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Xiong S, Fu J, Dong C, Pei Z, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Bioaccumulation and Trophodynamics of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRs) in Marine Food Webs from the Arctic and Antarctic Regions. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6804-6813. [PMID: 38512799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive contamination of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in remote polar ecosystems has attracted great attention in recent research. However, understanding regarding the trophic transfer behavior of NBFRs in the Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs is limited. In this study, we examined the occurrence and trophodynamics of NBFRs in polar benthic marine sediment and food webs collected from areas around the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station (n = 57) and Antarctic Great Wall Station (n = 94). ∑7NBFR concentrations were in the range of 1.27-7.47 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 0.09-1.56 ng/g lw in the Arctic and Antarctic marine biota, respectively, among which decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound in all sample types. The biota-sediment bioaccumulation factors (g total organic carbon/g lipid) of NBFRs in the Arctic (0.85-3.40) were 4-fold higher than those in the Antarctica (0.13-0.61). Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of individual NBFRs ranged from 0.43 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.60) to 1.32 (0.92, 1.89) and from 0.34 (0.24, 0.49) to 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) in the Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs, respectively. The TMFs of most congeners were significantly lower than 1, indicating a trophic dilution potential. This is one of the very few investigations on the trophic transfer of NBFRs in remote Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems, which provides a basis for exploring the ecological risks of NBFRs in polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xiong
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huang C, Zeng Y, Liu YE, Zhang Y, Guo J, Luo X, Mai B. Historical Occurrence and Composition of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants and Dechlorane Plus in Sediments from an Electronic Waste Recycling Site in South China. Toxics 2024; 12:84. [PMID: 38251039 PMCID: PMC10821507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) have been widely used as alternatives to traditional BFRs. However, little is known about the temporal trends of NBFR and DP pollution in e-waste recycling sites. In the current study, three composite sediment cores were collected from an e-waste-polluted pond located in a typical e-waste recycling site in South China to investigate the historical occurrence and composition of NBFRs and DP. The NBFRs and DP were detected in all layers of the sediment cores with concentration ranges of 5.71~180,895 and 4.95~109,847 ng/g dw, respectively. Except for 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), all the NBFR compounds and DP showed a clear increasing trend from the bottom to top layers. These results implied the long-term and severe contamination of NBFRs and DP. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the most abundant NBFR with the contribution proportions of 58 ± 15%, 73 ± 15%, and 71 ± 18% in three sediment cores, followed by 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and pentabromobenzene (HBB). The ratios of BTBPE/Octa-BDEs and DBDPE/Deca-BDEs varied from 0.12 to 60 and from 0.03 to 0.49, respectively, which had no clear increase trends with a decrease in sediment depth. As for DP, the fanti values (the concentration ratios of anti-DP to the sum of anti-DP and syn-DP) in sediment cores ranged from 0.41 to 0.83, almost falling in the range of those in DP technical products, suggesting that DP degradation did not occur in sediment cores. The environmental burdens of DBDPE, BTBPE, HBB, PBT, PBEB, pTBX, and DP were estimated to be 34.0, 5.67, 10.1, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, and 34.8 kg, respectively. This work provides the first insight into the historical contamination status of NBFRs and DP in the sediments of an e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huang
- School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yin-E Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang N, Lai C, Xu F, Huang D, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu M, Li Y, Li L, Liu S, Huang X, Nie J, Li H. A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in Chinese aquatic environment: Source, occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166180. [PMID: 37562617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread commercial production and use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, their potential impact on human health development should not be underestimated. This review searched the literature on Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and Novel brominated flame retardant (PBDEs and NBFRs) (broad BFRs) in the aquatic environment (including surface water and sediment) in China over the last decade. It was found that PBDEs and NBFRs entered the aquatic environment through four main pathways, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, sewage effluent and microplastic decomposition. The distribution of PBDEs and NBFRs in the aquatic environment was highly correlated with the local economic structure and population density. In addition, a preliminary risk assessment of existing PBDEs and PBDEs in sediments showed that areas with high-risk quotient values were always located in coastal areas with e-waste dismantling sites, which was mainly attributed to the historical legacy of electronic waste. This research provides help for the human health development and regional risk planning management posed by PBDEs and NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Fuhang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yixia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR. China
| | - Jinxin Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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4
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Wang R, Cheng H, Gong Y, Huang T. New brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in water sediments: A review of contamination characteristics, exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects and health risks. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122121. [PMID: 37385359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become one of the most important new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). However, little is known about whether this emerging contaminant may has an environmental fate similar to PBDEs. Sediments are the main sink for DBDPE in the aqueous phase. Worldwide concentration data, since it was first found in sediments to date, have been collated, and the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) DBDPE concentrations in sediments have increased rapidly, often with a higher risk of contamination in source discharge areas. Compared with other countries, DBDPE contamination in China is more severe, especially in Guangdong Province, which is closely related to its being an e-waste dismantling area. (2) The amount of DBDPE in surface sediments has exceeded that of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and data recorded in sediment cores also corroborate that DBDPE is replacing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as one of the most dominant NBFRs in the environment. (3) The exposure pathways of DBDPE include dietary intake, air or indoor dust intake, cutaneous absorption and endogenous exposure. For sediments, dietary exposure and endogenous exposure pathways need to be considered. Sediment DBDPE can enter the human body through bioenrichment such as contaminated seafood and the food chain. (4) DBDPE can exhibit neurotoxicity, thyrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in organisms. Long-term DBDPE exposure may increase hyperthyroidism risk and inhibit normal cells activity. This review focuses on the distribution characteristics and exposure risks of DBDPE in global water sediments, providing a strong reference for environmental management and related legal policy formulation. The next steps are to focus on continuous source monitoring, process control and sediment clean-up of DBDPE. The development of sustainable water management options for waste microplastics (MPs) and e-waste spiked with DBDPE is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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5
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Dang C, Lu B, Luo Y, Fu J. Is it really safe to replace decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) with decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)?: A perspective from hepatotoxicity. Environ Toxicol 2023; 38:844-856. [PMID: 36660779 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the hepatocytotoxicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activity of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and other 18 analogues were evaluated in vitro using human normal liver cell L02. These dioxin-like compounds showed differential hepatocytotoxicity (EC50 = 0.38-17.87 mg/L) and AHR activity (EROD activity = 4.53-46.35 U/μg). In silico study indicated the distance of π-π bonds between the benzene ring of compounds and residue Phe234 of AHR played a key role in the binding of AHR, and the substituents on the benzene ring also influenced the activity. Combining molecular biology and bioomics, the comprehensive investigations on the hepatotoxic mechanisms have demonstrated the AHR signaling pathway was the key mediation mechanism for the hepatotoxicity of DBDPE/BDE209. The cytochrome P450s (CYP2 family) mediated formation of reactive oxygenated intermediates might be the dominant toxic mechanism, which could produce oxidative stress or cause genotoxicity. Although the experimental toxicity of DBDPE was smaller relative to BDE209, the health risk of DBDPE may be much greater than we expected, due to the high potential to form a variety of dioxin-like intermediates by microbial oxidation of ethyl group. Therefore, whether it is really safe to replace BDE209 with DBDPE is a debatable question, and more ecotoxicological and health data are needed to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhao X, Lyu B, Zhang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Shi Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal-derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution, and dietary exposure assessment. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130223. [PMID: 36367471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 6th China Total Diet Study (CTDS) conducted in 2016-2019, the occurrence of both legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was measured in animal-derived foods collected across China. Most BFRs could be frequently detected in food samples, indicating their ubiquity in the environment. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a typical novel BFR, presented the highest contamination level, whereas legacy BFRs, including decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), still presented high detection frequencies and relatively abundant proportions in total BFRs. Compared with previous CTDSs conducted from 2007 to 2011, the levels and estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of most BFRs showed a significant downtrend, which suggested that flame retardant consumption in China has transferred from legacy BFRs to novel BFRs (mainly DBDPE) and from BFRs to other kinds of flame retardants. Based on probabilistic estimation, the median EDIs of mainly used BFRs for the Chinese population ranged from 41.0 to 1.67 × 103 pg/kg bw/day, and meat consumption was the primary source in dietary BFR intake. By conducting the margin of exposure (MOE) approach or comparing with the reference dose (RfD), it can be concluded that daily dietary intakes of BFRs were still unable to cause significant health risks to the general population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhang X, Qu H, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Hu D, Tian H. Ecological of human health risk of total petroleum hydrocarbons and four metals in seawater of the southeastern Bohai Sea, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:5758-5773. [PMID: 35978248 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To obtain systematic knowledge on the waterborne pollution status and ecological and human health risk of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and metals in the southeastern Bohai Sea, seawater samples were collected in three seasons from 2014 to 2018. TPHs and mercury (Hg) levels were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and cold atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively, and concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected by anodic stripping voltammetry. Spatial distribution patterns indicated that these waterborne pollutants are mainly sourced from terrestrial inputs. Temporal variation showed that Pb contents decreased in the past five years, and summer exhibited higher concentrations of Hg, Cu, and Cd than spring and autumn. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients demonstrated that temperature correlated positively with Cu content, while dissolved oxygen, pH, and suspended particulate material correlated negatively with pollutant concentrations. While hazard quotient values were lower than 1 for TPHs, Hg, Pb, and Cd, the hazard quotient of Cu (4.88) was greater than 1, suggesting potential ecological risks of this element in seawater of the southeastern Bohai Sea. The total target hazard quotients of Hg, Cu, Pb, and Cd in seawater of the southeastern Bohai Sea were all lower than 1, which indicated that there was no noncarcinogenic risk caused by heavy metals in seawater of the southeastern Bohai Sea. However, the carcinogenic risk of Cd (1.54 × 10-5) was in the range of 10-6-10-4, which may lead to the occurrence of cancer. This study sounds an alarm for stricter control of metal emissions into this sea area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyong Qu
- Yantai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaofang Liu
- Yantai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Yantai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China
| | - Deyan Hu
- Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
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8
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Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Tang Y, Jin T, Li H, Wu S. Occurrence and ecological risks of brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 185:114182. [PMID: 36257243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phasing-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), environmental concerns of PBDE alternatives and dechlorane plus (DP) are rising. Accordingly, this study investigates occurrence and ecological risks of PBDEs, PBDE alternatives and DPs in sediments of two littoral regions, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay (DYB), in southern China. Total PBDEs concentrations in surface sediments of the PRE and DYB were in the range (mean) of 0.30-28.7 (8.71) and 0.29-43.4 (6.05) ng/g dw, respectively. DP levels in surface sediments of the PRE (0.004-0.27 ng/g dw) were significantly higher than those in the DYB (0.005-0.24 ng/g dw) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the predominant component, followed by DBDPE, exhibiting regional variations in BFRs usage. Vertical profiles of BFRs and DP in the PRE and DYB sediment cores exhibited clear anthropogenic influences. Risk quotients suggest critical ecological risks of tetra-, penta- and deca-BDE congeners in all the surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yi Tang
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tao Jin
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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Ling S, Zhou S, Tan J, Lu C, Fu M, Peng C, Zhang W, Hu S, Lin K, Zhou B. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediment from a typical e-waste dismantling region in Southern China: Occurrence, spatial distribution, composition profiles, and ecological risks. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153813. [PMID: 35182620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated the current occurrence, composition, and spatial distribution of eight congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and seven novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in sediment from Guiyu, a typical e-waste dismantling region in China. PBDEs levels ranged from 0.345 to 401,000 ng/g dw and NBFRs levels ranged from 0.581 to 73,100 ng/g dw. Almost all sediment samples contained high levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE, and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 in sediments ranged from 0.0814 to 2.80 (mean: 0.879). The concentration and composition profiles for BFRs in sediments from both mainstream and tributaries of two major rivers in Guiyu reach (and adjacent downstream locations) differed significantly from those far from Guiyu town. Whereas the high presence of BFRs in Guiyu reflected the historical crude e-waste dismantling activities in the region; the locations far from Guiyu town were likely to receive BFRs from atmospheric deposition, not originated from the region, as BFRs in water-sediment are known to be able to migrate a limited distance along the river. Ecological risk assessment revealed that the low brominated congeners of PBDEs and BDE-209 posed an unacceptable risk to the sedimentary life at multiple locations. Our results updated our knowledge of BFRs contamination in Guiyu, suggesting the necessity of continuous source monitoring, control procedures, and sediment cleanup for BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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10
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Lee HK, Bak G, Lim JE, Lee JW, Lee S, Moon HB. Historical record of legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants in dated sediment from a highly industrialized saltwater lake in Korea. Chemosphere 2022; 297:134264. [PMID: 35271898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and dechlorane plus (DP), were measured in dated sediments from a highly industrialized lake in Korea. All HFRs were detected in almost all of the sediment depth layers for more than 70 years, indicating a history of long-term contamination. Similar historical trends in PBDEs, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and DP were observed in dated sediments, whereas decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-octabromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-1-phenylindane (OBIND) concentrations sharply increased since the 1990s. Moreover, the concentration ratios of DBDPE/BDE 209 increased from the early 1990s to the present. Our findings suggest that DBDPE and OBIND have been used as HFR alternatives. The historical record of the concentrations and profiles of legacy and alternative HFRs corresponded with industrial activities, consumption of FRs, and coastal development activities. Inventories of legacy and alternative HFRs were similar to those reported for highly industrialized regions around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhan Bak
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Hou R, Huang Q, Pan Y, Lin L, Liu S, Li H, Xu X. Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRs) in a Tropical Marine Food Web from the South China Sea: The Influence of Hydrophobicity and Biotransformation on Structure-Related Trophodynamics. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:3147-3158. [PMID: 35175039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing discharge and ubiquitous occurrence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in aquatic environments have initiated intense global concerns; however, little information is available regarding their structure-related trophodynamics in marine food webs. In this study, a tropical marine food web including 29 species (18 fish and 11 invertebrate species) was collected from coral reef waters of the Xisha Islands, the South China Sea, for an analysis of 11 representative NBFRs. The mean ∑NBFR concentrations generally increased in the following sequence: sea cucumbers (0.330 ng/g lw) < crabs (0.380 ng/g lw) < shells (2.10 ng/g lw) < herbivorous fishes (2.30 ng/g lw) < carnivorous fishes (4.13 ng/g lw), with decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) as the predominant components. Trophic magnification was observed for all of the investigated NBFRs, with trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranging from 1.53 (tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether)) to 5.32 (HBB). Significant negative correlations were also found between the TMFs and the tested in vitro transformation clearance rates (CLin vitro) for the target NBFRs except for bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (TBPH) (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that the transformation rate is a more powerful predictor for TMFs than the hydrophobicity of NBFRs in this marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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12
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Chokwe TB, Krȕger E, Magubane MN, Abafe OA, Mporetji SM, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Hariram R. Legacy and novel brominated flame-retardants in different fish types from inland freshwaters of South Africa: levels, distribution and implications for human health. Int J Environ Health Res 2022; 32:321-331. [PMID: 32338060 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1757042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study report the presence of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame-retardants (NBFRs) in muscle tissues of Labeo capensis (mudfish), Labeo umbratus (moggel), Cyprinus carpio (carp) and Clarias gariepinus (catfish) from Vaal River, South Africa. The concentrations (in ng g-1 wet weight (ww)) of these contaminants ranged from LOQ to 12.8 ng g-1 ww in catfish, with lowest concentrations found for mudfish ranging from <LOQ to 3.4 ng g-1 ww. This variation was attributed to species-specific ecological status such as feeding habit and trophic level with BDE209 and BB209 as a major congeners among PBDEs and PBBs, respectively, and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) as a major flame retardants among the NBFRs. The hazard quotients of these contaminants were very low indicating that these contaminants do not pose health risk to South Africans via fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, RSA
- Scientific Services Unit, Capricorn District Municipality, Polokwane, RSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Water Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA
| | - Linda L Sibali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, RSA
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13
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An Q, Aamir M, Mao S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zheng P, Liu W. Current pollution status, spatial features, and health risks of legacy and emerging halogenated flame retardants in agricultural soils across China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:150043. [PMID: 34525697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil is a major reservoir and a secondary source of semi-volatile organic chemicals, while studies on the pollution status of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in agricultural soils are limited. In this study, a total of twenty-five chemicals including novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dechlorane plus (DPs) was analyzed in the agricultural soils across China to investigate the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, influencing factors and their associated human health risks. The results showed that BDE-209 (125-130,183 pg/g, dry weight, d.w.) was the most abundant flame retardant of PBDEs, followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (9.27-22,864 pg/g, d.w.). Meanwhile, the DPs (anti-DP plus syn-DP) were in the range of ND-1229 pg/g (d.w.), and the range of fanti values (the concentration of anti-DP divided by the sum of the concentrations of two isomers) in this study greatly matched those of commercial products, suggesting the effect of proximity to the source region. The higher levels of HFRs were found in Eastern and Southern regions of China. Spatial distribution implied that e-waste recycling activities and plastic processing have shown more importance in releasing legacy flame retardants (FRs) into the environment than the manufacturing process, while all are important for novel FRs. Correlation analysis between influencing factors and HFRs indicated that the distribution of most pollutants was more affected by anthropogenic source factors than environmental factors. The results of the principal component analysis demonstrated that deca-BDE and its alternative products were the major contributors to the sources of HFRs pollution. Human health risks assessment via oral intake and dermal contact pathways presented that the selected pollutants posed a no-carcinogenic risk to children and adults. It is worth noting that supervision of the disposal process of the NBFRs should be strengthened in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammed Aamir
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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14
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Feng N, Yang W, Zhao X, Chen M, Qiu Y, Zheng M. Semi-enclosed bays serve as hotspots for black carbon burial: A case study in Jiaozhou Bay, western Yellow Sea. Sci Total Environ 2021; 797:149100. [PMID: 34303985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The provenance of black carbon (BC) and its role in affecting contaminant cycling in both the atmosphere and aquatic environments have been extensively studied. However, the fate and cycling dynamics of BC, particularly in marine environments, are poorly understood. Herein, soot BC was determined in the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay to examine the seasonal variability, residence timescale in seawater, and settling flux to sediments, together with particle-reactive 234Th. Soot BC ranged from 0.39 to 4.26 μmol-C L-1. On average, spring produced the highest value of 1.88 ± 0.31 μmol-C L-1, followed by winter (1.59 ± 0.18 μmol-C L-1), summer (0.94 ± 0.09 μmol-C L-1), and autumn (0.90 ± 0.09 μmol-C L-1). The seasonality of soot BC was similar to the activity concentration of particulate 234Th (i.e., 234ThP). The close relationships between soot BC and 234ThP (p < 0.01) provide the basis for the application of 234Th to trace the fate of soot BC. Based on the 234Th deficit with respect to 238U, the residence times of soot BC were estimated to be 41 ± 6 d and 36 ± 5 d for May-August and August-November, respectively. The shorter residence times of soot BC than that of seawater indicated that soot BC delivered to Jiaozhou Bay settled in the local sediments. Furthermore, soot BC concentrations were higher in the inflow seawater from the Yellow Sea than the outflow water from Jiaozhou Bay, implying a net input of soot BC from the Yellow Sea to Jiaozhou Bay. The soot BC fluxes were 0.266 ± 0.035 mmol-C m-2 d-1 and 0.0472 ± 0.0065 mmol-C m-2 d-1 for May-August and August-November, respectively. From the bay-scale perspective, Jiaozhou Bay had buried 0.101 ± 0.010 Gg of soot BC each year. These results indicate that the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay acts as an effective trap for soot BC and particle-reactive contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Feng
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- Stake Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minfang Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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15
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Lee S, Ra K, Moon HB. Severe contamination and time trends of legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in multiple environmental media from Lake Shihwa, Korea: Effectiveness of regulatory action. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130620. [PMID: 34134417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were introduced to industrial markets as alternatives to legacy brominated FRs (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In the present study, PBDEs and their brominated and chlorinated alternatives, novel BFRs (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP), were measured in multiple environmental matrices in a highly industrialized lake in Korea. Legacy and novel HFRs were detected in multiple samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination. Concentrations of HFRs in water and sediment observed in creeks running through machine, textiles, and automobile industrial complexes were significantly higher than those observed in inside and outside of the lake. Higher bioaccumulation levels of HFRs were observed in inshore compared with offshore waters. Results suggest that multi-matrix distribution of legacy and novel HFRs was dependent on the geographical proximity to industrial sources. Compared with previous studies, the highest levels of PBDEs and NBFRs were recorded in water samples on a global scale, implying on-going emissions from industrial activities. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was a dominant compound in water samples, whereas the concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DP in sediment were similar to each other. This suggests a shift in consumption from legacy to novel HFRs, preferentially in water environments. A significant declining trend in PBDEs was observed in water and sediment collected between 2008 and 2015, indicating the effectiveness of regulatory actions. Based on their environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation potential, pentabromoethylbenzene and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate may pose emerging concerns regarding contamination of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Zhang D, Sun L, Tang J. Spatio-temporal variations and input patterns on the legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal rivers of North China. Environ Pollut 2021; 283:117093. [PMID: 33857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been subject to restrictions since 2018 in developed countries but is still manufacturing in China. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used as a replacement for BDE209. To better understand the behaviors and fates of these legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs), water samples were collected from the estuaries of 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that BDE209 was still the predominant compound with a median concentration of 2470 pg L-1, whereas DBDPE had a median concentration of 129 pg L-1. Spatially, relatively high concentrations were observed in the rivers near Laizhou Bay (LB), which is the manufacturing hub of BFRs. BDE209 concentrations were significantly higher in dry season than in wet season, which indicates a dominant process of dilution by precipitation during the wet season. DBDPE concentration showed no significant seasonal difference. This implies that wet deposition was the major additional source of DBDPE during the wet season, and the concentration increased further during the autumn as a result of a time-lag effect. The BFR concentrations in urban rivers were lower than those reported by a study undertaken in August 2013. An increase in the BFR concentrations in rural rivers since 2013 suggested increases in the use and non-point source emissions of BFRs in some remote aquatic environments. The estimated annual inputs of BDE209 and DBDPE into the BS were ∼95.9 kg yr-1 and ∼26.8 kg yr-1, respectively, whereas those into the NYS were ∼24.1 kg yr-1 and ∼8.38 kg yr-1. The results revealed an ecological risk of BDE209 in winter especially in the Xiaoqing River, thus suggesting the impact of BDE209 on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Daochang Zhang
- Yantai Municipal Bureau of Hydrology, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Linting Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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17
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Zhen X, Li Y, Tang J, Wang X, Liu L, Zhong M, Tian C. Decabromodiphenyl Ether versus Decabromodiphenyl Ethane: Source, Fate, and Influencing Factors in a Coastal Sea Nearing Source Region. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7376-7385. [PMID: 33998794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are still produced in large quantities in China, especially in the Shandong Province closed to the Bohai Sea (BS). This study conducted a comprehensive investigation of the distribution and budget of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the BS. BDE 209 was the predominant BFR in most of the investigated rivers flowing into the BS, although DBDPE exceeded BDE 209 in certain rivers as a result of the replacement of BDE 209 with DBDPE in North China. The spatial distributions of BFRs in the rivers were controlled by the proximity of the BFR manufacturing base and the extent of urbanization. BFRs' spatial distribution in the BS was influenced by a combination of land-based pollution sources, environmental parameters (e.g., suspended particulate matter, particulate organic carbon, and particulate black carbon), and hydrodynamic conditions. The spatial variation trend of BDE 209/DBDPE ratios in various environmental media provided useful information. Vertically, the BDE 209/DBDPE ratio decreased from the seawater surface layer to the sediment, indicating their differential transport in the BS. A multi-box mass balance model and analysis of BDE 209 showed that degradation was the primary sink of BFRs in seawater (∼68%) and surface sediment (∼72%) in the BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510631, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510631, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Liu J, Liang C, Peng B, Zhang YY, Liu LY, Zeng EY. Legacy and alternative flame retardants in typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China: Implications for evolving industry and pollution control. Sci Total Environ 2021; 763:143016. [PMID: 33139011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been gradually phased out and the application of alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) has been continuously increased. It is essential to understand how the evolving flame retardants industry has affected the occurrence and flux of legacy and alternative flame retardants so that better pollution control measures can be made accordingly. Air, rainwater, inflowing river water, pond water, pond sediment, fish feed, and fish collected from freshwater cultured fish ponds (FWCFPs) within the Pearl River Delta, South China were analyzed for PBDEs and AHFRs. Concentrations of AHFRs in air (range; median: 7.8-870; 210 pg m-3), rainwater (0.88-65; 4.8 ng L-1), and sediment (19-120; 54 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.)) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs in air (12-98; 21 pg m-3), rainwater (0.18-15; 0.70 ng L-1), and sediment (1.5-9.6, 2.9 ng g-1 d.w.) (t-test; p < 0.05). Decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenylethane were the predominant BDE and AHFR components, respectively, agreeing well with the production and usage patterns of flame retardants in China. The average input fluxes of AHFRs to the FWCFPs via dry deposition, wet deposition, net air-water exchange, and feeding (38.6, 20.6, and 2.14, μg m-2 yr-1) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs (3.44, 5.17, and -10.1, μg m-2 yr-1). Elevated occurrence and input fluxes of AHFRs suggested that aquaculture production is potentially facing a new challenge from alternative flame retardants. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition are important input sources of AHFRs to the FWCFPs. Feeding is an important input pathway for both PBDEs and AHFRs. Pollution control measures should be modified to accommodate the evolving flame retardants industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yu-Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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19
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Xie J, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Xie C, Dai S, Luo X, Zhang L, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in surface sediments from fourteen estuaries, South China. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:112099. [PMID: 33540273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of seventy surface sediments were collected from fourteen estuaries of South China to investigate the distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP in estuarine sediments ranged from 0.39 to 81.2, 0.18 to 49.9, not detected to 0.62, and 0.025 to 1.66 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Significant differences for levels of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP were found among the sediments from fourteen estuaries. Sediments from the Pearl River Estuary had the highest concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE and DP. PBDEs and DBDPE were the main halogenated flame retardants in estuarine sediments. BDE 209 was predominant congener of PBDEs with an average contribution of 88.1% to the total PBDEs. 32.9% sediment samples from South China had fanti values lower than 0.65, suggesting that stereoselective enrichment of syn-DP occurred in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Zheng D, Shi Z, Yang M, Liang B, Zhou X, Jing L, Sun Z. NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated endothelial cells pyroptosis is involved in decabromodiphenyl ethane-induced vascular endothelial injury. Chemosphere 2021; 267:128867. [PMID: 33187650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a novel environmental pollutant that has attracted growing attention. Previous studies have indicated that DBDPE could induce vascular endothelial injury and cardiovascular damage, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study was designed to examine the mechanisms of DBDPE induces vascular endothelial injury. In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 0, 5, 50, 500 mg/kg bw/day of DBDPE via gavage for 28 days. Results showed that DBDPE could damage abdominal aortas morphological and ultrastructural structure and increase the protein levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) of the abdominal aortas. Moreover, DBDPE induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and activated caspase-1 in abdominal aorta endothelium of rats. In vitro, human vascular endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with different concentrations of DBDPE (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM). DBDPE not only induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HAECs but also caused HAECs pyroptosis, which was evidenced by the elevated expression of Nod-like receptor protein -3 (NLRP3), ASC, and caspase-1 in DBDPE-treated group. To further elucidate the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome on DBDPE-induced HAECs pyroptosis, we constructed NLRP3 knockdown HAECs by lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA). And the results showed that NLRP3 knockdown downregulated DBDPE-induced increases of caspase-1 activity and caspase-1, ASC and NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression levels. Accordingly, our data suggested that DBDPE may damage vascular endothelium by NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated endothelial cells pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Baolu Liang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Li Jing
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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21
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Liu B, Song N, Jiang T, Wu J, Zhang L, Ge W, Chai C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments from fishing ports along the coast of Bohai Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:112037. [PMID: 33517093 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, congener patterns, possible sources, and ecological risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the surface sediments of 20 fishing ports along the coast of Bohai Sea. PBDEs are widespread pollutants in fishing ports, and the total concentrations of 14 PBDEs (∑14PBDEs) are 4.23-20.59 ng/g with a mean value of 12.56 ng/g. BDE-209 was the dominant congener. The fishing ports with high PBDE concentrations were located near Liaohe River, Haihe River, manufacturing plants of BFRs near Laizhou Bay, and tipping areas of marine garbage. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the most important congeners that discriminate PBDE pollution. The possible sources of PBDEs included the input of commercial mixtures of penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE, the debromination of BDE-209, and the atmospheric transport of the low brominated diphenyl ethers. The ecological risks in surface sediments were attributed to the congeners of tetra-BDE, penta-BDE, and deca-BDE with low or medium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Juan Wu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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22
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Yao B, Luo Z, Zhi D, Hou D, Luo L, Du S, Zhou Y. Current progress in degradation and removal methods of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water and soil: A review. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123674. [PMID: 33264876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment has caused rising concerns, and it is an urgent endeavor to find a proper way for PBDEs remediation. Various techniques such as adsorption, hydrothermal and thermal treatment, photolysis, photocatalytic degradation, reductive debromination, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biological degradation have been developed for PBDEs decontamination. A comprehensive review of different PBDEs remediation techniques is urgently needed. This work focused on the environmental source and occurrence of PBDEs, their removal and degradation methods from water and soil, and prospects for PBDEs remediation techniques. According to the up-to-date literature obtained from Web of Science, it could be concluded that (i) photocatalysis and photocatalytic degradation is the most widely reported method for PBDEs remediation, (ii) BDE-47 and BDE-209 are the most investigated PBDE congeners, (iii) considering the recalcitrance nature of PBDEs and more toxic intermediates could be generated because of incomplete degradation, the combination of different techniques is the most potential solution for PBDEs removal, (iv) further researches about the development of novel and effective PBDEs remediation techniques are still needed. This review provides the latest knowledge on PBDEs remediation techniques, as well as future research needs according to the up-to-date literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yao
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zirui Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shizhi Du
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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23
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Zhao X, Chen T, Yang B, Wang D, Sun W, Wang Y, Yang X, Wen S, Li J, Shi Z. Serum levels of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in residents of a major BFR-producing region: Occurrence, impact factors and the relationship to thyroid and liver function. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111467. [PMID: 33080422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five currently used novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in 172 serum samples collected from nonoccupational residents of a major BFR-producing region. All the 5 NBFRs presented high detection frequencies (DFs, >90%), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a substitute of decabrominated diphenyl ethers (deca-BDE), was the most abundant NBFR. The levels of DBDPE were from <LOD to 1590 ng/g lw, with a median level of 32.5 ng/g lw. The median levels of other NBFRs were from 0.134 to 2.87 ng/g lw, which were at least 10 times lower than that of DBDPE. Moreover, a comparison to other studies showed that our results were significantly higher than studies conducted in background population. The levels of some NBFRs adjusted by serum lipid showed negative and significant correlation with BMI, whereas the difference disappeared when NBFRs levels were calculated based on serum volume. Certain NBFRs in female showed significantly higher concentrations than those in male. No significant effect of age, smoking habit, education level and children birth (in female) on serum NBFR levels was observed. The relationship between the serum levels of NBFRs and a series of thyroid/liver injury biomarkers was further analyzed to evaluate the health effects of these NBFRs to human being. Results showed that a 10-fold increment in the serum DBDPE level was associated with decreased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (-0.037 nmol/L) [95% CI: -0.070, -0.003], whereas serum pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) level was associated with increased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (0.031 nmol/L) [95% CI: 0.001, 0.060]. For liver indicators, a 10-fold increment in the serum level of PBT was associated with decreased Ln aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) level (-0.068) [95% CI: -0.129, -0.007]. A 10-fold increment in the serum level of BTBPE was associated with increased TBIL level (0.869 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.175, 1.564], direct bilirubin (DBIL) level (0.231 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.075, 0.388] and IDBIL level (0.638 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.091, 1.185]. Our findings indicate that BFR production is posing heavy BFR contamination to surrounding environment and human being, and which might relate to thyroid disruption and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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24
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Zhen X, Li Y, Wang X, Liu L, Li Y, Tian C, Pan X, Fang Y, Tang J. Source, fate and budget of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in a typical semi-closed sea, China. Environ Pollut 2021; 269:116214. [PMID: 33310198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), which has severe effects on marine ecosystems, has been proposed for listing under the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant (POPs). This study was the first comprehensive investigation of the concentration and fate of DP in the Bohai Sea (BS) based on determination of river estuary water, river estuary sediment, surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sea sediments samples. The highest water DP levels were found in river estuary in Tianjin in North China due to the huge usage of DP in recent years, and spatial distribution analysis indicates it was mainly affected by regional high urbanization and emission of E-waste. The spatial distribution of DP in the BS was mainly affected by a combination of coastal hydrodynamics and land anthropogenic activities. On the basis of multi-box mass balance, simulations of DP in seawater showed an increase from 2014 to 2025, before leveling off at 184 pg L -1 by a constant DP input to the BS. Riverine discharge almost contributed to the total input (∼99%) and dominated the DP levels in the BS. Degradation of DP accounted for 55.3% and 78.1% of total DP output in seawater and sediment, respectively, indicating that degradation mainly affected decline of DP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yin Fang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 200306, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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25
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Yin H, Tang Z, Meng T, Zhang M. Concentration profile, spatial distributions and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments across China: Implications for risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 206:111205. [PMID: 32882573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of China have been extensively investigated; however, most studies conducted to date have focused on specific locations, and the pollution and risk posed by these chemicals in sediments at the national scale remain unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the concentrations and risks of PBDEs in sediments in China and their spatiotemporal variations based on available literature. Overall, the sediments across China contain moderate to high levels of PBDEs, with BDE-209 being the dominant congener, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The sediment concentrations of PBDEs were highest in southern China and lowest in northeastern China. Additionally, based on their PBDE concentrations, 18.4%, 30.0%, and 11.9% of sediment samples from rivers, lakes, and coastal waters, respectively, posed low to moderate eco-toxicological risks, but 6.90% of river sediments posed high risks. Between 2001 and 2017, the concentrations and risks of PBDEs in the sediments from rivers and coastal waters tended to decrease gradually. Additionally, there were low to moderate risks from PBDEs in lake sediments, and the risks in 2012-2017 were 3.30 times higher than those in 2006-2011. However, more studies about the spatial and temporal trends in PBDEs in sediment across China and their impacts on aquatic organisms are needed because there is still a general lack of relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Tong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
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26
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Da C, Wang R, Xia L, Huang Q, Cai J, Cai F, Gao C. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111714. [PMID: 33181970 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in five sediment cores from the Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. The surficial concentrations of nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners (Σ9BDEs) and BDE209 were highest at urban sites S3 and S2, followed by rural site S1 and estuary sites S5 and S4, respectively, based on dry sediment weight. Both BDE209 and ∑9BDE concentrations exponentially increased between 1990 and 2008. Commercial deca-BDE, penta-BDE, and octa-BDE products were likely PBDE sources in the study area. The relative abundances of BDE209 were higher in sediment cores from estuary than those from urban and rural locations, ascribing to the atmospheric transport from the adjacent densely populated northern and eastern coastal regions. This conclusion was further confirmed by the higher ratios of BDE47/BDE99 and BDE100/BDE99 in cores from the estuary than those from other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230022, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Linlin Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Feixuan Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chongjing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Lee HK, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB. Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: Occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111639. [PMID: 32920258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and novel flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel BFRs, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were measured in water and sediment collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Predominant compounds in sediment were BDE 209, DBDPE, and BTBPE for BFRs, and TCPP and TBOEP for OPFRs, respectively. Higher alternative FR concentrations were observed compared to those reported for previous studies. The highest BFR concentrations were found in locations close to industrial complexes, while the OPFR concentrations were highest in locations close to domestic regions and a wastewater treatment plant. Different contamination sources were observed for BFRs and OPFRs. The ratio of DBDPE/BDE 209 in sediment ranged from 0.84 to 28, indicating a shift in consumption of BFRs. A significant decline in PBDEs suggests the effectiveness of domestic and global regulations. Despite this, sedimentary PBDE concentrations may pose adverse health risks to benthic organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Li Y, Sun X, Tang J. Legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai Sea: Spatial trends, seasonal variations, and influencing factors. Water Res 2020; 184:116117. [PMID: 32726740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were concurrently analyzed in surface seawater and low atmospheric samples from the Bohai Sea during four research cruises. HFRs mainly existed in particulate phases, and in general decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound in both air and water samples. Relatively high concentrations were observed in the water of Laizhou Bay (LB), where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China is located and weak water exchange occurs. Transport from LB by coastal currents may be the main source of BFRs in some areas without emission sources. The HFRs in seawater exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with significantly higher concentrations in winter than those in summer. The controlling factors include the resuspension of sediment induced by large wind waves in winter and phytoplankton scavenging in spring and seawater stratification in summer. HFRs composition varied largely in different seasons, due to the different extents of riverine input and atmospheric deposition. Normally, for air masses passing through the nearby industrial regions, high concentrations of DBDPE (up to 1780 pg m-3) co-existed with high total suspended particle (TSP) levels (up to 150 μg m-3). The estimated atmospheric deposition fluxes of HFRs were 19, 51, and 80 kg season-1 in spring, summer, and winter, respectively, indicating that the Bohai Sea is a sink of HFRs via atmospheric deposition. This study has increased our understanding of the behaviors and fates of the legacy and novel HFRs in the shallow coastal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Wang Y, Ling S, Lu C, Jiang L, Zhou S, Fu M, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Exploring the environmental fate of novel brominated flame retardants in a sediment-water-mudsnail system: Enrichment, removal, metabolism and structural damage. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114924. [PMID: 32516681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are now ubiquitous in the environment with the extensive production and application. In the present study, pentabromotoluene (PBT), hexabromobenzene (HBB) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were spiked into the sediments where mudsnails (Bellamya aeruginosa) were cultivated. In the 35-day enrichment process, the highest concentration of the three NBFRs measured in mudsnail is 2.0 mg/kg, 22 mg/kg and 5.2 mg/kg dry weight (dw), respectively. The average enrichment of NBFRs in viscera was about 3 times of pleopod with the same mass. Meanwhile, the parent mudsnails can transfer NBFRs to their offspring. The removal half-life of the three NBFRs was in the range of 2.6 and 5.7 days according to the first-order kinetic equation. Several degradation products of the NBFRs were detected in mudsnail samples, which were exposed to single substance. 2,4,6-tribromotoluene was identified as degradation product of PBT; 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene and 1,2,4-tribromobenzene were identified as debromination products of HBB. Possible degradation pathways were further proposed. Additionally, mudsnails after exposed to 50 mg/kg of NBFRs were observed under a scanning electron microscope, indicating that shrinkage, tissue hyperplasia and perforation occurred on the visceral surface. Such damage might be related to the accumulation of more pollutants in mudsnails viscera. As one of the few studies to explore the biological process of NBFRs, our observation could provide a scientific basis for evaluating the environmental risks of NBFRs to benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shangtex Architectural Design Research Institute, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Chen Y, Li J, Tan Q. Trends of production, consumption and environmental emissions of Decabromodiphenyl ether in mainland China. Environ Pollut 2020; 260:114022. [PMID: 31995770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant belonging to the group of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. DecaBDE has been widely used for various applications, such as plastics, textiles, and building and construction materials. Limited information on DecaBDE production and usage inventory has been elaborated, however. Therefore, this work aimed to produce a preliminary emissions inventory of DecaBDE in mainland China by estimating production and consumption amounts of DecaBDE, and characterizing its emission factors during production and usage, based on industrial investigation and theoretical prediction. It was indicated that the total production of DecaBDE reached 464.68 thousand metric tons (kt), of which 62.72 kt were exported, since the beginning of its production. Shandong and Jiangsu provinces dominate the production, with proportions of 77.95% and 18.45%, respectively. The production stage releases most of the DecaBDE to the atmosphere, with an emissions factor of 23 ± 1.9 kg/t, followed by 20 ± 0.9 kg/t DecaBDE to waste water and 16 ± 1.0 kg/t DecaBDE as solid residue. DecaBDE emissions in the consumption stage-namely the plastic production process-are 0.17 ± 0.06-0.23 ± 0.08 kg DecaBDE to the atmosphere and 1.72 ± 0.58-2.29 ± 0.77 kg DecaBDE to solid residue, for each metric ton of plastic produced. The total annual DecaBDE emissions to waste water are 93.98-1140.9 mg-negligible. The results showed that the sources of DecaBDE environmental pollution are its manufacturing and flame-retardant plastic modification plants, which are easily overlooked by both the government and the public. Yet DecaBDE emissions elimination and the environmentally sound management of the DecaBDE waste generated from these two processes are crucial for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Yoon SJ, Hong S, Kim S, Lee J, Kim T, Kim B, Kwon BO, Zhou Y, Shi B, Liu P, Hu W, Huang B, Wang T, Khim JS. Large-scale monitoring and ecological risk assessment of persistent toxic substances in riverine, estuarine, and coastal sediments of the Yellow and Bohai seas. Environ Int 2020; 137:105517. [PMID: 32018133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Yellow and Bohai seas comprise one of the most rapidly developing regions in the world, but efforts to assess coastal pollution by persistent toxic substances (PTSs) on wide spatial scale are lacking. The present study aimed to (1) measure the concentrations of PTSs, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), and styrene oligomers (SOs) via large-scale sediment monitoring (total of 125 locations), (2) assess potential ecological risk of PTSs in sediments to coastal ecosystems, (3) estimate various sources and fresh inputs of PTSs, (4) determine distribution patterns of PTSs by human activities and land-use type, and (5) address decadal (2008-2018) changes in distributions of PTSs. The high concentrations of PAHs [> 7000 ng g-1 dry weight (dw)] in sediments were detected in Nantong in the Yellow Sea of China (YSC) and Huludao and Qinhuangdao in the Bohai Sea (BS), whereas lesser concentrations (< 200 ng g-1 dw) were detected in the Yellow Sea of Korea (YSK). We found relatively high concentrations of sedimentary APs and SOs in Nantong, Huludao, and Qinhuangdao from the YSC and BS regions, but corresponding concentrations were generally below < 100 ng g-1 dw in other locations. Concentrations of PAHs at 38 locations (30% of YSC and BS) posed a potential risk to aquatic ecosystems, whereas relatively low risk concentrations occurred in all locations of YSK. The main source of PAHs (concentrated in YSC and BS) were by-products of diesel and gasoline combustion (42% of total concentration), whereas biomass combustion (24%) dominated in YSK. Fresh inputs of PTSs indicated that the generation and use of PTSs continue across all regions and locations. Among PTSs, concentrations of PAHs were significantly associated with location (p < 0.05) relative to land-use within a given region, whereas concentrations of APs and SOs showed no significant relationships (p > 0.05) among or within regions. Over time, concentrations of PAHs have generally declined, but sediment contamination has increased at some locations in China, with sources shifting from a mixture of PAHs types to those linked to diesel and gasoline combustion. Additional studies are needed on the fate and potential ecological risk posed by certain PTSs in hotspots. This is one of the first efforts providing backgrounds on PTS pollution in the large marine ecosystem of the Yellow and Bohai seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonju Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongmin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beomgi Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Bin Shi
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ameur WB, Annabi A, El Megdiche Y, Mhadhbi T, Hassine SB, Barhoumi B, Touil S, Driss MR, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Legacy and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in Bizerte Lagoon Murex (Hexaplex Trunculus): Levels and Human Health Risk Assessment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 78:337-349. [PMID: 31938850 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of traditional (PBDEs) and novel (HBB, PBEB, DBDPE) brominated flame retardants, as well as the natural compounds of MeO-PBDEs, were studied in a shellfish species (Hexaplex trunculus) sampled from Bizerte Lagoon. PBDE and MeO-PBDE mean concentrations in murex soft tissues were 187 and 264 ng g-1 lw respectively. The alternative flame retardants were not identified. The sum of PBDE and MeO-PBDE levels recorded in murex from the investigated aquatic ecosystem were comparable or a relatively lower than those reported for other organisms from other regions across the world. The amount of PBDE and MeO-PBDE concentrations from the Bizerte Lagoon recorded in murex were comparable or a relatively lower than those recorded from other areas across the world for other species. There is not a danger to the population health with regard to PBDE intakes associated with the consumption of murex in Bizerte city. We believe that this is the first study of the analysis of these pollutants in marine gastropod mollusks from Tunisian aquatic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Ali Annabi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Yassine El Megdiche
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Ben Hassine
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Damia Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Li Y, Zhen X, Liu L, Tian C, Pan X, Tang J. Halogenated flame retardants in the sediments of the Chinese Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Chemosphere 2019; 234:365-372. [PMID: 31228838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the phasing out of traditional polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), significant volumes of alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) are being used and released into the environment compartment, especially in coastal regions. The levels and distribution of PBDEs, aBFRs, and dechlorane plus (DPs) were investigated in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) to examine the distribution and sources of these hydrophobic contaminants. The level and distribution of pollutants in the sediments of YS and ECS show obvious regional differences. As a major replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the dominant compound observed in the surface sediments, with a concentration one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE 209. High concentrations were found in the depositional zones of the YS, indicating that these contaminants may originate from land-based pollution sources (likely from the Laizhou Bay manufacturing base) near the Bohai Sea. The pollutants can be carried by the coastal current together with the sediment from the Yellow River, transported through the Bohai Strait and deposited in the mud zone of Northern and Southern YS. Low levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were found in the estuary of the Yangtze River and ECS, indicating that Yangtze River contributes less HFRs to the region. Riverine discharge, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, ocean current system, and mud area deposition effects may be significant factors influencing the distributions of HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Wang D, Wang P, Zhu Y, Yang R, Zhang W, Matsiko J, Meng W, Zuo P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Seasonal variation and human exposure assessment of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in PM 2.5 in different microenvironments in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 173:526-534. [PMID: 30822607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) may cause potential risks to human health. Studies on seasonal variations of indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs are scant. This study comprehensively investigated the seasonal variations of PM2.5-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and NBFRs in various indoor environments (i.e. activity room, dormitory, home and office) and outdoor PM2.5 in Beijing, China over one year. The levels of PBDE (226 ± 108 pg m-3) were higher than that of NBFRs (27.0 ± 16.0 pg m-3) in all indoor environments. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the most abundant BFRs. Office showed the highest mean concentrations of Σ15PBDEs (251 ± 125 pg m-3) and Σ9NBFRs (33.0 ± 18.0 pg m-3), which may be related to the higher number density of indoor materials. The concentrations of Σ9NBFRs and Σ15PBDE in indoor PM2.5 were found to be significantly higher than those in the corresponding outdoor PM2.5 (p < 0.05). Two to twenty-fold seasonal variations were observed for levels of PM2.5-bound BFRs during one year, and indoor concentrations increased slightly during the central-heating period (November 2016-March 2017). Seasonal variations of BFRs could be affected by temperature, relative humidity and concentrations of particle matters. The PM2.5-bound BFRs concentrations in PM2.5 were negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, while positively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.05). Atmospheric haze pollution could possibly contribute to higher levels of indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs. Human daily intake of BFRs via PM2.5 inhalation showed seasonal differences, and the highest exposure risk occurred in winter. Toddlers were assessed to be more vulnerable to indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs in all seasons. This study provided the first-hand measurements of seasonal concentrations and human exposure to PM2.5-bound BFRs in different indoor scenarios in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Fu L, Pei J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Long S, Zeng L. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative halogenated flame retardants in mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea: Levels and interspecific differences. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 142:551-558. [PMID: 31232338 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) were measured in eleven mollusk species collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea. PBDEs and AHFRs were detected in all species, and their average total concentrations were in the range of 22.5-355 and 10.0-84.3 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the dominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), contributing 22.5% to 73.6% and 3.1% to 38.3% of the total HFRs, respectively. The levels of PBDEs and AHFRs were moderate to high from a global perspective. Interspecific differences in the accumulation of PBDEs and AHFRs were characterized by heat map and cluster analysis. Composition profile differences were also observed, with higher proportions of AHFRs in gastropods than in bivalves. These species-specific differences in concentrations and profiles in mollusks were attributed to different species traits, including feeding habit, trophic level, and metabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Fu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jie Pei
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaogu Cheng
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Shenxing Long
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wu Q, Leung JYS, Du Y, Kong D, Shi Y, Wang Y, Xiao T. Trace metals in e-waste lead to serious health risk through consumption of rice growing near an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Comparisons with PBDEs and AHFRs. Environ Pollut 2019; 247:46-54. [PMID: 30654253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the endeavour to eradicate informal e-waste recycling, remediation of polluted sites is not mandatory in many developing countries and thus the hazard of pollutants remaining in soil is often overlooked. It is noteworthy that a majority of previous studies only analysed a few pollutants in e-waste to reflect the impact of informal e-waste recycling. However, the actual impact may have been largely underestimated since e-waste contains various groups of pollutants and the effect of some emerging pollutants in e-waste remains unexplored. Thus, this study examined the contamination of metals, PBDEs and AHFRs in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site. The accumulation and translocation of these pollutants in rice plants cultivated at the nearby paddy field were measured to estimate the health risk through rice consumption. We revealed that the former e-waste burning site was still seriously contaminated with some metals (e.g. Sn, Sb and Ag, Igeo > 5), PBDEs (Igeo > 3) and AHFRs (Igeo > 3), which can disperse to the nearby paddy field and stream. The rice plants can effectively absorb some metals (e.g. Mo, Cr and Mn, BCF > 1), but not PBDEs and AHFRs (BCF < 0.15), from soil and translocate them to the leaves. Alarmingly, the health risk through rice consumption was high primarily due to Sb and Sn (HQ > 20), whereas PBDEs and AHFRs had limited contribution (HQ < 0.08). Our results imply that abandoned e-waste recycling sites still act as the pollution source, jeopardising the surrounding environment and human health. Since some trace metals (e.g. Sb and Sn) are seldom monitored, the impact of informal e-waste recycling would be more notorious than previously thought. Remediation work should be conducted promptly in abandoned e-waste recycling sites to protect the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Yongming Du
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deguan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Chokwe TB, Magubane MN, Abafe OA, Okonkwo JO, Sibiya IV. Levels, distributions, and ecological risk assessments of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative flame retardants in river sediments from Vaal River, South Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7156-7163. [PMID: 30648238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-04063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sediments are known to be the ultimate sink for most pollutants in the aquatic environment. In this study, the concentrations of both legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) were measured in sediments samples from the Vaal River catchment. The concentrations of Σ7BDE-congeners ranged from 20 to 78 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) with BDE-209, -99, and -153 as the dominant congeners. The concentrations observed ranged from 9.4-56, 4-32, and 1-10.6 ng g-1 for BDE-209, -99, and -153, respectively. The concentrations of AHFRs, mainly contributed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) at approximately 95% of total AHFRs, ranged from 64 to 359 ng g-1 dw while the concentration of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), mainly PBB-209, ranged from 3.3-7.1 ng g-1 dw. The ratios of AHFRs to PBDEs observed in this study were 0.76, 1.17, and 7.3 for 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (EH-TBB & BEH-TEBP)/penta-BDE; 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)/octa-BDE; and DBDPE/BDE209, respectively. These results indicate dominance of some AHFRs compared to PBDEs. Our results indicates that BDE-99 poses high risk (RQ > 1) while BDE-209 posed medium risk (0.1 < RQ < 1). Though the concentration of DBDPE was several orders of magnitude higher than BDE209, its ecological risk was found to be negligible (RQ < 0.01). Thus, more attention is required to regulate the input (especially the e-waste recycling sites) of brominated flame retardants into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou B Chokwe
- Rand Water Scientific Services, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Makhosazane N Magubane
- Rand Water Scientific Services, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Agricultural Research Council -OVR, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Water, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Road, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa
| | - Innocentia V Sibiya
- Department of Water, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Road, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa
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Sutton R, Chen D, Sun J, Greig DJ, Wu Y. Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary. Sci Total Environ 2019; 652:212-223. [PMID: 30366322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant chemical additives are incorporated into consumer goods to meet flammability standards, and many have been detected in environmental matrices. A uniquely wide-ranging characterization of flame retardants was conducted, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 52 additional brominated, chlorinated, or phosphate analytes, in water, sediment, bivalves, and harbor seal blubber of San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary once considered a hot spot for PBDE contamination. Among brominated flame retardants, PBDEs remained the dominant contaminants in all matrices, though declines have been observed over the last decade following their phase-out. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other hydrophobic, brominated flame retardants were commonly detected at lower levels than PBDEs in sediment and tissue matrices. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and related chlorinated compounds were also detected at lower levels or not at all across all matrices. In contrast, phosphate flame retardants were widely detected in Bay water samples, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP > TPhP > TBEP > TDCPP > TCEP. Concentrations in Bay water were often higher than in other estuarine and marine environments. Phosphate flame retardants were also widely detected in sediment, in the order TEHP > TCrP > TPhP > TDCPP > TBEP. Several were present in bivalves, with levels of TDCPP comparable to PBDEs. Only four phosphate flame retardants were detected in harbor seal blubber: TCPP, TDCPP, TCEP, and TPhP. Periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Jennifer Sun
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Wu Z, Han W, Xie M, Han M, Li Y, Wang Y. Occurrence and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from an e-waste recycling area in northern China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 167:467-475. [PMID: 30368140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their extensive use in diverse electronic products, which have posed great threats to human health and ecosystem. In this study, a total of 54 soil samples were collected from an e-waste recycling area in Tianjin, northern China for analyzing the occurrence and distribution of 14 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of BDE 209, ∑13PBDEs and ∑14PBDEs in the soils from Ziya e-waste recycling area were 2.9-2666 ng/g dw (dry weight) (average 90 ng/g dw), 3.0-41 ng/g dw (average 13 ng/g dw) and 5.9-2699 ng/g dw (average 103 ng/g dw), respectively. The ∑14PBDEs concentration showed a dramatic decrease from the central area to the surrounding area. Generally, PBDEs in the northern part showed higher levels than the southern part of the e-waste recycling area due to the wind direction in Tianjin. Deep soil was less polluted by PBDEs, which largely comes from the deposition, migration and infiltration of PBDEs in the surface soils. Overall, PBDEs level in the studied area was much lower than some typical e-waste recycling areas in south China, such as Guiyu and Qingyuan, but significantly higher than the non-e-waste recycling areas. BDE 209, BDE 138 and BDE 28 were the three dominant PBDE congeners in the soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the commercial penta-BDEs and deca-BDE could be considered as the main sources of PBDEs pollution in this region. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that the local PBDEs sources rather than soil properties influenced the PBDEs distribution in Ziya e-waste recycling area. This study systematically revealed the occurrence and distribution of PBDEs in soils from the biggest established circular economy park in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Mo L, Zheng J, Wang T, Shi YG, Chen BJ, Liu B, Ma YH, Li M, Zhuo L, Chen SJ. Legacy and emerging contaminants in coastal surface sediments around Hainan Island in South China. Chemosphere 2019; 215:133-141. [PMID: 30316155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and legacy hydrophobic pollutants, including halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in coastal sediments of Hainan Island, southern China, where little information is known about their contamination. The HFRs were dominated by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (median = 1.32 ng/g) and novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (1.87 ng/g). HFR and PAH concentrations had similar spatial distributions, with higher levels in the river and near the estuary. The concentrations of ∑10OPFRs ranged from 0.74 to 60.0 ng/g (median = 15.3 ng/g), displaying a different spatial distribution. ∑DDTs and β-HCH, with median concentrations of 1.41 and 3.44 ng/g respectively, were largely from historical inputs, but use of DDT still exists in Hainan. Principal component analysis revealed the associations between most of the pollutants (HFRs, OCPs, and PAHs) and perylene, indicating that terrestrial runoff plays a significant role in their presence in the coastal sediments. OPFRs had different emission sources or entry modes to the coastal ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mo
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun-Gang Shi
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Biao-Juan Chen
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Yan-Hua Ma
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Min Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Li H, La Guardia MJ, Liu H, Hale RC, Mainor TM, Harvey E, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants along a sediment transect encompassing the Guiyu, China e-waste recycling zone. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:58-67. [PMID: 30048869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
e-Waste recycling using crude techniques releases a complex, yet incompletely characterized mixture of hazardous materials, including flame retardants (FRs), to the environment. Their migration downstream and the associated risks also remain undocumented. We examined 26 FRs (18 brominated (BFRs: 12 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, plus 6 alternatives) and 8 organophosphate esters (OPEs)) in surficial sediments of the Lian River. Sampling encompassed the river's origin, through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone, to its mouth, as well as associated tributaries. OPE exceeded BFR concentrations in most sediments, despite their far greater water solubilities. Among OPEs, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate dominated upstream, but shifted to triphenyl phosphate in Guiyu and downstream sediments. For PBDEs, Deca-BDE dominated upstream, but Penta-BDE prevailed in Guiyu and at many downstream sites. Among emerging alternative BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane dominated upstream, transitioning to 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane in Guiyu sediments. Penta-BDE (BDE-47 + -99, 668-204,000 ng g-1, ∑PBDEs 2280-287,000 ng g-1), tetrabromobisphenol A (2,720-41,200 ng g-1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane (222-9870 ng g-1) and triphenyl phosphate (4260-1,710,000 ng g-1, OPEs 6010-2,120,000 ng g-1) concentrations in Guiyu sediments were among the highest reported in the world to date. The continuing dominance of these e-waste indicative FRs in sediments downstream of Guiyu suggested that FR migration from Guiyu occurred. Hazard quotients >1.0 indicated that the extreme sediment concentrations of individual FRs posed ecological risks in most Guiyu reach and downstream areas. Simultaneous exposure to multiple FRs likely increased risks. However, risks may be mediated if FRs were associated with strong sorbents, e.g. carbon black from burned debris, hydrophobic polymer fragments, or resided as additives within polymer fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Robert C Hale
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States.
| | - T Matteson Mainor
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Ellen Harvey
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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43
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Lin W, Li X, Yang M, Lee K, Chen B, Zhang BH. Brominated Flame Retardants, Microplastics, and Biocides in the Marine Environment: Recent Updates of Occurrence, Analysis, and Impacts. Adv Mar Biol 2018; 81:167-211. [PMID: 30471656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) may pose adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and human health. Based on the analysis of publications filed in recent years, this paper provides a comprehensive overview on three prominent groups of ECs, i.e., brominated flame retardants, microplastics, and biocides. It includes detailed discussions on: (1) the occurrence of ECs in seawater, sediment, and biota; (2) analytical detection and monitoring approaches for these target ECs; and (3) the biological impacts of the ECs on humans and other trophic levels. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field and remaining knowledge gaps to address, to enable the assessment of risk and support the development of regulations and mitigation technologies for the control of ECs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Min Yang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Baiyu Helen Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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44
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Sanganyado E, Rajput IR, Liu W. Bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: A review on current knowledge and future prospects. Environ Pollut 2018; 237:111-125. [PMID: 29477865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) are chronically exposed to organic pollutants since they inhabit shallow coastal waters that are often impacted by anthropogenic activities. The aim of this review was to evaluate existing knowledge on the occurrence of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, identify knowledge gaps, and offer recommendations for future research directions. We discussed the trends in the bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins focusing on sources, physicochemical properties, and usage patterns. Furthermore, we examined factors that influence bioaccumulation such as gender, age, dietary intake and tissue-specific distribution. Studies on bioaccumulation in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin remain scarce, despite high concentrations above 13,000 ng/g lw we previously detected for PFOS, ∑PBDE and chlorinated paraffins. The maximum concentration of organochlorines detected was 157,000 ng/g wt. Furthermore, variations in bioaccumulation were shown to be caused by factors such as usage patterns and physicochemical properties of the pollutant. However, restrictions in sampling inhibit investigations on exposure pathway and toxicity of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. We proposed the use of biopsy sampling, predictive bioaccumulation and toxicity modeling, and monitoring other emerging contaminants such as microplastics and pharmaceuticals for future health risk assessment on this critically endangered marine mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Imran Rashid Rajput
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China.
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45
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Ding G, Xue H, Yao Z, Wang Y, Ge L, Zhang J, Cui F. Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter of the Dalian Bay, China. Chemosphere 2018; 200:116-123. [PMID: 29476956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the contamination level and spatial distribution of PFASs in the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter (SPM) phase of the Dalian Bay, and the SPM-water partition behavior were investigated. The total concentrations of PFASs (∑PFASs) in the water dissolved phase ranged from 6.9 to 17.1 ng L-1, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanoic acid, and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) as the predominant PFASs, while ∑PFASs in SPM ranged from 1.7 to 27.5 ng g-1 dw with higher contributions from PFBS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and PFOA. As for the pollution distribution, the concentrations of PFASs inside the Dalian Bay were higher than those outside the bay. For perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), the suspended particulate matter-water partition coefficient (log Kd) values ranged from 2.62 to 3.76, and from 3.39 to 3.56, respectively. The log Kd values of PFASs generally increased with the increasing perfluorinated carbon chain length. Short-chain PFCAs were mostly detected in the water dissolved phase, while long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs appeared to bind more strongly to SPM phase. The contamination level of long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs could be underestimated if only the water dissolved phase were measured. Therefore, further investigations should consider the role of SPM on the environmental behavior and fate of PFASs in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
| | - Huanhuan Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Linke Ge
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China
| | - Fuxu Cui
- College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China
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Zhen X, Tang J, Liu L, Wang X, Li Y, Xie Z. From headwaters to estuary: Distribution and fate of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in a river basin near the largest HFR manufacturing base in China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:1370-1377. [PMID: 29054623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), market demands for alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are increasing. The Laizhou Bay area is the biggest manufacturing base for brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, and the Xiaoqing River is the largest and most heavily contaminated river in this region. Water and sediment samples were collected from the headwaters to the estuary of the Xiaoqing River to investigate the distribution and fate of HFRs [i.e., PBDEs, alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DPs). In the water samples, DPs was the most abundant flame retardant (median: 11.7ng/L), followed by decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) (5.92ng/L). In the sediment samples, DBDPE was the predominant flame retardant (39.5ng/g dw), followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) (2.81ng/g dw). The levels of DBDPE exceeded those of BDE 209 in most samples, indicating the overwhelming replacement of BDE 209 by DBDPE in this area. In the river section of this study, point source and atmospheric deposition followed by land runoff were the major factors influencing the distribution of HFRs, whereas in the estuary, riverine discharge, the estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ), and hydrodynamic parameters played more important roles. Manufacturing is a significant source of contamination of the Xiaoqing River basin through atmospheric deposition and wastewater discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502,Germany
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47
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Pei J, Yao H, Wang H, Li H, Lu S, Zhang X, Xiang X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water, surface sediment, and suspended particulate matter from the Yellow River, China: Levels, spatial and seasonal distribution, and source contribution. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 129:106-113. [PMID: 29680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples collected from the entire expanse of the Yellow River in dry and wet seasons. Higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the middle and lower reaches of the river compared with those in the upper reaches, ascribed to the relatively developed and urbanized cities located in the areas near the middle and lower reaches. The PBDE concentrations in the samples collected during the dry season were lower than those in the samples collected during the wet season because of thaw and rainfall. The dominant congener, with a contribution of 44.6-90.3%, was BDE-209, which originated from the residual of commercial deca-BDE. Three groups of congeners in all the samples showed good correlations with the coefficient ranging from 0.662 to 0.999 (p < 0.01), indicating common sources and similar environmental behaviors. Regression analysis suggested that the local industrial product (IP) and population density (PD) were good indicators of PBDEs in the water and sediment of the Yellow River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pei
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong Yao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huayu Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Ding G, Xue H, Zhang J, Cui F, He X. Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in sediments of the Dalian Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 127:285-288. [PMID: 29475664 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the spatial distributions and vertical variations of PFASs in the sediments of the Dalian Bay were investigated. The total concentrations of PFASs (∑PFASs) in surface sediments of Dalian Bay ranged from 1.49 to 2.66ngg-1 dw. The predominant PFASs in surface sediments were PFOA, PFBS and PFBA with the concentration ranges of 0.50 to 0.95, 0.21 to 0.94, and 0.035 to 0.32ngg-1 dw, respectively. For the two sediment cores, ∑PFASs ranged from 1.20 to 2.00 and from 1.37 to 2.06ngg-1 dw, respectively. There was a maximum ∑PFASs concentration value near the surface. In general, ∑PFASs gradually decreased with increasing sampling depth after reaching the maximum. PFOA, PFBS and PFBA were also the predominant PFASs in the two sediment cores. It is recommended that the monitoring and risk assessment of short-chain PFAS should be taken into consideration, and further researches are needed to understand the transportation and fate of these chemicals in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
| | - Huanhuan Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China.
| | - Fuxu Cui
- College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
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49
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Gu SY, Ekpeghere KI, Kim HY, Lee IS, Kim DH, Choo G, Oh JE. Brominated flame retardants in marine environment focused on aquaculture area: Occurrence, source and bioaccumulation. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:1182-1191. [PMID: 28605836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), were investigated in bivalve (i.e., oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and mussel (Mytilus coruscus)), sediment, and seawater samples collected from aquaculture areas in South Korea to identify their occurrence, sources, and bioaccumulation. Among the studied chemicals, HBCDs predominated in bivalves and sediment, with concentrations of ND-67.52ng/g lipid weight and 3.47-168ng/g dry weight, respectively, while TBBPA was the highest contributor in seawater (ND-2.79ng/L). Compared with a non-aquaculture area, HBCD and PBDE concentrations were significantly higher in all matrices in the aquaculture area (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05), suggesting that sources may be located near or associated with the aquaculture areas, such as industrial complexes and expanded polystyrene buoys. Finally, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were estimated. Among the studied BFRs, BDE-47 (BCF: 1.70×106L/kg; BSAF: 20.92) and α-HBCD (BCF: 1.05×106L/kg; BSAF: 0.13) showed the highest accumulation potentials in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kalu Ibe Ekpeghere
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Su X, Li Q, Feng J, Guo L, Sun J. Legacy and emerging halogenated flame retardants in the middle and lower stream of the Yellow River. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:1619-1627. [PMID: 28609849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), mainly encompassing polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP) and emerging bromine flame retardants (EBFRs), are widely employed nowadays in daily lives. However, limited knowledge has been gained to date on the concentrations and distributions of HFRs in particular within certain regions. In the present study, legacy and emerging HFRs were systematically measured in suspended particle matter (SPM) and sediments collected in 2014 from the middle and lower reach of the Yellow River in Henan province. The total concentrations of HFRs in SPM among the three seasons were 42.2±91.2ngg-1, which was far higher than the corresponding values of HFRs in sediments (1.82±2.94ngg-1). In this study, PBDEs, DP and EBFRs in sediment almost exhibited relatively lower levels as compared to those found in other studies, where the limited usage of HFRs in the middle and lower stream of the Yellow River was probably the major impact factor. EBFR was the predominate pollutant from SPM and sediments in most of the sampling sites, suggesting that EBFRs were widely used nowadays as substitute materials of 'old' FRs. The mean concentration values of DBDPE/BDE-209 in SPM and sediments were apparently higher than those of previous studies. Furthermore, it is interesting to reveal that herein almost all of the HFR concentrations were unrelated to the population and GDP, which might be attributed to the characteristics of 'elevated stream' of the Yellow River as well as the complex river systems in Henan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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