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Mallamaci R, Conforti F, Statti G, Avato P, Barbarossa A, Meleleo D. Phenolic Compounds from Tropea Red Onion as Dietary Agents for Protection against Heavy Metals Toxicity. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:495. [PMID: 38672765 PMCID: PMC11051521 DOI: 10.3390/life14040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to highlight the cell protective effect of Tropea red onion (TRO) hydroalcoholic extract and some of its components against "non-essential" heavy metals. For this purpose, the cytoprotective roles of cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin against Cd, Hg and Pb and of TRO extract against Hg and Pb have been investigated, and data are reported here. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed evaluation of the protective effect against cell damage induced by "non-essential" heavy metals through the simultaneous administration of cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin with CdCl2, HgCl2 or PbCl2 and the TRO extract against HgCl2 and PbCl2. Present data are also compared with our previous results from the TRO extract against Cd. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was also determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the bovine brain peroxidation assay. Both of the assays indicated a good antioxidant capacity of the extract. Cell viability and the impact on necrotic cell death were examined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 24 h of exposure, Caco-2 cell viability decreased by approximately 50% at 0.25 μM for Cd, Hg and Pb and, after 72 h, the ranking order of "non-essential" heavy metal toxicity on cell viability was PbCl2 > CdCl2 > HgCl2. Cell viability was assessed by treating the cells with the biomolecules at doses of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL for 24 and 72 h. The same analysis was carried out on Caco-2 cells treated with combinations of TRO extract, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, or quercetin and "non-essential" heavy metals. Treatments with the bioactive metabolites did not significantly improve cell viability. The identical treatment of Caco-2 cells produced instead LDH release, suggesting a decrease in cell viability. Consistently with the finding that TRO extract showed a good antioxidant activity, we suggest that its higher cytotoxicity, compared to that of the individual assayed phytochemicals, may be derived by the combined antioxidant and chelating properties of all the molecules present in the extract. Therefore, from all the acquired experimental evidence, it appears that the TRO extract may be a better promising protective agent against the toxic effect of Cd, Hg and Pb compared to its bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Mallamaci
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria-DFSSN, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria-DFSSN, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniela Meleleo
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Zou Y, Zhang S, Yang J, Qin C, Jin B, Liang Z, Yang S, Li L, Long M. Protective Effects of Astaxanthin on Ochratoxin A-Induced Liver Injury: Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Fission-Fusion Balance. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38393146 PMCID: PMC10893012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a common mycotoxin, can contaminate food and feed and is difficult to remove. Astaxanthin (ASTA), a natural antioxidant, can effectively protect against OTA-induced hepatotoxicity; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we elucidate the protective effects of ASTA on the OTA-induced damage of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in broiler liver samples by serum biochemical analysis, antioxidant analysis, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. ASTA inhibited the expressions of ahr, pxr, car, cyp1a1, cyp1a5, cyp2c18, cyp2d6, and cyp3a9 genes, and significantly alleviated OTA-induced liver oxidative damage (SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, MDA). Furthermore, it inhibited OTA-activated endoplasmic reticulum stress genes and proteins (grp94, GRP78, atf4, ATF6, perk, eif2α, ire1, CHOP). ASTA alleviated OTA-induced mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, inhibited mitochondrial division (DRP1, mff), and promoted mitochondrial fusion (OPA1, MFN1, MFN2). In conclusion, ASTA can decrease OTA-induced oxidative damage, thereby alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dynamic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.Q.); (B.J.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.Q.); (B.J.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
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Nasanbat B, Uchiyama A, Amalia SN, Inoue Y, Yokoyama Y, Ogino S, Torii R, Hosoi M, Motegi SI. Kaempferol therapy improved MC903 induced-atopic dermatitis in a mouse by suppressing TSLP, oxidative stress, and type 2 inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 111:93-100. [PMID: 37393173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease caused by genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, immune response, and skin barrier dysfunction. Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid widely found in tea, vegetables, and fruits and has been reported to have excellent anti-inflammation activity. However, the therapeutic effect of kaempferol on atopic dermatitis is unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the effect of kaempferol on skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis. METHODS The suppressive effect of kaempferol administration on skin inflammation was examined using MC903-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation mouse model. Quantification of skin dermatitis and transepidermal water loss was performed. A histopathological study was performed to examine thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression, cornified envelope proteins such as filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin, and the numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells in the dermatitis area. The expressions of IL-4 and IL-13 were investigated by qPCR and flow cytometry analysis using skin tissues. The expression of HO-1 was investigated by western blot and qPCR. RESULTS Kaempferol therapy significantly suppressed MC903-induced dermatitis, TEWL, TSLP, and HO-1 expression, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Kaempferol therapy improved the decreased expressions of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin in MC903-induced dermatitis skin site. The expressions of IL-4, and IL-13 were partially decreased in kaempferol-treated mice. CONCLUSION Kaempferol might improve MC903-induced dermatitis via suppression of type 2 inflammation and improvement of barrier dysfunction by inhibition of TSLP expression and oxidative stress. Kaempferol might have the potential to be a new treatment for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolor Nasanbat
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Syahla Nisaa Amalia
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoko Yokoyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mari Hosoi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Zulkifli NA, Hassan Z, Mustafa MZ, Azman WNW, Hadie SNH, Ghani N, Mat Zin AA. The potential neuroprotective effects of stingless bee honey. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1048028. [PMID: 36846103 PMCID: PMC9945235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1048028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical Meliponini bees produce stingless bee honey (SBH). Studies have shown beneficial properties, including antibacterial, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, neurotherapeutic, neuroprotective, wound, and sunburn healing capabilities. High phenolic acid and flavonoid concentrations offer SBH its benefits. SBH can include flavonoids, phenolic acids, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, organic acids, amino acids, and protein, depending on its botanical and geographic origins. Ursolic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid may diminish apoptotic signals in neuronal cells, such as nuclear morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation. Antioxidant activity minimizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lowers oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation by decreasing enzymes generated during inflammation. Flavonoids in honey reduce neuroinflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine and free radical production. Phytochemical components in honey, such as luteolin and phenylalanine, may aid neurological problems. A dietary amino acid, phenylalanine, may improve memory by functioning on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathways. Neurotrophin BDNF binds to its major receptor, TrkB, and stimulates downstream signaling cascades, which are crucial for neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Through BDNF, SBH can stimulate synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, promoting learning and memory. Moreover, BDNF contributes to the adult brain's lasting structural and functional changes during limbic epileptogenesis by acting through the cognate receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). Given the higher antioxidants activity of SBH than the Apis sp. honey, it may be more therapeutically helpful. There is minimal research on SBH's neuroprotective effects, and the related pathways contribute to it is unclear. More research is needed to elucidate the underlying molecular process of SBH on BDNF/TrkB pathways in producing neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdarina Ausi Zulkifli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkifli Mustafa
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norlina Wan Azman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurma Hanim Hadie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurhafizah Ghani
- Basic and Medical Sciences Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Anani Aila Mat Zin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Anani Aila Mat Zin, ✉
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Alam MB, Naznin M, Islam S, Alshammari FH, Choi HJ, Song BR, Kim S, Lee SH. High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy-Based Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) Stem Attenuates Oxidative Stress via Regulation of MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1/ROS Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:719. [PMID: 34063678 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites profiling of Nymphaea nouchali stem (NNSE) extract was carried out using a high-resolution mass spectroscopic technique. The antioxidant effects of NNSE, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were also investigated in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-stimulated oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Tandem mass spectroscopy with (-) negative mode tentatively revealed the presence of 54 secondary metabolites in NNSE. Among them, phenolic acids and flavonoids were predominant. Phenolic acids (brevifolincarboxylic acid, p-coumaroyltartaric acid, niazinin B, lalioside, 3-feruloylquinic acid, and gallic acid-O-rutinoside), flavonoids (elephantorrhizol, apigenin-6-C-galactoside 8-C-arabinoside, and vicenin-2), sialic acid (2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid), and terpenoid (α-γ-onoceradienedione) were identified in NNSE for the first time. Unbridled reactive oxygen species/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and redox imbalances participate in the induction and development of many oxidative stress-linked diseases. The NNSE exhibited significant free radical scavenging capabilities and was also able to reduce t-BHP-induced cellular generation in RAW264.7 cells. The NNSE prevented oxidative stress by inducing the endogenous antioxidant system and the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by upregulating Nrf2 through the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as phosphorylated p38 and c-Jun N terminal kinase. Collectively, these results indicate that the NNSE exhibits potent effects in preventing oxidative stress-stimulated diseases and disorders through the modulation of the MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the cytoprotective effects and mechanisms of Nymphaea nouchali stem extract against oxidative stress, which may be a useful remedy for oxidative stress-induced disorders.
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Ibrahim D, Moustafa A, Metwally AS, Nassan MA, Abdallah K, Eldemery F, Tufarelli V, Laudadio V, Kishawy ATY. Potential Application of Cornelian Cherry Extract on Broiler Chickens: Growth, Expression of Antioxidant Biomarker and Glucose Transport Genes, and Oxidative Stability of Frozen Meat. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041038. [PMID: 33917066 PMCID: PMC8067757 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Supplementation of the poultry diet with plant extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds could improve the performance of animals as well as the oxidative stability of their derived meat. The present study evaluated the efficacy of cornelian cherry extract (CCE) on the expression of genes controlling glucose transporters and different assays regulating the oxidative stability of frozen, stored meat over a long period of time (90 days of storage). The results indicated that the addition of 200 mg/kg of CCE to the diet could improve the growth rate and antioxidant status of broiler chickens and thus increase their productivity. Moreover, polyphenolic compounds rich in CCE can act as antioxidant agents to increase the shelf-life extension of frozen, stored poultry meat. Finally, supplementation with CCE could increase the total concentration of phenolic compounds in poultry meat offered to human consumers. Abstract The use of natural plant extracts in poultry feed could improve their productivity as well as the oxidative stability of stored derived meat. The roles of cornelian cherry extract (CCE) in growth, cecal microbes, and meat antioxidative markers of broiler chickens were evaluated. A total of 500 Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed diets supplemented with CCE (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of diet) for 38 days. The highest levels of weight gain and feed utilization were observed in a group fed 200 mg/kg of CCE. Maximum upregulation of glucose transporters—1 and 2 and sodium-dependent glucose transporter genes—were found in the group fed 200 mg/kg of CCE. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium colonization increased as the CCE levels increased. The greatest upregulation of antioxidant genes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in breast meat was observed in groups fed CCE (200 and 400 mg/kg). Dietary CCE significantly delayed the lipid oxidation of breast meat compared with that of the control group. The total phenolic content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrihydrzyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power in meat improved with higher levels of CCE. Dietary CCE improved the growth, performance of broilers, and meat antioxidant stability after 90 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (A.T.Y.K.)
| | - Amira Moustafa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Aya Sh. Metwally
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Karima Abdallah
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Asmaa T. Y. Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (A.T.Y.K.)
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Papachristou F, Anninou N, Koukoulis G, Paraskakis S, Sertaridou E, Tsalikidis C, Pitiakoudis M, Simopoulos C, Tsaroucha A. Differential effects of cisplatin combined with the flavonoid apigenin on HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. Mutat Res 2021; 866:503352. [PMID: 33985696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of apigenin (APG) to enhance cisplatin's (CDDP) chemotherapeutic efficacy was investigated in HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. The presence of 20 μM APG sensitized all cell lines to CDDP treatment (degree of sensitization based on the MTT assay: HepG2>Huh7>Hep3B). As reflected by sister chromatid exchange levels, the degree of genetic instability as well as DNA repair by homologous recombination differed among cell lines. CDDP and 20 μM APG cotreatment exhibited a synergistic genotoxic effect on Hep3B cells and a less than additive effect on HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Cell cycle delays were noticed during the first mitotic division in Hep3B and Huh7 cells and the second mitotic division in HepG2 cells. CDDP and CDDP + APG treatments reduced the clonogenic capacity of all cell lines; however, there was a discordance in drug sensitivity compared with the MMT assay. Furthermore, a senescence-like phenotype was induced, especially in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Unlike CDDP monotherapy, the combined treatment exhibited a significant anti-invasive and anti-migratory action in all cancer cell lines. The fact that the three liver cancer cell lines responded differently, yet positively, to CDDP + APG cotreatment could be attributed to variations they present in gene expression. Complex mechanisms seem to influence cellular responses and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Papachristou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece.
| | - Nikolia Anninou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukoulis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Stefanos Paraskakis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Eleni Sertaridou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Christos Tsalikidis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Michael Pitiakoudis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, 68 100, Greece
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Salazar MDLÁR, Urbina GRO, Cunha VMB, Bezerra FWF, Dias MNC, Santos IR, Teixeira BJB, Costa WA, Gomes-Leal W, Silva e Souza JN, Silva SHM, Carvalho Junior RN. Cytotoxic effect of cipó-pucá (Cissus sicyoides L.) supercritical extract on human red blood cells and as anti-inflammatory in spinal cord injury in adult rats. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rostami T, Fathi F, Assadollahi V, Hosseini J, Khadem Erfan MB, Rashidi A, Amiri G, Banafshi O, Alasvand M. Effect of cyanocobalamin on oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo development in mice. ZYGOTE 2021; 29:161-8. [PMID: 33327975 DOI: 10.1017/S0967199420000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cyanocobalamin supplementation on in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and subsequent embryonic development competence to the blastocyst stage, and in vitro development of mouse 2-cell embryos. Cumulus cells were prepared from mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and incubated for 24 h in an in vitro culture (IVC) medium that contained different concentrations of cyanocobalamin (100, 200, 300 or 500 pM). We collected 2-cell embryos from superovulated NMRI mice and cultured them in the same concentrations of cyanocobalamin (100, 200, 300 or 500 pM). After 42 h of IVM, we observed significantly increased oocyte maturation in the 200 pM cyanocobalamin-treated group compared with the control group (P < 0.0001). Mature oocytes cultured in 200 pM cyanocobalamin were fertilized and cultured in IVC medium with cyanocobalamin (100, 200, 300 or 500 pM) during early embryogenesis. The matured oocytes that were cultured in 200 pM cyanocobalamin had significantly higher 2-cell development rates compared with the control oocytes (P < 0.01). Embryos obtained from in vitro mature oocytes and in vivo fertilized oocytes that were cultured in 200 pM cyanocobalamin had significantly greater frequencies of development to the blastocyst stage and a significant reduction in 2-cell blocked and degenerated embryos compared with the control embryos (P < 0.0001). Embryos derived from oocytes fertilized in vivo with 200 pM cyanocobalamin had a higher percentage of blastocyst embryos compared with those derived from matured oocytes cultured in vitro (P < 0.0001). These finding demonstrated that the effects of cyanocobalamin on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in mice depend on the concentration used in IVC medium.
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Diniyah N, Alam MB, Choi HJ, Lee SH. Lablab Purpureus Protects HaCaT Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death through Nrf2-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression via the Activation of p38 and ERK1/2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228583. [PMID: 33202535 PMCID: PMC7697790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation induces the extreme production of either reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of 70% ethanolic extract of Lablab purpureus (LPE) and the underlying mechanisms using HaCaT cells exposed to UV-B. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in LPE. LPE was shown to have a very potent capacity to scavenge free radicals. The results showed that LPE prevented DNA damage and inhibited the generation of ROS in HaCaT cells without causing any toxicity. LPE increased the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase-1 and catalase. Furthermore, LPE treatment facilitates the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2), boosting the phase II detoxifying enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) leading to the combatting of oxidative stress. However, pretreatment of LPE also caused the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK kinase) (p38 kinase) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas treatment with p38 and ERK inhibitors substantially suppressed LPE-induced Nrf2 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. These findings suggest that LPE exhibits antioxidant activity via Nrf-2-mediated HO-1 signaling through the activation of p38 and ERK, indicating that LPE can potentially be used as a remedy to combat oxidative stress-induced disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurud Diniyah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.D.); (M.B.A.); (H.-J.C.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Jember, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.D.); (M.B.A.); (H.-J.C.)
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.D.); (M.B.A.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.D.); (M.B.A.); (H.-J.C.)
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-7754
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Alam MB, Ahmed A, Islam S, Choi HJ, Motin MA, Kim S, Lee SH. Phytochemical Characterization of Dillenia indica L. Bark by Paper Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Potential Against t-BHP-Induced Oxidative Stress in RAW 264.7 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1099. [PMID: 33182315 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Dillenia indica bark (DIBEt) and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-stimulated oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 cells. Paper spray ionization-mass spectroscopy with positive-ion mode tentatively revealed 27 secondary metabolites in D. indica bark extract; predominant among them were alkaloids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. A new triterpenoid (nutriacholic acid) was confirmed in DIBEt for the first time. DIBEt had strong free radical-scavenging capabilities and was also able to reduce t-BHP-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW 264.7 cells. DIBEt was found to prevent oxidative stress by boosting the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) through the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) via the regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells. These results support the potential of DIBEt for defense against oxidative stress-stimulated diseases.
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Masood N, Dubey V, Luqman S. Activation of Caspase-3 by Terpenoids and Flavonoids in Different Types of Cancer Cells. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1876-1887. [PMID: 32648841 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200710101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caspase-3 is accountable for the execution of apoptosis. Recently, it has gained attention as a promising target for the discovery of natural products as anticancer agents. METHODS We examined the efficacy of two different sets of natural products (terpenoids and flavonoids) towards caspase-3 activity adopting in silico, cell-free and cell-based activity and real-time gene expression analysis. RESULTS It was observed that terpenes activate caspase-3 activity in both the cell-free and cell-based systems, which was supported by the gene expression analysis, binding energy and activation constant. Flavonoids' action, however, was limited to the cell-based system and transcriptional regulation suggesting their indirect association, which enhanced the enzyme activity and up-regulated the expression of mRNA levels in the cells. Among the tested natural products, (+) carvone was observed to be the best activator of caspase-3 in K562 (34.4 μM), WRL-68 (22.3 μM), HeLa (18.7 μM), MCF-7 (39.4 μM) and MDA-MB-231 cell lines (45.1 μM). CONCLUSION Overall, terpenoids have a persistent activation of caspase-3 in all the investigated systems, while flavonoids circuitously affect the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Masood
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya Dubey
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Dong Y, Lei J, Zhang B. Effects of dietary quercetin on the antioxidative status and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens fed with oxidized oil. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4892-4903. [PMID: 32988526 PMCID: PMC7598137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of quercetin on the antioxidant ability, intestinal barrier functions, and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens fed with oxidized soya oil. Four hundred eighty male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, each involving 8 cages (12 birds per cage). The treatment groups were as follows: the control group, birds fed with basal diets containing oxidized oil, and birds fed with basal diets containing oxidized oil and supplemented with 200 ppm of quercetin, 400 ppm of quercetin, and 800 ppm of quercetin. The results showed that dietary supplementation with quercetin at a dose of 400 ppm or 800 ppm alleviated the increased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by oxidized oil on day 11 (P = 0.005) and reversed the increased MDA level in the mucosa on day 11 (P = 0.021). Quercetin significantly upregulated the transcription of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes such as catalase (P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase 2 (P = 0.018), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (P = 0.0), and thioredoxin (P = 0.002) and reversed the mRNA expression of HO-1 (P = 0.007) in the ileal mucosa. Tight junction protein 1 was only downregulated by oxidized oil (P = 0.013). In addition, quercetin (800 ppm) alleviated the decreased mRNA expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), which contributed to the intestinal chemical barrier (P = 0.039). The supplemental dose of 400 ppm of quercetin was able to promote Lactobacillus in the cecum, which enhanced the gastrointestinal tract health. In summary, these results indicated that quercetin ameliorated the oxidized oil–induced oxidative stress by upregulating the transcription of Nrf2 and its downstream genes to restore redox balance and reinforced the intestinal barrier via higher expression and secretion of MUC2 and facilitating the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum. Therefore, quercetin could be a potential feed additive that can be applied in poultry production for amelioration of oxidative stress caused by oxidized oil and preventing the potential invasion of exogenous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ku YS, Ng MS, Cheng SS, Lo AWY, Xiao Z, Shin TS, Chung G, Lam HM. Understanding the Composition, Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Transport of Flavonoids in Crops for the Promotion of Crops as Healthy Sources of Flavonoids for Human Consumption. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061717. [PMID: 32521660 PMCID: PMC7352743 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Annie Wing-Yi Lo
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhixia Xiao
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
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Pepe G, Salviati E, Rapa SF, Ostacolo C, Cascioferro S, Manfra M, Autore G, Marzocco S, Campiglia P. Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera Protect Cardiomyocytes from Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress: Evaluation of Onconutraceutical Potential of Vegetable Smoothies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050378. [PMID: 32370308 PMCID: PMC7278676 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest towards nutraceuticals able to counteract drug side effects is continuously growing in current chemotherapeutic protocols. In the present study, we demonstrated that smoothies containing mixtures of Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico N, two typical fruits of the Mediterranean diet, possess bioactive polyphenols that protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress. The polyphenolic extracts isolated from Citrus sinensis- and Vitis vinifera-based functional smoothies were deeply characterized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods. Subsequently, the functional smoothies and relative mixtures were tested to verify their ability to affect cellular viability and oxidative stress parameters in embryonic cardiomyocyte cells (H9c2), and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) exposed to doxorubicin. Interestingly, we found that the mix resulting from Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera association in ratio 1:1 was able to reduce cardiomyocytes damage induced by anthracyclines, without significantly interfering with the pro-apoptotic activity of the drug on breast cancer cells. These results point out the potential use of vegetable smoothies as adjuvants functional foods for chemotherapeutic anticancer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Shara Francesca Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Autore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-089-96-9250 (S.M.); +39-089-96-9242 (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.P.); (E.S.); (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-089-96-9250 (S.M.); +39-089-96-9242 (P.C.)
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Barkaoui T, Hamimed S, Bellamine H, Bankaji I, Sleimi N, Landoulsi A. Alleviated Actions of Plantago albicans Extract on Lead Acetate-Produced Hepatic Damage in Rats Through Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities. J Med Food 2020; 23:1201-1215. [PMID: 32316841 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the possible protective mechanisms and to determine the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds extracted from Plantago albicans against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury. High performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS) assay was used to identify the P. albicans extract phenolic compounds. Animals received 100 mg of lead acetate/kg of body weight (bw) in the drinking water for a period of 30 days. The other groups of rats were orally administered with silymarin (300 mg/kg bw) or the P. albicans extract at two doses (100 and 300 mg/kg of bw), once daily, by gastric gavage for the same time. The P. albicans exhibited high total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The antioxidant in vitro activity demonstrated that the P. albicans exhibits an important effect against deleterious reactive species. The in vivo results showed that P. albicans prevented the lead acetate-induced significant changes on serum and liver lipid levels. In contrast, P. albicans succeeded in improving the biochemical parameters of serum and liver bringing them closer to the normal values of the control group. It also significantly promoted (P < .05) pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB) in the liver of the experimental animals. The evaluated sample with HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS method showed to contain 10 dominant polyphenols, 2 hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acids), 4 flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Cirsiliol, and Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside), and an anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside). Hence, it can be concluded that P. albicans could be a potent source of health-beneficial phytochemicals providing a novel therapy to protect liver against lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Barkaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Selma Hamimed
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Houda Bellamine
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Regional Hospital of Menzel Bourguiba, Menzel Bourguiba, Republic of Tunisia
| | - Insaf Bankaji
- RME - Laboratory of Resources, Materials, Valorisation and Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Noomene Sleimi
- RME - Laboratory of Resources, Materials, Valorisation and Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Landoulsi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia
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Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Shahbaz M, Batool Qaisarani T, Hanif Mughal M, Salehi B, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Apigenin as an anticancer agent. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1812-1828. [PMID: 32059077 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that has been reported as an anticancer agent in several experimental and biological studies. It exhibits cell growth arrest and apoptosis in different types of tumors such as breast, lung, liver, skin, blood, colon, prostate, pancreatic, cervical, oral, and stomach, by modulating several signaling pathways. Apigenin induces apoptosis by the activation of extrinsic caspase-dependent pathway by upregulating the mRNA expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, and TNF-α. It induces intrinsic apoptosis pathway as evidenced by the induction of cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3, while caspase-8, TNF-α, and B-cell lymphoma 2 levels remained unchanged in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Apigenin treatment leads to significant downregulation of matrix metallopeptidases-2, -9, Snail, and Slug, suppressing invasion. The expressions of NF-κB p105/p50, PI3K, Akt, and the phosphorylation of p-Akt decreases after treatment with apigenin. However, apigenin-mediated treatment significantly reduces pluripotency marker Oct3/4 protein expression which might be associated with the downregulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore-Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Batool Qaisarani
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif Mughal
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore-Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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de los Angeles Rodriguez Salazar M, Rafael Olivo Urbina G, do Nascimento Bezerra P, Maria Borges Cunha V, Paiva da Silva M, Cristina Seabra Pires F, Paula de Souza e Silva A, Henrique Brabo de Sousa S, Nunes de Carvalho Jr R. Antioxidant and Biological Activity of Cissus sicyoidesand Rosmarinus officinalisExtracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.83733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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19
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Sekiguchi A, Motegi SI, Fujiwara C, Yamazaki S, Inoue Y, Uchiyama A, Akai R, Iwawaki T, Ishikawa O. Inhibitory effect of kaempferol on skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by the suppression of oxidative stress. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Varshney R, Mishra R, Das N, Sircar D, Roy P. A comparative analysis of various flavonoids in the regulation of obesity and diabetes: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Jayathilake C, Visvanathan R, Deen A, Bangamuwage R, Jayawardana BC, Nammi S, Liyanage R. Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:4793-4806. [PMID: 29656381 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a legume consumed as a high-quality plant protein source in many parts of the world. High protein and carbohydrate contents with a relatively low fat content and a complementary amino acid pattern to that of cereal grains make cowpea an important nutritional food in the human diet. Cowpea has gained more attention recently from consumers and researchers worldwide as a result of its exerted health beneficial properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties. Among the mechanisms that have been proposed in the prevention of chronic diseases, the most proven are attributed to the presence of compounds such as soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, phytochemicals, and proteins and peptides in cowpea. However, studies on the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties of cowpea have produced conflicting results. Some studies support a protective effect of cowpea on the progression of cancer and inflammation, whereas others did not reveal any. Because there are only a few studies addressing health-related effects of cowpea consumption, further studies in this area are suggested. In addition, despite the reported favorable effects of cowpea on diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, a long-term epidemiological study investigating the association between cowpea consumption and diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer is also recommended. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuni Jayathilake
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Rizliya Visvanathan
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Afka Deen
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruksheela Bangamuwage
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Srinivas Nammi
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruvini Liyanage
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Bajpai VK, Alam MB, Ju MK, Kwon KR, Huh YS, Han YK, Lee SH. Antioxidant mechanism of polyphenol-rich Nymphaea nouchali leaf extract protecting DNA damage and attenuating oxidative stress-induced cell death via Nrf2-mediated heme-oxygenase-1 induction coupled with ERK/p38 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1397-1407. [PMID: 29864924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant mechanism of an ethyl acetate fraction of Nymphaea nouchali leaves (NNLE). Various in vitro assays were performed using RAW 264.7 cells to assess the antioxidant effects of NNLE and to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, luteolin, and kaempferol as the key polyphenolic composition of NNLE. NNLE had a potent ability to scavenge numerous free radicals through hydrogen atom transfer and/or electron donation. In addition, NNLE prevented the damage of DNA and quenched t-BHP induced generation of ROS without showing toxicity. NNLE was found to combat oxidative stress by enhancing the transcription and translation of both primary antioxidant enzymes and phase-II detoxifying enzymes, especially heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1). NNLE treatment enhanced Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus and post-translational phosphorylation level of p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with p38 and ERK inhibitors completely suppressed NNLE-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. We also found that p38 and ERK inhibitors significantly antagonized the increase in cell viability and cellular ROS scavenging activity induced by NNLE. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence on the potential of NNLE as a cost-effective and readily available source of natural phytochemicals, along with the strategy to prevent diseases associated with oxidative stress through attenuating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Ju
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo-Ri Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Sameni HR, Javadinia SS, Safari M, Tabrizi Amjad MH, Khanmohammadi N, Parsaie H, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of quercetin on the number of blastomeres, zona pellucida thickness, and hatching rate of mouse embryos exposed to actinomycin D: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.16.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kim A, Lee CS. Apigenin reduces the Toll-like receptor-4-dependent activation of NF-κB by suppressing the Akt, mTOR, JNK, and p38-MAPK. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 391:271-283. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Singh MP, Kang SC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy activation attenuates fumonisin B1 induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:371-382. [PMID: 29097114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although pathological characteristics of fumonisin B1 are known to induce hepatic injury over prolonged periods, the cellular defense mechanisms against the detrimental effects of FB1 are still unknown. The underlying mechanisms of FB1 toxicity are thought to be related with the inhibition of ceramide synthase, causing an accumulation of sphingoid bases, which in turn cause development of oxidative stress. Herein, we investigated whether autophagy, a cellular defense mechanism, protects liver cells from FB1 exposure. To accomplish this, we utilized HepG2 cells and a mouse model to study the effects of FB1 in the autophagy pathway. FB1 was capable of inducing autophagy via the generation of ROS, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, phosphorylation of JNK, suppression of mTOR and activation of LC3I/II in HepG2 cells and mice livers. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine alleviated ER stress stimulation and induced HepG2 cell death. Moreover, suppression of autophagy with 3-Methyladenine enhanced HepG2 cells apoptosis. Concurrently, four consecutive days exposure of mice livers to FB1 altered the levels of sphingoid bases, hepatic enzymes and induced histopathological changes. Moreover, the expression levels of major ER stress and autophagy-related markers such as PERK, IRE1-α, and LC3I/II also increased. Autophagy activation protected HepG2 cells and mice livers from the lethal effects of FB1. Hence, these findings specify that, the compounds that modify autophagy might be useful therapeutic agents for treatment of patients with FB1 induced liver ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pal Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Alam MB, Ju MK, Lee SH. DNA Protecting Activities of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) Flower Extract Attenuate t-BHP-Induced Oxidative Stress Cell Death through Nrf2-Mediated Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression by Activating MAP-Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2069. [PMID: 28956831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activities of Nymphaea nouchali flower (NNF) extract and the underlying mechanism using RAW 264.7 cells. The presence of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, quercetin, and apigenin in the NNF was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extract had a very potent capacity to scavenge numerous free radicals. NNF extract was also able to prevent DNA damage and quench cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) with no signs of toxicity. The NNF extract was able to augment the expression of both primary and phase II detoxifying enzyme, resulting in combat the oxidative stress. This is accomplished by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) (p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) followed by enhancing the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This attenuates cellular ROS generation and confers protection from cell death. Altogether, the results of current study revealed that Nymphaea nouchali flower could be a source of natural phytochemicals that could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for preventing oxidative stress associated diseases and attenuating disease progression.
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Zhang Y, Luo H, Chang Y, Jiao L, Liu K. Effects of liquorice extract on the activity and gene expression level of antioxidant enzymes in longissimus dorsi muscle of Tan lamb. Small Rumin Res 2017; 154:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jablonsky M, Nosalova J, Sladkova A, Haz A, Kreps F, Valka J, Miertus S, Frecer V, Ondrejovic M, Sima J, Surina I. Valorisation of softwood bark through extraction of utilizable chemicals. A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:726-50. [PMID: 28739505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Softwood bark is an important source for producing chemicals and materials as well as bioenergy. Extraction is regarded as a key technology for obtaining chemicals in general, and valorizing bark as a source of such chemicals in particular. In this paper, properties of 237 compounds identified in various studies dealing with extraction of softwood bark were described. Finally, some challenges and perspectives on the production of chemicals from bark are discussed.
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Britto SM, Shanthakumari D, Agilan B, Radhiga T, Kanimozhi G, Prasad NR. Apigenin prevents ultraviolet-B radiation induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation in human dermal fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2017; 821:28-35. [PMID: 28735741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation leads to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We investigated the protective effect of apigenin against UVB-induced CPDs formation in human dermal fibroblasts cells (HDFa). For this purpose, HDFa cells were treated with apigenin (15μM) prior to UVB irradiation (20mJ/cm2); DNA damage and subsequent molecular end points were observed. Exposure to UVB radiation increased significant CPDs formation in HDFa cells and the frequencies of CPDs were reduced by treatment with apigenin (15μM). UVB-induced CPDs downregulates the expression of nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes such as xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C, B, G and F (XPC, XPB, XPG and XPF), transcription factor II human (TFIIH) and excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) in HDFa cells. Conversely, apigenin treatment restored UVB-induced loss of NER proteins in HDFa cells, which indicates its preventive effect against CPDs formation. Besides, single low dose UVB-exposure induced nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic frequency and apoptotic proteins expression (Bax and Caspase-3) have been prevented by the apigenin pretreatment. Furthermore, apigenin exhibits strong UV absorbance property and showed 10.08 SPF value. Thus, apigenin can protect skin cells against UVB-induced CPDs formation probably through its sunscreen effect. Hence, apigenin can be considered as an effective protective agent against UV induced skin damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mary Britto
- Department of Biochemistry, Idhaya College of Arts and Science for Women, Pakkamudayanpet, Puducherry 605 008, India; Department of Biochemistry, Research and Development, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore- 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Shanthakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Jayanthi College of Arts and Science for Women, Kilgudalore, Tindivananm 604307, India.
| | - B Agilan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - T Radhiga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - G Kanimozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - N Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India.
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Stoldt AK, Mielenz M, Nürnberg G, Sauerwein H, Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Rimbach G, Starke A, Wolffram S, Metges CC. Effects of a six-week intraduodenal supplementation with quercetin on liver lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in peripartal dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:1913-23. [PMID: 27285689 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible effects of quercetin (Q) on liver lipid metabolism and antioxidative status in periparturient dairy cows. The periparturient period is associated with enormous metabolic changes for dairy cows. Energy needs for incipient lactation are too high to be balanced by feed intake, leading to negative energy balance and body fat mobilization. It has been estimated that this leads to the development of fatty liver in about 50% of cows, which are at high risk for disease. Furthermore, the antioxidative status of these cows may be impaired. Quercetin is a plant flavonoid having hepatoprotective and antioxidative potential and the ability to reduce liver lipid accumulation in monogastric animals. Little information is available in regard to these effects in ruminants. To prevent microbial Q degradation in the rumen, Q was administered via a duodenal fistula to improve systemic availability. Five cows of the Q-treated group received, daily, 100 mg of quercetin dehydrate/kg BW in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution from d -20 until d 20 relative to calving, whereas 5 control (CTR) cows received only a sodium chloride solution. Blood samples were taken weekly and liver biopsies were performed in wk -4, -2, and 3 relative to calving. Cows treated with Q showed a tendency ( = 0.082) for lower liver fat content compared with CTR cows. Liver glycogen, glutathione concentrations, and relative mRNA abundance of genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidative status as well as parameters of antioxidative status in plasma were not affected ( > 0.1) by Q supplementation. In conclusion, liver fat content in dairy cows tended to be reduced by Q supplementation, but potential underlying mechanisms remain unclear because analyzed parameters related to hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidative defense were not altered by Q supplementation.
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Duan J, Guan Y, Mu F, Guo C, Zhang E, Yin Y, Wei G, Zhu Y, Cui J, Cao J, Weng Y, Wang Y, Xi M, Wen A. Protective effect of butin against ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in diabetic mice: involvement of the AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41491. [PMID: 28128361 PMCID: PMC5269748 DOI: 10.1038/srep41491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contributes to development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study was designed to determine the effect of an antioxidant butin (BUT) on ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in diabetic mice. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) was induced in C57/BL6J diabetes mice. Infarct size and cardiac function were detected. For in vitro study, H9c2 cells were used. To clarify the mechanisms, proteases inhibitors or siRNA were used. Proteins levels were investigated by Western blotting. In diabetes MI/R model, BUT significantly alleviated myocardial infarction and improved heart function, together with prevented diabetes-induced cardiac oxidative damage. The expression of Nrf2, AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β were significantly increased by BUT. Furthermore, in cultured H9c2 cardiac cells silencing Nrf2 gene with its siRNA abolished the BUT's prevention of I/R-induced myocardial injury. Inhibition of AMPK and AKT signaling by relative inhibitor or specific siRNA decreased the level of BUT-induced Nrf2 expression, and diminished the protective effects of BUT. The interplay relationship between GSK-3β and Nrf2 was also verified with relative overexpression and inhibitors. Our findings indicated that BUT protected against I/R-induced ROS-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the AMPK/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which further activated Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes in diabetic cardiomyocytes exposed to I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, XianYang 712083, PR China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Fei Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Enhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, XianYang 712083, PR China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jinyi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Miaomiao Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
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de Urbina JJO, San-Miguel B, Vidal-Casariego A, Crespo I, Sánchez DI, Mauriz JL, Culebras JM, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Effects Of Oral Glutamine on Inflammatory and Autophagy Responses in Cancer Patients Treated With Abdominal Radiotherapy: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1065-1071. [PMID: 29104459 PMCID: PMC5666536 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Abdominal radiotherapy (RT) causes harm to the mid gastrointestinal mucosa by release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes autophagic changes in tumor cells. This study was aimed to measure the effect of glutamine administration on markers of inflammation and autophagy in cancer patients treated with RT. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot trial 43 patients under abdominal RT diagnosed of pelvic or abdominal malignancies receiving glutamine (30 g/d) or placebo (casein, 30 g/d). Patient recruitment took place in the Complejo Asistencial Universitario of León (CAULE), Spain. Patient evaluation took place at three different time points during the study: before RT (pre-treatment), in the middle of the RT period (mid-treatment), and after finishing RT (post-treatment). Data were compared by analysis of variance and the Newmann Keuls test. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results Abdominal RT increased whole blood mRNA levels of inflammatory and autophagic markers, but glutamine administration showed significantly lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD36, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Moreover, glutamine reduced the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Glutamine also inhibited the autophagic response, with changes in expression of beclin-1, UV radiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG), autophagy-related protein-5 (Atg5), protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1. Conclusions Findings provide evidence that glutamine decreases the inflammatory response and abolishes the changes of the autophagy machinery in patients receiving abdominal RT. The protective effect of glutamine must continue being investigated to disclose further molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Ortiz de Urbina
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Pharmacy Service, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Vidal-Casariego
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - Irene Crespo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Diana I Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Jesús M Culebras
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - María J Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
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Tsaroucha AK, Tsiaousidou A, Ouzounidis N, Tsalkidou E, Lambropoulou M, Giakoustidis D, Chatzaki E, Simopoulos C. Intraperitoneal administration of apigenin in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury protective effects. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:415-422. [PMID: 27976636 PMCID: PMC5184741 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.195556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a clinical problem associated with major liver surgery. Among other flavonoids, apigenin has shown a promising effect on I/R cases. In this study, we have investigated the effects of apigenin after liver I/R injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty eight rats were randomized into the following eight groups: (1) Control-sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R; (2) DMSO group: rats subjected to surgery, except for liver I/R given the apigenin solvent dimethyl-sulfoxide intraperitoneally; (3) C60 group; (4) C120 group; (5) C240 group: rats underwent liver ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min; (6) AP60 group; (7) AP120 group; (8) AP240 group: rats underwent liver ischemia for 45 min, and then given apigenin (5 mg) intraperitoneally followed by reperfusion for 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on liver tissues to measure BCL-2/BAX expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure M30/M65 and ICAM-1. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify M30 biomarker in liver tissues. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Quantitative variables were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, repeated measures analysis of variance/Friedman test. Gene levels were assessed by Student's t-test/Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS BCL-2 levels were significantly higher in I/R apigenin groups than in I/R control groups. BAX levels were lower in the AP240 group than in C240 group. Prolongation of reperfusion resulted in increased activation of M30. ICAM-1 levels were lower in the AP240 group than in C240 group. CONCLUSIONS Apigenin seems to inhibit the process of apoptosis and ameliorate the hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K. Tsaroucha
- Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece,Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiaousidou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece,Address for correspondence: Dr. Anastasia Tsiaousidou, 60 Lister Court, DD2 1UY, Dundee, UK. E-mail:
| | - Nikolaos Ouzounidis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Tsalkidou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Giakoustidis
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece,Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chen M, Wang X, Zha D, Cai F, Zhang W, He Y, Huang Q, Zhuang H, Hua ZC. Apigenin potentiates TRAIL therapy of non-small cell lung cancer via upregulating DR4/DR5 expression in a p53-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35468. [PMID: 27752089 DOI: 10.1038/srep35468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (APG) is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that shows modest antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. APG treatment results in cell growth arrest and apoptosis in various types of tumors by modulating several signaling pathways. In the present study, we evaluated interactions between APG and TRAIL in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We observed a synergistic effect between APG and TRAIL on apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H1299 cells were resistant to TRAIL treatment alone. The presence of APG sensitized NSCLC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating the levels of death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) in a p53-dependent manner. Consistently, the pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax were upregulated, while the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 were downregulated. Meanwhile, APG suppressed NF-κB, AKT and ERK activation. Treatment with specific small-molecule inhibitors of these pathways enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death, mirroring the effect of APG. Furthermore, using a mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that the combined treatment completely suppressed tumor growth as compared with APG or TRAIL treatment alone. Our results demonstrate a novel strategy to enhance TRAIL-induced antitumor activity in NSCLC cells by APG via inhibition of the NF-κB, AKT and ERK prosurvival regulators.
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Salomone F, Godos J, Zelber-Sagi S. Natural antioxidants for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular targets and clinical perspectives. Liver Int 2016; 36:5-20. [PMID: 26436447 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is emerging as a main health problem in industrialized countries. Lifestyle modifications are effective in the treatment of NAFLD; however, the long-term compliance is low. Therefore, several pharmacological treatments have been proposed but none has shown significant efficacy or long-term safety. Natural polyphenols are a heterogeneous class of polyphenolic compounds contained in vegetables, which are being proposed for the treatment of different metabolic disorders. Although the beneficial effect of these compounds has traditionally related to their antioxidant properties, they also exert several beneficial effects on hepatic and extra-hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, natural polyphenols exert antifibrogenic and antitumoural effects in animal models, which appear relevant from a clinical point of view because of the association of NASH with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several polyphenols, such anthocyanins, curcumin and resveratrol and those present in coffee, tea, soy are available in the diet and their consumption can be proposed as part of a healthy diet for the treatment of NAFLD. Other phenolic compounds, such as silymarin, are commonly consumed worldwide as nutraceuticals or food supplements. Natural antioxidants are reported to have beneficial effects in preclinical models of NAFLD and in pilot clinical trials, and thus need clinical evaluation. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the potential role of natural antioxidants in the treatment of NAFLD and examine possible future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salomone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale di Acireale, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- The Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Correia M, Rodrigues AS, Perestrelo T, Pereira SL, Ribeiro MF, Sousa MI, Ramalho-santos J. Different concentrations of kaempferol distinctly modulate murine embryonic stem cell function. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pisonero-Vaquero S, Martínez-Ferreras Á, García-Mediavilla MV, Martínez-Flórez S, Fernández A, Benet M, Olcoz JL, Jover R, González-Gallego J, Sánchez-Campos S. Quercetin ameliorates dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes via the PI3K/AKT pathway in a diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:879-93. [PMID: 25712622 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Flavonoids and related compounds seem to have favorable effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression, although the exact mechanisms implicated are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the flanovol quercetin on gene expression deregulation involved in the development of NAFLD, as well as the possible implication of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway modulation. METHODS AND RESULTS We used an in vivo model based on methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice and an in vitro model consisting of Huh7 cells incubated with MCD medium. MCD-fed mice showed classical pathophysiological characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, associated with altered transcriptional regulation of fatty acid uptake- and trafficking-related gene expression, with increased lipoperoxidation. PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by MCD and triggered gene deregulation causing either activation or inhibition of all studied genes as demonstrated through cell incubation with the PI3K-inhibitor LY294002. Treatment with quercetin reduced AKT phosphorylation, and oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and lipid metabolism-related genes displayed a tendency to normalize in both in vivo and in vitro models. CONCLUSION These results place quercetin as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing NAFLD progression by attenuating gene expression deregulation, at least in part through PI3K/AKT pathway inactivation.
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Zhang Y, Luo H, Liu K, Jia H, Chen Y, Wang Z. Antioxidant effects of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) extract during aging of longissimus thoracis muscle in Tan sheep. Meat Sci. 2015;105:38-45. [PMID: 25771136 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the potential of liquorice extract (LE) from Glycyrrhiza uralensis as a dietary supplement for sheep to improve antioxidant capacity of meat. Fifty Tan sheep were randomly allocated to five groups with LE supplementation at levels of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/kg feed. After 120 days, the longissimus thoracis muscle was sampled and conditioned for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days at 4 °C. The results revealed that LE scavenged free radical in a dose-response manner in vitro. Supplementation with LE in animal diet increased (P<0.05) antioxidant content and radical scavenging activity while it decreased (P<0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels of meat. Dietary LE supplementation can improve antioxidant capacity of meat, and the optimum dosage range of LE supplementation appeared to be 3000 to 4000 mg/kg feed.
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Vochyánová Z, Bartošová L, Bujdáková V, Fictum P, Husník R, Suchý P, Šmejkal K, Hošek J. Diplacone and mimulone ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:201-7. [PMID: 25623260 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diplacone (1) and mimulone (2), two geranylated flavanones, have previously shown anti-inflammatory and antiradical activity in vitro. The present study aimed to evaluate their activity in vivo on a model of colitis induced in Wistar rats by an oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Diplacone (1) and mimulone (2) were administered at a bolus dose of 25mg/kg by gastric gavage 48 and 24h prior to the induction of colitis by DSS and every 24h on the following days of the experiment. The effect of the treatment was assessed by monitoring the disease activity index (DAI), histopathological examination, evaluation of the weight and length of the colon and by analysis of the levels and activities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), and catalase (CAT) in the inflamed tissue. Administration of the test compounds prior and after induction of colitis ameliorated the symptoms of colitis (diarrhea, presence of the blood in the stool) and delayed their onset. The ability of compounds 1 and 2 to reduce the levels of COX-2 and to increase the ratio of pro-MMP2/MMP2 activity correlates with the values of the DAI. The lowering of the levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD2 and CAT reflects the ability of the test compounds to scavenge reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Vochyánová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislava Bartošová
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bujdáková
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Fictum
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Husník
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Suchý
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system relies on molecules to directly quench ROS and the enzymatic system is composed of specific enzymes that detoxify ROS. Among the latter, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family is important in oxidative stress modulation. Of these, manganese-dependent SOD (MnSOD) plays a major role due to its mitochondrial location, i.e., the main site of superoxide (O(2)(·-)) production. As such, extensive research has focused on its capacity to modulate oxidative stress. Early data demonstrated the relevance of MnSOD as an O(2)(·-) scavenger. More recent research has, however, identified a prominent role for MnSOD in carcinogenesis. In addition, SOD downregulation appears associated with health risk in heart and brain. A single nucleotide polymorphism which alters the mitochondria signaling sequence for the cytosolic MnSOD form has been identified. Transport into the mitochondria was differentially affected by allelic presence and a new chapter in MnSOD research thus begun. As a result, an ever-increasing number of diseases appear associated with this allelic variation including metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Although diet and exercise upregulate MnSOD, the relationship between environmental and genetic factors remains unclear.
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Ojwang LO, Banerjee N, Noratto GD, Angel-Morales G, Hachibamba T, Awika JM, Mertens-Talcott SU. Polyphenolic extracts from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protect colonic myofibroblasts (CCD18Co cells) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation – modulation of microRNA 126. Food Funct 2015; 6:146-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a drought tolerant crop with several agronomic advantages over other legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonnard O. Ojwang
- Cereal Quality Laboratory
- Soil & Crop Science Department
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
| | - Nivedita Banerjee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Giuliana D. Noratto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Gabriela Angel-Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Twambo Hachibamba
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Zambia
- Lusaka
- Zambia
| | - Joseph M. Awika
- Cereal Quality Laboratory
- Soil & Crop Science Department
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
| | - Susanne U. Mertens-Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
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Czepas J, Gwoździński K. The flavonoid quercetin: possible solution for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and multidrug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1149-59. [PMID: 25458790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline chemotherapy is often used in the treatment of various malignancies. Its application, however, encounters several limitations due to development of serious side effects, mainly cardiotoxicity and may be ineffective due to multidrug resistance (MDR). Many different compounds have been evaluated as poorly effective in the protection against anthracycline side effects and in the prevention from MDR. Thus, continuous investigational efforts are necessary to find valuable protectants and the flavonoid quercetin (Q) seems to be a promising candidate. It is present in relatively high amounts in a human diet and the lack of its toxicity, including genotoxicity has been confirmed. The structure of Q favours its high antioxidant activity, the potential to inhibit the activity of oxidative enzymes and to interact with membrane transporter proteins responsible for development of MDR, e.g. P-glycoprotein. Furthermore, Q can influence cellular signalling and gene expression, and thus, alter response to exogenous genotoxicants and oxidative stress in normal cells. It accounts for its chemopreventive and anticancer properties. Overall, these properties might indicate the possibility of application of Q as cardioprotectant during anthracycline chemotherapy. Moreover, numerous biological properties displayed by Q might possibly result in the reversal of MDR in tumour cells and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. However, these beneficial effects towards anthracycline-induced complications of chemotherapy have to be further explored and confirmed both in animal and clinical studies. Concurrently, investigations aimed at improvement of the bioavailability of Q and further elucidation of its metabolism after application in combination with anthracyclines are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Czepas
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Gwoździński
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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MARINA RAQUEL, GONZÁLEZ PAQUITA, FERRERAS MCARMEN, COSTILLA SERAFÍN, BARRIO JUANPABLO. Hepatic Nrf2 expression is altered by quercetin supplementation in X-irradiated rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:539-46. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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de Souza Schmidt Gonçalves AE, Lellis-Santos C, Curi R, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI. Frozen pulp extracts of camu-camu ( Myrciaria dubia McVaugh) attenuate the hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation of Type 1 diabetic rats. Food Res Int 2014; 64:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Díaz-Sobac R, Vázquez-Luna A, Landa-Solís C, Cruz-Ramos M, Santamaría-Olmedo M, Martínez-Flores K, Fuentes-Gómez AJ, López-Reyes A. The antioxidant activity of soursop decreases the expression of a member of the NADPH oxidase family. Food Funct 2014; 5:303-9. [PMID: 24337133 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60135h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress produced by an increase in free radicals is one of the factors that promote the development of chronic degenerative diseases; therefore, consuming natural antioxidants helps minimize their negative effects. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of the soursop extract (Annona muricata), its cytoprotective capacity against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, the inhibitory potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the molecular mechanism of its antioxidant action, and its capacity to repair cellular damage in the fibroblast cell line. The soursop extract proved not to be cytotoxic in fibroblast cultures and showed cytoprotective capacity against hydrogen peroxide-induced stress; in cell culture it reduced the generation of ROS significantly by inhibiting a sub-unit of the NADPH oxidase enzyme (p47phox). The soursop extract can prevent damage caused by cellular oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zamudio-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Sinovioanálisis Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P 14389, D.F., México.
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Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Nandakumar N, Palaniswami R, Nishigaki Y, Nishigaki I. Kaempferol, a potential cytostatic and cure for inflammatory disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:103-12. [PMID: 25147152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many edible plants (e.g., tea, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, leek, tomato, strawberries, and grapes) and in plants or botanical products commonly used in traditional medicine (e.g., Ginkgo biloba, Tilia spp, Equisetum spp, Moringa oleifera, Sophora japonica and propolis). Its anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in various disease models, including those for encephalomyelitis, diabetes, asthma, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, kaempferol act as a scavenger of free radicals and superoxide radicals as well as preserve the activity of various anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. The anticancer effect of this flavonoid is mediated through different modes of action, including anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis activities. In addition, kaempferol was found to exhibit its anticancer activity through the modulation of multiple molecular targets including p53 and STAT3, through the activation of caspases, and through the generation of ROS. The anti-tumor effects of kaempferol have also been investigated in tumor-bearing mice. The combination of kaempferol and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs produces a greater therapeutic effect than the latter, as well as reduces the toxicity of the latter. In this review, we summarize the anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of kaempferol with a focus on its molecular targets and the possible use of this flavonoid for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Kim MJ, Kim JH, Kwak HK. Antioxidant effects of cranberry powder in lipopolysaccharide treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:75-81. [PMID: 25054105 PMCID: PMC4103731 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cranberry power on antioxidant defense system in rats fed an atherogenic diet and injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following 5 groups: normal diet+saline (NS), atherogenic diet+saline (AS), atherogenic diet+LPS (AL), atherogenic diet with 5% cranberry powder+LPS (AL-C5), and atherogenic diet with 10% cranberry powder+LPS (AL-C10). Total antioxidant status measured by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) was significantly reduced by LPS injection (24%) and was restored by the cranberry powder treatment (P<0.05). In addition, the mean level of plasma total phenolics was significantly decreased by LPS injection (P<0.05) and tended to be increased when cranberry powder was incorporated in to the diet. Activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) tended to be lowered by LPS injection and declined further in cranberry powder fortified groups. Overall results indicate that dietary cranberry powder may provide appropriate antioxidants to counter the diminished antioxidant status induced by exposing hypercholesterolemic rats to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Joung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Kwak
- Department of Home Economics, Korea National Open University, Seoul 110-791, Korea
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Kurzeja E, Stec M, Synowiec-Wojtarowicz A, Jowsa A, Pawłowska-Góral K. Studies on the effect of quercetin and nitrates on the redox homeostasis using in vitro model. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38:24-30. [PMID: 24860958 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are widely considered to be a preventive measure for many diseases and beneficial for health. However, an increasing number of reports suggest a lack of any influence by antioxidants on health or even harmful pro-oxidative effects of antioxidants. In most cases, the research was conducted with respect to a chosen antioxidant, without considering the presence of other chemical substances present in food, with which these compounds may react. The aim of this work was to determine whether and to what extent the simultaneous presence of quercetin and sodium nitrate influences oxidative-reductive homeostasis in fibroblast cultures. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities were measured together with nitric oxide (NO) concentration and total antioxidant status (TAS). An increase in the activity of all the enzymes measured and in the NO concentration was determined compared with the control culture. The most prominent changes were observed at the highest quercetin concentration. These results indicate that the simultaneous presence of quercetin and sodium nitrate disrupts the oxidative-reductive homeostasis in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kurzeja
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Food and Nutrition, 8 Jednosci Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Food and Nutrition, 8 Jednosci Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Food and Nutrition, 8 Jednosci Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jowsa
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Food and Nutrition, 8 Jednosci Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawłowska-Góral
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Food and Nutrition, 8 Jednosci Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Bresciani G, Cruz IBM, de Paz JA, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. The MnSOD Ala16Val SNP: relevance to human diseases and interaction with environmental factors. Free Radic Res 2014; 47:781-92. [PMID: 23952573 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.836275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production relies on the dual role shown by these molecules in aerobes. ROS are known to modulate several physiological phenomena, such as immune response and cell growth and differentiation; on the other hand, uncontrolled ROS production may cause important tissue and cell damage, such as deoxyribonucleic acid oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. The manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidant enzyme affords the major defense against ROS within the mitochondria, which is considered the main ROS production locus in aerobes. Structural and/or functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the MnSOD encoding gene may be relevant for ROS detoxification. Specifically, the MnSOD Ala16Val SNP has been shown to alter the enzyme localization and mitochondrial transportation, affecting the redox status balance. Oxidative stress may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various inflammatory conditions, or cancer. The Ala16Val MnSOD SNP has been associated with these and other chronic diseases; however, inconsistent findings between studies have made difficult drawing definitive conclusions. Environmental factors, such as dietary antioxidant intake and exercise have been shown to affect ROS metabolism through antioxidant enzyme regulation and may contribute to explain inconsistencies in the literature. Nevertheless, whether environmental factors may be associated to the Ala16Val genotypes in human diseases still needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bresciani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Brazil
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Pisonero-Vaquero S, García-Mediavilla MV, Jorquera F, Majano PL, Benet M, Jover R, González-Gallego J, Sánchez-Campos S. Modulation of PI3K-LXRα-dependent lipogenesis mediated by oxidative/nitrosative stress contributes to inhibition of HCV replication by quercetin. J Transl Med 2014; 94:262-74. [PMID: 24492281 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is experimental evidence that some antioxidant flavonoids show therapeutic potential in the treatment of hepatitis C through inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We examined the effect of treatment with the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, the flavanone taxifolin and the flavone apigenin on HCV replication efficiency in an in vitro model. While all flavonoids studied were able to reduce viral replication at very low concentrations (ranging from 0.1 to 5 μM), quercetin appeared to be the most effective inhibitor of HCV replication, showing a marked anti-HCV activity in replicon-containing cells when combined with interferon (IFN)α. The contribution of oxidative/nitrosative stress and lipogenesis modulation to inhibition of HCV replication by quercetin was also examined. As expected, quercetin decreased HCV-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation and lipoperoxidation in replicating cells. Quercetin also inhibited liver X receptor (LXR)α-induced lipid accumulation in LXRα-overexpressing and replicon-containing Huh7 cells. The mechanism underlying the LXRα-dependent lipogenesis modulatory effect of quercetin in HCV-replicating cells seems to involve phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inactivation. Thus, inhibition of the PI3K pathway by LY294002 attenuated LXRα upregulation and HCV replication mediated by lipid accumulation, showing an additive effect when combined with quercetin. Inactivation of the PI3K pathway by quercetin may contribute to the repression of LXRα-dependent lipogenesis and to the inhibition of viral replication induced by the flavonol. Combined, our data suggest that oxidative/nitrosative stress blockage and subsequent modulation of PI3K-LXRα-mediated lipogenesis might contribute to the inhibitory effect of quercetin on HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María V García-Mediavilla
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Jorquera
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain [2] Department of Gastroenterology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro L Majano
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain [2] Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Benet
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain [2] Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain [2] Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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