1
|
Tan CCS, van Dorp L, Balloux F. The evolutionary drivers and correlates of viral host jumps. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:960-971. [PMID: 38528191 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Most emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases stem from viruses that naturally circulate in non-human vertebrates. When these viruses cross over into humans, they can cause disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. While zoonotic host jumps have been extensively studied from an ecological perspective, little attention has gone into characterizing the evolutionary drivers and correlates underlying these events. To address this gap, we harnessed the entirety of publicly available viral genomic data, employing a comprehensive suite of network and phylogenetic analyses to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning recent viral host jumps. Surprisingly, we find that humans are as much a source as a sink for viral spillover events, insofar as we infer more viral host jumps from humans to other animals than from animals to humans. Moreover, we demonstrate heightened evolution in viral lineages that involve putative host jumps. We further observe that the extent of adaptation associated with a host jump is lower for viruses with broader host ranges. Finally, we show that the genomic targets of natural selection associated with host jumps vary across different viral families, with either structural or auxiliary genes being the prime targets of selection. Collectively, our results illuminate some of the evolutionary drivers underlying viral host jumps that may contribute to mitigating viral threats across species boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric C S Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petrella RJ. The Eruptive Fevers at Sixes and Sevens. Open Access Emerg Med 2024; 16:101-105. [PMID: 38706755 PMCID: PMC11067716 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s448246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sixth Disease (roseola infantum) and its primary causative agent, HHV-6, share names that numerically concur. This article examines and answers the question of whether that correspondence is by design or coincidental by briefly reviewing the history and nomenclature of the HHV viruses and the classic febrile rashes of childhood while highlighting some clinical and microbiologic features of HHV-6 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Petrella
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, CharterCARE Health Partners, Providence and North Providence, RI, USA
- Emergency Department, Boston VA Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, Steward Health Care Systems, Boston and Methuen, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tokuda M, Shintani M. Microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer by mobile genetic elements. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14408. [PMID: 38226780 PMCID: PMC10832538 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are crucial for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria and facilitate their rapid evolution and adaptation. MGEs include plasmids, integrative and conjugative elements, transposons, insertion sequences and bacteriophages. Notably, the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), which poses a serious threat to public health, is primarily attributable to HGT through MGEs. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms by which MGEs mediate HGT in microbes. Specifically, the behaviour of conjugative plasmids in different environments and conditions was discussed, and recent methodologies for tracing the dynamics of MGEs were summarised. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying HGT and the role of MGEs in bacterial evolution and adaptation is important to develop strategies to combat the spread of ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maho Tokuda
- Department of Environment and Energy Systems, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Masaki Shintani
- Department of Environment and Energy Systems, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Research Institute of Green Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Japan Collection of MicroorganismsRIKEN BioResource Research CenterIbarakiJapan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oluwarinde BO, Ajose DJ, Abolarinwa TO, Montso PK, Du Preez I, Njom HA, Ateba CN. Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety. Foods 2023; 12:3989. [PMID: 37959107 PMCID: PMC10650914 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is typically detected on food products mainly due to cross-contamination with faecal matter. The serotype O157:H7 has been of major public health concern due to the severity of illness caused, prevalence, and management. In the food chain, the main methods of controlling contamination by foodborne pathogens often involve the application of antimicrobial agents, which are now becoming less efficient. There is a growing need for the development of new approaches to combat these pathogens, especially those that harbour antimicrobial resistant and virulent determinants. Strategies to also limit their presence on food contact surfaces and food matrices are needed to prevent their transmission. Recent studies have revealed that bacteriophages are useful non-antibiotic options for biocontrol of E. coli O157:H7 in both animals and humans. Phage biocontrol can significantly reduce E. coli O157:H7, thereby improving food safety. However, before being certified as potential biocontrol agents, the safety of the phage candidates must be resolved to satisfy regulatory standards, particularly regarding phage resistance, antigenic properties, and toxigenic properties. In this review, we provide a general description of the main virulence elements of E. coli O157:H7 and present detailed reports that support the proposals that phages infecting E. coli O157:H7 are potential biocontrol agents. This paper also outlines the mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 resistance to phages and the safety concerns associated with the use of phages as a biocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Opeyemi Oluwarinde
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Daniel Jesuwenu Ajose
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Tesleem Olatunde Abolarinwa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Peter Kotsoana Montso
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Ilse Du Preez
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inniss NL, Kozic J, Li F, Rosas-Lemus M, Minasov G, Rybáček J, Zhu Y, Pohl R, Shuvalova L, Rulíšek L, Brunzelle JS, Bednárová L, Štefek M, Kormaník JM, Andris E, Šebestík J, Li ASM, Brown PJ, Schmitz U, Saikatendu K, Chang E, Nencka R, Vedadi M, Satchell KJ. Discovery of a Druggable, Cryptic Pocket in SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 Using Allosteric Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1918-1931. [PMID: 37728236 PMCID: PMC10961098 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative, open-science team undertook discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp16-nsp10 2'-O-methyltransferase using a high throughput screening approach with the potential to reveal new inhibition strategies. This screen yielded compound 5a, a ligand possessing an electron-deficient double bond, as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 activity. Surprisingly, X-ray crystal structures revealed that 5a covalently binds within a previously unrecognized cryptic pocket near the S-adenosylmethionine binding cleft in a manner that prevents occupation by S-adenosylmethionine. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we examined the mechanism of binding of compound 5a to the nsp16 cryptic pocket and developed 5a derivatives that inhibited nsp16 activity and murine hepatitis virus replication in rat lung epithelial cells but proved cytotoxic to cell lines canonically used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study reveals the druggability of this newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 cryptic pocket, provides novel tool compounds to explore the site, and suggests a new approach for discovery of nsp16 inhibition-based pan-coronavirus therapeutics through structure-guided drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Inniss
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Ján Kozic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Monica Rosas-Lemus
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - George Minasov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Jiří Rybáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 201308, China
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmilla Shuvalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph S. Brunzelle
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL, 60439, United States
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Štefek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Michael Kormaník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Andris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Shi Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Uli Schmitz
- Structural Chemistry, Gilead Pharmaceuticals, San Mateo, CA, 94404, United States
| | - Kumar Saikatendu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Karla J.F. Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son B, Kim Y, Yu B, Kong M. Isolation and Characterization of a Weizmannia coagulans Bacteriophage Youna2 and Its Endolysin PlyYouna2. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1050-1056. [PMID: 37218442 PMCID: PMC10468668 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2303.03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Weizmannia coagulans (formerly Bacillus coagulans) is Gram-positive, and spore-forming bacteria causing food spoilage, especially in acidic canned food products. To control W. coagulans, we isolated a bacteriophage Youna2 from a sewage sludge sample. Morphological analysis revealed that phage Youna2 belongs to the Siphoviridae family with a non-contractile and flexible tail. Youna2 has 52,903 bp double-stranded DNA containing 61 open reading frames. There are no lysogeny-related genes, suggesting that Youna2 is a virulent phage. plyYouna2, a putative endolysin gene was identified in the genome of Youna2 and predicted to be composed of a N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase domain (PF01520) at the N-terminus and unknown function DUF5776 domain (PF19087) at the C-terminus. While phage Youna2 has a narrow host range, infecting only certain strains of W. coagulans, PlyYouna2 exhibited a broad antimicrobial spectrum beyond the Bacillus genus. Interestingly, PlyYouna2 can lyse Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas putida and Cronobacter sakazakii without other additives to destabilize bacterial outer membrane. To the best of our knowledge, Youna2 is the first W. coagulans-infecting phage and we speculate its endolysin PlyYouna2 can provide the basis for the development of a novel biocontrol agent against various foodborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Youna Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Booyoung Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddell SG, Smith DB, Adriaenssens E, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Dutilh BE, Garcia ML, Junglen S, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lambert AJ, Lefkowitz EJ, Łobocka M, Mushegian AR, Oksanen HM, Robertson DL, Rubino L, Sabanadzovic S, Simmonds P, Suzuki N, Van Doorslaer K, Vandamme AM, Varsani A, Zerbini FM. Virus taxonomy and the role of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37141106 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of viruses is developed and overseen by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which scrutinizes, approves and ratifies taxonomic proposals, and maintains a list of virus taxa with approved names (https://ictv.global). The ICTV has approximately 180 members who vote by simple majority. Taxon-specific Study Groups established by the ICTV have a combined membership of over 600 scientists from the wider virology community; they provide comprehensive expertise across the range of known viruses and are major contributors to the creation and evaluation of taxonomic proposals. Proposals can be submitted by anyone and will be considered by the ICTV irrespective of Study Group support. Thus, virus taxonomy is developed from within the virology community and realized by a democratic decision-making process. The ICTV upholds the distinction between a virus or replicating genetic element as a physical entity and the taxon category to which it is assigned. This is reflected by the nomenclature of the virus species taxon, which is now mandated by the ICTV to be in a binomial format (genus + species epithet) and is typographically distinct from the names of viruses. Classification of viruses below the rank of species (such as, genotypes or strains) is not within the remit of the ICTV. This article, authored by the ICTV Executive Committee, explains the principles of virus taxonomy and the organization, function, processes and resources of the ICTV, with the aim of encouraging greater understanding and interaction among the wider virology community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Siddell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Donald B Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Bas E Dutilh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Laura Garcia
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Małgorzata Łobocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arcady R Mushegian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Hanna M Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Luisa Rubino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, SS Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program and University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium and Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu Y, Shang J, Peng C, Sun Y. Phage family classification under Caudoviricetes: A review of current tools using the latest ICTV classification framework. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032186. [PMID: 36590402 PMCID: PMC9800612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, which are viruses infecting bacteria, are the most ubiquitous and diverse entities in the biosphere. There is accumulating evidence revealing their important roles in shaping the structure of various microbiomes. Thanks to (viral) metagenomic sequencing, a large number of new bacteriophages have been discovered. However, lacking a standard and automatic virus classification pipeline, the taxonomic characterization of new viruses seriously lag behind the sequencing efforts. In particular, according to the latest version of ICTV, several large phage families in the previous classification system are removed. Therefore, a comprehensive review and comparison of taxonomic classification tools under the new standard are needed to establish the state-of-the-art. In this work, we retrained and tested four recently published tools on newly labeled databases. We demonstrated their utilities and tested them on multiple datasets, including the RefSeq, short contigs, simulated metagenomic datasets, and low-similarity datasets. This study provides a comprehensive review of phage family classification in different scenarios and a practical guidance for choosing appropriate taxonomic classification pipelines. To our best knowledge, this is the first review conducted under the new ICTV classification framework. The results show that the new family classification framework overall leads to better conserved groups and thus makes family-level classification more feasible.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dastjerdi A, Floyd T, Swinson V, Davies H, Barber A, Wight A. Parainfluenza and corona viruses in a fallow deer ( Dama dama) with fatal respiratory disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1059681. [PMID: 36561391 PMCID: PMC9763933 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1059681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) and coronaviruses (CoV) are commonly found in respiratory tracts of ruminants and capable of causing clinical disease. Here, we investigated the cause of ill-thrift and sudden death in a five-month-old male fallow deer which occurred in December 2019. The calf was one of the five calves in a herd of 170 deer that, along with three adult hinds, died during a 2-week period. The deer calves were in a shed, sharing airspace with young cattle that had been reported to be coughing. Significant gross pathology was observed in the respiratory and alimentary tracts of the deer calf and histopathology of the lung and trachea was suggestive of likely involvement of PIV-3. Strong and specific cytoplasmic labeling of bronchiolar epithelium and terminal airway, alike those seen with PIV-3 pneumonia in cattle, was observed using a polyclonal bovine PIV-3 antibody. Metagenomic analysis detected a PIV-3 and a CoV in the lung tissue. The PIV-3 L protein gene had the highest sequence identity with those of bovine PIV-3 (83.1 to 98.4%) and phylogenetically clustered with bovine PIV-3 in the genotype C. The CoV spike protein gene shared 96.7% to 97.9% sequence identity with those of bovine CoVs, but only 53.1% identity with SARS-CoV-2 reference virus. We believe this is the first report of PIV-3 and CoV co-infection in fallow deer and their association with fatal pneumonia; major pathology caused by PIV-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Akbar Dastjerdi
| | - Tobias Floyd
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Barber
- Clevedale Vets, Upleatham Veterinary Surgery, Home Farm, Redcar, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kejzar N, Laanto E, Rissanen I, Abrishami V, Selvaraj M, Moineau S, Ravantti J, Sundberg LR, Huiskonen JT. Cryo-EM structure of ssDNA bacteriophage ΦCjT23 provides insight into early virus evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7478. [PMID: 36463224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of viruses remains an open question. While lack of detectable sequence similarity hampers the analysis of distantly related viruses, structural biology investigations of conserved capsid protein structures facilitate the study of distant evolutionary relationships. Here we characterize the lipid-containing ssDNA temperate bacteriophage ΦCjT23, which infects Flavobacterium sp. (Bacteroidetes). We report ΦCjT23-like sequences in the genome of strains belonging to several Flavobacterium species. The virion structure determined by cryogenic electron microscopy reveals similarities to members of the viral kingdom Bamfordvirae that currently consists solely of dsDNA viruses with a major capsid protein composed of two upright β-sandwiches. The minimalistic structure of ΦCjT23 suggests that this phage serves as a model for the last common ancestor between ssDNA and dsDNA viruses in the Bamfordvirae. Both ΦCjT23 and the related phage FLiP infect Flavobacterium species found in several environments, suggesting that these types of viruses have a global distribution and a shared evolutionary origin. Detailed comparisons to related, more complex viruses not only expand our knowledge about this group of viruses but also provide a rare glimpse into early virus evolution.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dey R, Samadder A, Nandi S. Exploring the Targets of Novel Corona Virus and Docking-based Screening of Potential Natural Inhibitors to Combat COVID-19. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2410-2434. [PMID: 36281864 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221020163831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to explore natural compounds against COVID-19 due to their multitargeted actions against various targets of nCoV. They act on multiple sites rather than single targets against several diseases. Thus, there is a possibility that natural resources can be repurposed to combat COVID-19. However, the biochemical mechanisms of these inhibitors were not known. To reveal the mode of anti-nCoV action, structure-based docking plays a major role. The present study is an attempt to explore various potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 and the structure-based screening of various potential natural inhibitors to combat the novel coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishita Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zerbini FM, Kitajima EW. From Contagium vivum fluidum to Riboviria: A Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Centric History of Virus Taxonomy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1363. [PMID: 36291572 PMCID: PMC9599303 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses were discovered as agents of disease in the late 19th century, but it was not until the 1930s that the nature of these agents was elucidated. Nevertheless, as soon as viral diseases started to be recognized and cataloged, there were attempts to classify and name viruses. Although these early attempts failed to be adopted by the nascent virology community, they are evidence of the human compulsion to try to organize the natural world into well-defined categories. Different classification schemes were proposed during the 20th century, but again none were widely embraced by virologists. In 1966, with the creation of the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (eventually renamed as the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses), a more organized effort led to an official taxonomy in which viruses were classified into families and genera. At present, a much better understanding of the evolutionary relationships among viruses has led to the establishment of a 15-rank taxonomy based primarily on these evolutionary relationships. This review of virus taxonomy will be centered on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the agent of the disease studied by Dmitry Ivanovsky and the first virus to be recognized as such, which was often historically at the center of major advancements in virology during the 20th century.
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker PJ, Bigarré L, Kurath G, Dacheux L, Pallandre L. Revised Taxonomy of Rhabdoviruses Infecting Fish and Marine Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111363. [PMID: 35681827 PMCID: PMC9179924 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Rhabdoviridae is a family of viruses that includes some important pathogens of fish and marine mammals. Aspects of the taxonomic classification of fish viruses assigned to this family have recently been reviewed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). This paper describes the newly approved taxonomy, including the assignment of new subfamilies and new virus species. The paper also considers a taxonomic conundrum presented by viruses assigned to one group of fish rhabdoviruses (genus Novirhabdovirus) for which assignment to the family Rhabdoviridae may not be appropriate. Abstract The Rhabdoviridae is a large family of negative-sense (-) RNA viruses that includes important pathogens of ray-finned fish and marine mammals. As for all viruses, the taxonomic assignment of rhabdoviruses occurs through a process implemented by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). A recent revision of taxonomy conducted in conjunction with the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group has resulted in the establishment of three new subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae) within the Rhabdoviridae, as well as three new genera (Cetarhavirus, Siniperhavirus, and Scophrhavirus) and seven new species for viruses infecting fish or marine mammals. All rhabdovirus species have also now been named or renamed to comply with the binomial format adopted by the ICTV in 2021, comprising the genus name followed by a species epithet. Phylogenetic analyses of L protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) sequences of (-) RNA viruses indicate that members of the genus Novirhabdovirus (subfamily Gammarhabdovirinae) do not cluster within the Rhabdoviridae, suggesting the need for a review of their current classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Laurent Bigarré
- Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Technopole Brest Iroise, ANSES, 29280 Plouzané, France; (L.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Gael Kurath
- Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Laurane Pallandre
- Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Technopole Brest Iroise, ANSES, 29280 Plouzané, France; (L.B.); (L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
David EDS, Fonseca EDC, de Carvalho JFN, Marinho RDSS, Duro RLS, Komninakis SV, Souto RNP. Metagenomics applied to the detection of diarrhea viruses in humans: Systematic Review. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106287. [PMID: 34929178 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the application of the metagenomics method in the identification of viral infectious agents that lead to diarrhea outbreaks. This study is a systematic review, which looked for publications on the following platforms: PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), LILACS and CAPES periodicals, conducted according to the PRISMA methodology, investigating in the literary composition studies related to metagenomics applied in the identification of viral infectious agents, which lead to diarrhea in humans. 1198 publications were identified. Of these, after analyzes and exclusions at different stages, 18 studies remained, which directly corresponded to the theme. Diarrhea was presented as a universal health concern. Despite the emergence of vaccines, cases of diarrhea remain persistent in poor populations. In this context, metagenomics emerges as a primary tool in detecting enteric viruses and identifying new viruses, revolutionizing health diagnoses, knowledge of viral diversity, and health surveillance, contributing to the correct etiology of infectious agents that would never be identified by conventional methods. The 18 articles studied point to advances in research in viral metagenomics of diarrheal samples, contributing to the discernment of diarrhea outbreaks, and properly associating with their etiological agents, they are presented in an innovative way for studies on the understanding of viral diversity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gorbalenya AE, Lauber C. Bioinformatics of virus taxonomy: foundations and tools for developing sequence-based hierarchical classification. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:48-56. [PMID: 34883443 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence is the only characteristic readily obtainable for all known viruses, underlying the growing role of comparative genomics in organizing knowledge about viruses in a systematic evolution-aware way, known as virus taxonomy. Overseen by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), development of virus taxonomy involves taxa demarcation at 15 ranks of a hierarchical classification, often in host-specific manner. Outside the ICTV remit, researchers assess fitting numerous unclassified viruses into the established taxa. They employ different metrics of virus clustering, basing on conserved domain(s), separation of viruses in rooted phylogenetic trees and pair-wise distance space. Computational approaches differ further in respect to methodology, number of ranks considered, sensitivity to uneven virus sampling, and visualization of results. Advancing and using computational tools will be critical for improving taxa demarcation across the virosphere and resolving rank origins in research that may also inform experimental virology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and Belozersky, Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Chris Lauber
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dutilh BE, Varsani A, Tong Y, Simmonds P, Sabanadzovic S, Rubino L, Roux S, Muñoz AR, Lood C, Lefkowitz EJ, Kuhn JH, Krupovic M, Edwards RA, Brister JR, Adriaenssens EM, Sullivan MB. Perspective on taxonomic classification of uncultivated viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:207-215. [PMID: 34781105 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, virus taxonomy has been limited to describing viruses that were readily cultivated in the laboratory or emerging in natural biomes. Metagenomic analyses, single-particle sequencing, and database mining efforts have yielded new sequence data on an astounding number of previously unknown viruses. As metagenomes are relatively free of biases, these data provide an unprecedented insight into the vastness of the virosphere, but to properly value the extent of this diversity it is critical that the viruses are taxonomically classified. Inclusion of uncultivated viruses has already improved the process as well as the understanding of the taxa, viruses, and their evolutionary relationships. The continuous development and testing of computational tools will be required to maintain a dynamic virus taxonomy that can accommodate the new discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Bioloversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center of Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Luisa Rubino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro Reyes Muñoz
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cédric Lood
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Archaeal Virology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Robert A Edwards
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Departments of Microbiology and Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang C, Qin K, Zheng X, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Ji X, Wei Y. Synthesis of carbon dots with antiphage activity using caffeic acid. Anal Methods 2021; 13:5165-5172. [PMID: 34677564 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01380g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on preservation properties in the field of materials science suggest that a newly synthesized material can retain the biological properties of the raw material. Still, further study is necessary since these features critically influence research at the intersection of materials science and biology, and could provide a unique research direction for the synthesis of new materials. Thus, caffeic acid (CA) is used as a raw material to synthesize novel carbon quantum dots (CA-CDs) using a simple and rapid hydrothermal method. CA-CDs exhibit antiphage and antibacterial activities. Using three types of phages as models, it is confirmed that CA-CDs inhibit phage proliferation. The viral titres decline by 4, 5, or 6 orders of magnitude, and CA-CDs display potential universal antiphage ability; the mechanism suggests that the CA-CDs could change the protein structure of these phages and impact the phage adsorption stage leading to loss of infectivity. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity is retained in CA-CDs, significantly inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria; this also reveals the preservation properties of CA-CDs. CA-CDs synthesized from CA, does not only expand the range of antiviral activity but also increases its many unique optical properties as a carbon dot material. This finding is meaningful in order to promote the development of new CDs with remarkable biological activity and acts as a basis for future scientific research on novel and alternative antiviral treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Kunhao Qin
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiaodan Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Qian Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai X, Tian F, Teng L, Liu H, Tong Y, Le S, Zhang T. Cultivation of a Lytic Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle. J Virol 2021; 95:e0039921. [PMID: 34133887 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00399-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are considered the most abundant entities on earth. However, there are merely seven sequenced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) phages, compared to thousands of sequenced double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phages. Interestingly, dsRNA viruses are quite common in fungi and usually have a lifestyle of commensalism or mutualism. Thus, the classical protocol of using double-layer agar plates to characterize phage plaques might be significantly biased in the isolation of dsRNA phages beyond strictly lytic lifestyles. Thus, we applied a protocol for isolating fungal viruses to identify RNA phages in bacteria and successfully isolated a novel dsRNA phage, phiNY, from Microvirgula aerodenitrificans. phiNY has a genome consisting of three dsRNA segments, and its genome sequence has no nucleotide sequence similarity with any other phage. Although phiNY encodes a lytic protein of glycoside hydrolase, and phage particles are consistently released during bacterial growth, phiNY replication did not block bacterial growth, nor did it form any plaques on agar plates. More strikingly, the phiNY-infected strain grew faster than the phiNY-negative strain, indicating a mutualistic parasitic lifestyle. Thus, this study not only reveals a new mutualistic parasitic dsRNA phage but also implies that other virus isolation methods would be valuable to identify phages with nonlytic lifestyles. IMPORTANCE Viruses with dsRNA genomes are quite diverse and infect organisms in all three domains of life. Although dsRNA viruses that infect humans, plants, and fungi are quite common, dsRNA viruses that infect bacteria, known as bacteriophages, are quite understudied, and only seven dsRNA phages have been sequenced so far. One possible explanation for the rare isolation of dsRNA phages might be the protocol of the double-layer agar plate assay. Phages without strictly lytic lifestyles might not form plaques. Thus, we applied the protocol of isolating fungal viruses to identify RNA phages inside bacteria and successfully isolated a novel dsRNA phage, phiNY, with a mutualistic parasitic lifestyle. This study implies that dsRNA phages without strictly lytic lifestyles might be common in nature and deserve more investigations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dharmaraj S, Ashokkumar V, Hariharan S, Manibharathi A, Show PL, Chong CT, Ngamcharussrivichai C. The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129601. [PMID: 33497928 PMCID: PMC7836388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the COVID-19 disease spread has emerged as a worldwide pandemic and cause severe threats to humanity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) releases guidelines to help the countries to reduce the spread of this virus to the public, like wearing masks, hand hygiene, social distancing, shutting down all types of public transports, etc. These conditions led to a worldwide economic fall drastically, and on the other hand, indirect environmental benefits like global air quality improvement and decreased water pollution are also pictured. Currently, use of face masks is part of a comprehensive package of the prevention and control measures that can limit the spread of COVID-19 since there is no clinically proven drugs or vaccine available for COVID-19. Mostly, face masks are made of petroleum-based non-renewable polymers that are non-biodegradable, hazardous to the environment and create health issues. This study demonstrates the extensive use of the face mask and how it affects human health and the marine ecosystem. It has become a great challenge for the government sectors to impose strict regulations for the proper disposal of the masks as medical waste by the public. Neglecting the seriousness of this issue may lead to the release of large tonnes of micro-plastics to the landfill as well as to the marine environment where mostly end-up and thereby affecting their fauna and flora population vastly. Besides, this study highlights the COVID-19 spread, its evolutionary importance, taxonomy, genomic structure, transmission to humans, prevention, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Dharmaraj
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training [AMET] (Deemed to be University), Chennai 603112, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sneha Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akila Manibharathi
- PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Sholinganallur 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Tung Chong
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hatano Y, Ideta T, Hirata A, Hatano K, Tomita H, Okada H, Shimizu M, Tanaka T, Hara A. Virus-Driven Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2625. [PMID: 34071792 PMCID: PMC8198641 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Even in the era of precision oncology, carcinogens contributing to neoplastic process are still an important focus of research. Comprehensive genomic analyses have revealed various combinations of base substitutions, referred to as the mutational signatures, in cancer. Each mutational signature is believed to arise from specific DNA damage and repair processes, including carcinogens. However, as a type of carcinogen, tumor viruses increase the cancer risk by alternative mechanisms, including insertional mutagenesis, viral oncogenes, and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize virus-driven carcinogenesis to provide a framework for the control of malignant cell proliferation. We first provide a brief overview of oncogenic viruses and describe their implication in virus-related tumors. Next, we describe tumor viruses (HPV, Human papilloma virus; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; MCV, Merkel cell polyoma virus; HTLV-1, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type-1) and tumor virus-related cancers. Lastly, we introduce emerging tumor virus candidates, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2). We expect this review to be a hub in a complex network of data for virus-associated carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Takayasu Ideta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Kayoko Hatano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology (DDP) and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology (RC-DiP), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan;
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan CW, Rukayadi Y, Hasan H, Abdul-Mutalib NA, Jambari NN, Hara H, Thung TY, Lee E, Radu S. Isolation and Characterization of Six Vibrio parahaemolyticus Lytic Bacteriophages From Seafood Samples. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616548. [PMID: 33776954 PMCID: PMC7987779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen that is frequently isolated from a variety of seafood. To control this pathogenic Vibrio spp., the implementation of bacteriophages in aquaculture and food industries have shown a promising alternative to antibiotics. In this study, six bacteriophages isolated from the seafood samples demonstrated a narrow host range specificity that infecting only the V. parahaemolyticus strains. Morphological analysis revealed that bacteriophages Vp33, Vp22, Vp21, and Vp02 belong to the Podoviridae family, while bacteriophages Vp08 and Vp11 were categorized into the Siphoviridae family. All bacteriophages were composed of DNA genome and showed distinctive restriction fragment length polymorphism. The optimal MOI for bacteriophage propagation was determined to be 0.001 to 1. One-step growth curve revealed that the latent period ranged from 10 to 20 min, and the burst size of bacteriophage was approximately 17 to 51 PFU/cell. The influence of temperature and pH levels on the stability of bacteriophages showed that all bacteriophages were optimally stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. In vitro lytic activity of all bacteriophages demonstrated to have a significant effect against V. parahaemolyticus. Besides, the application of a bacteriophage cocktail instead of a single bacteriophage suspension was observed to have a better efficiency to control the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. Results from this study provided a basic understanding of the physiological and biological properties of the isolated bacteriophages before it can be readily used as a biocontrol agent against the growth of V. parahaemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Wanq Tan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor-Azira Abdul-Mutalib
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Young Thung
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Epeng Lee
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Species taxa are the units of taxonomy most suited to measure virus diversity, and they account for more than 70% of all virus taxa. Yet, as evidenced by the content of GenBank entries and illustrated by the recent literature on SARS-CoV-2, they are the most neglected taxa of virus research. To correct this disparity, we propose to make species taxa a first choice for communicating virus taxonomy in publications concerning viruses. We see it as a key step toward promoting research on diverse viruses, including pathogens, at this fundamental level of biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart G Siddell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Montiel-Garcia D, Santoyo-Rivera N, Ho P, Carrillo-Tripp M, Iii CLB, Johnson JE, Reddy VS. VIPERdb v3.0: a structure-based data analytics platform for viral capsids. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D809-D816. [PMID: 33313778 PMCID: PMC7779063 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
VIrus Particle ExploreR data base (VIPERdb) (http://viperdb.scripps.edu) is a curated repository of virus capsid structures and a database of structure-derived data along with various virus specific information. VIPERdb has been continuously improved for over 20 years and contains a number of virus structure analysis tools. The release of VIPERdb v3.0 contains new structure-based data analytics tools like Multiple Structure-based and Sequence Alignment (MSSA) to identify hot-spot residues within a selected group of structures and an anomaly detection application to analyze and curate the structure-derived data within individual virus families. At the time of this writing, there are 931 virus structures from 62 different virus families in the database. Significantly, the new release also contains a standalone database called 'Virus World database' (VWdb) that comprises all the characterized viruses (∼181 000) known to date, gathered from ICTVdb and NCBI, and their capsid protein sequences, organized according to their virus taxonomy with links to known structures in VIPERdb and PDB. Moreover, the new release of VIPERdb includes a service-oriented data engine to handle all the data access requests and provides an interface for futuristic data analytics using machine leaning applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montiel-Garcia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Departments of Computer Systems and Information Technologies, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico & Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nelly Santoyo-Rivera
- Departments of Computer Systems and Information Technologies, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico & Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Phuong Ho
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Monterrey, Vía del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, C.P. 66600, Apodaca, Nuevo León, México
| | - Charles L Brooks Iii
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John E Johnson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vijay S Reddy
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Clayton E, Munir M. Structural and functional insights into non-structural proteins of coronaviruses. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104641. [PMID: 33242646 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are causing a number of human and animal diseases because of their zoonotic nature such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These viruses can infect respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic and central nervous systems of human, livestock, birds, bat, mouse, and many wild animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerging respiratory virus and is causing CoVID-19 with high morbidity and considerable mortality. All CoVs belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, characterised by club-like spikes on their surfaces and large RNA genome with a distinctive replication strategy. Coronavirus have the largest RNA genomes (~26–32 kilobases) and their expansion was likely enabled by acquiring enzyme functions that counter the commonly high error frequency of viral RNA polymerases. Non-structural proteins (nsp) 7–16 are cleaved from two large replicase polyproteins and guide the replication and processing of coronavirus RNA. Coronavirus replicase has more or less universal activities, such as RNA polymerase (nsp 12) and helicase (nsp 13), as well as a variety of unusual or even special mRNA capping (nsp 14, nsp 16) and fidelity regulation (nsp 14) domains. Besides that, several smaller subunits (nsp 7– nsp 10) serve as essential cofactors for these enzymes and contribute to the emerging “nsp interactome.” In spite of the significant progress in studying coronaviruses structural and functional properties, there is an urgent need to understand the coronaviruses evolutionary success that will be helpful to develop enhanced control strategies. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the structure, function, and interactions of coronaviruses RNA synthesizing machinery and their replication strategies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Park SY, Han JE, Kwon H, Park SC, Kim JH. Recent Insights into Aeromonas salmonicida and Its Bacteriophages in Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Review. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1443-1457. [PMID: 32807762 PMCID: PMC9728264 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of fish and shellfish have caused serious concerns in the aquaculture industry, owing to the potential health risks to humans and animals. Among these bacteria, Aeromonas salmonicida, which is one of the most important primary pathogens in salmonids, is responsible for significant economic losses in the global aquaculture industry, especially in salmonid farming because of its severe infectivity and acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, interest in the use of alternative approaches to prevent and control A. salmonicida infections has increased in recent years, and several applications of bacteriophages (phages) have provided promising results. For several decades, A. salmonicida and phages infecting this fish pathogen have been thoroughly investigated in various research areas including aquaculture. The general overview of phage usage to control bacterial diseases in aquaculture, including the general advantages of this strategy, has been clearly described in previous reviews. Therefore, this review specifically focuses on providing insights into the phages infecting A. salmonicida, from basic research to biotechnological application in aquaculture, as well as recent advances in the study of A. salmonicida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,S.C.Park Phone: +82-2-880-1282 Fax: +82-2-880-1213 E-mail:
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.Kim Phone: +82-42-879-8272 Fax: +82-42-879-8498 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Silaen OSM, Murtini S, Pamungkas J, Nugroho CMH. Isolation and molecular characterization of fowl aviadenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis from poultry in Banten and West Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13:1940-1946. [PMID: 33132609 PMCID: PMC7566239 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1940-1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fowl avidenoviruses (FAdVs) are generally considered ubiquitous, but certain serotypes and strains are known to be associated with primary diseases, such as inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). Since 2018, the outbreak of IBH has been reported in part provinces of Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate and molecularly characterize the FAdV from Banten and West Java Provinces of Indonesia and described the phylogenetic relationship with the FAdV that has been characterized in other countries. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 FAdV archive samples have been collected from January to August 2019 from clinical cases of FAdV infection in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia. Collected samples were inoculated in 10-day-old specific-pathogenic-free chicken embryonated eggs. Hexon gene of FAdV was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a primer set from previous study. To gain a better understanding of the FAdV genetic properties and construct the phylogeny tree, the PCR products were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST search and inferred using the neighbor-joining method by bootstrap test 1000×. Results: FAdV-D and FAdV-E are present in Banten, Indonesia. The phylogenetic analysis of 850 nucleotides that encode 289 amino acid of the partial hexon gene shows that the isolates Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-149/18, Broiler/MSL/Lebak-151/18, and Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-29/19 have 100% homology with FAdV-E TR/BVKE/R/D-1 from Turkey, whereas the isolates Layer/MSL/Ciputat-20/19 and Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-30/19 have 100% homology with FAdV-D strain 685 from Canada. Conclusion: The present study provides updates of the circulating FAdV in commercial poultry flocks in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia. Since the FAdV vaccine was unavailable in Indonesia, this result might be used as guidance to select a proper FAdV vaccine strain. Our result indicates that at least two FAdV species were circulating among poultry in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia; they are FAdV-D and FAdV-E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Department of Animal Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, PT Medika Satwa Laboratories, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Murtini
- Department of Animal Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- Department of Animal Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hemmati F, Saedi S, Hemmati-Dinarvand M, Zarei M, Seghatoleslam A. Mysterious Virus: A Review on Behavior and Treatment Approaches of the Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:375-383. [PMID: 32448490 PMCID: PMC7200354 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At the end of the year 2019, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was spreading in Wuhan, China, and the outbreak process has a high speed. It was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Coronaviruses are enveloped and single-stranded RNA that have several families including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The pathogenesis mechanism and disease outcomes of SARS and MERS are now clear to some extent, but little information is available for 2019-nCoV. This newly identified corona virus infection represents flu-like symptoms, but usually the first symptoms are fever and dry cough. There has been no specific treatment against 2019-nCoV up to now, and physicians only apply supportive therapy. In the present article, we made an attempt to review the behavior of the virus around the world, epidemiology, a pathway for influx into the host cells, clinical presentation, as well as the treatments currently in use and future approaches; nitazoxanide may be our dream drug. We hope that this review has a positive impact on public knowledge for helping to deal with the 2019-nCoV and move one step forward toward its treatment in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Hemmati
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Saedi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hemmati-Dinarvand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marzie Zarei
- Aliasghar hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Seghatoleslam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gorbalenya AE, Krupovic M, Mushegian A, Kropinski AM, Siddell SG, Varsani A, Adams MJ, Davison AJ, Dutilh BE, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Junglen S, King AMQ, Knowles NJ, Lefkowitz EJ, Nibert ML, Rubino L, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Simmonds P, Walker PJ, Zerbini FM, Kuhn JH. The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:668-674. [PMID: 32341570 PMCID: PMC7186216 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus taxonomy emerged as a discipline in the middle of the twentieth century. Traditionally, classification by virus taxonomists has been focussed on the grouping of relatively closely related viruses. However, during the past few years, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recognized that the taxonomy it develops can be usefully extended to include the basal evolutionary relationships among distantly related viruses. Consequently, the ICTV has changed its Code to allow a 15-rank classification hierarchy that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and may accommodate the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. The current taxonomies of three human pathogens, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1 are used to illustrate the impact of the expanded rank structure. This new rank hierarchy of virus taxonomy will stimulate further research on virus origins and evolution, and vice versa, and could promote crosstalk with the taxonomies of cellular organisms.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D, Perlman S, Poon LLM, Samborskiy DV, Sidorov IA, Sola I, Ziebuhr J. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:536-544. [PMID: 32123347 PMCID: PMC7095448 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4312] [Impact Index Per Article: 1078.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D, Perlman S, Poon LL, Samborskiy D, Sidorov IA, Sola I, Ziebuhr J. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:536-544. [PMID: 32123347 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.07.937862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Recent advances in viral metagenomics have enabled the rapid discovery of an unprecedented catalogue of phages in numerous environments, from the human gut to the deep ocean. Although these advances have expanded our understanding of phage genomic diversity, they also revealed that we have only scratched the surface in the discovery of novel viruses. Yet, despite the remarkable diversity of phages at the nucleotide sequence level, the structural proteins that form viral particles show strong similarities and conservation. Phages are uniquely interconnected from an evolutionary perspective and undergo multiple events of genetic exchange in response to the selective pressure of their hosts, which drives their diversity. In this Review, we explore phage diversity at the structural, genomic and community levels as well as the complex evolutionary relationships between phages, moulded by the mosaicity of their genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moïra B Dion
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Frank Oechslin
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moineau
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada. .,Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barylski J, Enault F, Dutilh BE, Schuller MB, Edwards RA, Gillis A, Klumpp J, Knezevic P, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lavigne R, Oksanen HM, Sullivan MB, Jang HB, Simmonds P, Aiewsakun P, Wittmann J, Tolstoy I, Brister JR, Kropinski AM, Adriaenssens EM. Analysis of Spounaviruses as a Case Study for the Overdue Reclassification of Tailed Phages. Syst Biol 2020; 69:110-123. [PMID: 31127947 PMCID: PMC7409376 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tailed bacteriophages are the most abundant and diverse viruses in the world, with genome sizes ranging from 10 kbp to over 500 kbp. Yet, due to historical reasons, all this diversity is confined to a single virus order—Caudovirales, composed of just four families: Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and the newly created Ackermannviridae family. In recent years, this morphology-based classification scheme has started to crumble under the constant flood of phage sequences, revealing that tailed phages are even more genetically diverse than once thought. This prompted us, the Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), to consider overall reorganization of phage taxonomy. In this study, we used a wide range of complementary methods—including comparative genomics, core genome analysis, and marker gene phylogenetics—to show that the group of Bacillus phage SPO1-related viruses previously classified into the Spounavirinae subfamily, is clearly distinct from other members of the family Myoviridae and its diversity deserves the rank of an autonomous family. Thus, we removed this group from the Myoviridae family and created the family Herelleviridae—a new taxon of the same rank. In the process of the taxon evaluation, we explored the feasibility of different demarcation criteria and critically evaluated the usefulness of our methods for phage classification. The convergence of results, drawing a consistent and comprehensive picture of a new family with associated subfamilies, regardless of method, demonstrates that the tools applied here are particularly useful in phage taxonomy. We are convinced that creation of this novel family is a crucial milestone toward much-needed reclassification in the Caudovirales order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Collegium Biologicum - Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - François Enault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margo Bp Schuller
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2-L7.05.12, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petar Knezevic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 - box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9B), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 496 W 12thAvenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 496 W 12thAvenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 496 W 12thAvenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 496 W 12thAvenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Igor Tolstoy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20894, USA
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20894, USA
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Evelien M Adriaenssens
- Department of Functional & Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,Gut Microbes & Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, James Watson Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Calisher CH, Briese T, Brister JR, Charrel RN, Dürrwald R, Ebihara H, Fulhorst CF, Gāo GF, Groschup MH, Haddow AD, Hyndman TH, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, LaBeaud AD, Maes P, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Payne SL, Radoshitzky SR, Rubbenstroth D, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Stenglein MD, Varsani A, Wahl V, Weaver SC, Zerbini FM, Vasilakis N, Kuhn JH. Strengthening the Interaction of the Virology Community with the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Linking Virus Names and Their Abbreviations to Virus Species. Syst Biol 2019; 68:828-839. [PMID: 30597118 PMCID: PMC6701456 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is tasked with classifying viruses into taxa (phyla to species) and devising taxon names. Virus names and virus name abbreviations are currently not within the ICTV's official remit and are not regulated by an official entity. Many scientists, medical/veterinary professionals, and regulatory agencies do not address evolutionary questions nor are they concerned with the hierarchical organization of the viral world, and therefore, have limited use for ICTV-devised taxa. Instead, these professionals look to the ICTV as an expert point source that provides the most current taxonomic affiliations of viruses of interests to facilitate document writing. These needs are currently unmet as an ICTV-supported, easily searchable database that includes all published virus names and abbreviations linked to their taxa is not available. In addition, in stark contrast to other biological taxonomic frameworks, virus taxonomy currently permits individual species to have several members. Consequently, confusion emerges among those who are not aware of the difference between taxa and viruses, and because certain well-known viruses cannot be located in ICTV publications or be linked to their species. In addition, the number of duplicate names and abbreviations has increased dramatically in the literature. To solve this conundrum, the ICTV could mandate listing all viruses of established species and all reported unclassified viruses in forthcoming online ICTV Reports and create a searchable webpage using this information. The International Union of Microbiology Societies could also consider changing the mandate of the ICTV to include the nomenclature of all viruses in addition to taxon considerations. With such a mandate expansion, official virus names and virus name abbreviations could be catalogued and virus nomenclature could be standardized. As a result, the ICTV would become an even more useful resource for all stakeholders in virology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3195 Rampart Rd., Delivery Code 1690, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1692, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 27102, USA
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille—IRD 190—Inserm 1207—IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Postfach 65 02 61, D-13302 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building, 18th Floor, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charles F Fulhorst
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - George Fú Gāo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd., Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- Department of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boris Klempa
- Biomedicínske centrum, Virologický ústav, Slovenská Akadémia Vied, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Institutionen för Medicin, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, C2:94, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Departement of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A Desiree LaBeaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., G312, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit, Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia Br-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Susan L Payne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Sciences Building, 400 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, Texas A&M University 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 402 Dorman Hall, Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Takahide Sasaya
- Department of Planning and Coordination, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St., P.O. Box 876101, Tempe, AZ 85287-6101, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 27102, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Francisco Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO and National Institute of Science and Technology for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 27102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
García-López R, Pérez-Brocal V, Moya A. Beyond cells - The virome in the human holobiont. Microb Cell 2019; 6:373-396. [PMID: 31528630 PMCID: PMC6717880 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.09.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viromics, or viral metagenomics, is a relatively new and burgeoning field of research that studies the complete collection of viruses forming part of the microbiota in any given niche. It has strong foundations rooted in over a century of discoveries in the field of virology and recent advances in molecular biology and sequencing technologies. Historically, most studies have deconstructed the concept of viruses into a simplified perception of viral agents as mere pathogens, which demerits the scope of large-scale viromic analyses. Viruses are, in fact, much more than regular parasites. They are by far the most dynamic and abundant entity and the greatest killers on the planet, as well as the most effective geo-transforming genetic engineers and resource recyclers, acting on all life strata in any habitat. Yet, most of this uncanny viral world remains vastly unexplored to date, greatly hindered by the bewildering complexity inherent to such studies and the methodological and conceptual limitations. Viromic studies are just starting to address some of these issues but they still lag behind microbial metagenomics. In recent years, however, higher-throughput analysis and resequencing have rekindled interest in a field that is just starting to show its true potential. In this review, we take a look at the scientific and technological developments that led to the advent of viral and bacterial metagenomics with a particular, but not exclusive, focus on human viromics from an ecological perspective. We also address some of the most relevant challenges that current viral studies face and ponder on the future directions of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo García-López
- Institute of Evolutionary Systems Biology (I2Sysbio), Universitat de València and CSIC, València, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), València, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Institute of Evolutionary Systems Biology (I2Sysbio), Universitat de València and CSIC, València, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), València, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute of Evolutionary Systems Biology (I2Sysbio), Universitat de València and CSIC, València, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Popov VL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Forrester NL, Gonzalez JP, Saluzzo JF, Alkhovsky S, Lam SK, Mackenzie JS, Walker PJ. Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters. Viruses 2019; 11:E471. [PMID: 31126128 PMCID: PMC6563318 DOI: 10.3390/v11050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Steve G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston TX 77555, USA.
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston TX 77555, USA.
| | - Naomi L Forrester
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jean Paul Gonzalez
- Center of Excellence for Emerging & Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | | | - Sergey Alkhovsky
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sai Kit Lam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hay ID, Lithgow T. Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847427. [PMID: 30952693 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage ("bacteria eaters") or phage is the collective term for viruses that infect bacteria. While most phages are pathogens that kill their bacterial hosts, the filamentous phages of the sub-class Inoviridae live in cooperative relationships with their bacterial hosts, akin to the principal behaviours found in the modern-day sharing economy: peer-to-peer support, to offset any burden. Filamentous phages impose very little burden on bacteria and offset this by providing service to help build better biofilms, or provision of toxins and other factors that increase virulence, or modified behaviours that provide novel motile activity to their bacterial hosts. Past, present and future biotechnology applications have been built on this phage-host cooperativity, including DNA sequencing technology, tools for genetic engineering and molecular analysis of gene expression and protein production, and phage-display technologies for screening protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. With the explosion of genome and metagenome sequencing surveys around the world, we are coming to realize that our knowledge of filamentous phage diversity remains at a tip-of-the-iceberg stage, promising that new biology and biotechnology are soon to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Conix S. Taxonomy and conservation science: interdependent and value-laden. Hist Philos Life Sci 2019; 41:15. [PMID: 30937631 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-019-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The relation between conservation science and taxonomy is typically seen as a simple dependency of the former on the latter. This dependency is assumed to be strictly one-way to avoid normative concerns from conservation science inappropriately affecting the descriptive discipline of taxonomy. In this paper, I argue against this widely assumed standard view on the relation between these two disciplines by highlighting two important roles for conservation scientists in scientific decisions that are part of the internal stages of taxonomy. I show that these roles imply that the two disciplines should be interdependent and that value-judgments should play a substantial role in both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Conix
- Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Vesaliusstraat 2, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chibani CM, Farr A, Klama S, Dietrich S, Liesegang H. Classifying the Unclassified: A Phage Classification Method. Viruses 2019; 11:E195. [PMID: 30813498 DOI: 10.3390/v11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the method ClassiPhage to classify phage genomes using sequence derived taxonomic features. ClassiPhage uses a set of phage specific Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) generated from clusters of related proteins. The method was validated on all publicly available genomes of phages that are known to infect Vibrionaceae. The phages belong to the well-described phage families of Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Inoviridae. The achieved classification is consistent with the assignments of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), all tested phages were assigned to the corresponding group of the ICTV-database. In addition, 44 out of 58 genomes of Vibrio phages not yet classified could be assigned to a phage family. The remaining 14 genomes may represent phages of new families or subfamilies. Comparative genomics indicates that the ability of the approach to identify and classify phages is correlated to the conserved genomic organization. ClassiPhage classifies phages exclusively based on genome sequence data and can be applied on distinct phage genomes as well as on prophage regions within host genomes. Possible applications include (a) classifying phages from assembled metagenomes; and (b) the identification and classification of integrated prophages and the splitting of phage families into subfamilies.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Nikitina AA, Orlov AA, Kozlovskaya LI, Palyulin VA, Osolodkin DI. Enhanced taxonomy annotation of antiviral activity data from ChEMBL. Database (Oxford) 2019; 2019:5308407. [PMID: 30753475 PMCID: PMC6367519 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antiviral drugs is a rapidly developing area of medicinal chemistry research. The emergence of resistant variants and outbreaks of poorly studied viral diseases make this area constantly developing. The amount of antiviral activity data available in ChEMBL consistently grows, but virus taxonomy annotation of these data is not sufficient for thorough studies of antiviral chemical space. We developed a procedure for semi-automatic extraction of antiviral activity data from ChEMBL and mapped them to the virus taxonomy developed by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The procedure is based on the lists of virus-related values of ChEMBL annotation fields and a dictionary of virus names and acronyms mapped to ICTV taxa. Application of this data extraction procedure allows retrieving from ChEMBL 1.6 times more assays linked to 2.5 times more compounds and data points than ChEMBL web interface allows. Mapping of these data to ICTV taxa allows analyzing all the compounds tested against each viral species. Activity values and structures of the compounds were standardized, and the antiviral activity profile was created for each standard structure. Data set compiled using this algorithm was called ViralChEMBL. As case studies, we compared descriptor and scaffold distributions for the full ChEMBL and its `viral' and `non-viral' subsets, identified the most studied compounds and created a self-organizing map for ViralChEMBL. Our approach to data annotation appeared to be a very efficient tool for the study of antiviral chemical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Nikitina
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Orlov
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In 1966, the International Classification of Viruses (ICNV) was established to standardize the naming of viruses. In 1975, the organization was renamed “International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV),” by which it is still known today. The primary virus classification provided by ICTV in 1971 was for viruses infecting vertebrates, which includes 19 genera, 2 families, and 24 unclassified groups. Presently, the 10th virus taxonomy has been published. However, the early classification of viruses was based on clinical results “in vivo” and “in vitro,” as well as on the shape of the Phenotype virus. Due to the development of next-generation sequencing and the accompanying bioinformatics analysis pipelines, a reconstruction of the classification system has been proposed. At a meeting held in Boston, USA between June 9–11, 2016, there was even an in-depth discussion regarding the classification of viruses using metagenomic data. One suggested activity that arose from the meeting was that viral taxonomy should be reconstructed, based on genotype and bioinformatics analysis “in silico.” This article describes our efforts to achieve this goal by construction of a web-based system and the extension of an associated database, based on ICTV taxonomy. This virus taxonomy web system was designed specifically to extend the virus taxonomy up to strain and isolation, which was then connected with the NCBI database to facilitate searches for specific viral genes; there are also links to journals provided by the EMBL RESTful API that improves accessibility for academic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinduck Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Roux S, Adriaenssens EM, Dutilh BE, Koonin EV, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lavigne R, Brister JR, Varsani A, Amid C, Aziz RK, Bordenstein SR, Bork P, Breitbart M, Cochrane GR, Daly RA, Desnues C, Duhaime MB, Emerson JB, Enault F, Fuhrman JA, Hingamp P, Hugenholtz P, Hurwitz BL, Ivanova NN, Labonté JM, Lee KB, Malmstrom RR, Martinez-Garcia M, Mizrachi IK, Ogata H, Páez-Espino D, Petit MA, Putonti C, Rattei T, Reyes A, Rodriguez-Valera F, Rosario K, Schriml L, Schulz F, Steward GF, Sullivan MB, Sunagawa S, Suttle CA, Temperton B, Tringe SG, Thurber RV, Webster NS, Whiteson KL, Wilhelm SW, Wommack KE, Woyke T, Wrighton KC, Yilmaz P, Yoshida T, Young MJ, Yutin N, Allen LZ, Kyrpides NC, Eloe-Fadrosh EA. Minimum Information about an Uncultivated Virus Genome (MIUViG). Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:29-37. [PMID: 30556814 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents standards and best practices for reporting genome sequences of uncultivated viruses. We present an extension of the Minimum Information about any (x) Sequence (MIxS) standard for reporting sequences of uncultivated virus genomes. Minimum Information about an Uncultivated Virus Genome (MIUViG) standards were developed within the Genomic Standards Consortium framework and include virus origin, genome quality, genome annotation, taxonomic classification, biogeographic distribution and in silico host prediction. Community-wide adoption of MIUViG standards, which complement the Minimum Information about a Single Amplified Genome (MISAG) and Metagenome-Assembled Genome (MIMAG) standards for uncultivated bacteria and archaea, will improve the reporting of uncultivated virus genomes in public databases. In turn, this should enable more robust comparative studies and a systematic exploration of the global virosphere.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gorbalenya AE. Increasing the number of available ranks in virus taxonomy from five to ten and adopting the Baltimore classes as taxa at the basal rank. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2933-2936. [PMID: 29942981 PMCID: PMC6132925 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This opinion article makes a case for increasing the number of ranks used in virus taxonomy from the current five to ten (as are used to classify cellular life forms) and placing the Baltimore classes in the proposed basal rank of domain. These suggestions aim at initiating the process of accommodation of Baltimore classes in virus taxonomy and extension of the virus taxonomy scale to encompass also the most distant relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aiewsakun P, Adriaenssens EM, Lavigne R, Kropinski AM, Simmonds P. Evaluation of the genomic diversity of viruses infecting bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes using a common bioinformatic platform: steps towards a unified taxonomy. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1331-1343. [PMID: 30016225 PMCID: PMC6230767 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome Relationship Applied to Virus Taxonomy (GRAViTy) is a genetics-based tool that computes sequence relatedness between viruses. Composite generalized Jaccard (CGJ) distances combine measures of homology between encoded viral genes and similarities in genome organizational features (gene orders and orientations). This scoring framework effectively recapitulates the current, largely morphology and phenotypic-based, family-level classification of eukaryotic viruses. Eukaryotic virus families typically formed monophyletic groups with consistent CGJ distance cut-off dividing between and within family divergence ranges. In the current study, a parallel analysis of prokaryotic virus families revealed quite different sequence relationships, particularly those of tailed phage families (Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae), where members of the same family were generally far more divergent and often not detectably homologous to each other. Analysis of the 20 currently classified prokaryotic virus families indeed split them into 70 separate clusters of tailed phages genetically equivalent to family-level assignments of eukaryotic viruses. It further divided several bacterial (Sphaerolipoviridae, Tectiviridae) and archaeal (Lipothrixviridae) families. We also found that the subfamily-level groupings of tailed phages were generally more consistent with the family assignments of eukaryotic viruses, and this supports ongoing reclassifications, including Spounavirinae and Vi1virus taxa as new virus families. The current study applied a common benchmark with which to compare taxonomies of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses. The findings support the planned shift away from traditional morphology-based classifications of prokaryotic viruses towards a genome-based taxonomy. They demonstrate the feasibility of a unified taxonomy of viruses into which the vast body of metagenomic viral sequences may be consistently assigned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Evelien M. Adriaenssens
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven. Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Desselberger U. Virus taxonomy—a taxing task. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2019-2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and its use in recovering and assembling novel virus sequences from environmental, human clinical, veterinary and plant samples has unearthed a vast new catalogue of viruses. Their classification, known by their sequences alone, sets a major challenge to traditional virus taxonomy, especially at the family and species levels, which have been historically based largely on descriptive taxon definitions. These typically entail some knowledge of their phenotypic properties, including replication strategies, virion structure and clinical and epidemiological features, such as host range, geographical distribution and disease outcomes. Little to no information on these attributes is available, however, for viruses identified in metagenomic datasets. If such viruses are to be included in virus taxonomy, their assignments will have to be guided largely or entirely by metrics of genetic relatedness. The immediate problem here is that the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), an organisation that authorises the taxonomic classification of viruses, provides little or no guidance on how similar or how divergent viruses must be in order to be considered members of new species or new families. We have recently developed a method for scoring genomic (dis)similarity between viruses (Genome Relationships Applied to Virus Taxonomy - GRAViTy) among the eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses currently classified by the ICTV. At the family and genus levels, we found large-scale consistency between genetic relationships and their taxonomic assignments for eukaryotic viruses of all genome configurations and genome sizes. Family assignments of prokaryotic viruses have, however, been made at a quite different genetic level, and groupings currently classified as sub-families are a much better match to the eukaryotic virus family level. These findings support the ongoing reorganisation of bacteriophage taxonomy by the ICTV Phage Study Group. A rapid and objective means to explore metagenomic viral diversity and make evidence-based assignments for such viruses at each taxonomic layer is essential. Analysis of sequences by GRAViTy provides evidence that family (and genus) assignments of currently classified viruses are largely underpinned by genomic relatedness, and these features could serve as a guide towards an evidence-based classification of metagenomic viruses in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
| | - Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pagán I. The diversity, evolution and epidemiology of plant viruses: A phylogenetic view. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 65:187-199. [PMID: 30055330 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During the past four decades, the scientific community has seen an exponential advance in the number, sophistication, and quality of molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools for the genetic characterization of plant virus populations. Predating these advances, the field of Phylogenetics has significantly contributed to understand important aspects of plant virus evolution. This review aims at summarizing the impact of Phylogenetics in the current knowledge on three major aspects of plant virus evolution that have benefited from the development of phylogenetic inference: (1) The identification and classification of plant virus diversity. (2) The mechanisms and forces shaping the evolution of plant virus populations. (3) The understanding of the interaction between plant virus evolution, epidemiology and ecology. The work discussed here highlights the important role of phylogenetic approaches in the study of the dynamics of plant virus populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Modha S, Thanki AS, Cotmore SF, Davison AJ, Hughes J. ViCTree: an automated framework for taxonomic classification from protein sequences. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2195-2200. [PMID: 29474519 PMCID: PMC6022645 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The increasing rate of submission of genetic sequences into public databases is providing a growing resource for classifying the organisms that these sequences represent. To aid viral classification, we have developed ViCTree, which automatically integrates the relevant sets of sequences in NCBI GenBank and transforms them into an interactive maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree that can be updated automatically. ViCTree incorporates ViCTreeView, which is a JavaScript-based visualization tool that enables the tree to be explored interactively in the context of pairwise distance data. Results To demonstrate utility, ViCTree was applied to subfamily Densovirinae of family Parvoviridae. This led to the identification of six new species of insect virus. Availability and implementation ViCTree is open-source and can be run on any Linux- or Unix-based computer or cluster. A tutorial, the documentation and the source code are available under a GPL3 license, and can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.cvr.ac.uk/victree_web/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anil S Thanki
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang X, Zhou Y, Wei Z, Shen J, Wang L, Ma Z, Zhang X. Antiphytoviral toxins of Actinidia chinensis root bark (ACRB) extract: laboratory and semi-field trials. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1630-1636. [PMID: 29318764 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinidia chinensis Planch, which is distributed only in China, has been used to treat hepatitis and cancer. The objective of the present work was to identify the antiviral active ingredient of A. chinensis root bark (ACRB). RESULTS Bioassay-guided isolation of the most active fraction, the EtOAc extract, led to the identification of seven compounds, (+)-catechins-7-phytol (1), 5-methoxy-coumarin-7-β-D-glycosidase (2), (+)-catechins (3), fupenzic acid (4), spathodic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), 3-oxo-9, 12-diene-30-oic acid (6), and 3-β-(2-carboxy benzoyloxy) oleanolic acid (7). Of these, 5-methoxy-coumarin-7-β-D-glycosidase (2) possessed the highest antiviral activity, followed by spathodic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5). Thus, compounds 2 and 5 were the main active constituents, with potential for further development as biological antiviral agents. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ACRB possesses great potential value for development of an antiviral agent to control phytoviral diseases. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiuYun Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhiPing Wei
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shen
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - LongKun Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhiQing Ma
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodacre N, Aljanahi A, Nandakumar S, Mikailov M, Khan AS. A Reference Viral Database (RVDB) To Enhance Bioinformatics Analysis of High-Throughput Sequencing for Novel Virus Detection. mSphere 2018; 3:e00069-18. [PMID: 29564396 DOI: 10.1128/mSphereDirect.00069-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data for the detection of both known and novel viruses, we have developed a new reference viral database (RVDB) that provides a broad representation of different virus species from eukaryotes by including all viral, virus-like, and virus-related sequences (excluding bacteriophages), regardless of their size. In particular, RVDB contains endogenous nonretroviral elements, endogenous retroviruses, and retrotransposons. Sequences were clustered to reduce redundancy while retaining high viral sequence diversity. A particularly useful feature of RVDB is the reduction of cellular sequences, which can enhance the run efficiency of large transcriptomic and genomic data analysis and increase the specificity of virus detection. Detection of distantly related viruses by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is bioinformatically challenging because of the lack of a public database containing all viral sequences, without abundant nonviral sequences, which can extend runtime and obscure viral hits. Our reference viral database (RVDB) includes all viral, virus-related, and virus-like nucleotide sequences (excluding bacterial viruses), regardless of length, and with overall reduced cellular sequences. Semantic selection criteria (SEM-I) were used to select viral sequences from GenBank, resulting in a first-generation viral database (VDB). This database was manually and computationally reviewed, resulting in refined, semantic selection criteria (SEM-R), which were applied to a new download of updated GenBank sequences to create a second-generation VDB. Viral entries in the latter were clustered at 98% by CD-HIT-EST to reduce redundancy while retaining high viral sequence diversity. The viral identity of the clustered representative sequences (creps) was confirmed by BLAST searches in NCBI databases and HMMER searches in PFAM and DFAM databases. The resulting RVDB contained a broad representation of viral families, sequence diversity, and a reduced cellular content; it includes full-length and partial sequences and endogenous nonretroviral elements, endogenous retroviruses, and retrotransposons. Testing of RVDBv10.2, with an in-house HTS transcriptomic data set indicated a significantly faster run for virus detection than interrogating the entirety of the NCBI nonredundant nucleotide database, which contains all viral sequences but also nonviral sequences. RVDB is publically available for facilitating HTS analysis, particularly for novel virus detection. It is meant to be updated on a regular basis to include new viral sequences added to GenBank. IMPORTANCE To facilitate bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data for the detection of both known and novel viruses, we have developed a new reference viral database (RVDB) that provides a broad representation of different virus species from eukaryotes by including all viral, virus-like, and virus-related sequences (excluding bacteriophages), regardless of their size. In particular, RVDB contains endogenous nonretroviral elements, endogenous retroviruses, and retrotransposons. Sequences were clustered to reduce redundancy while retaining high viral sequence diversity. A particularly useful feature of RVDB is the reduction of cellular sequences, which can enhance the run efficiency of large transcriptomic and genomic data analysis and increase the specificity of virus detection.
Collapse
|