cathepsin B transcripts were shown to accumulate post-blood meal and reached their highest expression at 36 h PBM. However, while vitellogenin expression decreased drastically at 48 h PBM, the expression of the cathepsins increased until 84 h PBM, at which time the females of our colony were ready for oviposition. The similarity between their transcriptional profiles strongly suggests a role for the cathepsin B homologues in vitellin degradation.
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Leyria J, Fruttero LL, Aguirre SA, Canavoso LE. Ovarian nutritional resources during the reproductive cycle of the hematophagous Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): focus on lipid metabolism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 87:148-163. [PMID: 25052220 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have analyzed the changes of the ovarian nutritional resources in Dipetalogaster maxima at representative days of the reproductive cycle: previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, as well as fasting-induced early and late atresia. As expected, the amounts of ovarian lipids, proteins, and glycogen increased significantly from previtellogenesis to vitellogenesis and then, diminished during atresia. However, lipids and protein stores found at the atretic stages were higher in comparison to those registered at previtellogenesis. Specific lipid staining of ovarian tissue sections evidenced remarkable changes in the shape, size, and distribution of lipid droplets throughout the reproductive cycle. The role of lipophorin (Lp) as a yolk protein precursor was analyzed by co-injecting Lp-OG (where OG is Oregon Green) and Lp-DiI (where DiI is 1,10-dioctadecyl-3,3,30,30-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) to follow the entire particle, demonstrating that both probes colocalized mainly in the yolk bodies of vitellogenic oocytes. Immunofluorescence assays also showed that Lp was associated to yolk bodies, supporting its endocytic pathway during vitellogenesis. The involvement of Lp in lipid delivery to oocytes was investigated in vivo by co-injecting fluorescent probes to follow the fate of the entire particle (Lp-DiI) and its lipid cargo (Lp-Bodipy-FA). Lp-DiI was readily incorporated by vitellogenic oocytes and no lipoprotein uptake was observed in terminal follicles of ovaries at atretic stages. Bodipy-FA was promptly transferred to vitellogenic oocytes and, to a much lesser extent, to previtellogenic follicles and to oocytes of ovarian tissue at atretic stages. Colocalization of Lp-DiI and Lp-Bodipy-FA inside yolk bodies indicated the relevance of Lp in the buildup of lipid and protein oocyte stores during vitellogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Leyria
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Structure and expression of a cysteine proteinase gene from Spodoptera litura and its response to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:255-268. [PMID: 24467606 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases (Cyps) play vital roles in many biological processes, including physiological and pathological reactions. In the present study, we cloned a full cDNA of SlCyp, encoding a 344-amino-acid protein from Spodoptera litura. The putative amino acid sequence shared >75% identity with Cyps from other insects. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that SlCyp is closely related to other known lepidopteran Cyps. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses showed that SlCyp is induced by Nomuraea rileyi infection in all the tissues tested. The strongest SlCyp mRNA and protein expression was found in haemocytes, followed by the fat bodies, of unchallenged and N. rileyi-challenged S. litura. A time-course analysis showed that SlCyp mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated in the haemocytes and fat bodies by N. rileyi infection. Upon N. rileyi infection, the proteolytic activities of SlCyp were also significantly higher in the haemolymph than in normal or phosphate-buffered-saline-challenged controls. These results suggest that SlCyp plays an important role in the innate immunity of S. litura in response to N. rileyi. SlCyp mRNA and protein expression and activities were also elevated during sixth-instar moulting and metamorphosis. Knocking down SlCyp transcripts with double-stranded RNA interference caused prepupal, pupal, and adult phenotypic changes, and SlCyp-silenced mutant larvae displayed a significantly lower survival rate after N. rileyi infection. These facts suggest that SlCyp plays a significant role in resisting N. rileyi infection and an essential role in larval development. Our data should facilitate the development of techniques for S. litura control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Genetic Engineering Research Centre, College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS, Shanghai, China
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Schicht S, Qi W, Poveda L, Strube C. The predicted secretome and transmembranome of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:259. [PMID: 24020355 PMCID: PMC3846644 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The worldwide distributed hematophagous poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is one of the most important pests of poultry. Even though 35 acaricide compounds are available, control of D. gallinae remains difficult due to acaricide resistances as well as food safety regulations. The current study was carried out to identify putative excretory/secretory (pES) proteins of D. gallinae since these proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interaction and therefore represent potential targets for the development of novel intervention strategies. Additionally, putative transmembrane proteins (pTM) of D. gallinae were analyzed as representatives of this protein group also serve as promising targets for new control strategies. Methods D. gallinae pES and pTM protein prediction was based on putative protein sequences of whole transcriptome data which was parsed to different bioinformatical servers (SignalP, SecretomeP, TMHMM and TargetP). Subsequently, pES and pTM protein sequences were functionally annotated by different computational tools. Results Computational analysis of the D. gallinae proteins identified 3,091 pES (5.6%) and 7,361 pTM proteins (13.4%). A significant proportion of pES proteins are considered to be involved in blood feeding and digestion such as salivary proteins, proteases, lipases and carbohydrases. The cysteine proteases cathepsin D and L as well as legumain, enzymes that cleave hemoglobin during blood digestion of the near related ticks, represented 6 of the top-30 BLASTP matches of the poultry red mite’s secretome. Identified pTM proteins may be involved in many important biological processes including cell signaling, transport of membrane-impermeable molecules and cell recognition. Ninjurin-like proteins, whose functions in mites are still unknown, represent the most frequently occurring pTM. Conclusion The current study is the first providing a mite’s secretome as well as transmembranome and provides valuable insights into D. gallinae pES and pTM proteins operating in different metabolic pathways. Identifying a variety of molecules putatively involved in blood feeding may significantly contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets or vaccines against this poultry pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schicht
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Lu YX, Liu J, Yang C, Feng QL, Xu WH. A regulatory pathway, ecdysone-transcription factor relish-cathepsin L, is involved in insect fat body dissociation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003273. [PMID: 23459255 PMCID: PMC3573115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect fat body is the organ for intermediary metabolism, comparable to vertebrate liver and adipose tissue. Larval fat body is disintegrated to individual fat body cells and then adult fat body is remodeled at the pupal stage. However, little is known about the dissociation mechanism. We find that the moth Helicoverpa armigera cathepsin L (Har-CL) is expressed heavily in the fat body and is released from fat body cells into the extracellular matrix. The inhibitor and RNAi experiments demonstrate that Har-CL functions in the fat body dissociation in H. armigera. Further, a nuclear protein is identified to be transcription factor Har-Relish, which was found in insect immune response and specifically binds to the promoter of Har-CL gene to regulate its activity. Har-Relish also responds to the steroid hormone ecdysone. Thus, the dissociation of the larval fat body is involved in the hormone (ecdysone)-transcription factor (Relish)-target gene (cathepsin L) regulatory pathway. Insect fat body is the intermediary metabolism organ and the main source of hemolymph components, and it is crucial for insect development and metamorphosis. However, molecular mechanism for the fat body remodeling is almost unknown other than in Drosophila melanogaster. A pupal diapause species the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Har), is a useful model to study individual or tissue remodeling, because larval fat body will remain integral in diapause-type pupae for months, whereas the dissociation of larval fat body will start on day 0 after pupation in nondiapause-type ones. Here, we find that H. armigera cathepsin L (Har-CL) is released from fat body cells into the extracellular matrix for tissue dissociation. A nuclear protein is identified to be transcription factor Har-Relish, which regulates the promoter activity of Har-CL gene. Har-Relish also responds to the steroid hormone ecdysone. Thus, a new regulatory mechanism, ecdysone-Relish-cathepsin L signaling pathway, is involved in the larval fat body dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Cui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Li Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Santamaría ME, Hernández-Crespo P, Ortego F, Grbic V, Grbic M, Diaz I, Martinez M. Cysteine peptidases and their inhibitors in Tetranychus urticae: a comparative genomic approach. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:307. [PMID: 22784002 PMCID: PMC3407033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteine peptidases in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae are involved in essential physiological processes, including proteolytic digestion. Cystatins and thyropins are inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that modulate their activity, although their function in this species has yet to be investigated. Comparative genomic analyses are powerful tools to obtain advanced knowledge into the presence and evolution of both, peptidases and their inhibitors, and could aid to elucidate issues concerning the function of these proteins. Results We have performed a genomic comparative analysis of cysteine peptidases and their inhibitors in T. urticae and representative species of different arthropod taxonomic groups. The results indicate: i) clade-specific proliferations are common to C1A papain-like peptidases and for the I25B cystatin family of inhibitors, whereas the C1A inhibitors thyropins are evolutionarily more conserved among arthropod clades; ii) an unprecedented extensive expansion for C13 legumain-like peptidases is found in T. urticae; iii) a sequence-structure analysis of the spider mite cystatins suggests that diversification may be related to an expansion of their inhibitory range; and iv) an in silico transcriptomic analysis shows that most cathepsin B and L cysteine peptidases, legumains and several members of the cystatin family are expressed at a higher rate in T. urticae feeding stages than in embryos. Conclusion Comparative genomics has provided valuable insights on the spider mite cysteine peptidases and their inhibitors. Mite-specific proliferations of C1A and C13 peptidase and I25 cystatin families and their over-expression in feeding stages of mites fit with a putative role in mite’s feeding and could have a key role in its broad host feeding range.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Estrella Santamaría
- Department of Biology WSC 339/341, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Cathepsin B from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: cDNA sequence analysis, tissues-specific expression and biological activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Waniek PJ, Pacheco Costa JE, Jansen AM, Costa J, Araújo CAC. Cathepsin L of Triatoma brasiliensis (Reduviidae, Triatominae): sequence characterization, expression pattern and zymography. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:178-187. [PMID: 22100382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma brasiliensis is considered one of the main vectors of Chagas disease commonly found in semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil. These insects use proteases, such as carboxypeptidase B, aminopeptidases and different cathepsins for blood digestion. In the present study, two genes encoding cathepsin L from the midgut of T. brasiliensis were identified and characterized. Mature T. brasiliensis cathepsin L-like proteinases (TBCATL-1, TBCATL-2) showed a high level of identity to the cathepsin L-like proteinases of other insects, with highest similarity to Rhodnius prolixus. Both cathepsin L transcripts were highly abundant in the posterior midgut region, the main region of the blood digestion. Determination of the pH in the whole intestine of unfed T. brasiliensis revealed alkaline conditions in the anterior midgut region (stomach) and acidic conditions in the posterior midgut region (small intestine). Gelatine in-gel zymography showed the activity of at least four distinct proteinases in the small intestine and the cysteine proteinase inhibitors transepoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) and cathepsin B inhibitor and N-(l-3-trans-propylcarbamoyl-oxirane-2-carbonyl)-l-isoleucyl-l-proline (CA-074) were employed to characterize enzymatic activity. E-64 fully inhibited cysteine proteinase activity, whereas in the samples treated with CA-074 residual proteinase activity was detectable. Thus, proteolytic activity could at least partially be ascribed to cathepsin L. Western blot analysis using specific anti cathepsin L antibodies confirmed the presence of cathepsin L in the lumen of the small intestine of the insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Waniek
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Aguirre SA, Fruttero LL, Leyria J, Defferrari MS, Pinto PM, Settembrini BP, Rubiolo ER, Carlini CR, Canavoso LE. Biochemical changes in the transition from vitellogenesis to follicular atresia in the hematophagous Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:832-841. [PMID: 21763770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have explored the biochemical changes characterizing the transition from vitellogenesis to follicular atresia, employing the hematophagous insect vector Dipetalogaster maxima as a model. Standardized insect rearing conditions were established to induce a gradual follicular degeneration stage by depriving females of blood meal during post-vitellogenesis. For the studies, hemolymph and ovaries were sampled at representative days of pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and early and late follicular atresia. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, ovarioles at the initial stage of atresia were small but still showed some degree of asynchronism, a feature that was lost in an advanced degeneration state. At late follicular atresia, in vivo uptake assays of fluorescently labeled vitellogenin (Vg-FITC) showed loss of competitiveness of oocytes to uptake vitellogenin. Circulating vitellogenin levels in atresia were significantly higher than those registered at pre-vitellogenesis, most likely to maintain appropriate conditions for another gonotrophic cycle if a second blood meal is available. Follicular atresia was also characterized by partial proteolysis of vitellin, which was evidenced in ovarian homogenates by western blot. When the activity of ovarian peptidases upon hemoglobin (a non-specific substrate) was tested, higher activities were detected at early and late atresia whereas the lowest activity was found at vitellogenesis. The activity upon hemoglobin was significantly inhibited by pepstatin A (an aspartic peptidase inhibitor), and was not affected by E64 (a cysteine peptidase inhibitor) at any tested conditions. The use of specific fluorogenic substrates demonstrated that ovarian homogenates at early follicular atresia displayed high cathepsin D-like activity, whereas no activity of either, cathepsin B or L was detected. Mass spectrometry analysis of the digestion products of the substrate Abz-AIAFFSRQ-EDDnp further confirmed the presence of a cathepsin D-like peptidase in ovarian tissue. In the context of our findings, the early activation of cathepsin D-like peptidase could be relevant in promoting yolk protein recycling and/or enhancing follicle removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina A Aguirre
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
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Medeiros MN, Ramos IB, Oliveira DMP, da Silva RCB, Gomes FM, Medeiros LN, Kurtenbach E, Chiarini LB, Masuda H, de Souza W, Machado EA. Microscopic and molecular characterization of ovarian follicle atresia in Rhodnius prolixus Stahl under immune challenge. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:945-953. [PMID: 21540034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work we characterized the degenerative process of ovarian follicles of the bug Rhodnius prolixus challenged with the non-entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger. An injection of A. niger conidia directly into the hemocoel of adult R. prolixus females at the onset of vitellogenesis caused no effect on host lifespan but elicited a net reduction in egg batch size. Direct inspection of ovaries from the mycosed insects revealed that fungal challenge led to atresia of the vitellogenic follicles. Light microscopy and DAPI staining showed follicle shrinkage, ooplasm alteration and disorganization of the monolayer of follicle cells in the atretic follicles. Transmission electron microscopy of thin sections of follicle epithelium also showed nuclei with condensed chromatin, electron dense mitochondria and large autophagic vacuoles. Occurrence of apoptosis of follicle cells in these follicles was visualized by TUNEL labeling. Resorption of the yolk involved an increase in protease activities (aspartyl and cysteinyl proteases) which were associated with precocious acidification of yolk granules and degradation of yolk protein content. The role of follicle atresia in nonspecific host-pathogen associations and the origin of protease activity that led to yolk resorption are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo N Medeiros
- Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho da UFRJ, Brazil
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Sojka D, Francischetti IMB, Calvo E, Kotsyfakis M. Cysteine proteases from bloodfeeding arthropod ectoparasites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:177-91. [PMID: 21660665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases have been discovered in various bloodfeeding ectoparasites. Here, we assemble the available information about the function of these peptidases and reveal their role in hematophagy and parasite development. While most of the data shed light on key proteolytic events that play a role in arthropod physiology, we also report on the association of cysteine proteases with arthropod vectorial capacity. With emphasis on ticks, specifically Ixodes ricinus, we finally propose a model about the contribution of cysteine peptidases to blood digestion and how their concerted action with other tick midgut proteases leads to the absorbance of nutrients by the midgut epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sojka
- Laboratory of Vector Immunology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Bodin A, Jaloux B, Delbecque JP, Vannier F, Monge JP, Mondy N. Reproduction in a variable environment: How does Eupelmus vuilleti, a parasitoid wasp, adjust oogenesis to host availability? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:643-648. [PMID: 19375429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oogenesis of the parasitoid wasp Eupelmus vuilleti is known to be dependent on host availability. However, examination of ovarian dynamics by microscopy showed that oogenesis and vitellogenesis are initiated before female eclosion and proceed 1-2 days after, independent of host presence. Oogenesis continued beyond the 2nd day only in the presence of hosts, otherwise it was replaced by egg resorption. It is thus possible to distinguish between host-independent and host-dependent periods of oogenesis. In the presence of host, each ovariole (three per ovary) contained generally three oocytes: a fully mature oocyte, a nearly mature one and an immature one. However, host deprived-females resorbed their most mature and their smallest oocytes, but kept one almost mature oocyte per ovariole. Comparison of zero, short and long host deprivation periods showed that females always had the ability to quickly lay eggs to exploit any new host. However, increased deprivation led to a reduction in the number and the viability of eggs. Enzymo-immunological measurements of ecdysteroids were made in whole females, in dissected ovaries and in newly laid eggs. Our results indicated that ecdysteroids play a major role as circulating hormones involved in the regulation of oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bodin
- Université de Tours, IRBI UMR CNRS 6035, Parc Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
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28
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Serbielle C, Moreau S, Veillard F, Voldoire E, Bézier A, Mannucci MA, Volkoff AN, Drezen JM, Lalmanach G, Huguet E. Identification of parasite-responsive cysteine proteases inManduca sexta. Biol Chem 2009; 390:493-502. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractParasites have evolved different virulence strategies to manipulate host physiological functions. The parasitoid waspCotesia congregatainduces developmental arrest and immune suppression of its Lepidopteran hostManduca sexta. In this interaction, a symbiotic virus (C. congregataBracovirus, CcBV) associated with the wasp is essential for parasitism success. The virus is injected into the host with wasp eggs and virus genes are expressed in host tissues. Among potential CcBV virulence genes, cystatins, which are tight binding inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, are suspected to play an important role in the interaction owing to their high level of expression. So far, however, potentialin vivotargets inM. sextaare unknown. Here, we characterized for the first time fourM. sextaC1A cysteine proteases corresponding to cathepsin L and cathepsin B and two different ‘26–29 kDa’ cysteine proteases (MsCath1 and MsCath2). Our analyses revealed that MsCath1 and MsCath2 are transcriptionally downregulated in the course of parasitism. Moreover, viral Cystatin1 and MsCath1 co-localize in the plasma following parasitism, strongly suggesting that they interact. We also show that parasitism induces a general increase of cysteine protease activity which is later controlled. The potential involvement of cysteine proteases in defense against parasitoids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Florian Veillard
- INSERM U 618 ‘Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires’ IFR 135 ‘Imagerie Fonctionnelle’, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Emilien Voldoire
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Marie-Anne Mannucci
- Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR1231 INRA – Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR1231 INRA – Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM U 618 ‘Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires’ IFR 135 ‘Imagerie Fonctionnelle’, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
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Rabossi A, Stoka V, Puizdar V, Turk V, Quesada-Allué LA. Purification and characterization of two cysteine peptidases of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata during metamorphosis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 68:1-13. [PMID: 18163528 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In holometabolous insects, there is a complete body remodeling from larva to adult. We determined in Ceratitis capitata that the transition from pre-pupa to pupa, 40 to 48 h after puparium formation (h APF), is a key moment of metamorphosis; when salivary glands, intestine, fat body, and muscles are in different stages of cell death. At 44-46 h APF, muscles from segments 1-3 (thoracic region) appeared fully disintegrated, whereas posterior muscles just started death processes. To understand some of the biochemical events eventually involved in histolytic processes during early metamorphosis, two cysteine peptidases coined "Metamorphosis Associated Cysteine Peptidase" (MACP-I and MACP-II) were purified to homogeneity from 40-46-h APF insects. Both enzymes were inhibited by Ep-475, a specific inhibitor of papain-like cysteine-peptidases. MACP-I is a single chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 80 kDa and includes several isoforms with pI values of pH 6.25-6.35, 6.7, and 7.2. The enzyme has an optimum pH of 5.0 and its pH stability ranges from pH 4.0 to 6.0. The molecular weight and N-terminal sequence suggest that MACP-I might be a novel enzyme. MACP-II is an acidic single chain protein with a pI of pH 5.85 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. The enzyme is labile with a maximum stability in the pH range of 4.0 to 6.0 and an optimum pH among 5.0 to 6.0. MAPCP-II characteristics suggest it is a cathepsin B-like enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rabossi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IIBBA-CONICET and Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Oliveira DMP, Ramos IB, Reis FCG, Lima APCA, Machado EA. Interplay between acid phosphatase and cysteine proteases in mediating vitellin degradation during early embryogenesis of Periplaneta americana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:883-891. [PMID: 18499122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we characterized the activities of two classes of proteases and AcP during early embryogenesis of Periplaneta americana. AcP activity was first detected at day 6 and reached a maximum level at day 10 of development. Using phosphoamino acids, phosphatase activity was shown to be directed only against phosphotyrosine at day 6 while at day 10 it was also active against phosphoserine. In parallel, two classes of proteases were detected and located within yolk granules: a clan CA-cysteine protease, which was inhibited by E-64, insensitive to CA 074 and activated by acidic pH at day 3; and a neutral serine protease, which was inhibited by aprotinin at day 6. Assays of vitellin (Vt) degradation evidenced that incubations at neutral pH induced slight proteolysis, while the incubations at acidic pH did not result in Vt degradation. However, pre-incubations of Vt with AcP increased the levels of Vt acidic proteolysis and this could be inhibited by the addition of phosphatase inhibitors. On the other hand, the same pre-incubations showed no effects on the profile of degradation at neutral pH. We propose that AcP and cysteine protease cooperate to assure Vt breakdown during early embryogenesis of P. americana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M P Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Programa de Parasitologia e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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31
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Wang Y, Zhao B, Ding F, Jiang X. Gut-specific expression of cathepsin L and B in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense larvae. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:185-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Liu J, Shi GP, Zhang WQ, Zhang GR, Xu WH. Cathepsin L function in insect moulting: molecular cloning and functional analysis in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:823-34. [PMID: 17201774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Moulting is an essential process of insect development but little is known about cysteine proteases in the process. Here, we detail a proteolytic activity profile from fifth larval instar to new pupae of the lepidopteran Helicoverpa armigera. At fifth to sixth instar moulting, the activities were significantly higher than those in non-moulting stages, and were inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor, 2S, 3S-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester (E-64), or by the cathepsin L-selective inhibitor CLIK148. Further, a 1513 bp cathepsin L cDNA (Har-CL) was isolated from the H. armigera larval cuticle and epidermis layer. Har-CL gene expression, which is correlated closely with ecdysone, was higher during larval moulting. Injection of E-64 or CLIK148 resulted in delayed fifth to sixth instar moulting, suggesting an essential role for cathepsin L in larval moulting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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33
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Velentzas AD, Nezis IP, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH. Mechanisms of programmed cell death during oogenesis in Drosophila virilis. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:399-414. [PMID: 17004067 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We describe the features of programmed cell death occurring in the egg chambers of Drosophila virilis during mid-oogenesis and late oogenesis. During mid-oogenesis, the spontaneously degenerating egg chambers exhibit typical characteristics of apoptotic cell death. As revealed by propidium iodide, rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin staining, and the TUNEL assay, respectively, the nurse cells contain condensed chromatin, altered actin cytoskeleton, and fragmented DNA. In vitro caspase activity assays and immunostaining procedures demonstrate that the atretic egg chambers possess high levels of caspase activity. Features of autophagic cell death are also observed during D. virilis mid-oogenesis, as shown by monodansylcadaverine staining, together with an ultrastructural examination by transmission electron microscopy. During the late stages of oogenesis in D. virilis, once again, the two mechanisms, viz., nurse cell cluster apoptosis and autophagy, operate together, manifesting features of cell death similar to those detailed above. Moreover, an altered form of cytochrome c seems to be released from the mitochondria in the nurse cells proximal to the oocyte. We propose that apoptosis and autophagy function synergistically during oogenesis in D. virilis in order to achieve a more efficient elimination of the degenerated nurse cells and abnormal egg chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios D Velentzas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15784, Athens, Greece
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Attardo GM, Strickler-Dinglasan P, Perkin SAH, Caler E, Bonaldo MF, Soares MB, El-Sayeed N, Aksoy S. Analysis of fat body transcriptome from the adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:411-24. [PMID: 16907828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidia) are vectors of pathogenic African trypanosomes. To develop a foundation for tsetse physiology, a normalized expressed sequence tag (EST) library was constructed from fat body tissue of immune-stimulated Glossina morsitans morsitans. Analysis of 20,257 high-quality ESTs yielded 6372 unique genes comprised of 3059 tentative consensus (TC) sequences and 3313 singletons (available at http://aksoylab.yale.edu). We analysed the putative fat body transcriptome based on homology to other gene products with known functions available in the public domain. In particular, we describe the immune-related products, reproductive function related yolk proteins and milk-gland protein, iron metabolism regulating ferritins and transferrin, and tsetse's major energy source proline biosynthesis. Expression analysis of the three yolk proteins indicates that all are detected in females, while only the yolk protein with similarity to lipases, is expressed in males. Milk gland protein, apparently important for larval nutrition, however, is primarily synthesized by accessory milk gland tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Attardo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Section of Vector Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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35
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Griffitt RJ, Chandler GT, Greig TW, Quattro JM. Cathepsin B and glutathione peroxidase show differing transcriptional responses in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three xenobiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:3640-5. [PMID: 16786705 DOI: 10.1021/es052537o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The common molecular biology techniques, suppressive-subtractive hybridization (SSH) and semi-quantitative real-time PCR (SQRT-PCR), were used to identify differentially expressed genes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three different xenobiotics. Lab-acclimated adult male grass shrimp were exposed to empirically derived 96-hr male-specific LC50 concentrations of fipronil (FP, a phenylpyrazole GABA disrupting pesticide), endosulfan (ES, a cyclodiene GABA disrupting pesticide), or cadmium (Cd), as well as a control (CC). An SSH gene expression library was constructed from surviving shrimp from the fipronil and control exposures. Clones obtained by SSH were identified by searching against the NCBI website. A total of 42 genes were identified that were up-regulated by FP exposure, and 47 that were down-regulated. A subset of the affected genes was tested with SQRT-PCR to verify responsiveness to fipronil, as well as to endosulfan and cadmium. Two genes showed strong and significant responses to the exposures: glutathione peroxidase was significantly up-regulated by all three exposures, while Cathepsin B was strongly responsive to the two pesticides, but not to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Griffitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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36
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Nezis IP, Stravopodis DJ, Margaritis LH, Papassideri IS. Follicular atresia during Dacus oleae oogenesis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:282-90. [PMID: 16368106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, constitutes a common fundamental incident that occurs during oogenesis in a variety of different animals. It plays a significant role in the maturation process of the female gamete and also in the removal of abnormal and superfluous cells at certain checkpoints of development. In the present study, we demonstrate the existence of follicular atresia during mid-oogenesis in the olive fruit fly Dacus oleae (Tephritidae). The number of atretic follicles increases following the age of the fly, suggesting for the presence of an age-susceptible process. The atretic follicles contain nurse cells that exhibit chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and actin cytoskeleton alterations, as revealed by propidium iodide staining, TUNEL labeling and phalloidin-FITC staining. Conventional light and electron microscopy disclose that the nurse cell remnants are phagocytosed by the adjacent follicle cells. The follicular epithelium also eliminates the oocyte through phagocytosis, resulting to an egg chamber with no compartmentalized organization. The data presented herein are very similar compared to previous reported results in other Diptera species, strongly suggesting the occurrence of a phylogenetically conserved mechanism of follicular atresia. All these observations also support the notion that mid-oogenesis in D. oleae may be the critical regulation point at which superfluous and defective egg chambers are selectively eliminated before they reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Nezis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
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KOTAKI TOYOMI. Oosorption in the stink bug,Plautia crossota stali: Follicle cells as the site of protein degradation. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2005.9652155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Uchida K, Nishizuka M, Ohmori D, Ueno T, Eshita Y, Fukunaga A. Follicular epithelial cell apoptosis of atretic follicles within developing ovaries of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:903-912. [PMID: 15518658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Follicular atresia, the degeneration of developing follicles, is always incident to normal oogenesis in both oviparous and viviparous animals. Photo- and electron-microscopic observation of degenerating follicles within developing ovaries taken from blood-fed Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes showed gradual degradation of the internal structures including yolk granules in the oocyte. The epithelial cells, which sometimes incorporated yolk granules from the oocyte along with the shrinkage of the follicle, gradually lost their uniform columnar shape, while their integrity as a covering layer remained. In situ active caspase analysis detected active enzymes in these epithelial regions. In the latest stages of atresia where either the nurse cells or oocyte were lost, the follicle was mainly comprised of irregularly shaped epithelial cells, and some of these cells' nuclei contained condensed chromatin peripherally, one of the characteristics of apoptotic cells. Also terminaldeoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling treatment indicated that DNA fragmentation occurred in these follicles. It seems likely that in atretic follicles the epithelial cells survive to play key roles in the event, and then finally undergo their own apoptotic cell death so as to give the developmental site to the next follicle in the same ovariole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keikichi Uchida
- Department of Biology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 1-1 Hiraga Gakuendai, Inba-gun, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
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Kotaki T. Oosorption in the stink bug, Plautia crossota stali: induction and vitellogenin dynamics. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:105-113. [PMID: 12770003 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oosorption, resorption of developing oocytes in the ovary, in P. c. stali is characterized by changes in appearance of oocytes from opaque greyish green or orange to transparent, degeneration of yolk granules and disappearance of oocyte contents. Starvation and virginity were indicated to be factors that induce oosorption. SDS PAGE/Western blotting analysis using anti-vitellogenin antiserum detected two major and many minor bands in haemolymph samples. Egg extracts showed a more complicated set of positive bands in the same analysis. Yolk protein, vitellin, therefore, seemed to be formed after complicated processing of vitellogenin following its uptake by the oocytes. In starved, oosorption-induced females, vitellogenin concentration in the haemolymph was lower than that of fed females, and Western blotting failed to detect either oosorption-specific or ovary-specific peptide fragments in haemolymph samples collected from those females. These results suggest that once oosorption was induced vitellogenin/vitellin in oocytes was degraded rapidly and released into the haemolymph in the form of amino acids or small peptides too small to be recognized by the anti-vitellogenin antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kotaki
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Life-cycles, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
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