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Chornyi S, Ofman R, Koster J, Waterham HR. The origin of long-chain fatty acids required for de novo ether lipid/plasmalogen synthesis. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100364. [PMID: 36990386 PMCID: PMC10154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane bounded organelles, that in humans play a dual role in lipid metabolism, including the degradation of very long-chain fatty acids and the synthesis of ether lipids/plasmalogens. The first step in de novo ether lipid synthesis is mediated by the peroxisomal enzyme glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase, which has a strict substrate specificity reacting only with the long-chain acyl-CoAs. The aim of this study was to determine the origin of these long-chain acyl-CoAs. To this end, we developed a sensitive method for the measurement of de novo ether phospholipid synthesis in cells and, by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, generated a series of HeLa cell lines with deficiencies of proteins involved in peroxisomal biogenesis, beta-oxidation, ether lipid synthesis, or metabolite transport. Our results show that the long-chain acyl-CoAs required for the first step of ether lipid synthesis can be imported from the cytosol by the peroxisomal ABCD proteins, in particular ABCD3. Furthermore, we show that these acyl-CoAs can be produced intraperoxisomally by chain shortening of CoA esters of very long-chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Our results demonstrate that peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis are intimately connected and that the peroxisomal ABC transporters play a crucial role in de novo ether lipid synthesis.
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Dorninger F, Vaz FM, Waterham HR, Klinken JBV, Zeitler G, Forss-Petter S, Berger J, Wiesinger C. Ether lipid transfer across the blood-brain and placental barriers does not improve by inactivation of the most abundant ABC transporters. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:69-79. [PMID: 35981629 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid transport from the periphery to the brain is an understudied topic. When certain lipid species are deficient due to impaired synthesis, though, transfer across the blood-brain barrier is essential for replenishing lipids in the brain. For example, the deficiency in plasmalogens, the most abundant ether lipids in mammals, has detrimental effects on the brain, which is a major issue in inherited peroxisomal disorders but also contributes to more common disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Oral administration of alkylglycerols like batyl alcohol, which carry a pre-formed ether bond, enables replenishment of ether lipids in various peripheral tissues. However, plasmalogen deficiency in the brain cannot be overcome by this approach. Here, we tried to increase cerebral plasmalogen uptake by modulating the efflux transport across the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesized, based on previous literature, that at least some ether lipid species readily enter endothelial cells of the barrier through the transporter MFSD2A but are re-exported by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. By crossbreeding Mdr1a-/-/Mdr1b-/-/Bcrp-/- and ether lipid-deficient Gnpat-/- mice as well as pharmacological inhibition with MK-571 to inactivate the major ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier, we evaluated the potential of combined ABC transporter inhibition and oral batyl alcohol administration for the treatment of plasmalogen deficiency. We found that even in the absence of the most abundant ABC transporters, batyl alcohol supplementation did not restore plasmalogen levels in the brain, despite the presence of a wide spectrum of ether lipid subspecies in the plasma as demonstrated by lipidomic analysis. Surprisingly, batyl alcohol treatment of pregnant Gnpat+/- dams had beneficial effects on the plasmalogen levels of Gnpat-/- offspring with defective ether lipid biosynthesis, independently of ABC transporter status at the placental barrier. Our results underline the autonomy of brain lipid homeostasis and indicate that peripheral supplementation of ether lipids is not sufficient to supply the brain with larger amounts of plasmalogens. Yet, the findings suggest that alkylglycerol treatment during pregnancy may pose a viable option to ameliorate some of the severe developmental defects of inborn ether lipid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn errors of metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn errors of metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; United for Metabolic Diseases, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Wiesinger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abreu S, Héron S, Solgadi A, Prost B, Dalloux-Chioccioli J, Kermarrec A, Meynier A, Bertrand-Michel J, Tchapla A, Chaminade P. Rapid assessment of fatty acyls chains of phospholipids and plasmalogens by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive mode and high-resolution mass spectrometry using in-source generated monoacylglycerol like fragments intensities. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Azad AK, Kobayashi H, Md Sheikh A, Osago H, Sakai H, Ahsanul Haque M, Yano S, Nagai A. Rapid identification of plasmalogen molecular species using targeted multiplexed selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 22:26-33. [PMID: 34939052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Pls) levels are reported to be altered in several neurological and metabolic diseases. Identification of sn-1 fatty alcohols and sn-2 fatty acids of different Pls species is necessary to determine the roles and mechanisms of action of Pls in different diseases. Previously, full-scan tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for this purpose but is not effective for low-abundance Pls species. Recently, multiplexed selected reaction monitoring MS (SRM/MS) was found to be more selective and sensitive than conventional full-scan MS/MS for the identification of low-abundance compounds. In the present study, we developed a liquid chromatography (LC)-targeted multiplexed SRM/MS system for the identification and quantification of different Pls choline (Pls-PC) and Pls ethanolamine (Pls-PE) species. We determined five precursor-product ion transitions to identify sn-1 and sn-2 fragments of each Pls species. Consequently, sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acyl chains of 22 Pls-PC and 55 Pls-PE species were identified in mouse brain samples. Among them, some species had C20:0 and C20:1 fatty alcohols at the sn-1 position. For quantification of Pls species in mouse brain samples, a single SRM transition was employed. Thus, our results suggest that the LC-targeted multiplexed SRM/MS system is very sensitive for the identification and quantification of low-abundance lipids such as Pls, and is thus expected to make a significant contribution to basic and clinical research in this field in the future.
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Key Words
- CS, commercial standard
- IS, internal standard
- Identification
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LC-MS/MS
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- MTBE, methyl tert-butyl ether
- PLs, glycerophospholipids
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Phospholipids
- Plasmalogens
- Pls, plasmalogens
- Pls-PC, plasmalogens choline
- Pls-PE, plasmalogens ethanolamine
- Quantification
- RT, retention time
- SRM, selected reaction monitoring
- Targeted multiplexed SRM/MS‘
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abdullah Md Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Harumi Osago
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Md Ahsanul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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Azad AK, Sheikh AM, Haque MA, Osago H, Sakai H, Shibly AZ, Yano S, Michikawa M, Hossain S, Tabassum S, A. G, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Nagai A. Time-Dependent Analysis of Plasmalogens in the Hippocampus of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model: A Role of Ethanolamine Plasmalogen. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1603. [PMID: 34942905 PMCID: PMC8699479 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are alkenyl-acyl glycerophospholipids and decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The aim of this study is to investigate the time-dependent changes of plasmalogens in the hippocampus of an AD model mouse (J20). Plasmalogen levels at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months were analyzed by liquid-chromatography-targeted-multiplexed-selected-reaction-monitoring-tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-SRM/MS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Plasmalogen synthesizing enzyme glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) and late endosome marker Rab7 levels were quantified by Western blotting. GNPAT localization, changes of neuronal and glial cell numbers were evaluated by immunostaining. Compared to wild-type mice (WT), total plasmalogen-ethanolamine, but not plasmalogen-choline levels, were increased at 9 months and subsequently decreased at 15 months in J20 mice. A principal component analysis of plasmalogen-ethanolamine species could separate WT and J20 mice both at 9 and 15 months. Both GNPAT and Rab7 protein were increased in J20 mice at 9 months, whereas GNPAT was decreased at 15 months. ROS levels were increased in J20 mice except for 9 months. Our results suggest that increased plasmalogen-ethanolamine could counteract ROS levels and contribute to the phagocytosis process in J20 mice at 9 months. Such results might indicate a transient protective response of plasmalogen-ethanolamine in AD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (M.A.H.); (S.Y.); (S.T.)
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (M.A.H.); (S.Y.); (S.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Harumi Osago
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (M.A.H.); (S.Y.); (S.T.)
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh;
| | - Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.M.S.); (M.A.H.); (S.Y.); (S.T.)
| | - Garu A.
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (A.K.A.); (A.Z.S.); (G.A.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Delmonte P, Belaunzaran X, Ridge CD, Aldai N, Kramer JK. Separation and characterization of products from acidic methanolysis of plasmalogenic lipids by two-dimensional gas chromatography with online reduction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Berendse K, Boek M, Gijbels M, Van der Wel NN, Klouwer FC, van den Bergh-Weerman MA, Shinde AB, Ofman R, Poll-The BT, Houten SM, Baes M, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Liver disease predominates in a mouse model for mild human Zellweger spectrum disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2774-2787. [PMID: 31207289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by defective peroxisome assembly. They constitute a clinical continuum from severe early lethal to relatively milder presentations in adulthood. Liver disease is a prevalent symptom in ZSD patients. The underlying pathogenesis for the liver disease, however, is not fully understood. We report a hypomorphic ZSD mouse model, which is homozygous for Pex1-c.2531G>A (p.G844D), the equivalent of the most common pathogenic variant found in ZSD, and which predominantly presents with liver disease. After introducing the Pex1-G844D allele by knock-in, we characterized homozygous Pex1-G844D mice for survival, biochemical parameters, including peroxisomal and mitochondrial functions, organ histology, and developmental parameters. The first 20 post-natal days (P20) were critical for survival of homozygous Pex1-G844D mice (~20% survival rate). Lethality was likely due to a combination of cholestatic liver problems, liver dysfunction and caloric deficit, probably as a consequence of defective bile acid biosynthesis. Survival beyond P20 was nearly 100%, but surviving mice showed a marked delay in growth. Surviving mice showed similar hepatic problems as described for mild ZSD patients, including hepatomegaly, bile duct proliferation, liver fibrosis and mitochondrial alterations. Biochemical analyses of various tissues showed the absence of functional peroxisomes accompanied with aberrant levels of peroxisomal metabolites predominantly in the liver, while other tissues were relatively spared. ur findings show that homozygous Pex1-G844D mice have a predominant liver disease phenotype, mimicking the hepatic pathology of ZSD patients, and thus constitute a good model to study pathogenesis and treatment of liver disease in ZSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Maxim Boek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Femke C Klouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | | | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Ofman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands.
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Kumar KR, Wali G, Davis RL, Mallawaarachchi AC, Palmer EE, Gayevskiy V, Minoche AE, Veivers D, Dinger ME, Mackay-Sim A, Cowley MJ, Sue CM. Expanding the spectrum of PEX16 mutations and novel insights into disease mechanisms. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 16:46-51. [PMID: 30094183 PMCID: PMC6072801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorders are caused by mutations in any of at least 12 different PEX genes. This includes PEX16, an important regulator of peroxisome biogenesis. Using whole genome sequencing, we detected previously unreported, biallelic variants in PEX16 [NM_004813.2:c.658G>A, p.(Ala220Thr) and NM_004813.2:c.830G>A, p.(Arg277Gln)] in an individual with leukodystrophy, spastic paraplegia, cerebellar ataxia, and craniocervical dystonia with normal plasma very long chain fatty acids. Using olfactory-neurosphere derived cells, a population of neural stem cells, we showed patient cells had reduced peroxisome density and increased peroxisome size, replicating previously reported findings in PEX16 cell lines. Along with alterations in peroxisome morphology, patient cells also had impaired peroxisome function with reduced catalase activity. Furthermore, patient cells had reduced oxidative stress levels after exposure to hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), which may be a result of compensation by H2O2 metabolising enzymes other than catalase to preserve peroxisome-related cell functions. Our findings of impaired catalase activity and altered oxidative stress response are novel. Our study expands the phenotype of PEX16 mutations by including dystonia and provides further insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying PEX16-associated disorders. Additional studies of the full spectrum of peroxisomal dysfunction could improve our understanding of the mechanism underlying PEX16-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R. Kumar
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Gautam Wali
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan L. Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth E. Palmer
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Velimir Gayevskiy
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andre E. Minoche
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Veivers
- ENT Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcel E. Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J. Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn M. Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Dorninger F, Herbst R, Kravic B, Camurdanoglu BZ, Macinkovic I, Zeitler G, Forss-Petter S, Strack S, Khan MM, Waterham HR, Rudolf R, Hashemolhosseini S, Berger J. Reduced muscle strength in ether lipid-deficient mice is accompanied by altered development and function of the neuromuscular junction. J Neurochem 2017; 143:569-583. [PMID: 28555889 PMCID: PMC5725694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inherited deficiency in ether lipids, a subgroup of phospholipids whose biosynthesis needs peroxisomes, causes the fatal human disorder rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. The exact roles of ether lipids in the mammalian organism and, therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still largely enigmatic. Here, we used glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase knockout (Gnpat KO) mice to study the consequences of complete inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis and documented substantial deficits in motor performance and muscle strength of these mice. We hypothesized that, probably in addition to previously described cerebellar abnormalities and myelination defects in the peripheral nervous system, an impairment of neuromuscular transmission contributes to the compromised motor abilities. Structurally, a morphologic examination of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in diaphragm muscle at different developmental stages revealed aberrant axonal branching and a strongly increased area of nerve innervation in Gnpat KO mice. Post-synaptically, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters colocalized with nerve terminals within a widened endplate zone. In addition, we detected atypical AChR clustering, as indicated by decreased size and number of clusters following stimulation with agrin, in vitro. The turnover of AChRs was unaffected in ether lipid-deficient mice. Electrophysiological evaluation of the adult diaphragm indicated that although evoked potentials were unaltered in Gnpat KO mice, ether lipid deficiency leads to fewer spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events but, conversely, an increased post-synaptic response to spontaneous vesicle exocytosis. We conclude from our findings that ether lipids are essential for proper development and function of the NMJ and may, therefore, contribute to motor performance. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojana Kravic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bahar Z Camurdanoglu
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Macinkovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Strack
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muzamil Majid Khan
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Said Hashemolhosseini
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Klouwer FCC, Ferdinandusse S, van Lenthe H, Kulik W, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT, Waterham HR, Vaz FM. Evaluation of C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine and C26:0-carnitine as diagnostic markers for Zellweger spectrum disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:875-881. [PMID: 28677031 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) are a group of genetic metabolic disorders caused by a defect in peroxisome biogenesis. This results in multiple metabolic abnormalities, including elevated very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels. Elevated levels of C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine (C26:0-lysoPC) have been shown in dried blood spots (DBS) from ZSD patients. However, little is known about the sensitivity and specificity of this marker and C26:0-carnitine, another VLCFA-marker, in ZSD. We investigated C26:0-lysoPC and C26:0-carnitine as diagnostic markers for ZSD in DBS and fibroblasts. METHODS C26:0-lysoPC levels in 91 DBS from 37 different ZSD patients were determined and compared to the levels in 209 control DBS. C26:0-carnitine levels were measured in 41 DBS from 29 ZSD patients and 97 control DBS. We measured C26:0-lysoPC levels in fibroblasts from 24 ZSD patients and 61 control individuals. RESULTS Elevated C26:0-lysoPC levels (>72 nmol/L) were found in 86/91 ZSD DBS (n=33/37 patients) corresponding to a sensitivity of 89.2%. Median level was 567 nmol/l (range 28-3133 nmol/l). Consistently elevated C26:0-carnitine levels (>0.077 μmol/L) in DBS were found in 16 out of 29 ZSD patients corresponding to a sensitivity of 55.2%. C26:0-lysoPC levels were elevated in 21/24 ZSD fibroblast lines. DISCUSSION C26:0-lysoPC in DBS is a sensitive and useful marker for VLCFA accumulation in patients with a ZSD. C26:0-carnitine in DBS is elevated in some ZSD patients, but is less useful as a diagnostic marker. Implementation of C26:0-lysoPC measurement in the diagnostic work-up when suspecting a ZSD is advised. This marker has the potential to be used for newborn screening for ZSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke C C Klouwer
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Lenthe
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Kulik
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Klouwer FCC, Koster J, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal abnormalities in the immortalized human hepatocyte (IHH) cell line. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:537-541. [PMID: 28013369 PMCID: PMC5359384 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immortalized human hepatocyte (IHH) cell line is increasingly used for studies related to liver metabolism, including hepatic glucose, lipid, lipoprotein and triglyceride metabolism, and the effect of therapeutic interventions. To determine whether the IHH cell line is a good model to investigate hepatic peroxisomal metabolism, we measured several peroxisomal parameters in IHH cells and, for comparison, HepG2 cells and primary skin fibroblasts. This revealed a marked plasmalogen deficiency and a deficient fatty acid α-oxidation in the IHH cells, due to a defect of PEX7, a cytosolic receptor protein required for peroxisomal import of a subset of peroxisomal proteins. These abnormalities have consequences for the lipid homeostasis of these cells and thus should be taken into account for the interpretation of data previously generated by using this cell line and when considering using this cell line for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke C C Klouwer
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Berendse K, Klouwer FCC, Koot BGP, Kemper EM, Ferdinandusse S, Koelfat KVK, Lenicek M, Schaap FG, Waterham HR, Vaz FM, Engelen M, Jansen PLM, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT. Cholic acid therapy in Zellweger spectrum disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:859-868. [PMID: 27469511 PMCID: PMC5065608 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are characterized by a failure in peroxisome formation, caused by autosomal recessive mutations in different PEX genes. At least some of the progressive and irreversible clinical abnormalities in patients with a ZSD, particularly liver dysfunction, are likely caused by the accumulation of toxic bile acid intermediates. We investigated whether cholic acid supplementation can suppress bile acid synthesis, reduce accumulation of toxic bile acid intermediates and improve liver function in these patients. METHODS An open label, pretest-posttest design study was conducted including 19 patients with a ZSD. Participants were followed longitudinally during a period of 2.5 years prior to the start of the intervention. Subsequently, all patients received oral cholic acid and were followed during 9 months of treatment. Bile acids, peroxisomal metabolites, liver function and liver stiffness were measured at baseline and 4, 12 and 36 weeks after start of cholic acid treatment. RESULTS During cholic acid treatment, bile acid synthesis decreased in the majority of patients. Reduced levels of bile acid intermediates were found in plasma and excretion of bile acid intermediates in urine was diminished. In patients with advanced liver disease (n = 4), cholic acid treatment resulted in increased levels of plasma transaminases, bilirubin and cholic acid with only a minor reduction in bile acid intermediates. CONCLUSIONS Oral cholic acid therapy can be used in the majority of patients with a ZSD, leading to at least partial suppression of bile acid synthesis. However, caution is needed in patients with advanced liver disease due to possible hepatotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke C C Klouwer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart G P Koot
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's hospital/ Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elles M Kemper
- Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiran V K Koelfat
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lenicek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Vianey-Saban C, Acquaviva C, Cheillan D, Collardeau-Frachon S, Guibaud L, Pagan C, Pettazzoni M, Piraud M, Lamazière A, Froissart R. Antenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: biological diagnosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:611-624. [PMID: 27393412 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that present with abnormal imaging findings in the second half of pregnancy are mainly lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), cholesterol synthesis disorders (CSDs), glycogen storage disorder type IV (GSD IV), peroxisomal disorders, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects (FAODs), organic acidurias, aminoacidopathies, congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs), and transaldolase deficiency. Their biological investigation requires fetal material. The supernatant of amniotic fluid (AF) is useful for the analysis of mucopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides, sialic acid, lysosphingolipids and some enzyme activities for LSDs, 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol and lathosterol for CSDs, acylcarnitines for FAODs, organic acids for organic acidurias, and polyols for transaldolase deficiency. Cultured AF or fetal cells allow the measurement of enzyme activities for most IEMs, whole-cell assays, or metabolite measurements. The cultured cells or tissue samples taken after fetal death can be used for metabolic profiling, enzyme activities, and DNA extraction. Fetal blood can also be helpful. The identification of vacuolated cells orients toward an LSD, and plasma is useful for diagnosing peroxisomal disorders, FAODs, CSDs, some LSDs, and possibly CDGs and aminoacidopathies. We investigated AF of 1700 pregnancies after exclusion of frequent etiologies of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and identified 108 fetuses affected with LSDs (6.3 %), 29 of them with mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII), and six with GSD IV (0.3 %). In the AF of 873 pregnancies, investigated because of intrauterine growth restriction and/or abnormal genitalia, we diagnosed 32 fetuses affected with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (3.7 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vianey-Saban
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Unité INSERM U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France.
| | - Cécile Acquaviva
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
- UMR 5305 CNRS/UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unité INSERM U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- Unité INSERM U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France
- Département de Pathologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Département d'Imagerie Pédiatrique et Fœtale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Pagan
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292; INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Pettazzoni
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Monique Piraud
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- Département PM2, Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France, Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse, INSERM ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Roseline Froissart
- Service Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
- UMR 5305 CNRS/UCBL, Lyon, France
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14
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Ferdinandusse S, Ebberink MS, Vaz FM, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. The important role of biochemical and functional studies in the diagnostics of peroxisomal disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:531-43. [PMID: 26943801 PMCID: PMC4920857 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that play an essential role in a variety of metabolic pathways. Peroxisomal dysfunction can lead to various biochemical abnormalities and result in abnormal metabolite levels, such as increased very long-chain fatty acid or reduced plasmalogen levels. The metabolite abnormalities in peroxisomal disorders are used in the diagnostics of these disorders. In this paper we discuss in detail the different diagnostic tests available for peroxisomal disorders and focus specifically on the important role of biochemical and functional studies in cultured skin fibroblasts in reaching the right diagnosis. Several examples are shown to underline the power of such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Merel S Ebberink
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Renaud M, Guissart C, Mallaret M, Ferdinandusse S, Cheillan D, Drouot N, Muller J, Claustres M, Tranchant C, Anheim M, Koenig M. Expanding the spectrum of PEX10-related peroxisomal biogenesis disorders: slowly progressive recessive ataxia. J Neurol 2016; 263:1552-8. [PMID: 27230853 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) consist of a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive diseases, in which peroxisome assembly and proliferation are impaired leading to severe multisystem disease and early death. PBDs include Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) with a relatively mild clinical phenotype caused by PEX1, (MIM# 602136), PEX2 (MIM# 170993), PEX6 (MIM# 601498), PEX10 (MIM# 602859), PEX12 (MIM# 601758), and PEX16 (MIM# 603360) mutations. Three adult patients are reported belonging to a non-consanguineous French family affected with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, axonal neuropathy, and pyramidal signs. Mental retardation and diabetes mellitus were optional. The age at onset was in childhood or in adolescence (3-15 years). Brain MRI showed marked cerebellar atrophy. Biochemical blood analyses suggested a mild peroxisomal defect. With whole exome sequencing, two mutations in PEX10 were found in the three patients: c.827G>T (novel) causing the missense change p.Cys276Phe and c.932G>A causing the missense change p.Arg311Gln. The phenotypic spectrum related to PEX10 mutations includes slowly progressive, syndromic recessive ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Renaud
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Guissart
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, EA7402, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martial Mallaret
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Haguenau, 67500, Haguenau, France
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Cheillan
- Hospices Civils de Lyon: Service des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et Dépistage Néonatal, INSERM U.1060: Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean Muller
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mireille Claustres
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, EA7402, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, EA7402, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Waterham HR, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJ. Human disorders of peroxisome metabolism and biogenesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2016; 1863:922-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Berendse K, Engelen M, Ferdinandusse S, Majoie CBLM, Waterham HR, Vaz FM, Koelman JHTM, Barth PG, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT. Zellweger spectrum disorders: clinical manifestations in patients surviving into adulthood. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:93-106. [PMID: 26287655 PMCID: PMC4710674 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe the natural history of patients with a Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) surviving into adulthood. METHODS Retrospective cohort study in patients with a genetically confirmed ZSD. RESULTS All patients (n = 19; aged 16-35 years) had a follow-up period of 1-24.4 years (mean 16 years). Seven patients had a progressive disease course, while 12 remained clinically stable during follow-up. Disease progression usually manifests in adolescence as a gait disorder, caused by central and/or peripheral nervous system involvement. Nine were capable of living a partly independent life with supported employment. Systematic MRI review revealed T2 hyperintense white matter abnormalities in the hilus of the dentate nucleus and/or peridentate region in nine out of 16 patients. Biochemical analyses in blood showed abnormal peroxisomal biomarkers in all patients in infancy and childhood, whereas in adolescence/adulthood we observed normalization of some metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The patients described here represent a distinct subgroup within the ZSDs who survive into adulthood. Most remain stable over many years. Disease progression may occur and is mainly due to cerebral and cerebellar white matter abnormalities, and peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- Department of Radiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H T M Koelman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Barth
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Otoki Y, Nakagawa K, Kato S, Miyazawa T. MS/MS and LC-MS/MS analysis of choline/ethanolamine plasmalogens via promotion of alkali metal adduct formation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ratbi I, Falkenberg KD, Sommen M, Al-Sheqaih N, Guaoua S, Vandeweyer G, Urquhart JE, Chandler KE, Williams SG, Roberts NA, El Alloussi M, Black GC, Ferdinandusse S, Ramdi H, Heimler A, Fryer A, Lynch SA, Cooper N, Ong KR, Smith CEL, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ, Elcock C, Poulter JA, Tischkowitz M, Davies SJ, Sefiani A, Mironov AA, Newman WG, Waterham HR, Van Camp G. Heimler Syndrome Is Caused by Hypomorphic Mutations in the Peroxisome-Biogenesis Genes PEX1 and PEX6. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:535-45. [PMID: 26387595 PMCID: PMC4596894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heimler syndrome (HS) is a rare recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), amelogenesis imperfecta, nail abnormalities, and occasional or late-onset retinal pigmentation. We ascertained eight families affected by HS and, by using a whole-exome sequencing approach, identified biallelic mutations in PEX1 or PEX6 in six of them. Loss-of-function mutations in both genes are known causes of a spectrum of autosomal-recessive peroxisome-biogenesis disorders (PBDs), including Zellweger syndrome. PBDs are characterized by leukodystrophy, hypotonia, SNHL, retinopathy, and skeletal, craniofacial, and liver abnormalities. We demonstrate that each HS-affected family has at least one hypomorphic allele that results in extremely mild peroxisomal dysfunction. Although individuals with HS share some subtle clinical features found in PBDs, the diagnosis was not suggested by routine blood and skin fibroblast analyses used to detect PBDs. In conclusion, our findings define HS as a mild PBD, expanding the pleiotropy of mutations in PEX1 and PEX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Ratbi
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kim D Falkenberg
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Manou Sommen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Nada Al-Sheqaih
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Soukaina Guaoua
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Jill E Urquhart
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Kate E Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Simon G Williams
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Neil A Roberts
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Mustapha El Alloussi
- Département de Pédodontie-Prévention, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Mohammed V, BP 6212 Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco; Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohamed V, Avenue des Far, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Graeme C Black
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hind Ramdi
- Département de Pédodontie-Prévention, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Mohammed V, BP 6212 Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Audrey Heimler
- Division of Human Genetics, Schneider Children's Hospital of Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA
| | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Lynch
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; Department of Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Nicola Cooper
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Kai Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Claire E L Smith
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher F Inglehearn
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claire Elcock
- Academic Unit of Oral Health and Development, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sally J Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, 10100 Rabat, Morocco; Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, BP 769 Agdal, 10090 Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - William G Newman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.
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Konkoľová J, Petrovič R, Chandoga J, Halasová E, Jungová P, Böhmer D. A novel mutation in the PEX12 gene causing a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1359-63. [PMID: 26094004 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisomal biogenesis disorders are autosomal recessive diseases morphologically characterised by lacking peroxisomes, biochemically by generalised deficiency of peroxisomal constituent and clinically manifested by serious health problems. Genes involved in the peroxisomal biogenesis are defined as the PEX genes encoding proteins called the peroxins. These peroxins are required for function in assembly of the peroxisomal membrane or in import of the enzymes into the peroxisomes. In this study we present a full overview of the clinical presentation, biochemical and molecular data of patient with Zellweger syndrome from Slovakia. We investigated biochemical metabolites using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The presence of causal ins/del mutations we identified by a Sanger sequencing and RFLP. We reported that the patient was a compound heterozygote for mutations in the gene PEX12: a 2-bp insertion (c.767_768dupAT) and a 2-bp deletion (c.887_888delTC). The first one mentioned is a novel mutation, which has not been reported before. Both mutations create a frameshift of the open reading frame which result a premature STOP codon and generate a complete loss of the C-terminal RING finger domain that is crucial for the correct import of proteins into peroxisomes. We found causal mutations responsible for a severe phenotype, and moreover we noted a novel mutation c.767_768dupAT that has not been reported before. The presence of mutations was studied in all family members, and the resulting data were successfully utilized for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Konkoľová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital Bratislava, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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Konkoľová J, Petrovič R, Chandoga J, Repiský M, Zelinková H, Kršiaková J, Kolníková M, Kantarská D, Šutovský S, Böhmer D. Peroxisomal D-bifunctional protein deficiency: First case reports from Slovakia. Gene 2015; 568:61-8. [PMID: 25967389 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
D-bifunctional protein deficiency (#OMIM 261515) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary metabolic disorder causing severe clinical and biochemical abnormalities that are usually fatal in the course of the first years of life. This disease is classified as single enzyme peroxisomal disorder affecting the β-oxidation pathway in this compartment. In this paper we present a full overview of the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical and molecular data of two Slovak D-bifunctional protein deficient patients. In the clinical presentation of both patients severe generalized hypotonia, depression of neonatal reflexes, craniofacial dysmorphism and seizures dominated starting from the second day of life. In both patients, who died up to two years of life, we found elevated plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids and we identified the presence of causative mutations in the HSD17B4 gene. In the first case, we found the homozygous mutation c.46G>A, which is responsible for a defect in the dehydrogenase domain. In the second patient, the heterozygous mutations c.1369A>G and c.1516C>T were present and functionally they are related to the hydratase domain of the protein. This combination of mutations in the second patient is very rare and has not been reported until now. The presence of mutations was examined in all family members, and the resulting data were successfully utilized for prenatal diagnosis.
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Ciapaite J, van den Berg SA, Houten SM, Nicolay K, van Dijk KW, Jeneson JA. Fiber-type-specific sensitivities and phenotypic adaptations to dietary fat overload differentially impact fast- versus slow-twitch muscle contractile function in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:155-64. [PMID: 25516489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFDs) have been shown to interfere with skeletal muscle energy metabolism and cause peripheral insulin resistance. However, understanding of HFD impact on skeletal muscle primary function, i.e., contractile performance, is limited. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD containing lard (HFL) or palm oil (HFP), or low-fat diet (LFD) for 5weeks. Fast-twitch (FT) extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch (ST) soleus muscles were characterized with respect to contractile function and selected biochemical features. In FT EDL muscle, a 30%-50% increase in fatty acid (FA) content and doubling of long-chain acylcarnitine (C14-C18) content in response to HFL and HFP feeding were accompanied by increase in protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes and acyl-CoA dehydrogenases involved in mitochondrial FA β-oxidation. Peak force of FT EDL twitch and tetanic contractions was unaltered, but the relaxation time (RT) of twitch contractions was 30% slower compared to LFD controls. The latter was caused by accumulation of lipid intermediates rather than changes in the expression levels of proteins involved in calcium handling. In ST soleus muscle, no evidence for lipid overload was found in any HFD group. However, particularly in HFP group, the peak force of twitch and tetanic contractions was reduced, but RT was faster than LFD controls. The latter was associated with a fast-to-slow shift in troponin T isoform expression. Taken together, these data highlight fiber-type-specific sensitivities and phenotypic adaptations to dietary lipid overload that differentially impact fast- versus slow-twitch skeletal muscle contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Ciapaite
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3226, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd A van den Berg
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, NL- 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, NL- 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Jeneson
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3226, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Garcia Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Houten SM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. High-protein diets prevent steatosis and induce hepatic accumulation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1263-74. [PMID: 25287814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is steatosis of unknown etiology. To test how dietary protein decreases steatosis, we fed female C57BL/6 J mice low-fat (8 en%) or high-fat (42 en%) combined with low-protein (11 en%), high-protein (HP; 35 en%) or extra-high-protein (HPX; 58 en%) diets for 3 weeks. The 35 en% protein diets reduced hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid contents to ~50% of that in 11 en% protein diets. Every additional 10 en% protein reduced hepatic fat content ~1.5 g%. HP diets had no effect on lipogenic or fatty acid-oxidizing genes except Ppargc1α (+30%), increased hepatic PCK1 content 3- to 5-fold, left plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentration unchanged, and decreased inflammation and cell stress (decreased Fgf21 and increased Gsta expression). The HP-mediated decrease in steatosis correlated inversely with plasma branched-chain amino-acid (BCAA) concentrations and hepatic content of BCAA-derived monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) 14-methylpentadecanoic (14-MPDA; valine-derived) and, to a lesser extent, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoleucine-derived). Liver lipid content was 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher in females than in males, but the anti-steatotic effect of HP diets was equally strong. The strong up-regulation of PCK1 and literature data showing an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate and a decline in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in liver reveal that an increased efflux of these intermediates from mitochondria represents an important effect of an HP diet. The HP diet-induced increase in 14-MPDA and the dietary response in gene expression were more pronounced in females than males. Our findings are compatible with a facilitating role of valine-derived mmBCFAs in the antisteatotic effect of HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Garcia Caraballo
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tine M Comhair
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Koehler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Yakunin E, Kisos H, Kulik W, Grigoletto J, Wanders RJA, Sharon R. The regulation of catalase activity by PPAR γ is affected by α-synuclein. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:145-59. [PMID: 25356396 PMCID: PMC4184544 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective While evidence for oxidative injury is frequently detected in brains of humans affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) and in relevant animal models, there is uncertainty regarding its cause. We tested the potential role of catalase in the oxidative injury that characterizes PD. Methods Utilizing brains of A53T α-Syn and ntg mice, and cultured cells, we analyzed catalase activity and expression, and performed biochemical analyses of peroxisomal metabolites. Results Lower catalase expression and lower activity levels were detected in A53T α-Syn brains and α-Syn-expressing cells. The effect on catalase activity was independent of disease progression, represented by mouse age and α-Syn mutation, suggesting a potential physiological function for α-Syn. Notably, catalase activity and expression were unaffected in brains of mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, we found that α-Syn expression downregulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, which controls catalase transcription. Importantly, activation of either PPARγ2, PPARα or retinoic X receptor eliminated the inhibiting effect of α-Syn on catalase activity. In addition, activation of these nuclear receptors enhanced the accumulation of soluble α-Syn oligomers, resulting in a positive association between the degree of soluble α-Syn oligomers and catalase activity. Of note, a comprehensive biochemical analysis of specific peroxisomal metabolites indicated no signs of dysfunction in specific peroxisomal activities in brains of A53T α-Syn mice. Interpretation Our results suggest that α-Syn expression may interfere with the complex and overlapping network of nuclear receptors transcription activation. In result, catalase activity is affected through mechanisms involved in the regulation of soluble α-Syn oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Yakunin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Haya Kisos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Willem Kulik
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases Lab, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Grigoletto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases Lab, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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Bams-Mengerink AM, Koelman JH, Waterham H, Barth PG, Poll-The BT. The neurology of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:174. [PMID: 24172221 PMCID: PMC4228450 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To describe the neurologic profiles of Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP); a peroxisomal disorder clinically characterized by skeletal abnormalities, congenital cataracts, severe growth and developmental impairments and immobility of joints. Defective plasmalogen biosynthesis is the main biochemical feature. Methods Observational study including review of clinical and biochemical abnormalities, genotype, presence of seizures and neurophysiological studies of a cohort of 16 patients with RCDP. Results Patients with the severe phenotype nearly failed to achieve any motor or cognitive skills, whereas patients with the milder phenotype had profound intellectual disability but were able to walk and had verbal communication skills. Eighty-eight percent of patients developed epileptic seizures. The age of onset paralleled the severity of the clinical and biochemical phenotype. Myoclonic jerks, followed by atypical absences were most frequently observed. All patients with clinical seizures had interictal encephalographic evidence of epilepsy. Visual evoked (VEP) and brain auditory potential (BAEP) studies showed initial normal latency times in 93% of patients. Deterioration of VEP occurred in a minority in both the severe and the milder phenotype. BAEP and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were more likely to become abnormal in the severe phenotype. Plasmalogens were deficient in all patients. In the milder phenotype levels of plasmalogens were significantly higher in erythrocytes than in the severe phenotype. Phytanic acid levels ranged from normal to severely increased, but had no relation with the neurological phenotype. Conclusion Neurodevelopmental deficits and age-related occurrence of seizures are characteristic of RCDP and are related to the rest-activity in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Evoked potential studies are more likely to become abnormal in the severe phenotype, but are of no predictive value in single cases of RCDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke M Bams-Mengerink
- Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Huffnagel IC, Clur SAB, Bams-Mengerink AM, Blom NA, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Poll-The BT. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and cardiac pathology. J Med Genet 2013; 50:419-24. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Over the last few decades n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status became of special interest for scientists. Biochemical measures on the n-3 fatty acid status vary depending on body compartment assessed and measures chosen. Plasma phospholipids and red blood cell membrane phospholipids are mainly used as n-3 fatty acid status marker. The conventional analysis of phospholipid fatty acids involves lipid extraction and consecutive chromatographic separation of phospholipids from other lipid fractions, which is time-consuming and costly. In recent years, different investigators have tried to overcome these limitations by using other biological markers or by modifying the analytical procedures used to assess n-3 fatty acid status. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview on these novel analytical methods developed for the fatty acid quantification by gas chromatography, highlights the methodological limitations, and discusses advantages or disadvantages of the biological markers used. Seventeen papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. New opportunities arise from sensitive and precise high-throughput methodologies for assessment of plasma total lipid and plasma glycerophospholipid fatty acids, as well as cheek cell fatty acid composition.
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Braverman NE, Moser AB. Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1442-52. [PMID: 22627108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique class of membrane glycerophospholipids containing a fatty alcohol with a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position, and enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. These two features provide novel properties to these compounds. Although plasmalogens represent up to 20% of the total phospholipid mass in humans their physiological roles have been challenging to identify, and are likely to be particular to different tissues, metabolic processes and developmental stages. Their biosynthesis starts in peroxisomes, and defects at these steps cause the malformation syndrome, Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP). The RCDP phenotype predicts developmental roles for plasmalogens in bone, brain, lens, lung, kidney and heart. Recent studies have revealed secondary plasmalogen deficiencies associated with more common disorders and allow us to tease out additional pathways dependent on plasmalogen functions. In this review, we present current knowledge of plasmalogen biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University-Montreal Childrens Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.
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Brites P, Ferreira AS, da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Duran M, Waterham HR, Baes M, Wanders RJA. Alkyl-glycerol rescues plasmalogen levels and pathology of ether-phospholipid deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28539. [PMID: 22163031 PMCID: PMC3232224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of plasmalogens, caused by impaired peroxisomal metabolism affects normal development and multiple organs in adulthood. Treatment options aimed at restoring plasmalogen levels may be relevant for the therapy of peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. In this study we determined the in vivo efficacy of an alkyl glycerol (AG), namely, 1-O-octadecyl-rac-glycerol, as a therapeutic agent for defects in plasmalogen synthesis. To achieve this, Pex7 knockout mice, a mouse model for Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata type 1 characterized by the absence of plasmalogens, and WT mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 2% alkyl-glycerol. Plasmalogen levels were measured in target organs and the biochemical data were correlated with the histological analysis of affected organs. Plasmalogen levels in all peripheral tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG diet for 2 months normalized to the levels of AG fed WT mice. In nervous tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG-diet, plasmalogen levels were significantly increased compared to control fed KO mice. Histological analysis of target organs revealed that the AG-diet was able to stop the progression of the pathology in testis, adipose tissue and the Harderian gland. Interestingly, the latter tissues are characterized by the presence of lipid droplets which were absent or reduced in size and number when ether-phospholipids are lacking, but which can be restored with the AAG treatment. Furthermore, nerve conduction in peripheral nerves was improved. When given prior to the occurrence of major pathological changes, the AG-diet prevented or ameliorated the pathology observed in Pex7 KO mice depending on the degree of plasmalogen restoration. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of treating a plasmalogen deficiency with alkyl-glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
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Houtkooper RH, Argmann C, Houten SM, Cantó C, Jeninga EH, Andreux PA, Thomas C, Doenlen R, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J. The metabolic footprint of aging in mice. Sci Rep 2011; 1:134. [PMID: 22355651 PMCID: PMC3216615 DOI: 10.1038/srep00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a general decline in cellular function, which ultimately will affect whole body homeostasis. Although DNA damage and oxidative stress all contribute to aging, metabolic dysfunction is a common hallmark of aging at least in invertebrates. Since a comprehensive overview of metabolic changes in otherwise healthy aging mammals is lacking, we here compared metabolic parameters of young and 2 year old mice. We systemically integrated in vivo phenotyping with gene expression, biochemical analysis, and metabolomics, thereby identifying a distinguishing metabolic footprint of aging. Among the affected pathways in both liver and muscle we found glucose and fatty acid metabolism, and redox homeostasis. These alterations translated in decreased long chain acylcarnitines and increased free fatty acid levels and a marked reduction in various amino acids in the plasma of aged mice. As such, these metabolites serve as biomarkers for aging and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Itzkovitz B, Jiralerspong S, Nimmo G, Loscalzo M, Horovitz DDG, Snowden A, Moser A, Steinberg S, Braverman N. Functional characterization of novel mutations in GNPAT and AGPS, causing rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) types 2 and 3. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:189-97. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Kou J, Kovacs GG, Höftberger R, Kulik W, Brodde A, Forss-Petter S, Hönigschnabl S, Gleiss A, Brügger B, Wanders R, Just W, Budka H, Jungwirth S, Fischer P, Berger J. Peroxisomal alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:271-83. [PMID: 21594711 PMCID: PMC3168371 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), lipid alterations are present early during disease progression. As some of these alterations point towards a peroxisomal dysfunction, we investigated peroxisomes in human postmortem brains obtained from the cohort-based, longitudinal Vienna-Transdanube Aging (VITA) study. Based on the neuropathological Braak staging for AD on one hemisphere, the patients were grouped into three cohorts of increasing severity (stages I–II, III–IV, and V–VI, respectively). Lipid analyses of cortical regions from the other hemisphere revealed accumulation of C22:0 and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA, C24:0 and C26:0), all substrates for peroxisomal β-oxidation, in cases with stages V–VI pathology compared with those modestly affected (stages I–II). Conversely, the level of plasmalogens, which need intact peroxisomes for their biosynthesis, was decreased in severely affected tissues, in agreement with a peroxisomal dysfunction. In addition, the peroxisomal volume density was increased in the soma of neurons in gyrus frontalis at advanced AD stages. Confocal laser microscopy demonstrated a loss of peroxisomes in neuronal processes with abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, implicating impaired trafficking as the cause of altered peroxisomal distribution. Besides the original Braak staging, the study design allowed a direct correlation between the biochemical findings and the amount of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuritic plaques, quantified in adjacent tissue sections. Interestingly, the decrease in plasmalogens and the increase in VLCFA and peroxisomal volume density in neuronal somata all showed a stronger association with NFT than with neuritic plaques. These results indicate substantial peroxisome-related alterations in AD, which may contribute to the progression of AD pathology.
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Bakermans AJ, Geraedts TR, van Weeghel M, Denis S, João Ferraz M, Aerts JMFG, Aten J, Nicolay K, Houten SM, Prompers JJ. Fasting-induced myocardial lipid accumulation in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice is accompanied by impaired left ventricular function. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:558-65. [PMID: 21737602 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.111.963751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipotoxicity may be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiac abnormalities in mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) disorders. Few data are available on myocardial lipid levels and cardiac performance in FAO deficiencies. The purpose of this animal study is to assess fasting-induced changes in cardiac morphology, function, and triglyceride (TG) storage as a consequence of FAO deficiency in a noninvasive fashion. METHODS AND RESULTS MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) were applied in vivo in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice (n=8 per genotype). Fasting was used to increase the heart's dependency on FAO for maintenance of energy homeostasis. In vivo data were complemented with ex vivo measurements of myocardial lipids. Left ventricular (LV) mass was higher in LCAD KO mice compared with WT mice (P<0.05), indicating LV myocardial hypertrophy. Myocardial TG content was higher in LCAD KO mice at baseline (P<0.001) and further increased in fasted LCAD KO mice (P<0.05). Concomitantly, LV ejection fraction (P<0.01) and diastolic filling rate (P<0.01) decreased after fasting, whereas these functional parameters did not change in fasted WT mice. Myocardial ceramide content was higher in fasted LCAD KO mice compared with fasted WT mice (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Using a noninvasive approach, this study reveals accumulation of myocardial TG in LCAD KO mice. Toxicity of accumulating lipid metabolites such as ceramides may be responsible for the fasting-induced impairment of cardiac function observed in the LCAD KO mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus J Bakermans
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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35
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Ciapaite J, van den Broek NM, Te Brinke H, Nicolay K, Jeneson JA, Houten SM, Prompers JJ. Differential effects of short- and long-term high-fat diet feeding on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:441-51. [PMID: 21621638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in the supply and utilization of fatty acids (FA) is thought to contribute to intrahepatic lipid (IHL) accumulation in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the time course of changes in the liver capacity to oxidize and store FA in response to high-fat diet (HFD). Adult male Wistar rats were fed either normal chow or HFD for 2.5weeks (short-term) and 25weeks (long-term). Short-term HFD feeding led to a 10% higher palmitoyl-l-carnitine-driven ADP-stimulated (state 3) oxygen consumption rate in isolated liver mitochondria indicating up-regulation of β-oxidation. This adaptation was insufficient to cope with the dietary FA overload, as indicated by accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines, depletion of free carnitine and increase in FA content in the liver, reflecting IHL accumulation. The latter was confirmed by in vivo((1))H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Oil Red O staining. Long-term HFD feeding caused further up-regulation of mitochondrial β-oxidation (24% higher oxygen consumption rate in state 3 with palmitoyl-l-carnitine as substrate) and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis as indicated by 62% higher mitochondrial DNA copy number compared to controls. These adaptations were paralleled by a partial restoration of free carnitine levels and a decrease in long-chain acylcarnitine content. Nevertheless, there was a further increase in IHL content, accompanied by accumulation of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products. In conclusion, partially effective adaption of hepatic FA metabolism to long-term HFD feeding came at a price of increased oxidative stress, caused by a combination of higher FA oxidation capacity and oversupply of FA.
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Braverman N, Zhang R, Chen L, Nimmo G, Scheper S, Tran T, Chaudhury R, Moser A, Steinberg S. A Pex7 hypomorphic mouse model for plasmalogen deficiency affecting the lens and skeleton. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:408-16. [PMID: 20060764 PMCID: PMC2839039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder with the clinical features of rhizomelia, abnormal epiphyseal calcifications, congenital cataracts, and profound growth and developmental delays. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, caused by defects in the peroxisome receptor, PEX7. The pathology results from a deficiency of plasmalogens, a critical class of ether phospholipids whose functions are largely unknown. To study plasmalogens in an animal model, avoid early mortality and facilitate therapeutic investigations in this disease, we engineered a hypomorphic mouse model in which Pex7 transcript levels are reduced to less than 5% of wild type. These mice are born in expected ratios, are fertile and have a normal life span. However, they are petite and develop early cataracts. Further investigations showed delayed endochondral ossification and abnormalities in lens fibers. The biochemical features of reduced Pex7 function were reproduced in this model, including tissue plasmalogen deficiency, phytanic acid accumulation, reduced import of Pex7 ligands and consequent defects in plasmalogen biosynthesis and phytanic acid oxidation. Dietary supplementation with batyl alcohol, a plasmalogen precursor, recovered ether phospholipids in blood, but did not alter the clinical phenotype. The relatively mild phenotype of these mice mimics patients with milder PEX7 defects, and highlights the skeleton and lens as sensitive markers of plasmalogen deficiency. The role of plasmalogens in the normal function of these tissues at various ages can now be studied and additional therapeutic interventions tested in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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37
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Chegary M, Brinke HT, Ruiter JPN, Wijburg FA, Stoll MSK, Minkler PE, van Weeghel M, Schulz H, Hoppel CL, Wanders RJA, Houten SM. Mitochondrial long chain fatty acid beta-oxidation in man and mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:806-15. [PMID: 19465148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several mouse models for mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO) defects have been developed. So far, these models have contributed little to our current understanding of the pathophysiology. The objective of this study was to explore differences between murine and human FAO. Using a combination of analytical, biochemical and molecular methods, we compared fibroblasts of long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout (LCAD(-/-)), very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout (VLCAD(-/-)) and wild type mice with fibroblasts of VLCAD-deficient patients and human controls. We show that in mice, LCAD and VLCAD have overlapping and distinct roles in FAO. The absence of VLCAD is apparently fully compensated, whereas LCAD deficiency is not. LCAD plays an essential role in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, but seems redundant in the oxidation of saturated fatty acids. In strong contrast, LCAD is neither detectable at the mRNA level nor at the protein level in men, making VLCAD indispensable in FAO. Our findings open new avenues to employ the existing mouse models to study the pathophysiology of human FAO defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Chegary
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Ferdinandusse S, Zomer AW, Komen JC, van den Brink CE, Thanos M, Hamers FP, Wanders RJ, van der Saag PT, Poll-The BT, Brites P. Ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells in a mouse model for Refsum disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17712-7. [PMID: 19004801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806066105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Refsum disease is caused by a deficiency of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PHYH), the first enzyme of the peroxisomal alpha-oxidation system, resulting in the accumulation of the branched-chain fatty acid phytanic acid. The main clinical symptoms are polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa. To study the pathogenesis of Refsum disease, we generated and characterized a Phyh knockout mouse. We studied the pathological effects of phytanic acid accumulation in Phyh(-/-) mice fed a diet supplemented with phytol, the precursor of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid accumulation caused a reduction in body weight, hepatic steatosis, and testicular atrophy with loss of spermatogonia. Phenotype assessment using the SHIRPA protocol and subsequent automated gait analysis using the CatWalk system revealed unsteady gait with strongly reduced paw print area for both fore- and hindpaws and reduced base of support for the hindpaws. Histochemical analyses in the CNS showed astrocytosis and up-regulation of calcium-binding proteins. In addition, a loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was observed. No demyelination was present in the CNS. Motor nerve conduction velocity measurements revealed a peripheral neuropathy. Our results show that, in the mouse, high phytanic acid levels cause a peripheral neuropathy and ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells. These findings provide important insights in the pathophysiology of Refsum disease.
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Brites P, Mooyer PAW, el Mrabet L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Plasmalogens participate in very-long-chain fatty acid-induced pathology. Brain 2008; 132:482-92. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
In cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids stems from a defect of the peroxisomal ALD protein (ALDP) and results in the loss of myelin/oligodendrocytes, induction of inflammatory disease and mental deterioration. In brain white matter of cALD patients, we observed not only increased levels of very long chain fatty acid but also reduced levels of plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loss of PlsEtn was greatest in the plaque area and lesser but significant at histologically normal-looking areas of the cALD brain. The reduction in PlsEtn was related to oxidative stress, as supported by increased levels of reactive lipid aldehydes (4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein) and deleterious oxidized proteins (protein carbonyl) in all areas of the cALD brain. This inverse relationship between the levels of PlsEtn and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further supported in an in vitro study using gene-silencing for dihydroxyacetone phosphate-acyl transferase, a key enzyme for PlsEtn biosynthesis. Levels of PlsEtn were also found decreased in vitro following gene-silencing for the ALDP/ALD-related protein. Furthermore, low levels of PlsEtn were detected in brain white matter of ALDP knock out (KO) mice. A treatment of ALDP KO mice with lovastatin increased PlsEtn levels in the brain. Further, in an in vitro study, lovastatin treatment of rat C6 glial cells increased PlsEtn biosynthesis and reduced the cytokine-induced ROS accumulation. In summary, this study reports that altered metabolism of PlsEtn and ROS in cALD may be corrected by lovastatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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41
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Mawatari S, Okuma Y, Fujino T. Separation of intact plasmalogens and all other phospholipids by a single run of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2007; 370:54-9. [PMID: 17599799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique subclass of glycerophospholipids characterized by the presence of a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone, and they are found in high concentration in cellular membranes of many mammalian tissues. However, separation of plasmalogens as intact phospholipids has not been reported. This article describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic method that can separate intact ethanolamine plasmalogens (pl-PEs) and choline plasmalogens (pl-PCs) as well as all other phospholipid classes usually found in mammalian tissues by a single chromatographic run. The separation was obtained using an HPLC diol column and a gradient of a hexane/isopropanol/water system containing 1% acetic acid and 0.08% triethylamine. The HPLC method allowed a clear separation of plasmalogens from their diacyl analogues. The HPLC method, as applied to the study of peroxidation in human erythrocytes by a hydroperoxide, demonstrated that pl-PEs were targeted twice as much as their diacyl analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Function of Food, Hisayama-chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan.
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42
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Ferrer I, Kapfhammer JP, Hindelang C, Kemp S, Troffer-Charlier N, Broccoli V, Callyzot N, Mooyer P, Selhorst J, Vreken P, Wanders RJA, Mandel JL, Pujol A. Inactivation of the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in the mouse leads to late-onset ataxia involving mitochondria, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3565-77. [PMID: 16223892 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters facilitate unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substances, ranging from peptides to lipids, across cell or organelle membranes. In peroxisomes, a subfamily of four ABC transporters (ABCD1 to ABCD4) has been related to fatty acid transport, because patients with mutations in ABCD1 (ALD gene) suffer from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a disease characterized by an accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Inactivation in the mouse of the abcd1 gene leads to a late-onset neurodegenerative condition, comparable to the late-onset form of X-ALD [Pujol, A., Hindelang, C., Callizot, N., Bartsch, U., Schachner, M. and Mandel, J.L. (2002) Late onset neurological phenotype of the X-ALD gene inactivation in mice: a mouse model for adrenomyeloneuropathy. Hum. Mol. Genet., 11, 499-505.]. In the present work, we have generated and characterized a mouse deficient for abcd2, the closest paralog to abcd1. The main pathological feature in abcd2-/- mice is a late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia, with loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and dorsal root ganglia cell degeneration, correlating with accumulation of VLCFAs in the latter cellular population. Axonal degeneration was present in dorsal and ventral columns in spinal cord. We have identified mitochondrial, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage as the underlying pathological mechanism, thus providing evidence of a disturbed organelle cross-talk, which may be at the origin of the pathological cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Department de Biologia Cel.lular i Anatomia Patologica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Psychosine (galactosylsphingosine) accumulation in globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) results in the loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes. To understand the role of psychosine toxicity in Krabbe's disease, we examined the effects of psychosine on peroxisomal functions and their relationship with reactive oxygen species. Rat C(6) glial cells were treated with psychosine with and without cytokines. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation was significantly inhibited and very long chain fatty acid levels and free radicals were increased in treated cells. Furthermore, psychosine treatment decreased glutathione and ATP levels, plasmalogen content, and expression of alkyl-DHAP synthase. Brain tissue of twitcher mice (animal model of Krabbe's) had decreased beta-oxidation activity, low glutathione, and reduced plasmalogens. Psychosine treatment of rat primary oligodendrocytes inhibited peroxisomal activities. Psychosine-mediated loss of peroxisomal function and free radical production was inhibited with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in glial cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of peroxisomal functions and increased free radical production by psychosine may be partly responsible for oligodendrocyte and myelin loss observed in the Krabbe's brain, and that antioxidant therapy may be useful in the treatment of Krabbe's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, 29425, USA
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Abstract
Conventional sample preparation for fatty acid analysis is a complicated, multiple-step process, and gas chromatography (GC) analysis alone can require >1 h per sample to resolve fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Fast GC analysis was adapted to human plasma FAME analysis using a modified polyethylene glycol column with smaller internal diameters, thinner stationary phase films, increased carrier gas linear velocity, and faster temperature ramping. Our results indicated that fast GC analyses were comparable to conventional GC in peak resolution. A conventional transesterification method based on Lepage and Roy was simplified to a one-step method with the elimination of the neutralization and centrifugation steps. A robotics-amenable method was also developed, with lower methylation temperatures and in an open-tube format using multiple reagent additions. The simplified methods produced results that were quantitatively similar and with similar coefficients of variation as compared with the original Lepage and Roy method. The present streamlined methodology is suitable for the direct fatty acid analysis of human plasma, is appropriate for research studies, and will facilitate large clinical trials and make possible population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Masood
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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45
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Gloerich J, van Vlies N, Jansen GA, Denis S, Ruiter JPN, van Werkhoven MA, Duran M, Vaz FM, Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S. A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in mice both via PPARalpha-dependent and -independent pathways. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:716-26. [PMID: 15654129 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400337-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (such as phytanic and pristanic acid) are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in vitro. To investigate the effects of these physiological compounds in vivo, wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient (PPARalpha-/-) mice were fed a phytol-enriched diet. This resulted in increased plasma and liver levels of the phytol metabolites phytanic and pristanic acid. In wild-type mice, plasma fatty acid levels decreased after phytol feeding, whereas in PPARalpha-/- mice, the already elevated fatty acid levels increased. In addition, PPARalpha-/- mice were found to be carnitine deficient in both plasma and liver. Dietary phytol increased liver free carnitine in wild-type animals but not in PPARalpha-/- mice. Investigation of carnitine biosynthesis revealed that PPARalpha is likely involved in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis. Furthermore, phytol feeding resulted in a PPARalpha-dependent induction of various peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzymes. In addition, a PPARalpha-independent induction of catalase, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, carnitine octanoyltransferase, peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, and straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase was observed. In conclusion, branched-chain fatty acids are physiologically relevant ligands of PPARalpha in mice. These findings are especially relevant for disorders in which branched-chain fatty acids accumulate, such as Refsum disease and peroxisome biogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gloerich
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory for Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Adiv OE, Mandel H, Shehadeh N, Knopf C, Shen-Or Z, Shamir R. Influence of co-administration of oral insulin and docosahexaenoic acid in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:638-43. [PMID: 15542356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and docosahexaenoic acid are both present in human milk. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of co-administration of oral insulin and DHA in mice. Immediately after weaning, Balb C mice were divided into four groups of seven mice each for a period of 4 weeks. Group 1 received a chow diet only. Group 2 received a chow diet and also was given human insulin (1 unit/mL of drinking water) without docosahexaenoic acid. Group 3 received a chow diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (500 mg/kg/day in the chow) and no insulin. Group 4 received a chow diet and supplementation with both human insulin and docosahexaenoic acid. At 28 days, fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, lipid peroxidation analysis, docosahexaenoic acid plasma levels, and docosahexaenoic acid content in red blood cells were determined. We found that glucose levels were lower in the group that was supplemented with insulin only (group 2, 61.4 mg/dL +/- 2.8,mean +/- SD) and in the group that was supplemented with DHA only (group 3, 61.1 mg/dL +/- 2.0) compared to controls (group 1, 71 mg/dL +/- 6.9, P < 0.0001). Supplementation of both insulin and docosahexaenoic acid (group 4) resulted in significantly lower glucose levels (56.4 mg/dL +/- 2.6) compared to those in groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in lipid profile or lipid peroxidation between the groups. We conclude that adding insulin or docosahexaenoic acid to the diet of weaned Balb C mice reduces glucose blood levels. Supplementation with both substances has a synergistic effect. The presence of insulin and docosahexaenoic acid in human milk may be the cause for reduced glucose levels in breast-fed infants, in addition to the known effects of DHA on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Eshach Adiv
- Meyer Children's Hospital of Haifa, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Takemoto Y, Suzuki Y, Horibe R, Shimozawa N, Wanders RJA, Kondo N. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of very long chain fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, phytanic acid and plasmalogen for the screening of peroxisomal disorders. Brain Dev 2003; 25:481-7. [PMID: 13129591 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(03)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), phytanic acid, and plasmalogens are usually measured individually. A novel method for the screening of peroxisomal disorders, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was developed. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including VLCFAs and DHA, phytanic acid, and plasmalogen were detected by a selected ion monitoring-electron impact method, using 100 microl of serum or plasma. Methyl-esterification and extraction could be done in one tube, and data were obtained within 4 h. All patients with Zellweger syndrome (ZS), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), isolated deficiency of peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme, and most ALD carriers showed increased VLCFA ratios, including C24:0/C22:0, C25:0/C22:0 and C26:0/C22:0. The ratio of DHA to palmitic acid (C16:0) and plasmalogen (measured as hexadecanal dimethyl acetal) to C16:0 in ZS patients was significantly lower than for the controls (P<0.001 for healthy high school students, P<0.05 for infants with other disorders). Plasmalogen was also decreased in patients with isolated deficiency of plasmalogen biosynthesis. Two of eight patients with ZS, two of four with RCDP, and all of three classical Refsum patients showed increased levels of phytanic acid. This method will simplify the screening for peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa-machi 40, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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Lund AM, Dixon MA, Vreken P, Leonard JV, Morris AAM. What is the role of medium-chain triglycerides in the management of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency? J Inherit Metab Dis 2003; 26:353-60. [PMID: 12971423 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025107119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is common in infants with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Resolution of the cardiomyopathy can often be achieved by avoidance of fasting and changing from a conventional infant formula to one in which most long-chain fat is replaced by medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). It is uncertain whether the clinical improvement is due to the restriction of long-chain fat or whether the MCT have specific beneficial effects. To clarify this, the metabolic effects of MCT were examined in 5 patients. When given at around the level found in MCT-based infant formula, MCT had no effect on blood concentrations of ketone bodies, specific fatty acids or acylcarnitines. The present study cannot, however, exclude the possibility that MCT per se may have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lund
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Lund AM, Dixon MA, Vreken P, Leonard JV, Morris AAM. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2003; 26:410-2. [PMID: 12971430 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025175606891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids have been measured in 9 patients with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency being treated with a low-fat diet. No significant abnormality was detected and in particular docosahexaenoic acid was not deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lund
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Braverman N, Chen L, Lin P, Obie C, Steel G, Douglas P, Chakraborty PK, Clarke JTR, Boneh A, Moser A, Moser H, Valle D. Mutation analysis of PEX7 in 60 probands with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and functional correlations of genotype with phenotype. Hum Mutat 2002; 20:284-97. [PMID: 12325024 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PEX7 encodes the cytosolic receptor for the set of peroxisomal matrix enzymes targeted to the organelle by the peroxisome targeting signal 2 (PTS2). Mutations in PEX7 cause rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), a distinct peroxisome biogenesis disorder. In previous work we described three novel PEX7 mutant alleles, including one, L292X, with a high frequency due to a founder effect. We have now extended our analysis to 60 RCDP probands and identified a total of 24 PEX7 alleles, accounting for 95% of the mutant PEX7 genes in our sample. Of these, 50% are L292X, 13% are IVS9+1G>C, and the remainder are mostly private. IVS9+1G>C occurs on at least three different haplotypes and thus appears to result from recurrent mutation. The phenotypic spectrum of RCDP is broader than commonly recognized and includes minimally affected individuals at the mild end of the spectrum. To relate PEX7 genotype and phenotype, we evaluated the consequence of the disease mutation on PEX7 RNA by Northern analysis and RT/PCR. We evaluated the function of the encoded Pex7 protein (Pex7p) by expressing selected alleles in fibroblasts from RCDP patients and assaying their ability to restore import of a PTS2 marker protein. We find that residual activity of mutant Pex7p and reduced amounts of normal Pex7p are associated with milder and variant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Braverman
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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