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Liu H, Peng J, Huang L, Ruan D, Li Y, Yuan F, Tu Z, Huang K, Zhu X. The role of lysosomal peptidases in glioma immune escape: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154146. [PMID: 37398678 PMCID: PMC10311646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linzhen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Zhai Q, Chang Z, Li J, Li J. Protective Effects of Combined Utilization of Quercetin and Florfenicol on Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome Infected Litopenaeus vannamei. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 36551441 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the immunity, survival rate, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei treated using quercetin and florfenicol alone or in combination, after infection with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND). After infection with VPAHPND, different types of feed were given to the shrimp for 5 days, including a control diet (drug-free), florfenicol only diet (15 mg/kg), quercetin only diet (400 mg/kg), a low-dose florfenicol/quercetin combined diet (200 mg/kg quercetin + 7.0 mg/kg florfenicol), a moderate-dose florfenicol/quercetin combined diet (400 mg/kg quercetin + 15 mg/kg florfenicol), and a high-dose florfenicol/quercetin combined diet (800 mg/kg quercetin + 30 mg/kg florfenicol). The cumulative mortality of shrimp was significantly reduced in the drug combination groups compared with either drug used alone (p < 0.05). The density of Vibrio was significantly lower and the immune parameters were significantly increased in the drug combination groups compared with either drug used alone (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the drug combination groups, the hepatopancreas tubules showed better integrity and structure compared with those when either drug was used alone. Therefore, compared with single drug treatment, the florfenicol and quercetin combination enhanced disease resistance, survival, and immune activity of VPAHPND-infected shrimp. When the combination treatment is used, the dosage of florfenicol can be reduced and a better therapeutic effect is obtained.
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Li M, Yang X, Masoudi A, Xiao Q, Li N, Wang N, Chang G, Ren S, Li H, Liu J, Wang H. The regulatory strategy of proteins in the mouse kidney during Babesia microti infection. Exp Parasitol 2022; 235:108232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated peptides generated and displayed by antigen-presenting cells in the thymus are essential for the generation of functional and self-tolerant T cells that protect our body from various pathogens. The peptides displayed by cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) are generated by unique enzymatic machineries including the thymoproteasomes, and are involved in the positive selection of self-protective T cells. On the other hand, the peptides displayed by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and thymic dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in further selection to establish self-tolerance in T cells. Although the biochemical nature of the peptide repertoire displayed in the thymus remains unclear, many studies have suggested a thymus-specific mechanism for the generation of MHC-associated peptides in the thymus. In this review, we summarize basic knowledge and recent advances in MHC-associated thymic peptides, focusing on the generation and function of thymoproteasome-dependent peptides specifically displayed by cTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Mami Matsuda-Lennikov
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abrahem R, Chiang E, Haquang J, Nham A, Ting YS, Venketaraman V. The Role of Dendritic Cells in TB and HIV Infection. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082661. [PMID: 32824563 PMCID: PMC7465216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the principal antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the host defense mechanism. An altered dendritic cell response increases the risk of susceptibility of infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), and the survival of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The altered response of dendritic cells leads to decreased activity of T-helper-1 (Th1), Th2, Regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Th17 cells in tuberculosis (TB) infections due to a diminishment of cytokine release from these APCs, while HIV infection leads to DC maturation, allowing DCs to migrate to lymph nodes and the sub-mucosa where they then transfer HIV to CD4 T cells, although there is controversy around this topic. Increases in the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in maintaining dendritic cell redox homeostasis, leading to an adequate immune response with sufficient cytokine release and a subsequent robust immune response. Thus, an understanding of the intricate pathways involved in the dendritic cell response are needed to prevent co-infections and co-morbidities in individuals with TB and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abrahem
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Emerald Chiang
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Joseph Haquang
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Amy Nham
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Yu-Sam Ting
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (R.A.); (E.C.); (J.H.); (A.N.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-706-3736; Fax: +1-909-469-5698
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Zhai Q, Li J. Effectiveness of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, San-Huang-San, in combination with enrofloxacin to treat AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:360-370. [PMID: 30630050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oral administration of enrofloxacin (ENR) and San-Huang-San (SHS), singly or in combination, on the survival performance, disease resistance, and immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. After challenge with an AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND), shrimp were immediately fed a drug-free diet, diets containing only ENR (20 mg·kg-1) or SHS (500 mg·kg-1) or diets containing low-dose (10 mg·kg-1 ENR + 250 mg ·kg-1 SHS), medium-dose (20 mg·kg-1 ENR + 500 mg ·kg-1 SHS), and high-dose (40 mg·kg-1 ENR + 1000 mg ·kg-1 SHS) drug combinations for 5 days. The cumulative shrimp mortality over 5 days after injection of VPAHPND in the ENR + SHS combination groups was significantly lower than that in the ENR or SHS alone groups (p < 0.05). Immune parameters, including the vibrio density, total hemocyte counts (THCs), hemocyanin (HEM) concentration, antibacterial activity, activity levels of lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and phenoloxidase (PO) in cell-free hemolymph, and the expression levels of the immune-related genes anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), cathepsin B (catB), crustin, lectin (Lec), lysozyme (LZM), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) in hemocytes were determined in the shrimp. The results showed that the shrimp in drug combination groups cleared more VPAHPND than that in the ENR or SHS group in the same time. The values for other immune parameters in the drug combination groups were higher than those in the ENR or SHS group (p < 0.05). Finally, in the histological examinations, the histological structural alignment and integrity of the hepatopancreatic tubules in the drug combination groups were better than that in the ENR and SHS groups. Under the experimental conditions, compared with ENR or SHS used alone, the combination use of ENR and SHS could improve immunity and disease resistance in shrimp after VPAHPND infection, and could reduce the use of ENR when the better therapeutic effect was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
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Zhai Q, Li J, Feng Y, Ge Q. Evaluation of combination effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and florfenicol against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:374-383. [PMID: 30502463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oral administration of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and florfenicol (FFC), singly or in combination, on the survival performance, disease resistance, and immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. After challenge with an AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND), shrimp were immediately fed a drug-free diet, diets containing only APS (200 mg·kg-1) or FFC (15 mg·kg-1), or diets containing low-dose (7.5 mg·kg-1 FFC + 100 mg·kg-1 APS), medium-dose (15 mg·kg-1 FFC + 200 mg·kg-1 APS), and high-dose (30 mg·kg-1 FFC+400 mg·kg-1 APS) drug combinations for 5 days. The cumulative shrimp mortality over 5 days after injection of VPAHPND in the APS + FFC combination groups was significantly lower than that in the APS or FFC alone groups (p < 0.05). Immune parameters, including the total hemocyte counts (THCs), hemocyanin (HEM) concentration, antibacterial activity, activity levels of lysozyme (LZM), and levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and phenoloxidase (PO) in cell-free hemolymph, and the expression levels of the immune-related genes anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), cathepsin B (catB), crustin, lectin (Lec), lysozyme (LZM), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) in hemocytes and hepatopancreas were determined in the shrimp. The values for these immune parameters in the drug combination groups were higher than those in the APS or FFC group (p < 0.05). Finally, in the histological examinations, the histological structural alignment and integrity of the hepatopancreatic tubules in the drug combination groups was better than that in the APS and FFC groups. Under the experimental conditions, dietary APS and FFC had a synergistic effect on immunity and disease resistance among shrimp after VPAHPND infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qianqian Ge
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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Dey T, Kalita J, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E244. [PMID: 30154365 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite much development in the area of drug development, currently there are no effective medicines available for the treatment of this disease. An imbalance in the protease: Antiprotease ratio in the COPD lung remains an important aspect of COPD pathophysiology and several studies have shown the efficacy of antiprotease therapy in both in vitro and in vivo COPD models. However more in-depth studies will be required to validate the efficacy of lead drug molecules targeting these proteases. This review discusses the current status of protease-directed drugs used for treating COPD and explores the future prospects of utilizing the potential of antiprotease-based therapeutics as a treatment for this disease.
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Ge Q, Li J, Li J, Wang J, Li Z. Immune response of Exopalaemon carinicauda infected with an AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 74:223-234. [PMID: 29288814 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the immune response of Exopalaemon carinicauda infected with an AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND), three-generation breeding of shrimp selected for their survival to VPAHPND infection was applied to explore the relationship between immune parameters and AHPND-resistant capacity of E. carinicauda. In this study, the LD50 dose of 48 h and survival rates at 144 h of shrimp to VPAHPND increased from 106.0 to 106.6 cfu ml-1 and from 26.67% to 36.67% by three successive generations selection, respectively, while there was no significant difference between the first and second generation (p > .05). Then the immune parameters including vibrio density, total hemocyte counts (THCs), hemocyanin (HEM) concentration, antibacterial activity, activities of four immune enzymes, and expressions of eight immune-related genes were determined in the shrimp of the first (G1) and the third selective generation (G3). The results showed that the shrimp in G1 and G3 generation cleared most of VPAHPND infecting hepatopancreas during 24 h and 6 h post injection, respectively. The levels of THCs, HEM concentration, antibacterial activity, immune enzymes including lysozyme (LZM) activity, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in cell-free hemolymph, and the expression levels of Tollip, ALF, cathepsin B in hemocytes and hepatopancreas, crustin, LZM, SR in hepatopancreas and LGBP in hemocytes were higher in G3 generation than in G1 generation after infection with VPAHPND, suggesting that these parameters may serve as potential disease-resistant indicators for evaluating the physiological status and disease-resistant capability of shrimp when infected with VPAHPND. To further test the role of above genes in the shrimp immune response, RNAi was used to suppress their expressions and a significant decrease in survival was observed in knockdown shrimp infected with VPAHPND as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ge
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Zhengdao Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
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van Leeuwen MA, Costes LMM, van Berkel LA, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, du Pré MF, Kozijn AE, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Rooijen N, Koning F, Samsom JN. Macrophage-mediated gliadin degradation and concomitant IL-27 production drive IL-10- and IFN-γ-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation in a murine model for gluten tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:635-649. [PMID: 27579860 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is caused by inflammatory T-cell responses against the insoluble dietary protein gliadin. We have shown that, in humanized mice, oral tolerance to deamidated chymotrypsin-digested gliadin (CT-TG2-gliadin) is driven by tolerogenic interferon (IFN)-γ- and interleukin (IL)-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T-like cells (Tr1-like cells) generated in the spleen but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes. We aimed to uncover the mechanisms underlying gliadin-specific Tr1-like-cell differentiation and hypothesized that proteolytic gliadin degradation by splenic macrophages is a decisive step in this process. In vivo depletion of macrophages caused reduced differentiation of splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-producing Tr1-like cells after CT-TG2-gliadin but not gliadin peptide feed. Splenic macrophages, rather than dendritic cells, constitutively expressed increased mRNA levels of the endopeptidase Cathepsin D; macrophage depletion significantly reduced splenic Cathepsin D expression in vivo and Cathepsin D efficiently degraded recombinant γ-gliadin in vitro. In response to CT-TG2-gliadin uptake, macrophages enhanced the expression of Il27p28, a cytokine that favored differentiation of gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells in vitro, and was previously reported to increase Cathepsin D activity. Conversely, IL-27 neutralization in vivo inhibited splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation after CT-TG2-gliadin feed. Our data infer that endopeptidase mediated gliadin degradation by macrophages and concomitant IL-27 production drive differentiation of splenic gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M M Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M F du Pré
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital -Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Kozijn
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Al-Humadi NH, Ma JKH, Lewis DM, Ma JYC, Barger MW, Siegel PD. Dose-dependent thiol and immune responses to ovalbumin challenge in Brown Norway rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 18:343-52. [PMID: 15068134 DOI: 10.1191/0748233702th155oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dose-dependent specific antibody production, antigen-dependent pulmonary inflammation, and thiol changes in the lung and associated lymph nodes were examined in a Brown Norway rat model of pulmonary sensitization. Cysteine (CYSH), glutathione (GSH), and markers of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured following ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation challenge. Alveolar macrophages (AM) and pulmonary-associated lymph node cells (LNC) were isolated and intracellular CYSH and GSH assessed. OVA-specific IgE and IgG antibodies were quantified from sera. A dose-dependent biphasic response was noted with respect to OVA-specific IgE. OVA-specific IgG concentrations were maximal at 68 mg (OVA)/m3. OVA challenge to sensitized rats induced increases in BALF albumin, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, CYSH and GSH that were independent of serum antibody concentrations. AM thiols were modestly elevated at low OVA challenge doses, but sharply reduced at the higher OVA challenge doses. In contrast, both thiols were dose dependently elevated in BALF. CYSH, but not GSH, was elevated in LNC of OVA challenged rats. In summary, antigen exposure caused a dose-dependent alteration of inflammatory, thiol and immune parameters in OVA sensitized and challenged rats. Changes in thiol levels did not correlate with antibody responses. While the results of the present study do not support a functional role for thiols in the immune response, it is important to note the dose-dependent dramatic alteration seen in thiols following sensitization and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil H Al-Humadi
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Zhou ZJ, Qiu R, Zhang J. Molecular characterization of the cathepsin B of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2015; 41:473-483. [PMID: 25326658 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is an enzymatic protein belonging to the peptidase C1 family. It is involved in diverse physiological and pathological functions that include immune response. In this study, we identified and characterized a cathepsin B homolog (SmCatB) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). SmCatB is composed of 330 amino acid residues and possesses typical domain architecture of cathepsin B, which contains a propeptide region and a cysteine protease domain, and the latter processes four conserved residues (Q101, C107, H277, and N297) in the active site. SmCatB shares 80.6-87.6% overall sequence identities with the cathepsin B of a number of teleost. SmCatB expression was detected in a wide range of tissues and upregulated by bacterial infection in a time-dependent manner. Recombinant SmCatB (rSmCatB-WT) purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity, which was optimal at 50 °C and pH 5.5. Compared to rSmCatB-WT, the mutant proteins rSmCatB-C107S, rSmCatB-H277A, and rSmCatB-N297A, which bear C107S, H277A, and N297A mutations, respectively, were significantly reduced in protease activity, with the highest reduction observed with rSmCatB-N297A. These results indicate that SmCatB is a bioactive protease that depends on the conserved structural features and that SmCatB is involved in pathogen-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Li M, Li Q, Yang Z, Hu G, Li T, Chen X, Ao J. Identification of cathepsin B from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) and its role in the processing of MHC class II-associated invariant chain. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 45:313-320. [PMID: 24705226 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In teleost, cathepsin B has been identified from several species and shown to play roles in the host immune response during pathogen challenge. However, the mechanism of how cathepsin B modulates the immune response in teleosts remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified and characterized cathepsin B (LycCatB) and invariant chain (LycIi) from the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis indicated that LycCatB and LycIi are highly conserved within teleosts. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that LycCatB mRNA was widely expressed in all examined tissues. We then recombinantly expressed LycCatB and Lyc-TR-Ii (transmembrane domain removed Ii chain) in Pichia pastoris and Escherichiacoli, respectively. The recombinant LycCatB (rLycCatB) can hydrolyze the substrate Z-FR-AMC with a Km value of 40.68μM. Furthermore, co-incubation of rLycCatB with rLyc-TR-Ii led to an efficient cleavage of rLyc-TR-Ii in a time-dependant manner. These results indicated that cathepsin B may be involved in MHC class II-associated Ii processing in large yellow croaker, and provide new information helping to elucidate the immunological functions of teleost cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guohai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Cui J, Wang H, Liu S, Qiu X, Jiang Z, Wang X. Transcriptome analysis of the gill of Takifugu rubripes using Illumina sequencing for discovery of SNPs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 2014; 10:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li X, Meng X, Kong J, Luo K, Luan S, Cao B, Liu N, Pang J, Shi X. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cathepsin B gene from the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:1604-1612. [PMID: 24041842 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a unique member of the cathepsin superfamily, which acts as both an endopeptidase and peptidyl-dipeptidase. To obtain a better understanding of this enzyme, we cloned a cDNA encoding cathepsin B from the muscle of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (FcCB). FcCB contained a 996-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 331 amino acid residues with a putative signal peptide and a propeptide_C1 at the N-terminal, a glutamine oxyanion hole and active site cysteine, histidine and asparagine residues. A region from residue 79 to 327 conferred the peptidase activity of FcCB. Pair-wise and multiple sequence alignment with 17 other organisms, including ten different vertebrate species, five different invertebrate species and two different plant species, indicated that the signal peptide and the propeptide_C1 at the N-terminal of FcCB were less conserved than the mature protein, except when compared with Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei and Marsupenaeus japonicas, all of which belong to the genus Penaeus. The expression of FcCB in the hepatopancreas was higher than that in the gill. The expression of FcCB in the gill was higher than that in the muscle. A challenge test was performed to reveal the responses of FcCB in different tissues to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, which causes serious economic losses in the shrimp farming industry. The FcCB gene expressions in the ectoderm, mesoderm and entoderm were not the same prior to WSSV infection, but at 6 h after WSSV challenge, the FcCB expression in the gill, hepatopancreas and muscle was up-regulated, suggesting that FcCB might be involved in the immune response to WSSV. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the FcCB gene, involving C/T transitions, which are known as mutation hot spots. Notably, the three SNPs constituted a haplotype that can be used as an indicator of the haplotype block. The SNP genotypes of two groups of shrimps, respectively comprising 96 WSSV-resistant shrimps and 96 WSSV-susceptible shrimps, were obtained using a high-resolution melting (HRM) method. Associated factors, including observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), minor allele frequency (MAF) and P-values for the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), were obtained. For the association analysis with WSSV resistance, the P-values were calculated using Pearson's chi-square test. In the two groups, the MAFs of all sites were greater than 0.05, and no site departed significantly (P < 0.05) from HWE. The genotype distribution of the C-984T mutation site between the two groups was not significantly different. These results lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the host-virus interaction and provide useful information for solving the WSSV problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources of Chinese Department of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kerzerho J, Schneider A, Favry E, Castelli FA, Maillère B. The signal peptide of the tumor-shared antigen midkine hosts CD4+ T cell epitopes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13370-7. [PMID: 23553629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD4 T cell response to the tumor antigen Midkine was unknown. RESULTS Most of the T cell response to Midkine relies on T cell epitopes contained in its signal peptide. CONCLUSION The signal peptide of Midkine is accessible to HLA class II pathway for CD4 T cell presentation. SIGNIFICANCE It is a new function for signal peptides to contribute to tumor-specific CD4 T cell response. Because of the key role of CD4 T cell response in immunity to tumors, we investigated the CD4(+) T cell response to the recently identified tumor antigen Midkine (MDK). By weekly stimulations of T lymphocytes harvested from seven HLA-DR-typed healthy donors, we derived CD4(+) T cell lines specific for eight MDK peptides. Most of the T cell lines reacted with the peptides 9-23 and 14-28, located in and overlapping the MDK signal peptide, respectively. Accordingly, the MDK signal peptide appeared to be rich in good binders to common HLA-DR molecules. The peptide 9-23-specific T cell lines were specifically stimulated by autologous dendritic cells loaded with lysates of MDK-transfected cells or with lysates of tumor cells naturally expressing the MDK protein. One T cell line was stimulated by HLA-compatible MDK-transfected tumor cells. By contrast, the peptide 14-28-specific T cell lines were not stimulated in any of these conditions. Our data demonstrate that CD4(+) T cell epitopes present in the signal peptide can be accessible to recognition by CD4(+) T cells and may therefore contribute to tumor immunity, whereas a peptide overlapping the junction between the signal peptide and the mature protein is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kerzerho
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Labex LERMIT, Labex VRI, Gif Sur Yvette F-91191, France
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Li C, He Y, Nicolson S, Hirsch M, Weinberg MS, Zhang P, Kafri T, Samulski RJ. Adeno-associated virus capsid antigen presentation is dependent on endosomal escape. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1390-401. [PMID: 23454772 DOI: 10.1172/jci66611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are attractive for gene delivery-based therapeutics, but data from recent clinical trials have indicated that AAV capsids induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response that eliminates transduced cells. In this study, we used traditional pharmacological agents and AAV mutants to elucidate the pathway of capsid cross-presentation in AAV-permissive cells. Endosomal acidification inhibitors blocked AAV2 antigen presentation by over 90%, while proteasome inhibitors completely abrogated antigen presentation. Using mutant viruses that are defective for nuclear entry, we observed a 90% decrease in capsid antigen presentation. Different antigen presentation efficiencies were achieved by selectively mutating virion nuclear localization signals. Low antigen presentation was demonstrated with basic region 1 (BR1) mutants, despite relatively high transduction efficiency, whereas there was no difference in antigen presentation between BR2 and BR3 mutants defective for transduction, as compared with wild-type AAV2. These results suggest that effective AAV2 capsid antigen presentation is dependent on AAV virion escape from the endosome/lysosome for antigen degradation by proteasomes, but is independent of nuclear uncoating. These results should facilitate the design of effective strategies to evade capsid-specific CTL-mediated elimination of AAV-transduced target cells in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Li
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Maurer A, Zeyher C, Amin B, Kalbacher H. A Periodate-Cleavable Linker for Functional Proteomics under Slightly Acidic Conditions: Application for the Analysis of Intracellular Aspartic Proteases. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:199-207. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300758c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Zeyher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bushra Amin
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
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Gliozzi M, Greenwell-Wild T, Jin W, Moutsopoulos NM, Kapsogeorgou E, Moutsopoulos HM, Wahl SM. A link between interferon and augmented plasmin generation in exocrine gland damage in Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2013; 40:122-33. [PMID: 23110742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that targets exocrine glands, but often exhibits systemic manifestations. Infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands by lymphoid and myeloid cells orchestrates a perpetuating immune response leading to exocrine gland damage and dysfunction. Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte populations and their products recruit additional lymphocytes, including B cells, but also large numbers of macrophages, which accumulate with disease progression. In addition to cytokines, chemokines, chitinases, and lipid mediators, macrophages contribute to a proteolytic milieu, underlying tissue destruction, inappropriate repair, and compromised glandular functions. Among the proteases enhanced in this local environment are matrix metalloproteases (MMP) and plasmin, generated by plasminogen activation, dependent upon plasminogen activators, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Not previously associated with salivary gland pathology, our evidence implicates enhanced tPA in the context of inflamed salivary glands revolving around lymphocyte-mediated activation of macrophages. Tracking down the mechanism of macrophage plasmin activation, the cytokines IFNγ and to a lesser extent, IFNα, via Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, were found to be pivotal for driving the plasmin cascade of proteolytic events culminating in perpetuation of the inflammation and tissue damage, and suggesting intervention strategies to blunt irreversible tissue destruction.
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20
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Marshall AM, McClaine RJ, Gurusamy D, Gray JK, Lewnard KE, Khan SA, Waltz SE. Estrogen receptor alpha deletion enhances the metastatic phenotype of Ron overexpressing mammary tumors in mice. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:2. [PMID: 22226043 PMCID: PMC3286430 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The receptor tyrosine kinase family includes many transmembrane proteins with diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions. The involvement of tyrosine kinase signaling in promoting a more aggressive tumor phenotype within the context of chemotherapeutic evasion is gaining recognition. The Ron receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor that has been implicated in the progression of breast cancer and evasion of tamoxifen therapy. Results Here, we report that Ron expression is correlated with in situ, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive tumors, and is higher in breast tumors following neoadjuvant tamoxifen therapy. We also demonstrate that the majority of mammary tumors isolated from transgenic mice with mammary specific-Ron overexpression (MMTV-Ron mice), exhibit appreciable ER expression. Moreover, genetic-ablation of ERα, in the context of Ron overexpression, leads to delayed mammary tumor initiation and growth, but also results in an increased metastasis. Conclusions Ron receptor overexpression is associated with ERα-positive human and murine breast tumors. In addition, loss of ERα on a Ron overexpressing background in mice leads to the development of breast tumors which grow slower but which exhibit more metastasis and suggests that targeting of ERα, as in the case of tamoxifen therapy, may reduce the growth of Ron overexpressing breast cancers but may cause these tumors to be more metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Marshall
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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21
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Bejarano-Escobar R, Holguín-Arévalo MS, Montero JA, Francisco-Morcillo J, Martín-Partido G. Macrophage and microglia ontogeny in the mouse visual system can be traced by the expression of Cathepsins B and D. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1841-55. [PMID: 21648018 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show a detailed chronotopographical analysis of cathepsin B and D expression during development of the mouse visual system. Both proteases were detected in large rounded/ameboid cells usually located in close relationship with prominent sites of extensive physiological cell death. In concordance with their morphological features and topographical distribution, we demonstrate that expressing cells corresponded with macrophages and microglial precursors. We found that as microglial precursors differentiated the expression of both cathepsins was down-regulated. Of interest, cathepsin B and D transcripts were never observed in degenerating cells. Our findings point to a role for cathepsin D and B in cell debris degradation after apoptotic processes rather than promoting cell death, as proposed for other developmental models. Additionally their pattern of expression suggests a role in the maturation of the microglial precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bejarano-Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Raiber EA, Tulone C, Zhang Y, Martinez-Pomares L, Steed E, Sponaas AM, Langhorne J, Noursadeghi M, Chain BM, Tabor AB. Targeted delivery of antigen processing inhibitors to antigen presenting cells via mannose receptors. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:461-476. [PMID: 20349916 DOI: 10.1021/cb100008p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Improved chemical inhibitors are required to dissect the role of specific antigen processing enzymes and to complement genetic models. In this study we explore the in vitro and in vivo properties of a novel class of targeted inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, in which pepstatin is coupled to mannosylated albumin (MPC6), creating an inhibitor with improved solubility and the potential for selective cell tropism. Using these compounds, we have demonstrated that MPC6 is taken up via mannose receptor facilitated endocytosis, leading to a slow but continuous accumulation of inhibitor within large endocytic vesicles within dendritic cells and a parallel inhibition of intracellular aspartic proteinase activity. Inhibition of intracellular proteinase activity is associated with reduction in antigen processing activity, but this is epitope-specific, preferentially inhibiting processing of T cell epitopes buried within compact proteinase-resistant protein domains. Unexpectedly, we have also demonstrated, using quenched fluorescent substrates, that little or no cleavage of the disulfide linker takes place within dendritic cells. This does not appear to affect the activity of MPC6 as an inhibitor of cathepsins D and E in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we have shown that MPC6 selectively targets dendritic cells and macrophages in spleen in vivo. Preliminary results suggest that access to nonlymphoid tissues is very limited in the steady state but is strongly enhanced at local sites of inflammation. The strategy adopted for MPC6 synthesis may therefore represent a more general way to deliver chemical inhibitors to cells of the innate immune system, especially at sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, U.K
| | | | - Emily Steed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, U.K
| | - Anna M. Sponaas
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, U.K
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, U.K
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Abstract
It has previously been shown that a approximately 27 kDa serine protease of Schistosoma mansoni larvae, the cercarial elastase (CE), was a poor immunogen in as much as it failed to induce an antibody response. The CE has a critical role in enabling schistosome larvae to penetrate the skin of their definitive hosts, so the apparently poor immunogenicity of this enzyme is clearly of interest. To understand its lack of immunogenicity better and in particular to determine whether it is related to its proteolytic activity, we have measured antibody responses of mice to three different serine proteases. Groups of mice were immunized with porcine pancreatic trypsin (TRY), chymotrypsin (CHY) or elastase (ELA) and the resulting antibody response compared with antibody responses to two non-protease antigens, chicken egg albumin (OVA) and Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GST), all being administered with alum as an adjuvant. Of 12 mice that were injected five times at 14 day intervals with TRY, only one produced antibody reactive with this enzyme in ELISA. Immunizations with CHY or ELA induced somewhat better antibody responses than TRY, but the responses to the first and second injections of these two proteases nevertheless seemed comparatively lower than the responses to GST. Induction of antibody responses by OVA and GST was not affected when TRY was injected concomitantly. Thus, the antibody response to one of the serine proteases used in this study, mammalian trypsin, was anomalous.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Darani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Johnson EM, Doyle JD, Wetzel JD, McClung RP, Katunuma N, Chappell JD, Washington MK, Dermody TS. Genetic and pharmacologic alteration of cathepsin expression influences reovirus pathogenesis. J Virol 2009; 83:9630-40. [PMID: 19640986 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01095-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cathepsin family of endosomal proteases is required for proteolytic processing of several viruses during entry into host cells. Mammalian reoviruses utilize cathepsins B (Ctsb), L (Ctsl), and S (Ctss) for disassembly of the virus outer capsid and activation of the membrane penetration machinery. To determine whether cathepsins contribute to reovirus tropism, spread, and disease outcome, we infected 3-day-old wild-type (wt), Ctsb(-/-), Ctsl(-/-), and Ctss(-/-) mice with the virulent reovirus strain T3SA+. The survival rate of Ctsb(-/-) mice was enhanced in comparison to that of wt mice, whereas the survival rates of Ctsl(-/-) and Ctss(-/-) mice were diminished. Peak titers at sites of secondary replication in all strains of cathepsin-deficient mice were lower than those in wt mice. Clearance of the virus was delayed in Ctsl(-/-) and Ctss(-/-) mice in comparison to the levels for wt and Ctsb(-/-) mice, consistent with a defect in cell-mediated immunity in mice lacking cathepsin L or S. Cathepsin expression was dispensable for establishment of viremia, but cathepsin L was required for maximal reovirus growth in the brain. Treatment of wt mice with an inhibitor of cathepsin L led to amelioration of reovirus infection. Collectively, these data indicate that cathepsins B, L, and S influence reovirus pathogenesis and suggest that pharmacologic modulation of cathepsin activity diminishes reovirus disease severity.
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Abstract
Although it has long been known that human CD4(+) T cells can express functional class II MHC molecules, the role of lysosomal proteases in the T cell class II MHC processing and presentation pathway is unknown. Using CD4(+) T cell clones that constitutively express class II MHC, we determined that cathepsin S is necessary for invariant chain proteolysis in T cells. CD4(+)HLA-DR(+) T cells down-regulated cathepsin S expression and activity 18 h after activation, thereby ceasing nascent class II MHC product formation. This blockade resulted in the loss of the invariant chain fragment CLIP from the cell surface, suggesting that-like professional APC-CD4(+) HLA-DR(+) cells modulate self-Ag presentation as a consequence of activation. Furthermore, cathepsin S expression and activity, and concordantly cell surface CLIP expression, was reduced in HLA-DR(+) CD4(+) T cells as compared with B cells both in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria Costantino
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Lemaire G, Guittet O, Vesin MF, Lepoivre M, Cottet MH. Glutathione depletion reveals impairment of antigen processing and inhibition of cathepsin activity by nitric oxide in antigen-presenting cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Takahashi K, Ueno T, Tanida I, Minematsu-Ikeguchi N, Murata M, Kominami E. Characterization of CAA0225, a Novel Inhibitor Specific for Cathepsin L, as a Probe for Autophagic Proteolysis. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:475-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Takahashi
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Nihon University School of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Disease
| | | | | | - Eiki Kominami
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) serve as a tractable model system for studies of viral pathogenesis. Reoviruses infect virtually all mammals, but cause disease only in the very young. Prototype strains of the three reovirus serotypes differ in pathogenesis following infection of newborn mice. Reoviruses are nonenveloped, icosahedral particles that consist of ten segments of double-stranded RNA encapsidated within two protein shells, the inner core and outer capsid. High-resolution structures of individual components of the reovirus outer capsid and a single viral receptor have been solved and provide insight into the functions of these molecules in viral attachment, entry, and pathogenesis. Attachment of reovirus to target cells is mediated by the reovirus sigma1 protein, a filamentous trimer that projects from the outer capsid. Junctional adhesion molecule-A is a serotype-independent receptor for reovirus, and sialic acid is a coreceptor for serotype 3 strains. After binding to receptors on the cell surface, reovirus is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Internalization is followed by stepwise disassembly of the viral outer capsid in the endocytic compartment. Uncoating events, which require acidic pH and endocytic proteases, lead to removal of major outer-capsid protein sigma3, resulting in exposure of membrane-penetration mediator micro1 and a conformational change in attachment protein sigma1. After penetration of endosomes by uncoated particles, the transcriptionally active viral core is released into the cytoplasm, where replication proceeds. Despite major advances in defining reovirus attachment and entry mechanisms, many questions remain. Ongoing research is aimed at understanding serotype-dependent differences in reovirus tropism, viral cell-entry pathways, the individual and corporate roles of acidic pH and proteases in viral entry, and micro1 function in membrane penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Guglielmi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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29
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Goldfarb NE, Lam MT MT, Bose AK, Patel AM, Duckworth AJ, Dunn BM. Electrostatic switches that mediate the pH-dependent conformational change of "short" recombinant human pseudocathepsin D. Biochemistry 2006; 44:15725-33. [PMID: 16313175 PMCID: PMC2569848 DOI: 10.1021/bi0511686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin D (hCatD) is an aspartic peptidase with a low pH optimum. X-ray crystal structures have been solved for an active, low pH (pH 5.1) form (CatD(lo)) [Baldwin, E. T., Bhat, T. N., Gulnik, S., Hosur, M. V., Sowder, R. C., Cachau, R. E., Collins, J., Silva, A. M., and Erickson, J. W. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 6796-6800] and an inactive, high pH (pH 7.5) form (CatD(hi)) [Lee, A. Y., Gulnik, S. V., and Erickson, J. W. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 866-871]. It has been suggested that ionizable switches involving the carboxylate side chains of E5, E180, and D187 may mediate the reversible interconversion between CatD(hi) and CatD(lo) and that Y10 stabilizes CatD(hi) [Lee, A. Y., Gulnik, S. V., and Erickson, J. W. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 866-871]. To test these hypotheses, we generated single point mutants in "short" recombinant human pseudocathepsin D (srCatD), a model kinetically similar to hCatD [Beyer, B. M., and Dunn, B. M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 15590-15596]. E180Q, Y10F, and D187N exhibit significantly higher kcat/Km values (2-, 3-, and 6-fold, respectively) at pH 3.7 and 4.75 compared to srCatD, indicating that these residues are important in stabilizing the CatD(hi). E5Q exhibits a 2-fold lower kcat/Km compared to srCatD at both pH values, indicating the importance of E5 in stabilizing the CatD(lo). Accordingly, full time-course "pH-jump" (pH 5.5-4.75) studies of substrate hydrolysis indicate that E180Q, D187N, and Y10F have shorter kinetic lag phases that represent the change from CatD(hi) to CatD(lo) compared to srCatD and E5Q. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence reveals that the variants have a native-like structure over the pH range of our assays. The results indicate that E180 and D187 participate as an electrostatic switch that initiates the conformational change of CatD(lo) to CatD(hi) and Y10 stabilizes CatD(hi) by hydrogen bonding to the catalytic Asp 33. E5 appears to play a less significant role as an ionic switch that stabilizes CatD(lo).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben M. Dunn
- Corresponding author: phone (352) 392-3362, fax (352) 846-0412,
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30
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Abstract
The capacity of antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) to function in both tolerance and immunity is now well documented. The function and characteristics of different DC subsets are reviewed here and their capacity to activate T cells under different conditions of maturation and activation is discussed. The immunogenic potential of exosomes produced by DC is also considered in light of evidence that the capacity of exosomes to activate T cells for tolerance or immunity appears to mirror that of the parent DC. A model is proposed whereby exosomes produced by immature DC can function to maintain peripheral tolerance, while exosomes produced by more mature DC can stimulate effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J C Quah
- School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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31
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Baechle D, Cansier A, Fischer R, Brandenburg J, Burster T, Driessen C, Kalbacher H. Biotinylated fluorescent peptide substrates for the sensitive and specific determination of cathepsin D activity. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:166-74. [PMID: 15635643 DOI: 10.1002/psc.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CatD) is a member of the mammalian aspartic protease family and is involved in cellular protein degradation and in several pathological processes. A sensitive and specific assay for the determination of CatD activity in biological samples was developed. The peptide amide substrates Amca-EDKPILF downward arrowFRLGK(biotin)-CONH2 (I), Amca-EEKPIC(Acm)F downward arrowFRLGK(biotin)-CONH2 (II) and Amca-EEKPISF downward arrowFRLGK(biotin)-CONH2 (III) contain a CatD cleavage site (F downward arrowF) flanked by a N-terminal Amca-fluorophore (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid) and a C-terminal biotin moiety. Substrates II and III proved to be specific substrates containing only one cleavage site for CatD. After cleavage of the Phe-Phe bond by CatD all biotin conjugated peptides were removed with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. The remaining fluorescent peptides in solution represent the amount of digested substrate. The versatility of this CatD digest and pull down assay was demonstrated by measuring the activity of CatD in different subcellular fractions of human EBV-transformed B cells and human monocytes. The described method based on the designed CatD substrates represents a valuable tool for routine assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baechle
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Center, University of Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Cathepsin E is an aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in Ag processing within the class II MHC pathway. In this study, we document the presence of cathepsin E message and protein in human myeloid dendritic cells, the preeminent APCs of the immune system. Cathepsin E is found in a perinuclear compartment, which is likely to form part of the endoplasmic reticulum, and also a peripheral compartment just beneath the cell membrane, with a similar distribution to that of Texas Red-dextran within 2 min of endocytosis. To investigate the function of cathepsin E in processing, a new soluble targeted inhibitor was synthesized by linking the microbial aspartic proteinase inhibitor pepstatin to mannosylated BSA via a cleavable disulfide linker. This inhibitor was shown to block cathepsin D/E activity in cell-free assays and within dendritic cells. The inhibitor blocked the ability of dendritic cells from wild-type as well as cathepsin D-deficient mice to present intact OVA, but not an OVA-derived peptide, to cognate T cells. The data therefore support the hypothesis that cathepsin E has an important nonredundant role in the class II MHC Ag processing pathway within dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Chain
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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33
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Luther C, Wienhold W, Oehlmann R, Heinemann MK, Melms A, Tolosa E. Alternatively spliced transcripts of the thymus-specific protease PRSS16 are differentially expressed in human thymus. Genes Immun 2004; 6:1-7. [PMID: 15592422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The putative serine protease PRSS16 is abundantly expressed in the thymic cortex and the gene is encoded within the HLA I complex. Although its function is not yet defined, the very restricted expression points to a role in T-cell development in the thymus. In this study, we show that the PRSS16 mRNA is alternatively spliced to generate at least five transcripts. Apart from the full-length sequence, we found two other isoforms with all putative active site residues of the serine protease, suggesting that those variants may also be functional. Semi-quantitative analysis of the splice variants in different tissue samples revealed a strong correlation between the specific formation of alternatively spliced PRSS16 transcripts and the age and thymus pathology status of the donor. Newborn thymi express mostly the PRSS16-4 and -5 isoforms and lack the PRSS16-1 transcript, which appears around 2 years of age and stays until adulthood. Incidentally, thymi from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with thymoma showed a marked decrease in the expression of the full-length PRSS16-1 and increased expression of the smaller isoforms. The data suggest a potential role of the PRSS16 isoforms in the postnatal morphogenesis of the thymus and in the thymus pathology related to MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luther
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Schlecht G, Loucka J, Najar H, Sebo P, Leclerc C. Antigen Targeting to CD11b Allows Efficient Presentation of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Epitopes and In Vivo Th1-Polarized T Cell Priming. J Immunol 2004; 173:6089-97. [PMID: 15528345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (CyaA) is an invasive bacterial toxin that delivers its N-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells bearing the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin (CD11b/CD18), such as myeloid dendritic cells. This allows use of engineered CyaA for targeted delivery of CD8(+) T cell epitopes into the MHC class I pathway of APC and induction of robust and protective cytotoxic responses. In this study, we demonstrate that CyaA can efficiently codeliver both a CD8(+) T cell epitope (OVA(257-264)) and a CD4(+) T cell epitope (MalE(100-114)) into, respectively, the conventional cytosolic or endocytic routes of processing of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Upon CyaA delivery, a strong potentiation of the MalE(100-114) CD4(+) T cell epitope presentation is observed as compared with the MalE protein, which depends on CyaA interaction with its CD11b receptor and its subsequent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In vivo, CyaA induces strong and specific Th1 CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses against, respectively, the MalE(100-114) and OVA(257-264) epitopes. These results underscore the potency of CyaA for design of new vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/administration & dosage
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/genetics
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/immunology
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Bone Marrow Cells/enzymology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clathrin-Coated Vesicles/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Endosomes/enzymology
- Endosomes/immunology
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/administration & dosage
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Hydrolases/physiology
- Periplasmic Binding Proteins/administration & dosage
- Periplasmic Binding Proteins/genetics
- Periplasmic Binding Proteins/immunology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/enzymology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Vacuoles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Schlecht
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E 352, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
The antigen presentation pathways constitute a fulcrum on which adaptive immunity is balanced, and their manipulation should allow us to induce designer immune responses. The ease and rapidity with which DNA vaccines can be constructed and altered make them ideal candidates with which to test the various targeting strategies that have been conceived to date. These approaches and the mechanisms that may (or may not) underlie their success are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens A Leifert
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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36
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Morón VG, Rueda P, Sedlik C, Leclerc C. In vivo, dendritic cells can cross-present virus-like particles using an endosome-to-cytosol pathway. J Immunol 2003; 171:2242-50. [PMID: 12928368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant parvovirus-like particles (PPV-VLPs) are particulate exogenous Ags that induce strong CTL response in the absence of adjuvant. In the present report to decipher the mechanisms responsible for CTL activation by such exogenous Ag, we analyzed ex vivo and in vitro the mechanisms of capture and processing of PPV-VLPs by dendritic cells (DCs). In vivo, PPV-VLPs are very efficiently captured by CD8alpha- and CD8alpha+ DCs and then localize in late endosomes of DCs. Macropinocytosis and lipid rafts participate in PPV-VLPs capture. Processing of PPV-VLPs does not depend upon recycling of MHC class I molecules, but requires vacuolar acidification as well as proteasome activity, TAP translocation, and neosynthesis of MHC class I molecules. This study therefore shows that in vivo DCs can cross-present PPV-VLPs using an endosome-to-cytosol processing pathway.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Actins/immunology
- Actins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Brefeldin A
- Cell Line
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/genetics
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/immunology
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/virology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Cytosol/immunology
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Cytosol/virology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Endosomes/genetics
- Endosomes/immunology
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Endosomes/virology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Hybridomas
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hydrolysis
- Membrane Microdomains/genetics
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Parvovirus, Porcine/drug effects
- Parvovirus, Porcine/genetics
- Parvovirus, Porcine/immunology
- Parvovirus, Porcine/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Pinocytosis/genetics
- Pinocytosis/immunology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Vacuoles/enzymology
- Vacuoles/metabolism
- Vacuoles/virology
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Gabriel Morón
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, E352, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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37
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Abstract
HLA-DM stabilizes peptide-receptive class II alphabeta dimers and facilitates the capture of high affinity peptides, thus influencing the peptide repertoire presented by class II molecules. Variations in DM levels may therefore have a profound effect on the antigenic focus of T cell-mediated immune responses. Specifically, DM expression may influence susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune diseases. In this study the role of DM in HLA-DR4-restricted presentation of an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoantigen, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), was tested. Presentation of immunodominant GAD epitope 273-285 was regulated by endogenous DM levels in human B lymphoblasts. T cell responses to exogenous GAD as well as an endogenous cytoplasmic form of this Ag were significantly diminished with increasing cellular expression of DM. Epitope editing by DM was observed only using Ag and not small synthetic peptides, suggesting that this process occurred within endosomes. Results with cytoplasmic GAD also indicated that peptides from this compartment intersect class II proteins in endocytic vesicles where DM editing was facilitated. Changes in DM levels within APC may therefore influence the presentation of autoantigens and the development of autoimmune disorders such as type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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38
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MacKeen DL, Roth HW. A simple method of detecting the anti-inflammatory action of topical dry eye treatments. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 506:1227-32. [PMID: 12614057 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D L MacKeen
- MacKeen Consultants Ltd., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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39
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Komuro A, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S, Tiffany JM, Bron AJ, Suzuki T. Assessment of meibomian gland function by a newly-developed laser meibometer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 506:517-20. [PMID: 12613955 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Komuro
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is utilized in industries for its semiconductor and optical properties. Chemical exposure of animals systemically suppresses several immune functions. The ability of splenic B cells to activate antigen-specific helper CD4(+) T cell hybridomas was assessed, and various aspects of antigen-presenting cell function were examined. GaAs-exposed murine B cells were impaired in processing intact soluble protein antigens, and the defect was antigen dependent. In contrast, B cells after exposure competently presented peptides to the T cells, which do not require processing. Cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and several costimulatory molecules on splenic B cells, which are critical for helper T cell activation, was not affected by chemical exposure. GaAs exposure also did not influence the stability of MHC class II heterodimers, suggesting that the defect may precede peptide exchange. GaAs-exposed B cells contained a normal level of aspartyl cathepsin activity; however, proteolytic activities of thiol cathepsins B and L were approximately half the control levels. Furthermore, two cleavage fragments of invariant chain, a molecular chaperone of MHC class II molecules, were increased in GaAs-exposed B cells, indicative of defective degradation. Thus, diminished thiol proteolytic activity in B cells may be responsible for their impaired antigen processing and invariant chain degradation, which may contribute to systemic immunosuppression caused by GaAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gondre-Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine Science Bldg., 1217 East Marshall St., Rm. 229, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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41
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Fast MD, Sims DE, Burka JF, Mustafa A, Ross NW. Skin morphology and humoral non-specific defence parameters of mucus and plasma in rainbow trout, coho and Atlantic salmon. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 132:645-57. [PMID: 12044774 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to different diseases among related species, such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is variable. The prominence of these species in aquaculture warrants investigation into sources of this variability to assist future disease management. To develop a better understanding of the basis for species variability, several important non-specific humoral parameters were examined in juvenile fish of these three economically important species. Mucous protease, alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme, as well as plasma lysozyme activities and histological parameters (epidermal thickness and mucous cell density, and size) were characterized and compared for three salmonids: rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and coho salmon. Rainbow trout had a thicker epidermis and significantly more mucous cells per cross-sectional area than the other two species. Rainbow trout also had significantly higher mucous protease activity than Atlantic salmon and significantly higher lysozyme (plasma and mucus) activities than coho and Atlantic salmon, in seawater. Atlantic salmon, on the other hand, had the lowest activities of mucous lysozyme and proteases, the thinnest epidermal layer and the sparsest distribution of mucous cells, compared with the two other salmonids in seawater. Only coho salmon had sacciform cells. Atlantic and coho salmon had higher mucous lysozyme activities in freshwater as compared to seawater. There was no significant difference between mucous lysozyme activities in any of the three species reared in freshwater; however, rainbow trout still had a significantly higher plasma lysozyme activity compared with the other two species. All three species exhibited significantly lower mucous alkaline phosphatase and protease activities in freshwater than in seawater. Our results demonstrate that there are significant histological and biochemical differences between the skin and mucus of these three salmonid species, which may change as a result of differing environments. Variation in these innate immune factors is likely to have differing influences on each species response to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fast
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Atlantic Veterinary College-University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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42
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Abstract
Proteolysis is the primary mechanism used by all cells not only to dispose of unwanted proteins but also to regulate protein function and maintain cellular homeostasis. Proteases that reside in the endocytic pathway are the principal actors of terminal protein degradation. The proteases contained in the endocytic pathway are classified into four major groups based on the active-site amino acid used by the enzyme to hydrolyze amide bonds of proteins: cysteine, aspartyl, serine, and metalloproteases. The presentation of peptide antigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is strictly dependent on the action of proteases. Class II molecules scour the endocytic pathway for antigenic peptides to bind and present at the cell surface for recognition by CD4+ T cells. The specialized cell types that support antigen presentation by class II molecules are commonly referred to as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), which include bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. In addition, the expression of certain endocytic proteases is regulated either at the level of gene transcription or enzyme maturation and their activity is controlled by the presence of endogenous protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Wolf Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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43
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Rodriguez F, Harkins S, Redwine JM, de Pereda JM, Whitton JL. CD4(+) T cells induced by a DNA vaccine: immunological consequences of epitope-specific lysosomal targeting. J Virol 2001; 75:10421-30. [PMID: 11581410 PMCID: PMC114616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10421-10430.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that targeting DNA vaccine-encoded major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes to the proteasome enhanced CD8(+) T-cell induction and protection against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) challenge. Here, we expand these studies to evaluate CD4(+) T-cell responses induced by DNA immunization and describe a system for targeting proteins and minigenes to lysosomes. Full-length proteins can be targeted to the lysosomal compartment by covalent attachment to the 20-amino-acid C-terminal tail of lysosomal integral membrane protein-II (LIMP-II). Using minigenes encoding defined T-helper epitopes from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we show that the CD4(+) T-cell response induced by the NP(309-328) epitope of LCMV was greatly enhanced by addition of the LIMP-II tail. However, the immunological consequence of lysosomal targeting is not invariably positive; the CD4(+) T-cell response induced by the GP(61-80) epitope was almost abolished when attached to the LIMP-II tail. We identify the mechanism which underlies this marked difference in outcome. The GP(61-80) epitope is highly susceptible to cleavage by cathepsin D, an aspartic endopeptidase found almost exclusively in lysosomes. We show, using mass spectrometry, that the GP(61-80) peptide is cleaved between residues F(74) and K(75) and that this destroys its ability to stimulate virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. Thus, the immunological result of lysosomal targeting varies, depending upon the primary sequence of the encoded antigen. We analyze the effects of CD4(+) T-cell priming on the virus-specific antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses which are mounted after virus infection and show that neither response appears to be accelerated or enhanced. Finally, we evaluate the protective benefits of CD4(+) T-cell vaccination in the LCMV model system; in contrast to DNA vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells, which can confer solid protection against LCMV challenge, DNA vaccine-mediated priming of CD4(+) T cells does not appear to enhance the vaccinee's ability to combat viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodriguez
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Barrera C, Ye G, Espejo R, Gunasena S, Almanza R, Leary J, Crowe S, Ernst P, Reyes VE. Expression of cathepsins B, L, S, and D by gastric epithelial cells implicates them as antigen presenting cells in local immune responses. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1081-91. [PMID: 11600214 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. During H. pylori infection, class II MHC expression by the gastric epithelium increases, as does the number of local CD4(+) T cells, which appear to be important in the associated pathogenesis. These observations suggested that the epithelium might present antigens to T cells. Thus, we sought to determine whether gastric epithelial cells process antigens to establish their function as local antigen presenting cells (APC). We examined a panel of gastric epithelial cell lines for expression of the antigen processing cathepsins B (CB), L (CL), S (CS), and D (CD). The mRNA for these enzymes were detected by RT-PCR and the enzymes in the gastric epithelial cells were identified by various independent methods. We corroborated the expression of CB and CD on gastric epithelial cells from human biopsy samples. The functions of these proteases were confirmed by assessing their ability to digest ovalbumin, a conventional dietary antigen, and proteins from H. pylori. In summary, multiple lines of evidence suggest gastric epithelial cells process antigens for presentation to CD4(+) T cells. To our knowledge, these are the first studies to document the antigen processing capacity of human gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barrera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Sakai T, Nakano Y, Ishii K, Hisaeda H, Dainichi T, Asao T, Katunuma N, Himeno K. Treatment with cathepsin L inhibitor potentiates Th2-type immune response in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Int Immunol 2001; 13:975-82. [PMID: 11470767 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the activation of CD4 (+) T cells, exogenous proteins must be digested by endo/lysosomal enzymes in antigen-presenting cells (APC) to produce antigenic peptides that are able to be presented on class II molecules of the MHC. Studies described here inspect the functional significance of cathepsin L inhibition for antigen processing and T (h) 1/T (h) 2 differentiation in experimental leishmaniasis. We first demonstrated using in vitro systems that cathepsin L is one of the candidate endo/lysosomal enzymes in processing of soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) and that its specific inhibitor, CLIK148, modulated the processing of SLA. BALB/c mice are known to be susceptible to infection with Leishmania major. Interestingly, treatment of BALB/c mice with CLIK148 exacerbated the infection by enhancing the development of SLA-specific T (h) 2-type response such as production of IL-4 and generation of T (h) 2-dependent specific IgE/IgG1 antibodies. Moreover, addition of CLIK148 in incubation of a SLA-specific CD4 (+) T cell line with APC up-regulated the production of IL-4. However, CLIK148 did not exert any direct influence on the function of T cells themselves. Taken together, these findings suggest that treatment of host mice with CLIK148 affects the processing of SLA in APC, resulting in the potentiation of T (h) 2-type immune responses and thus leading to exacerbation of the infection. Furthermore, endo/lysosomal cathepsin L was found to be functionally distinct from previously described cathepsins B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, 3 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Steinfeld S, Maho A, Chaboteaux C, Daelemans P, Pochet R, Appelboom T, Kiss R. Prolactin up-regulates cathepsin B and D expression in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1711-20. [PMID: 11092531 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Various proteases are expressed in the minor salivary glands (MSG) of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and as we have already shown, prolactin is neosynthesized in the acinar cells of patients with SS. The present study aims to characterize the influence of PRL on the expression of cathepsin B and D in the MSG of patients with SS. Cathepsin B and D expression was investigated immunohistochemically in MSG of 30 patients with SS and 15 healthy volunteers. The presence of cathepsin B and D mRNAs was checked in three SS patients and three control subjects by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The specificity of the anti-cathepsin B and D antibodies used for the immunohistochemistry was checked by means of western blotting analysis. The influence of prolactin on the immunohistochemical expression of cathepsin B and D was quantitatively assayed by computer-assisted microscopy at three different doses (5, 50, and 500 ng/ml) on eight MSGs (four control subjects and four patients with SS) maintained ex vivo under organotypic cultures. This influence was also investigated at the mRNA level. Whereas cathepsin B immunopositivity was absent from glandular epithelial cells of healthy subjects and only slightly present in SS patients, cathepsin D immunoreactivity was considerably greater (p < 0.0001) in both the acini and the ducts of patients with SS as compared with control subjects. Cathepsin B, but not D, was also expressed in about 20% of infiltrating mononuclear cells of SS patients. Treatment of both healthy and SS minor salivary glands with PRL significantly (p < 0.05 top < 0.0001) enhanced cathepsin B and D expression in acinar and ductal cells at both protein and mRNA levels. PRL produced locally in MSGs of SS patients, but not those of healthy subjects, could play a role in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome, if only through the activation of proteolytic activity on the part of cathepsins B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steinfeld
- Divisions of Rheumatology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Yasutomo K, Ishikawa H, Fawzy Nashed B, Dainichi T, Hisaeda H, Sakai T, Kasai M, Mizuochi T, Asao T, Katunuma N, Himeno K. Pepstatin A-sensitive aspartic proteases in lysosome are involved in degradation of the invariant chain and antigen-processing in antigen presenting cells of mice infected with Leishmania major. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:693-701. [PMID: 11027533 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that CA074, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, significantly deviated immune responses from the disease-promoting Th2 type to the protective Th1 type in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Herein, we found that pepstatin A-sensitive aspartic proteases (PSAP) in lysosomes seem to play a different role from that of cathepsin B in antigen-processing and Ii-degradation. That is, cathepsin B appears to digest 16-, 28-, and 31-kDa peptides of soluble leishmania antigen (SLA), whereas PSAP seems to process mainly 28-kDa peptides. Furthermore, the latter protease contributed to the degradation of Ii but cathepsin B did not. Following treatment with pepstatin A, both Th1 and Th2 responses were profoundly suppressed in resistant DBA/2 mice (H-2(d)) and in susceptible BALB/c mice (H-2(d)), and both strains of mice became markedly susceptible compared with the untreated groups, probably owing to failure in degradation of Ii and partly to failure in digestion of 28-kDa peptide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cathepsin B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dipeptides/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Leishmania major
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Pepstatins/pharmacology
- Pepstatins/therapeutic use
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Muno D, Kominami E, Mizuochi T. Generation of both MHC class I- and class II-restricted antigenic peptides from exogenously added ovalbumin in murine phagosomes. FEBS Lett 2000; 478:178-82. [PMID: 10922492 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phagosome fraction derived from a murine macrophage cell line (J774.1), which had internalized ovalbumin (OVA)-coated latex beads, was isolated. The peptides recovered from the phagosome fraction were separated on reverse phase HPLC and each fraction was analyzed for the content of either major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- or class II-restricted OVA-derived peptide. Both peptides were detected in the phagosome fraction after less than 15 min of internalization. It was also indicated that phagosomes degrade OVA protein into both MHC class I- and class II-restricted antigenic peptides by employing the same types of cathepsins. Furthermore, the results suggest that the MHC class I-restricted peptide rapidly exits from the phagosome to the cytosol. These findings illustrate a potential role for phagosomes not only in MHC class II-restricted but also in MHC class I-restricted exogenous antigen presentation pathways. Our results also point to the vital role of phagosomes in non-cytosolic antigen presentation pathway, in which further degradation of antigens by the proteasome is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Juntendo University, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Hanba J, Dainichi T, Nashed BF, Hisaeda H, Sakai T, Asao T, Himeno K, Good RA, Katunuma N. Lysosomal cathepsin B plays an important role in antigen processing, while cathepsin D is involved in degradation of the invariant chain inovalbumin-immunized mice. Immunology 2000; 100:13-20. [PMID: 10809954 PMCID: PMC2326990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that CA074, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, modulates specific immune responses from the T helper 2 (Th2) type to Th1 type in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. In the present study, we found that a similar type of immune deviation was also induced in mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). However, treatment of mice with pepstatin A, a specific cathepsin D inhibitor, suppressed the OVA-specific proliferation of lymphocytes and blocked the development of both Th1 and Th2 cellular responses. These inhibitors did not appear to have any direct influence in vitro on functions of naive lymphocytes. OVA antigen (47 000 MW) was digested mainly into 40 000 MW protein in vitro by lysosomal proteases from naive BALB/c mice, and its digestion was markedly inhibited by the addition of CA074, but not by addition of pepstatin A, during incubation. However, pepstatin A strongly suppressed the degradation of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) molecule in vivo and in vitro. Thus, cathepsin B appears to process antigens directed to preferential activation of Th2 cells, while cathepsin D may be responsible for the degradation of Ii, the processing of which is essential in initiating the antigen-specific activation of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells. These lysosomal proteases may have different functions in regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, University of Tokushima, School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
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50
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Lich JD, Elliott JF, Blum JS. Cytoplasmic processing is a prerequisite for presentation of an endogenous antigen by major histocompatibility complex class II proteins. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1513-24. [PMID: 10790426 PMCID: PMC2213437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and functional studies have demonstrated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted presentation of select epitopes derived from cytoplasmic antigens, with few insights into the processing reactions necessary for this alternate pathway. Efficient presentation of an immunodominant epitope derived from glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was observed regardless of whether this antigen was delivered exogenously or via a cytoplasmic route into human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class II-DR4(+) antigen-presenting cells. Presentation of exogenous as well as cytoplasmic GAD required the intersection of GAD peptides and newly synthesized class II proteins. By contrast, proteolytic processing of this antigen was highly dependent upon the route of antigen delivery. Exogenous GAD followed the classical pathway for antigen processing, with an absolute requirement for endosomal/lysosomal acidification as well as cysteine and aspartyl proteases resident within these organelles. Presentation of endogenous GAD was dependent upon the action of cytoplasmic proteases, including the proteasome and calpain. Thus, translocation of processed antigen from the cytoplasm into membrane organelles is necessary for class II-restricted presentation via this alternate pathway. Further trimming of these peptides after translocation was mediated by acidic proteases within endosomes/lysosomes, possibly after or before class II antigen binding. These studies suggest that processing of exogenous and cytoplasmic proteins occurs through divergent but overlapping pathways. Furthermore, two cytoplasmic proteases, the proteasome and calpain, appear to play important roles in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - John F. Elliott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Janice S. Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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