1
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Polis B, Cuda CM, Putterman C. Animal models of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: deciphering the complexity and guiding therapeutic development. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2330387. [PMID: 38555866 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2330387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) poses formidable challenges due to its multifaceted etiology while impacting multiple tissues and organs and displaying diverse clinical manifestations. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to SLE complexity, with relatively limited approved therapeutic options. Murine models offer insights into SLE pathogenesis but do not always replicate the nuances of human disease. This review critically evaluates spontaneous and induced animal models, emphasizing their validity and relevance to neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). While these models undoubtedly contribute to understanding disease pathophysiology, discrepancies persist in mimicking some NPSLE intricacies. The lack of literature addressing this issue impedes therapeutic progress. We underscore the urgent need for refining models that truly reflect NPSLE complexities to enhance translational fidelity. We encourage a comprehensive, creative translational approach for targeted SLE interventions, balancing scientific progress with ethical considerations to eventually improve the management of NPSLE patients. A thorough grasp of these issues informs researchers in designing experiments, interpreting results, and exploring alternatives to advance NPSLE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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2
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Saravanan KM, Wan JF, Dai L, Zhang J, Zhang JZH, Zhang H. A deep learning based multi-model approach for predicting drug-like chemical compound's toxicity. Methods 2024; 226:164-175. [PMID: 38702021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety and efficacy of chemical compounds is crucial in small-molecule drug development. In the later stages of drug development, toxic compounds pose a significant challenge, losing valuable resources and time. Early and accurate prediction of compound toxicity using deep learning models offers a promising solution to mitigate these risks during drug discovery. In this study, we present the development of several deep-learning models aimed at evaluating different types of compound toxicity, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, hERG_cardiotoxicity (the human ether-a-go-go related gene caused cardiotoxicity), hepatotoxicity, and mutagenicity. To address the inherent variations in data size, label type, and distribution across different types of toxicity, we employed diverse training strategies. Our first approach involved utilizing a graph convolutional network (GCN) regression model to predict acute toxicity, which achieved notable performance with Pearson R 0.76, 0.74, and 0.65 for intraperitoneal, intravenous, and oral administration routes, respectively. Furthermore, we trained multiple GCN binary classification models, each tailored to a specific type of toxicity. These models exhibited high area under the curve (AUC) scores, with an impressive AUC of 0.69, 0.77, 0.88, and 0.79 for predicting carcinogenicity, hERG_cardiotoxicity, mutagenicity, and hepatotoxicity, respectively. Additionally, we have used the approved drug dataset to determine the appropriate threshold value for the prediction score in model usage. We integrated these models into a virtual screening pipeline to assess their effectiveness in identifying potential low-toxicity drug candidates. Our findings indicate that this deep learning approach has the potential to significantly reduce the cost and risk associated with drug development by expediting the selection of compounds with low toxicity profiles. Therefore, the models developed in this study hold promise as critical tools for early drug candidate screening and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konda Mani Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jiang-Fan Wan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection of NMPA, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Liujiang Dai
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology and Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology and Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology and Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Jackson S, Hunter J, Van Norman GA. Ethical Principles Do Not Support Mandatory Preanesthesia Pregnancy Screening Tests: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:980-991. [PMID: 37801601 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Respect for patient autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics, manifested predominantly through informed consent. Mandatory (routine) nonconsented preoperative urine pregnancy testing does not adequately respect patient autonomy, is potentially coercive, and has the potential to cause harm medically, psychologically, socially, and financially. Inaccuracies in pregnancy testing can result in false-positive and false-negative results, especially in early pregnancy. There is substantial scientific evidence that anesthesia is not harmful to the fetus, raising the question of whether pregnancy testing provides substantial benefit to the patient. Not performing a preanesthesia pregnancy test has not been associated with significant medicolegal consequences. We review the ethical implications of mandatory preanesthesia pregnancy testing in light of these facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jackson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Good Samaritan Hospital, San Jose, California
| | - James Hunter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gail A Van Norman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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4
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Huchthausen J, Braasch J, Escher BI, König M, Henneberger L. Effects of Chemicals in Reporter Gene Bioassays with Different Metabolic Activities Compared to Baseline Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38652132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput cell-based bioassays are used for chemical screening and risk assessment. Chemical transformation processes caused by abiotic degradation or metabolization can reduce the chemical concentration or, in some cases, lead to the formation of more toxic transformation products. Unaccounted loss processes may falsify the bioassay results. Capturing the formation and effects of transformation products is important for relating the in vitro effects to in vivo. Reporter gene cell lines are believed to have low metabolic activity, but inducibility of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes has been reported. Baseline toxicity is the minimal toxicity a chemical can have and is caused by the incorporation of the chemical into cell membranes. In the present study, we improved an existing baseline toxicity model based on a newly defined critical membrane burden derived from freely dissolved effect concentrations, which are directly related to the membrane concentration. Experimental effect concentrations of 94 chemicals in three bioassays (AREc32, ARE-bla and GR-bla) were compared with baseline toxicity by calculating the toxic ratio (TR). CYP activities of all cell lines were determined by using fluorescence-based assays. Only ARE-bla showed a low basal CYP activity and inducibility and AREc32 showed a low inducibility. Overall cytotoxicity was similar in all three assays despite the different metabolic activities indicating that chemical metabolism is not relevant for the cytotoxicity of the tested chemicals in these assays. Up to 28 chemicals showed specific cytotoxicity with TR > 10 in the bioassays, but baseline toxicity could explain the effects of the majority of the remaining chemicals. Seven chemicals showed TR < 0.1 indicating inaccurate physicochemical properties or experimental artifacts like chemical precipitation, volatilization, degradation, or other loss processes during the in vitro bioassay. The new baseline model can be used not only to identify specific cytotoxicity mechanisms but also to identify potential problems in the experimental performance or evaluation of the bioassay and thus improve the quality of the bioassay data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Huchthausen
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny Braasch
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Nguyen MA, Dinh NT, Do Thi MH, Nguyen Thi D, Pham UT, Tran TQ, Nguyen VM, Le NH, Nguyen DT, Pham DTN. Simple and Rapid Method of Microwell Array Fabrication for Drug Testing on 3D Cancer Spheroids. ACS Omega 2024; 9:16949-16958. [PMID: 38645317 PMCID: PMC11024980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to mimic the complex process of angiogenesis in cancer, providing more accurate and physiologically relevant data than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems. Microwell systems are particularly useful in this context as they provide a microenvironment that more closely resembles the in vivo environment than traditional microwells. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microwells are particularly advantageous due to their bio-inertness and the ability to tailor their material characteristics depending on the PEG molecular weight. Although there are several methods available for microwell fabrication, most of them are time-consuming and expensive. The current study utilizes a low-cost laser etching technique on poly(methyl methacrylate) materials followed by molding with PDMS to produce microwells. The optimal conditions for making concave microwells are an engraving parameter speed of 600 mm/s, power of 20%, and a design diameter of the microwell of 0.4 mm. The artificial tumor achieved its full size after 7 days of cell growth in a microwell system, and the cells developed drugs through a live/dead assay test. The results of the drug testing revealed that the IC50 value of zerumbone-loaded liposomes in HepG2 was 4.53 pM, which is greater than the IC50 value of zerumbone. The HepG2 cancer sphere's 3D platform for medication testing revealed that zerumbone-loaded liposomes were very effective at high doses. These findings generally imply that zerumbone-loaded liposomes have the capacity to target the liver and maintain medication delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Anh Nguyen
- Institute
for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Thi Dinh
- Hanoi
University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1 Dai Co Viet st., Hai Ba Trung
dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - My Hanh Do Thi
- Institute
for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dung Nguyen Thi
- Institute
for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Uyen Thu Pham
- Institute
for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- University
of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay
dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Toan Quoc Tran
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Institute
of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Minh Nguyen
- Institute
of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Hong Le
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Institute
of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute
for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy
of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet st., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- NTT Institute
of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho
Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen
Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh
City 70000, Vietnam
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6
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Mikimoto D, Mori M, Toyoda A, Yo K, Oda H, Takeuchi S. Culture insert device with perfusable microchannels enhances in vitroskin model development and barrier function assessment. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035006. [PMID: 38569494 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The ever-stricter regulations on animal experiments in the field of cosmetic testing have prompted a surge in skin-related research with a special focus on recapitulation of thein vivoskin structurein vitro. In vitrohuman skin models are seen as an important tool for skin research, which in recent years attracted a lot of attention and effort, with researchers moving from the simplest 2-layered models (dermis with epidermis) to models that incorporate other vital skin structures such as hypodermis, vascular structures, and skin appendages. In this study, we designed a microfluidic device with a reverse flange-shaped anchor that allows culturing of anin vitroskin model in a conventional 6-well plate and assessing its barrier function without transferring the skin model to another device or using additional contraptions. Perfusion of the skin model through vascular-like channels improved the morphogenesis of the epidermis compared with skin models cultured under static conditions. This also allowed us to assess the percutaneous penetration of the tested caffeine permeation and vascular absorption, which is one of the key metrics for systemic drug exposure evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahito Mori
- Research Center for Beauty and Health Care Product Development Department, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yo
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Kim H, Kim SK, Oelgeschläger M, Park HJ. Prediction of Acute Hepatotoxicity With Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Organoids. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1015. [PMID: 38597874 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent development of hepatic organoids (HOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides an alternative in vitro model that can mimic the human liver detoxification pathway for drug safety assessment. By recapitulating the high level of maturity and drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver in a three-dimensional organoid culture, HOs may allow researchers to assess drug toxicity and metabolism more accurately than animal models or hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Although this promising potential has contributed to the development of various protocols, only a few protocols are available to generate functional HOs with guaranteed CYP450 enzymatic activity, the key feature driving toxic responses during drug metabolism. Based on previously published protocols, we describe an optimized culture method that can substantially increase the expression and activity of CYP450s, in particular CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, in HOs. To generate mass-produced and highly reproducible HOs required as models for toxicity evaluation, we first generated hepatic endodermal organoids (HEOs) from hPSCs capable of in vitro proliferation and cryopreservation. The stepwise protocol includes generating HEOs as well as efficient methods to enhance CYP450 expression and activity in terminally differentiated HOs. Furthermore, we present a simple protocol for the assessment of HO cytotoxicity, one of the hallmarks of drug-induced acute hepatotoxicity. The protocols are relatively straightforward and can be successfully used by laboratories with basic experience in culturing hPSCs. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of hepatic endodermal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells Basic Protocol 2: Expansion and cryopreservation of hepatic endodermal organoids Basic Protocol 3: Differentiation of hepatic organoids from hepatic endodermal organoids Basic Protocol 4: Evaluation of hepatotoxicity using hepatic organoids Support Protocol: Human pluripotent stem cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Haller K, Doß S, Sauer M. In Vitro Hepatotoxicity of Routinely Used Opioids and Sedative Drugs. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3022-3038. [PMID: 38666919 PMCID: PMC11049542 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A hepatocyte cell line was used to determine the hepatotoxicity of sedatives and opioids, as the hepatotoxicity of these drugs has not yet been well characterized. This might pose a threat, especially to critically ill patients, as they often receive high cumulative doses for daily analgosedation and often already have impaired liver function due to an underlying disease or complications during treatment. A well-established biosensor based on HepG2/C3A cells was used for the determination of the hepatotoxicity of commonly used sedatives and opioids in the intensive care setting (midazolam, propofol, s-ketamin, thiopental, fentanyl, remifentanil, and sufentanil). The incubation time was 2 × 3 days with clinically relevant (Cmax) and higher concentrations (C5× and C10×) of each drug in cell culture medium or human plasma. Afterward, we measured the cell count, vitality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, cytochrome P 450 1A2 (CYP1A2), and albumin synthesis. All tested substances reduced the viability of hepatocyte cells, but sufentanil and remifentanil showed more pronounced effects. The cell count was diminished by sufentanil in both the medium and plasma and by remifentanil only in plasma. Sufentanil and remifentanil also led to higher values of LDH in the cell culture supernatant. A reduction of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was seen with the use of midazolam and s-ketamine. Microalbumin synthesis was reduced in plasma after its incubation with higher concentrations of sufentanil and remifentanil. Remifentanil and s-ketamine reduced CYP1A2 activity, while propofol and thiopental increased it. Our findings suggest that none of the tested sedatives and opioids have pronounced hepatotoxicity. Sufentanil, remifentanil, and s-ketamine showed moderate hepatotoxic effects in vitro. These drugs should be given with caution to patients vulnerable to hepatotoxic drugs, e.g., patients with pre-existing liver disease or liver impairment as part of their underlying disease (e.g., hypoxic hepatitis or cholestatic liver dysfunction in sepsis). Further studies are indicated for this topic, which may use more complex cell culture models and global pharmacovigilance reports, addressing the limitation of the used cell model: HepG2/C3A cells have a lower metabolic capacity due to their low levels of CYP enzymes compared to primary hepatocytes. However, while the test model is suitable for parental substances, it is not for toxicity testing of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Haller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sandra Doß
- Department Extracorporeal Therapy Systems (EXTHER), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department Extracorporeal Therapy Systems (EXTHER), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Magdeburg, Birkenallee 34, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany
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Collins EMS, Hessel EVS, Hughes S. How neurobehavior and brain development in alternative whole-organism models can contribute to prediction of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2024; 102:48-57. [PMID: 38552718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is not routinely evaluated in chemical risk assessment because current test paradigms for DNT require the use of mammalian models which are ethically controversial, expensive, and resource demanding. Consequently, efforts have focused on revolutionizing DNT testing through affordable novel alternative methods for risk assessment. The goal is to develop a DNT in vitro test battery amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). Currently, the DNT in vitro test battery consists primarily of human cell-based assays because of their immediate relevance to human health. However, such cell-based assays alone are unable to capture the complexity of a developing nervous system. Whole organismal systems that qualify as 3 R (Replace, Reduce and Refine) models are urgently needed to complement cell-based DNT testing. These models can provide the necessary organismal context and be used to explore the impact of chemicals on brain function by linking molecular and/or cellular changes to behavioural readouts. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the planarian Dugesia japonica, and embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio are all suited to low-cost HTS and each has unique strengths for DNT testing. Here, we review the strengths and the complementarity of these organisms in a novel, integrative context and highlight how they can augment current cell-based assays for more comprehensive and robust DNT screening of chemicals. Considering the limitations of all in vitro test systems, we discuss how a smart combinatory use of these systems will contribute to a better human relevant risk assessment of chemicals that considers the complexity of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria S Collins
- Swarthmore College, Biology, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
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10
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Marriott AE, Casewell NR, Lilley E, Gutiérrez JM, Ainsworth S. Improving in vivo assays in snake venom and antivenom research: A community discussion. F1000Res 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 38708289 PMCID: PMC11066530 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.148223.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
On the 26 th January 2023, a free to attend, 'improving in vivo snake venom research: a community discussion' meeting was held virtually. This webinar brought together researchers from around the world to discuss current neutralisation of venom lethality mouse assays that are used globally to assess the efficacy of therapies for snakebite envenoming. The assay's strengths and weaknesses were highlighted, and we discussed what improvements could be made to refine and reduce animal testing, whilst supporting preclinical antivenom and drug discovery for snakebite envenoming. This report summarises the issues highlighted, the discussions held, with additional commentary on key perspectives provided by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Marriott
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, L3 5RF, UK
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Elliot Lilley
- National Centre for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of Animals in Research, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - José-María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Stuart Ainsworth
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, L3 5RF, UK
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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11
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Ren J, Liu K, Hu L, Yang R, Liu Y, Wang S, Chen X, Zhao S, Jing L, Liu T, Hu B, Zhang X, Wang H, Li H. An Efficient Probe-Based Quantitative PCR Assay Targeting Human-Specific DNA in ST6GALNAC3 for the Quantification of Human Cells in Preclinical Animal Models. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01115-8. [PMID: 38456963 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Precise quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models by a sensitive and specific approach is warranted. The probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay as a sensitive and swift approach is suitable for the quantification of human cells by targeting human-specific DNA sequences. In this study, we developed an efficient qPCR assay targeting human-specific DNA in ST6GALNAC3 (termed ST6GAL-qPCR) for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models. ST6GAL-qPCR probe was synthesized with FAM and non-fluorescent quencher-minor groove binder conjugated to the 5' and 3' end of the probe, respectively. Genomic DNA from human, rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, New Zealand White rabbits, SD rats, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice were utilized for analyzing the specificity and sensitivity of the ST6GAL-qPCR assay. The ST6GAL-qPCR assay targeted human-specific DNA was cloned to pUCM-T vector and released by EcoR I/Hind III digestion for generating a calibration curve. Cell mixing experiment was performed to validate the ST6GAL-qPCR assay by analysis of 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% of human leukocytes mixed with murine thymocytes. The ST6GAL-qPCR assay detected human DNA rather than DNA from the tested animal species. The amplification efficiency of the ST6GAL-qPCR assay was 93% and the linearity of calibration curve was R2 = 0.999. The ST6GAL-qPCR assay detected as low as 5 copies of human-specific DNA and is efficient to specially amplify as low as 30-pg human DNA in the presence of 1 μg of DNA from the tested species, respectively. The ST6GAL-qPCR assay was able to quantify as low as 0.01% of human leukocytes within murine thymocytes. This ST6GAL-qPCR assay can be used as an efficient approach for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoning Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinzhu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyao Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Tripod Preclinical Research Laboratories Inc, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Guimaraes APP, Calori IR, Stilhano RS, Tedesco AC. Renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip in PDMS: fabrication, functionalization, and RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture evaluation. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025024. [PMID: 38408383 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2d2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
'On-a-chip' technology advances the development of physiologically relevant organ-mimicking architecture by integrating human cells into three-dimensional microfluidic devices. This method also establishes discrete functional units, faciliting focused research on specific organ components. In this study, we detail the development and assessment of a convoluted renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip (PT-on-a-chip). This platform involves co-culturing Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (RPTEC) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) within a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device, crafted through a combination of 3D printing and molding techniques. Our PT-on-a-chip significantly reduced high glucose level, exhibited albumin uptake, and simulated tubulopathy induced by amphotericin B. Remarkably, the RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture exhibited efficient cell adhesion within 30 min on microchannels functionalized with plasma, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and type-I collagen. This approach significantly reduced the required incubation time for medium perfusion. In comparison, alternative methods such as plasma and plasma plus polyvinyl alcohol were only effective in promoting cell attachment to flat surfaces. The PT-on-a-chip holds great promise as a valuable tool for assessing the nephrotoxic potential of new drug candidates, enhancing our understanding of drug interactions with co-cultured renal cells, and reducing the need for animal experimentation, promoting the safe and ethical development of new pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pereira Guimaraes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Labs, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
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13
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Chi C, Roland TJ, Song K. Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling: Learning from Heart Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:337. [PMID: 38543122 PMCID: PMC10975450 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is a pressing public health problem and the leading cause of death worldwide. The heart is the first organ to gain function during embryogenesis in mammals. Heart development involves cell determination, expansion, migration, and crosstalk, which are orchestrated by numerous signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, TGF-β, IGF, and Retinoic acid signaling pathways. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based platforms are emerging as promising approaches for modeling heart disease in vitro. Understanding the signaling pathways that are essential for cardiac development has shed light on the molecular mechanisms of congenital heart defects and postnatal heart diseases, significantly advancing stem cell-based platforms to model heart diseases. This review summarizes signaling pathways that are crucial for heart development and discusses how these findings improve the strategies for modeling human heart disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Chi
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Truman J. Roland
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
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14
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Mulay AR, Hwang J, Kim DH. Microphysiological Blood-Brain Barrier Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Development. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303180. [PMID: 38430211 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly controlled microenvironment that regulates the interactions between cerebral blood and brain tissue. Due to its selectivity, many therapeutics targeting various neurological disorders are not able to penetrate into brain tissue. Pre-clinical studies using animals and other in vitro platforms have not shown the ability to fully replicate the human BBB leading to the failure of a majority of therapeutics in clinical trials. However, recent innovations in vitro and ex vivo modeling called organs-on-chips have shown the potential to create more accurate disease models for improved drug development. These microfluidic platforms induce physiological stressors on cultured cells and are able to generate more physiologically accurate BBBs compared to previous in vitro models. In this review, different approaches to create BBBs-on-chips are explored alongside their application in modeling various neurological disorders and potential therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, organs-on-chips use in BBB drug delivery studies is discussed, and advances in linking brain organs-on-chips onto multiorgan platforms to mimic organ crosstalk are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva R Mulay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jihyun Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
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15
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Whitworth CP, Polacheck WJ. Vascular organs-on-chip made with patient-derived endothelial cells: technologies to transform drug discovery and disease modeling. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:339-351. [PMID: 38117223 PMCID: PMC10922379 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2294947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular diseases impart a tremendous burden on healthcare systems in the United States and across the world. Efforts to improve therapeutic interventions are hindered by limitations of current experimental models. The integration of patient-derived cells with organ-on-chip (OoC) technology is a promising avenue for preclinical drug screening that improves upon traditional cell culture and animal models. AREAS COVERED The authors review induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) as two sources for patient-derived endothelial cells (EC). They summarize several studies that leverage patient-derived EC and OoC for precision disease modeling of the vasculature, with a focus on applications for drug discovery. They also highlight the utility of patient-derived EC in other translational endeavors, including ex vivo organogenesis and multi-organ-chip integration. EXPERT OPINION Precision disease modeling continues to mature in the academic space, but end-use by pharmaceutical companies is currently limited. To fully realize their transformative potential, OoC systems must balance their complexity with their ability to integrate with the highly standardized and high-throughput experimentation required for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe P Whitworth
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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16
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Fauzi A, Kifli N, Noor MHM, Hamzah H, Azlan A. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation of the Morus alba L. leaf extract from Brunei Darussalam: Acute toxicity study in ICR mice. Open Vet J 2024; 14:750-758. [PMID: 38682142 PMCID: PMC11052622 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that the phytochemical content of Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) is influenced by the area where it grows. On the other hand, the study of the bioactivity and toxicity of mulberry leaves from Brunei Darussalam still needs to be completed. In particular, the investigation regarding the safe dose for Mulberry's application from Brunei Darussalam has yet to be studied. Hence, toxicity information must be considered even though the community has used it for generations. Aim This study investigated Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract (MAE) to observe the acute toxicity in mice. Methods In particular, this study utilized 12 female Institute of Cancer Research mice, 8 weeks old, divided into 2 groups: the control group and the MAE group (2,000 mg/kg single dose). Physiology, hematology, biochemistry, and histology were analyzed during the study. Results The examination result indicated no mortality and behavioral changes throughout the testing period. However, the mice developed mild anemia and leukopenia, followed by decreased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. In addition, the mice developed a mild hepatocellular injury, indicated by significant (p < 0.05) elevations of both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). The histopathological findings of the liver were also consistent with the increment of ALT and AST, indicating mild hepatocellular necrosis through the eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknosis (p > 0.05). Conclusion It was evident that a single oral administration of MAE was not lethal for mice (LD50, which was higher than 2,000 mg/kg). However, the administration of high doses of MAE must be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fauzi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Mohd. Hezmee Mohd. Noor
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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17
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Leach MW, Rana P, Hu W, Mittapalli RK, Pinkstaff J, Potter D, Qiu XM, Ramaiah L, Rohde C, Xia F, Khan KN. Translation of nonclinical to clinical safety findings for 27 biotherapeutics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116854. [PMID: 38346540 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and in vivo nonclinical adverse and nonadverse findings, were identified in 27 biotherapeutic programs and placed into organ categories to determine translation. The sensitivity of detecting human ADRs was 30.8% with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 53.3% for nonclinical adverse findings; sensitivity increased to 67.3% and PPV fell to 35.0% when including nonadverse findings. Nonclinical findings were associated with a greater likelihood of a human ADR in that organ category, especially for adverse findings [positive likelihood ratio (LR+) >10 (lower 95% confidence interval [CI] of >5)]. The specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) were very high (>85%). A lack of nonclinical findings in an organ category was associated with a lower likelihood of a human ADR in that organ category. About 40-50% of human ADRs and nonclinical adverse findings, and about 30% of nonclinical nonadverse findings, were attributed to pharmacology. Slightly more than half of the human ADRs with a translating nonclinical finding had findings in animals that could be considered very similar. Overall, 38% of nonclinical findings translated to a human ADR at the organ category level. When nonclinical findings did not translate to humans, the cause was usually higher exposures or longer dosing in animals. All programs with human ADRs attributed to immunogenicity also had nonclinical adverse or nonadverse findings related to immunogenicity. Overall, nonclinical adverse and nonadverse findings were useful in predicting human ADRs, especially at an organ category level, and the majority of human ADRs were predicted by nonclinical toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payal Rana
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Wenyue Hu
- Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Jason Pinkstaff
- Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David Potter
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Min Qiu
- Pfizer Inc., Lane 60 Naxian Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lila Ramaiah
- Pfizer Inc., 401 N Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Cynthia Rohde
- Pfizer Inc., 401 N Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Feng Xia
- Pfizer Inc., 66 Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - K Nasir Khan
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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18
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Butler D, Reyes DR. Heart-on-a-chip systems: disease modeling and drug screening applications. Lab Chip 2024; 24:1494-1528. [PMID: 38318723 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, casting a substantial economic footprint and burdening the global healthcare system. Historically, pre-clinical CVD modeling and therapeutic screening have been performed using animal models. Unfortunately, animal models oftentimes fail to adequately mimic human physiology, leading to a poor translation of therapeutics from pre-clinical trials to consumers. Even those that make it to market can be removed due to unforeseen side effects. As such, there exists a clinical, technological, and economical need for systems that faithfully capture human (patho)physiology for modeling CVD, assessing cardiotoxicity, and evaluating drug efficacy. Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) systems are a part of the broader organ-on-a-chip paradigm that leverages microfluidics, tissue engineering, microfabrication, electronics, and gene editing to create human-relevant models for studying disease, drug-induced side effects, and therapeutic efficacy. These compact systems can be capable of real-time measurements and on-demand characterization of tissue behavior and could revolutionize the drug development process. In this review, we highlight the key components that comprise a HoC system followed by a review of contemporary reports of their use in disease modeling, drug toxicity and efficacy assessment, and as part of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms. We also discuss future perspectives and challenges facing the field, including a discussion on the role that standardization is expected to play in accelerating the widespread adoption of these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Butler
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Darwin R Reyes
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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19
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Capobianco CA, Hankenson KD, Knights AJ. Temporal dynamics of immune-stromal cell interactions in fracture healing. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352819. [PMID: 38455063 PMCID: PMC10917940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture repair is a complex, multi-step process that involves communication between immune and stromal cells to coordinate the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. In the US, 10% of all bone fractures do not heal properly without intervention, resulting in non-union. Complications from non-union fractures are physically and financially debilitating. We now appreciate the important role that immune cells play in tissue repair, and the necessity of the inflammatory response in initiating healing after skeletal trauma. The temporal dynamics of immune and stromal cell populations have been well characterized across the stages of fracture healing. Recent studies have begun to untangle the intricate mechanisms driving the immune response during normal or atypical, delayed healing. Various in vivo models of fracture healing, including genetic knockouts, as well as in vitro models of the fracture callus, have been implemented to enable experimental manipulation of the heterogeneous cellular environment. The goals of this review are to (1): summarize our current understanding of immune cell involvement in fracture healing (2); describe state-of-the art approaches to study inflammatory cells in fracture healing, including computational and in vitro models; and (3) identify gaps in our knowledge concerning immune-stromal crosstalk during bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Capobianco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander J. Knights
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Bayona C, Alza L, Ranđelović T, Sallán MC, Visa A, Cantí C, Ochoa I, Oliván S, Herreros J. Tetralol derivative NNC-55-0396 targets hypoxic cells in the glioblastoma microenvironment: an organ-on-chip approach. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:127. [PMID: 38341408 PMCID: PMC10858941 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumour characterised by limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The tumour microenvironment, particularly the central hypoxic region of the tumour, is known to play a pivotal role in GBM progression. Cells within this region adapt to hypoxia by stabilising transcription factor HIF1-α, which promotes cell proliferation, dedifferentiation and chemoresistance. In this study we sought to examine the effects of NNC-55-0396, a tetralol compound which overactivates the unfolded protein response inducing apoptosis, using the organ-on-chip technology. We identified an increased sensitivity of the hypoxic core of the chip to NNC, which correlates with decreasing levels of HIF1-α in vitro. Moreover, NNC blocks the macroautophagic process that is unleashed by hypoxia as revealed by increased levels of autophagosomal constituent LC3-II and autophagy chaperone p62/SQSTM1. The specific effects of NNC in the hypoxic microenvironment unveil additional anti-cancer abilities of this compound and further support investigations on its use in combined therapies against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bayona
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lía Alza
- Calcium Cell Signaling, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teodora Ranđelović
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta C Sallán
- Calcium Cell Signaling, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anna Visa
- Calcium Cell Signaling, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carles Cantí
- Calcium Cell Signaling, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Judit Herreros
- Calcium Cell Signaling, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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21
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Ali ASM, Berg J, Roehrs V, Wu D, Hackethal J, Braeuning A, Woelken L, Rauh C, Kurreck J. Xeno-Free 3D Bioprinted Liver Model for Hepatotoxicity Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1811. [PMID: 38339088 PMCID: PMC10855587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the most promising methodologies that are currently in development for the replacement of animal experiments. Bioprinting and most alternative technologies rely on animal-derived materials, which compromises the intent of animal welfare and results in the generation of chimeric systems of limited value. The current study therefore presents the first bioprinted liver model that is entirely void of animal-derived constituents. Initially, HuH-7 cells underwent adaptation to a chemically defined medium (CDM). The adapted cells exhibited high survival rates (85-92%) after cryopreservation in chemically defined freezing media, comparable to those preserved in standard medium (86-92%). Xeno-free bioink for 3D bioprinting yielded liver models with high relative cell viability (97-101%), akin to a Matrigel-based liver model (83-102%) after 15 days of culture. The established xeno-free model was used for toxicity testing of a marine biotoxin, okadaic acid (OA). In 2D culture, OA toxicity was virtually identical for cells cultured under standard conditions and in CDM. In the xeno-free bioprinted liver model, 3-fold higher concentrations of OA than in the respective monolayer culture were needed to induce cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this study describes for the first time the development of a xeno-free 3D bioprinted liver model and its applicability for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. M. Ali
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-2, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Berg
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-2, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Roehrs
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-2, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongwei Wu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-2, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Lisa Woelken
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Food Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (C.R.)
| | - Cornelia Rauh
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Food Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (C.R.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3-2, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Goessens T, Mouchtaris-Michailidis T, Tesfamariam K, Truong NN, Vertriest F, Bader Y, De Saeger S, Lachat C, De Boevre M. Dietary mycotoxin exposure and human health risks: A protocol for a systematic review. Environ Int 2024; 184:108456. [PMID: 38277998 PMCID: PMC10895515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate a wide spectrum of essential foods worldwide, such as grain-based products, nuts and spices, causing adverse health effects pertaining to their carcinogenic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic nature, among others. AIM The aim of this systematic review (SR) is to systematically search for, appraise and synthesize primary research evidence to identify what is known about dietary mycotoxin-related health effects and what remains unknown, as well as the uncertainty around findings and the recommendations for the future. SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Search strategies, as well as eligibility criteria were structured according to a predefined PECO (population, exposure, comparison, and outcome) research question and developed in an iterative scoping process. Several bibliographic databases, including Embase, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus, will be searched. Primary research on any measured or modelled dietary exposure to a single or multiple mycotoxins, and adverse human health outcomes (i.e. cancer, non-carcinogenic diseases, and reproductive & developmental adverse outcomes) will be included, and references will be imported into Covidence. In vitro, ex vivo, in silico, animal and review studies, as well as expert's opinions, secondary literature, conference abstracts, presentations, posters, book chapters, dissertations and studies involving non-dietary mycotoxin exposure, will be excluded. STUDY SELECTION Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, and review full-texts. Any disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer based on two-third majority. DATA EXTRACTION Data from retained eligible studies will be extracted by the principal reviewer, and peer-checked by a second reviewer. STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Eligible studies will be evaluated for risk of bias (Overall High-Quality Assessment Tool, OHAT) and certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, GRADE). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A detailed summary of the included studies will be provided within a tabular format and narratively discussed. Heat maps will be constructed to provide information on available knowledge (gaps), and a meta-analysis may be performed based on the variability in predefined PECO elements and depending on the heterogeneity of studies. CONCLUSION This protocol describes the methodology for the conduct of a SR on mycotoxin-related human health risks, that could guide future research and inform regulatory decisions, as emphasized by the European Commission within the field of regulatory risk assessment for emerging chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goessens
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T Mouchtaris-Michailidis
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - K Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - N N Truong
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - F Vertriest
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Y Bader
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Vaidhya A, Ghildiyal K, Rajawat D, Nayak SS, Parida S, Panigrahi M. Relevance of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in veterinary clinical practice: A review. Anim Genet 2024; 55:3-19. [PMID: 37990577 DOI: 10.1111/age.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies have heralded the arrival of the Big Data era. As a result, the use of pharmacogenetics in drug discovery and individualized drug therapy has transformed the field of precision medicine. This paradigm shift in drug development programs has effectively reshaped the old drug development practices, which were primarily concerned with the physiological status of patients for drug development. Pharmacogenomics bridges the gap between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, advancing current diagnostic and treatment strategies and enabling personalized and targeted drug therapy. The primary goals of pharmacogenetic studies are to improve drug efficacy and minimize toxicities, to identify novel drug targets, to estimate drug dosage for personalized medicine, and to incorporate it as a routine diagnostic for disease susceptibility. Although pharmacogenetics has numerous applications in individualized drug therapy and drug development, it is in its infancy in veterinary medicine. The objective of this review is to present an overview of historical landmarks, current developments in various animal species, challenges and future perspectives of genomics in drug development and dosage optimization for individualized medicine in veterinary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Vaidhya
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Kanika Ghildiyal
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sonali Sonejita Nayak
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
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24
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Macmillan DS, Bergqvist A, Burgess-Allen E, Callan I, Dawick J, Carrick B, Ellis G, Ferro R, Goyak K, Smulders C, Stackhouse RA, Troyano E, Westmoreland C, Ramón BS, Rocha V, Zhang X. The last resort requirement under REACH: From principle to practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 147:105557. [PMID: 38142814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) is a European Union regulation that aims to protect human health and the environment from the risks posed by chemicals. Article 25 clearly states that: "[i]n order to avoid animal testing, testing on vertebrate animals for the purposes of this Regulation shall be undertaken only as a last resort." In practice, however, the standard information requirements under REACH are still primarily filled using animal studies. This paper presents examples illustrating that animal testing is not always undertaken only as a last resort. Six over-arching issues have been identified which contribute to this: (1) non-acceptance of existing animal or non-animal data, (2) non-acceptance of read-across, (3) inflexible administrative processes, (4) redundancy of testing, (5) testing despite animal welfare concerns and (6) testing for cosmetic-only ingredients. We, members of the Animal-Free Safety Assessment (AFSA) Collaboration, who work together to accelerate the global adoption of non-animal approaches for chemical safety assessment, herein propose several recommendations intended to aid the European Commission, the European Chemicals Agency and registrants to protect human health and the environment while avoiding unnecessary animal tests - truly upholding the last resort requirement in REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna S Macmillan
- Humane Society International/Europe, Av. des Arts 50, 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Global Product Compliance (Europe) AB, Ideon Beta 5, Scheelevägen 17, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ian Callan
- Innospec Limited, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, United Kingdom
| | - James Dawick
- Innospec Limited, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Carrick
- Kenvue, Johnson & Johnson Consumer Services EAME Ltd, 50-100 Holmers Farm Way, High Wycombe, HP12 4EG, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ellis
- DSM-Firmenich, Rue de la Bergere 7, Satigny, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Ferro
- Unilever, Via Lever Gibbs 3, Casalpusterlengo, LO, Italy
| | - Katy Goyak
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, United States
| | | | | | | | - Carl Westmoreland
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Rocha
- Givaudan, 717 Ridgedale Ave, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, United States
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25
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Bloothooft M, Verbruggen B, Seibertz F, van der Heyden MAG, Voigt N, de Boer TP. Recording ten-fold larger I Kr conductances with automated patch clamping using equimolar Cs + solutions. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1298340. [PMID: 38328302 PMCID: PMC10847579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1298340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) is important for cardiac repolarization and is most often involved in drug-induced arrhythmias. However, accurately measuring this current can be challenging in human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes because of its small current density. Interestingly, the ion channel conducting IKr, hERG channel, is not only permeable to K+ ions but also to Cs+ ions when present in equimolar concentrations inside and outside of the cell. Methods: In this study, IhERG was measured from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-hERG cells and hiPSC-CM using either Cs+ or K+ as the charge carrier. Equimolar Cs+ has been used in the literature in manual patch-clamp experiments, and here, we apply this approach using automated patch-clamp systems. Four different (pre)clinical drugs were tested to compare their effects on Cs+- and K+-based currents. Results: Using equimolar Cs+ solutions gave rise to approximately ten-fold larger hERG conductances. Comparison of Cs+- and K+-mediated currents upon application of dofetilide, desipramine, moxifloxacin, or LUF7244 revealed many similarities in inhibition or activation properties of the drugs studied. Using equimolar Cs+ solutions gave rise to approximately ten-fold larger hERG conductances. In hiPSC-CM, the Cs+-based conductance is larger compared to the known K+-based conductance, and the Cs+ hERG conductance can be inhibited similarly to the K+-based conductance. Conclusion: Using equimolar Cs+ instead of K+ for IhERG measurements in an automated patch-clamp system gives rise to a new method by which, for example, quick scans can be performed on effects of drugs on hERG currents. This application is specifically relevant when such experiments are performed using cells which express small IKr current densities in combination with small membrane capacitances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meye Bloothooft
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bente Verbruggen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fitzwilliam Seibertz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel A. G. van der Heyden
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels Voigt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teun P. de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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26
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Setiya A, Jani V, Sonavane U, Joshi R. MolToxPred: small molecule toxicity prediction using machine learning approach. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4201-4220. [PMID: 38292268 PMCID: PMC10826801 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Different types of chemicals and products may exhibit various health risks when administered into the human body. For toxicity reasons, the number of new drugs entering the market through the conventional drug development process has been reduced over the years. However, with the advent of big data and artificial intelligence, machine learning techniques have emerged as a potential solution for predicting toxicity and ensuring efficient drug development and chemical safety. An ML model for toxicity prediction can reduce experimental costs and time while addressing ethical concerns by drastically reducing the need for animals and clinical trials. Herein, MolToxPred, an ML-based tool, has been developed using a stacked model approach to predict the potential toxicity of small molecules and metabolites. The stacked model consists of random forest, multi-layer perceptron, and LightGBM as base classifiers and Logistic Regression as the meta classifier. For training and validation purposes, a comprehensive set of toxic and non-toxic molecules is curated. Different structural and physicochemical-based features in the form of molecular descriptors and fingerprints were employed. MolToxPred utilizes a comprehensive feature selection process and optimizes its hyperparameters through Bayesian optimization with stratified 5-fold cross-validation. In the evaluation phase, MolToxPred achieved an AUROC of 87.76% on the test set and 88.84% on an external validation set. The McNemar test was used as the post-hoc test to determine if the stacked models' performance was significantly different compared to the base learners. The developed stacked model outperformed its base classifiers and an existing tool in the literature, reaffirming its better performance. The hypothesis is that the incorporation of a diverse set of data, the subsequent feature selection, and a stacked ensemble approach give MolToxPred the edge over other methods. In addition to this, an attempt has been made to identify structural alerts responsible for endpoints of the Tox21 data to determine the association of a molecule with a plausible downstream pathway of action. MolToxPred may be helpful for drug discovery and regulatory pipelines in pharmaceutical and other industries for in silico toxicity prediction of small molecule candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Setiya
- HPC-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Vinod Jani
- HPC-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Uddhavesh Sonavane
- HPC-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- HPC-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan Pune 411008 India
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27
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Yoon S, Kilicarslan You D, Jeong U, Lee M, Kim E, Jeon TJ, Kim SM. Microfluidics in High-Throughput Drug Screening: Organ-on-a-Chip and C. elegans-Based Innovations. Biosensors (Basel) 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 38275308 PMCID: PMC10813408 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic interventions for diseases necessitates a crucial step known as drug screening, wherein potential substances with medicinal properties are rigorously evaluated. This process has undergone a transformative evolution, driven by the imperative need for more efficient, rapid, and high-throughput screening platforms. Among these, microfluidic systems have emerged as the epitome of efficiency, enabling the screening of drug candidates with unprecedented speed and minimal sample consumption. This review paper explores the cutting-edge landscape of microfluidic-based drug screening platforms, with a specific emphasis on two pioneering approaches: organ-on-a-chip and C. elegans-based chips. Organ-on-a-chip technology harnesses human-derived cells to recreate the physiological functions of human organs, offering an invaluable tool for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity. In parallel, C. elegans-based chips, boasting up to 60% genetic homology with humans and a remarkable affinity for microfluidic systems, have proven to be robust models for drug screening. Our comprehensive review endeavors to provide readers with a profound understanding of the fundamental principles, advantages, and challenges associated with these innovative drug screening platforms. We delve into the latest breakthroughs and practical applications in this burgeoning field, illuminating the pivotal role these platforms play in expediting drug discovery and development. Furthermore, we engage in a forward-looking discussion to delineate the future directions and untapped potential inherent in these transformative technologies. Through this review, we aim to contribute to the collective knowledge base in the realm of drug screening, providing valuable insights to researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders alike. We invite readers to embark on a journey into the realm of microfluidic-based drug screening platforms, fostering a deeper appreciation for their significance and promising avenues yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Dilara Kilicarslan You
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Uiechan Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Tae-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (D.K.Y.); (M.L.); (E.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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28
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Lachance GP, Gauvreau D, Boisselier É, Boukadoum M, Miled A. Breaking Barriers: Exploring Neurotransmitters through In Vivo vs. In Vitro Rivalry. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:647. [PMID: 38276338 DOI: 10.3390/s24020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter analysis plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing neurodegenerative diseases, often characterized by disturbances in neurotransmitter systems. However, prevailing methods for quantifying neurotransmitters involve invasive procedures or require bulky imaging equipment, therefore restricting accessibility and posing potential risks to patients. The innovation of compact, in vivo instruments for neurotransmission analysis holds the potential to reshape disease management. This innovation can facilitate non-invasive and uninterrupted monitoring of neurotransmitter levels and their activity. Recent strides in microfabrication have led to the emergence of diminutive instruments that also find applicability in in vitro investigations. By harnessing the synergistic potential of microfluidics, micro-optics, and microelectronics, this nascent realm of research holds substantial promise. This review offers an overarching view of the current neurotransmitter sensing techniques, the advances towards in vitro microsensors tailored for monitoring neurotransmission, and the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques that can be used to fabricate those microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Gauvreau
- Department Electrical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élodie Boisselier
- Department Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mounir Boukadoum
- Department Computer Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Amine Miled
- Department Electrical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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29
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Hartung T, Morales Pantoja IE, Smirnova L. Brain organoids and organoid intelligence from ethical, legal, and social points of view. Front Artif Intell 2024; 6:1307613. [PMID: 38249793 PMCID: PMC10796793 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1307613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids, aka cerebral organoids or earlier "mini-brains", are 3D cellular models that recapitulate aspects of the developing human brain. They show tremendous promise for advancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. However, the unprecedented ability to model human brain development and function in vitro also raises complex ethical, legal, and social challenges. Organoid Intelligence (OI) describes the ongoing movement to combine such organoids with Artificial Intelligence to establish basic forms of memory and learning. This article discusses key issues regarding the scientific status and prospects of brain organoids and OI, conceptualizations of consciousness and the mind-brain relationship, ethical and legal dimensions, including moral status, human-animal chimeras, informed consent, and governance matters, such as oversight and regulation. A balanced framework is needed to allow vital research while addressing public perceptions and ethical concerns. Interdisciplinary perspectives and proactive engagement among scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public can enable responsible translational pathways for organoid technology. A thoughtful, proactive governance framework might be needed to ensure ethically responsible progress in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Itzy E. Morales Pantoja
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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30
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Brand M, Ritzmann F, Kattler K, Milasius D, Yao Y, Herr C, Kirsch SH, Müller R, Yildiz D, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Biochemical and transcriptomic evaluation of a 3D lung organoid platform for pre-clinical testing of active substances targeting senescence. Respir Res 2024; 25:3. [PMID: 38172839 PMCID: PMC10765931 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis are incurable. Epithelial senescence, a state of dysfunctional cell cycle arrest, contributes to the progression of such diseases. Therefore, lung epithelial cells are a valuable target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we present a 3D airway lung organoid platform for the preclinical testing of active substances with regard to senescence, toxicity, and inflammation under standardized conditions in a 96 well format. Senescence was induced with doxorubicin and measured by activity of senescence associated galactosidase. Pharmaceutical compounds such as quercetin antagonized doxorubicin-induced senescence without compromising organoid integrity. Using single cell sequencing, we identified a subset of cells expressing senescence markers which was decreased by quercetin. Doxorubicin induced the expression of detoxification factors specifically in goblet cells independent of quercetin. In conclusion, our platform enables for the analysis of senescence-related processes and will allow the pre-selection of a wide range of compounds (e.g. natural products) in preclinical studies, thus reducing the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Deivydas Milasius
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Susanne H Kirsch
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, and Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Leal F, Zeiringer S, Jeitler R, Costa PF, Roblegg E. A comprehensive overview of advanced dynamic in vitro intestinal and hepatic cell culture models. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2163820. [PMID: 36680530 PMCID: PMC10832944 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2163820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drugs pass through the gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the small intestine and metabolised in the liver. To test the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, animal models are often employed; however, they are not suitable for investigating drug-tissue interactions and making reliable predictions, since the human organism differs drastically from animals in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of substances. Likewise, simple static in vitro cell culture systems currently used in preclinical drug screening often do not resemble the native characteristics of biological barriers. Dynamic models, on the other hand, provide in vivo-like cell phenotypes and functionalities that offer great potential for safety and efficacy prediction. Herein, current microfluidic in vitro intestinal and hepatic models are reviewed, namely single- and multi-tissue micro-bioreactors, which are associated with different methods of cell cultivation, i.e., scaffold-based versus scaffold-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Leal
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Scarlett Zeiringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
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Couteau M, Aoudjehane L. Immunofluorescent Staining of Human Hepatic Multicellular Spheroids: A Model for Studying Liver Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2769:143-152. [PMID: 38315395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3694-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In vitro studies on liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, are traditionally performed in two-dimensional (2D) cultures of isolated primary cells or immortalized cell lines. However, this approach has limitations, as 2D cultures inadequately replicate the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions found in three-dimensional (3D) environments. To overcome this limitation, various 3D models, such as spheroids, have been developed. These spheroids serve as simplified biomimetic in vitro models for studying liver diseases. They can be generated using a variety of cells from healthy and pathological tissues, including liver cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for performing immunofluorescent staining and confocal imaging on whole human hepatic multicellular spheroids, utilizing primary cells or cell lines. The immunofluorescence technique is a potent tool to understand the spatial distribution of different cell types within the spheroids and define the interactions that occur among these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Couteau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU-ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Lynda Aoudjehane
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU-ICAN), Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.
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Parker W, Anderson LG, Jones JP, Anderson R, Williamson L, Bono-Lunn D, Konsoula Z. The Dangers of Acetaminophen for Neurodevelopment Outweigh Scant Evidence for Long-Term Benefits. Children (Basel) 2023; 11:44. [PMID: 38255358 PMCID: PMC10814214 DOI: 10.3390/children11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Based on available data that include approximately 20 lines of evidence from studies in laboratory animal models, observations in humans, correlations in time, and pharmacological/toxicological considerations, it has been concluded without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relative number of cases of ASD that might be induced by acetaminophen has not yet been estimated. Here, we examine a variety of evidence, including the acetaminophen-induced reduction of social awareness in adults, the prevalence of ASD through time, and crude estimates of the relative number of ASD cases induced by acetaminophen during various periods of neurodevelopment. We conclude that the very early postpartum period poses the greatest risk for acetaminophen-induced ASD, and that nearly ubiquitous use of acetaminophen during early development could conceivably be responsible for the induction in the vast majority, perhaps 90% or more, of all cases of ASD. Despite over a decade of accumulating evidence that acetaminophen is harmful for neurodevelopment, numerous studies demonstrate that acetaminophen is frequently administered to children in excess of currently approved amounts and under conditions in which it provides no benefit. Further, studies have failed to demonstrate long-term benefits of acetaminophen for the pediatric population, leaving no valid rationale for continued use of the drug in that population given its risks to neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Parker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA;
| | - Dillan Bono-Lunn
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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34
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Hussen E, Aakel N, Shaito AA, Al-Asmakh M, Abou-Saleh H, Zakaria ZZ. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:194. [PMID: 38203365 PMCID: PMC10779276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as an alternative to conventional tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects. The cardiovascular system undergoes intricate processes forming the heart and blood vessels during fetal development. However, the precise impact of e-cigarette smoke and aerosols on these delicate developmental processes remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed changes in gene expression patterns, disruptions in cellular signaling pathways, and increased oxidative stress resulting from e-cigarette exposure. These findings indicate the potential for e-cigarettes to cause developmental and cardiovascular harm. This comprehensive review article discusses various aspects of electronic cigarette use, emphasizing the relevance of cardiovascular studies in Zebrafish for understanding the risks to human health. It also highlights novel experimental approaches and technologies while addressing their inherent challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hussen
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Nada Aakel
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Zain Z. Zakaria
- Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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35
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Lopez-Pascual A. Navigating liver disease complexity: Innovations in in vitro modeling and precision medicine. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00682. [PMID: 38088881 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Lopez-Pascual
- Hepatology Unit, CCUN, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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36
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Akash SR, Arnob MAJB, Uddin MJ. FDA Modernization Act 2.0: An insight from nondeveloping country. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1572-1577. [PMID: 37587871 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is required in drug development research and is crucial for assessing the efficacy and safety of medications before they are commercialized. However, the newly furnished Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 2.0 has given new insight into drug development. It opens a new door by offering an alternative testing method for developing a new drug without using animals. This newly proposed system may potentially significantly impact nondeveloped countries worldwide. In this study, we explore the alternative testing options such as in silico modeling, human tissue-on-chip engineering, animal-free recombinant antibodies, tissue engineering, and artificial intelligence presented by this act and discuss its implications for nondeveloped countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajidur Rahman Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Jobayer Billah Arnob
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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37
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Syahruddin MH, Anggraeni R, Ana ID. A microfluidic organ-on-a-chip: into the next decade of bone tissue engineering applied in dentistry. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO902. [PMID: 37753360 PMCID: PMC10518836 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the complex physiological and pathological processes associated with alveolar bones, their responses to different therapeutics strategies, and cell interactions with biomaterial becomes necessary in precisely treating patients with severe progressive periodontitis, as a bone-related issue in dentistry. However, existing monolayer cell culture or pre-clinical models have been unable to mimic the complex physiological, pathological and regeneration processes in the bone microenvironment in response to different therapeutic strategies. In this point, 'organ-on-a-chip' (OOAC) technology, specifically 'alveolar-bone-on-a-chip', is expected to resolve the problems by better imitating infection site microenvironment and microphysiology within the oral tissues. The OOAC technology is assessed in this study toward better approaches in disease modeling and better therapeutics strategy for bone tissue engineering applied in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hidayat Syahruddin
- Postgraduate Student, Dental Science Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Anggraeni
- Research Center for Preclinical & Clinical Medicine, National Research & Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research & Innovation Agency (BRIN) – Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research & Innovation Agency (BRIN) – Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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38
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Pierantoni L, Reis RL, Silva-Correia J, Oliveira JM, Heavey S. Spatial -omics technologies: the new enterprise in 3D breast cancer models. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1488-1500. [PMID: 37544843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The fields of tissue bioengineering, -omics, and spatial biology are advancing rapidly, each offering the opportunity for a paradigm shift in breast cancer research. However, to date, collaboration between these fields has not reached its full potential. In this review, we describe the most recently generated 3D breast cancer models regarding the biomaterials and technological platforms employed. Additionally, their biological evaluation is reported, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Specifically, we focus on the most up-to-date -omics and spatial biology techniques, which can generate a deeper understanding of the biological relevance of bioengineered 3D breast cancer in vitro models, thus paving the way towards truly clinically relevant microphysiological systems, improved drug development success rates, and personalised medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pierantoni
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susan Heavey
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Hu C, Behdinan K. Motion Characterization of Pacemaker Lead Wire In Vivo for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Applications. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023:10.1007/s13239-023-00700-3. [PMID: 37991598 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH) for cardiac pacemakers typically use animal models to assess the performance of the PEH. However, if considering multiple designs, the use of animal models and prototyping increases costs and time. To reduce the use of animal models in research for pacemaker energy harvesting applications, this study investigates the motion of a pacemaker lead wire (PLW) in vivo using fluoroscopy imaging to quantify the position and displacements as a function of time, such that the data can be used in computer simulations. METHODS The proposed technique uses fluoroscopy imaging video data of a dual chamber pacemaker implanted in a patient, and image processing allows for the motion of the PLW captured. The motion is discretized into nodes for ease of implementation in finite element software. FEA simulation is presented using a piezoelectric energy harvester design integrated in the lead wire, and the energy output is predicted by finite element computer simulation. RESULTS A 2-dimensional analysis is conducted with the fluoroscopy imaging video data to characterize the PLW motion and results show close agreement with literature values. Simulations with an energy harvesting circuit using the nodal position and displacement data shows that a PEH integrated in the PLW can generate a direct current voltage of 1.12 V and power output of 0.125 μW, potentially extending the battery life of pacemakers by 0.75-1 years. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that fluoroscopy imaging data can be effective in evaluating PEH designs rather than using animal models, saving time and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hu
- Advanced Research Laboratory for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures (ARL-MLS), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kamran Behdinan
- Advanced Research Laboratory for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures (ARL-MLS), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada.
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40
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Liu K, Hu L, Wang S, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhao S, Wang H, Li L, Li H. An efficient qPCR assay for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models by targeting human specific DNA in the intron of BRCA1. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9229-9237. [PMID: 37805662 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise quantification of grafted human cells in preclinical animal models such as non-human primates, rodents and rabbits is needed for the evaluations of the safety and efficacy of cell therapy. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a swift, sensitive and powerful assay is suitable for human cell quantification. However, it is a formidable challenge due to that the genome of non-human primates share more than 95% of similarity as human. METHODS In the present study, we developed a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models via targeting human specific DNA in the intron of BRCA1 (termed BRCA1-qPCR). The 5' and 3' end of BRCA1-qPCR probe was conjugated with FAM and non-fluorescent quencher-minor groove binder (NFQ-MGB), respectively. 1 µg of genomic DNA from human and preclinical animal models including rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, New Zealand white rabbits, SD rats, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used for determining the specificity and sensitivity of the BRCA1-qPCR assay. A calibration curve was generated by BRCA1-qPCR analysis of linearized plasmid containing targeted human specific DNA in BRCA1. The BRCA1-qPCR assay was validated by analysis of 0.003%, 0.03% and 0.3% of human leukocytes mixed within murine leukocytes. RESULTS The BRCA1-qPCR assay detected human DNA rather than DNA from tested species. The amplification efficiency of the BRCA1-qPCR assay was 95.4% and the linearity of the calibration curve was R2 = 0.9997. The BRCA1-qPCR assay detected as low as 5 copies of human specific DNA and is efficient to specially amplify 30 pg human DNA in the presence of 1 µg of genomic DNA from tested species, respectively. The BRCA1-qPCR assay was able to quantify as low as 0.003% of human cells within murine leukocytes. CONCLUSION The BRCA1-qPCR assay is efficient for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinzhu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Biotechnology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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41
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Farhan F, Trivedi M, Di Wu P, Cui W. Extracellular matrix modulates the spatial hepatic features in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:314. [PMID: 37907977 PMCID: PMC10619266 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) can provide a valuable in vitro model for disease modelling and drug development. However, generating HLCs with characteristics comparable to hepatocytes in vivo is challenging. Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in supporting liver development and hepatocyte functions, but their impact on hepatocyte differentiation and maturation during hPSC differentiation remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of two ECM components-Matrigel and type I collagen on hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS hESC-derived HLCs were generated through multistage differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures, incorporating either type I collagen or Matrigel during hepatic specification and maturation. The resulting HLCs was characterized for their gene expression and functionality using various molecular and cellular techniques. RESULTS Our results showed that HLCs cultured with collagen exhibited a significant increase in albumin and alpha-1 anti-trypsin expression with reduced AFP compared to HLCs cultured with Matrigel. They also secreted more urea than Matrigel cultures. However, these HLCs exhibited lower CYP3A4 activity and glycogen storage than those cultured with Matrigel. These functional differences in HLCs between collagen and Matrigel cultures closely resembled the hepatocytes of periportal and pericentral zones, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that Matrigel and collagen have differential effects on the differentiation and functionality of HLCs, which resemble, to an extent, hepatic zonation in the liver lobules. Our finding has an important impact on the generation of hPSC-HLCs for biomedical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Farhan
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Manjari Trivedi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Priscilla Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Robledo DAR, Prudente MS, Aguja SE, Iwata H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on the hepatoxicity induced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in rats and mice. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100131. [PMID: 37841056 PMCID: PMC10570958 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several toxicological studies were conducted to evaluate the hepatoxicity of PBDEs using different animal models, congeners, duration of exposure, and other parameters. These variations in different animal models and conditions might have an impact on extrapolating experimental results to humans. Hence, by the meta-analysis, we aimed to clarify and elucidate the species differences in hepatoxicity induced by PBDE exposure in rats and mice across different conditions and moderators. Fourteen in vivo studies that utilized rats and mice models were identified, and data such as author names, year of publication, type of PBDE congeners, rodent species, life stage of exposure, dosage, duration, and hepatoxicity indicators were extracted. The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to evaluate the association between hepatoxicity and PBDE exposure across multiple approaches of measurement. Subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and interaction analysis were utilized to elucidate the species-related differences among the results of the involved studies. The pooled SMD of hepatoxicity of PBDE exposure in the involved in vivo studies was 1.82 (p = 0.016), indicating exposure to PBDE congeners and mixtures is associated with a significant increase in liver toxicity in rodents. Moreover, findings showed that rats were more sensitive to PBDEs than mice with the BDE-209 had the highest SMD value. Among the life stages of exposure, embryonic stage was found to be the most sensitive to hepatoxicity induced by PBDE congeners. Positive relationships were found between the incidence of hepatoxicity with dosage and duration of exposure to PBDE. Interaction analyses showed significant interactions between rodent species (rats or mice), dosage, length of exposure, and hepatotoxicity endpoints. Rats demonstrated an increased susceptibility to variations in organ weight, histopathological changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress markers. Conversely, mice showed pronounced lipid accumulation and modifications in liver enzyme expression levels. However, significant differences were not found in terms of endoplasmic reticular stress as a mechanistic endpoint for hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that there might be some species-related differences in hepatoxicity induced by PBDE exposure in rats and mice depending on the parameters used. This study highlights the importance of cross-species extrapolation of results from animal models to accurately assess the potential risks to human health from exposure to PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Arthur R. Robledo
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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43
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Thakar RG, Fenton KN. Bioethical implications of organ-on-a-chip on modernizing drug development. Artif Organs 2023; 47:1553-1558. [PMID: 37578206 PMCID: PMC10615722 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chips are three-dimensional microdevices that emulate the structure, functionality, and behavior of specific tissues or organs using human cells. Combining organoids with microfabricated fluidic channels and microelectronics, these systems offer a promising platform for studying disease mechanisms, drug responses, and tissue performance. By replicating the in vivo microenvironment, these devices can recreate complex cell interactions in controlled conditions and facilitate research in various fields, including drug toxicity and efficacy studies, biochemical analysis, and disease pathogenesis. Integrating human induced pluripotent stem cells further enhances their applicability, thereby enabling patient-specific disease modeling for precision medicine. Although challenges like economy-of-scale, multichip integration, and regulatory compliance exist, advances in this modular technology show promise for lowering drug development costs, improving reproducibility, and reducing the reliance on animal testing. The ethical landscape surrounding organ-on-chip usage presents both benefits and concerns. While these chips offer an alternative to animal testing and potential cost savings, they raise ethical considerations related to community engagement, informed consent, and the need for standardized guidelines. Ensuring public acceptance and involvement in decision-making is vital to address misinformation and mistrust. Furthermore, personalized medicine models using patient-derived cells demand careful consideration of potential ethical dilemmas, such as modeling physiological functions of fetuses or brains and determining the extent of protection for these models. To achieve the full potential of organ-on-a-chip models, collaboration between scientists, ethicists, and regulators is essential to fulfil the promise of transforming drug development, advancing personalized medicine, and contributing to a more ethical and efficient biomedical research landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Thakar
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen N Fenton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Fang L, Velema WA, Lee Y, Xiao L, Mohsen MG, Kietrys AM, Kool ET. Pervasive transcriptome interactions of protein-targeted drugs. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1374-1383. [PMID: 37653232 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The off-target toxicity of drugs targeted to proteins imparts substantial health and economic costs. Proteome interaction studies can reveal off-target effects with unintended proteins; however, little attention has been paid to intracellular RNAs as potential off-targets that may contribute to toxicity. To begin to assess this, we developed a reactivity-based RNA profiling methodology and applied it to uncover transcriptome interactions of a set of Food and Drug Administration-approved small-molecule drugs in vivo. We show that these protein-targeted drugs pervasively interact with the human transcriptome and can exert unintended biological effects on RNA functions. In addition, we show that many off-target interactions occur at RNA loci associated with protein binding and structural changes, allowing us to generate hypotheses to infer the biological consequences of RNA off-target binding. The results suggest that rigorous characterization of drugs' transcriptome interactions may help assess target specificity and potentially avoid toxicity and clinical failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Willem A Velema
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yujeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna M Kietrys
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric T Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Green V, Baldwin L, England J, Marshall G, Frost L, Moore C, Greenman J. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biopsies Maintained Ex Vivo on a Perfusion Device Show Gene Changes with Time and Clinically Relevant Doses of Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4575. [PMID: 37760543 PMCID: PMC10527562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in 3-Dimensional (3D) culture models for studying disease have increased significantly over the last two decades, but fully understanding how these models represent in vivo still requires further investigation. The current study investigated differences in gene expression between a baseline sample and that maintained on a tissue-on-chip perfusion device for up to 96 h, with and without clinically-relevant doses of irradiation, to allow differentiation of model and treatment effects. Tumour tissue samples from 7 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC) patients were sub-divided and either fixed immediately upon excision or maintained in a tissue-on-chip device for 48 and 96 h, with or without 2 Gray (Gy) or 10 Gy irradiation. Gene expression was measured using an nCounter® PanCancer Progression Panel. Differentially expressed genes between pre- and post-ex vivo culture, and control and irradiated samples were identified using nSolver software (version 4.0). The secretome from the tumour-on-chip was analysed for the presence of cytokines using a Proteome Profiler™ platform. Significant numbers of genes both increased (n = 6 and 64) and decreased (n = 18 and 58) in expression in the tissue maintained on-chip for 48 and 96 h, respectively, compared to fresh tissue; however, the irradiation schedule chosen did not induce significant changes in gene expression or cytokine secretion. Although HNSCC tissue maintained ex vivo shows a decrease in a large proportion of altered genes, 25% and 53% (48 and 96 h) do show increased expression, suggesting that the tissue remains functional. Irradiation of tumour tissue-on-chip needs to be conducted for longer time periods for specific gene changes to be observed, but we have shown, for the first time, the feasibility of using this perfusion platform for studying the genomic response of HNSCC tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Green
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (L.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Lydia Baldwin
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (L.B.); (J.G.)
| | - James England
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Hull, Hull HU16 5JQ, UK;
| | - Gayle Marshall
- Medicines Discovery Catapult Ltd., Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (G.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Lucy Frost
- Medicines Discovery Catapult Ltd., Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (G.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Craig Moore
- Medical Physics Service, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Hull, Hull HU16 5JQ, UK;
| | - John Greenman
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (L.B.); (J.G.)
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46
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Russo D, Aleksunes LM, Goyak K, Qian H, Zhu H. Integrating Concentration-Dependent Toxicity Data and Toxicokinetics To Inform Hepatotoxicity Response Pathways. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12291-12301. [PMID: 37566783 PMCID: PMC10448720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Failure of animal models to predict hepatotoxicity in humans has created a push to develop biological pathway-based alternatives, such as those that use in vitro assays. Public screening programs (e.g., ToxCast/Tox21 programs) have tested thousands of chemicals using in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Developing pathway-based models for simple biological pathways, such as endocrine disruption, has proven successful, but development remains a challenge for complex toxicities like hepatotoxicity, due to the many biological events involved. To this goal, we aimed to develop a computational strategy for developing pathway-based models for complex toxicities. Using a database of 2171 chemicals with human hepatotoxicity classifications, we identified 157 out of 1600+ ToxCast/Tox21 HTS assays to be associated with human hepatotoxicity. Then, a computational framework was used to group these assays by biological target or mechanisms into 52 key event (KE) models of hepatotoxicity. KE model output is a KE score summarizing chemical potency against a hepatotoxicity-relevant biological target or mechanism. Grouping hepatotoxic chemicals based on the chemical structure revealed chemical classes with high KE scores plausibly informing their hepatotoxicity mechanisms. Using KE scores and supervised learning to predict in vivo hepatotoxicity, including toxicokinetic information, improved the predictive performance. This new approach can be a universal computational toxicology strategy for various chemical toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
P. Russo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Katy Goyak
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Hua Qian
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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47
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Liu T, Ge Y, Chen Z, Wu L, Tian T, Yao W, Zhao J. Synergistic Modulation of a Tunable Microenvironment to Fabricate a Liver Fibrosis Chip for Drug Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4893-4906. [PMID: 37523767 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive physiological change that occurs after liver injury and seriously endangers human health. The lack of reliable and physiologically relevant pathological models of liver fibrosis leads to a longer drug development period and sizeable economic investment. The fabrication of a biomimetic liver-on-a-chip is significant for liver disease treatment and drug development. Here, a sandwich chip with a microwell array structure in its bottom layer was fabricated to simulate the Disse space structure of hepatic sinusoids in vitro. By synergistic modulation of the cross-linking degree of gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels and the induction of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), the early and late stages of liver fibrosis were designed in the chip. Owing to its three-dimensional-mixed-culture strategy, it was possible to construct a liver sinusoid model in vitro to allow for faithful physiological emulation. The model was further subjected to drug treatment, and it presented a significant difference in treatment response in early and late fibrosis progression. Our system provides a unique method for emulating liver function through a vitro liver fibrosis-on-a-chip, potentially paving the way for investigating human liver fibrosis and related drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
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Gholizadeh Siahmazgi Z, Irani S, Ghiaseddin A, Fallah P, Haghpanah V. Xanthohumol hinders invasion and cell cycle progression in cancer cells through targeting MMP2, MMP9, FAK and P53 genes in three-dimensional breast and lung cancer cells culture. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:153. [PMID: 37533078 PMCID: PMC10394853 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in the treatment of lung and breast cancer, the mortality with these two types of cancer is high. Xanthohumol (XN) is known as a bioactive compound that shows an anticancer effect on cancer cells. Here, we intended to investigate the anticancer effects of XN on the breast and lung cancer cell lines, using the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. METHODS XN was isolated from Humulus lupulus using Preparative-Thin Layer Chromatography (P-TLC) method and its authenticity was documented through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR) methods. The spheroids of the breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines were prepared by the Hanging Drop (HD) method. Subsequently, the IC50s of XN were determined using the MTT assay in 2D and 3D cultures. Apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry and NFκB1/2, BAX, BCL2, and SURVIVIN expressions. Cell cycle progression was determined by P21, and P53 expressions as well as PI flow cytometry assays. Multidrug resistance was investigated through examining the expression of MDR1 and ABCG2. The invasion was examined by MMP2, MMP9, and FAK expression and F-actin labeling with Phalloidin-iFluor. RESULTS While the IC50s for the XN treatment were 1.9 µM and 4.74 µM in 2D cultures, these values were 12.37 µM and 31.17 µM in 3D cultures of MCF-7 and A549 cells, respectively. XN induced apoptosis in MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Furthermore, XN treatment reduced cell cycle progression, multidrug resistance, and invasion at the molecular and/or cellular levels. CONCLUSIONS According to our results of XN treatment in 3D conditions, this bioactive compound can be introduced as an adjuvant anti-cancer agent for breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghiaseddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Fallah
- Laboratory Science Department, Allied Medicine Faculty, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, 14114, Tehran, Iran.
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Tabatabaei Rezaei N, Kumar H, Liu H, Lee SS, Park SS, Kim K. Recent Advances in Organ-on-Chips Integrated with Bioprinting Technologies for Drug Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203172. [PMID: 36971091 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the demand for more reliable drug screening devices has made scientists and researchers develop novel potential approaches to offer an alternative to animal studies. Organ-on-chips are newly emerged platforms for drug screening and disease metabolism investigation. These microfluidic devices attempt to recapitulate the physiological and biological properties of different organs and tissues using human-derived cells. Recently, the synergistic combination of additive manufacturing and microfluidics has shown a promising impact on improving a wide array of biological models. In this review, different methods are classified using bioprinting to achieve the relevant biomimetic models in organ-on-chips, boosting the efficiency of these devices to produce more reliable data for drug investigations. In addition to the tissue models, the influence of additive manufacturing on microfluidic chip fabrication is discussed, and their biomedical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Tabatabaei Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hitendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongqun Liu
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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50
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Park M, Kim D, Kim I, Im SH, Kim S. Drug approval prediction based on the discrepancy in gene perturbation effects between cells and humans. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104705. [PMID: 37453362 PMCID: PMC10366401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor translation between in vitro and clinical studies due to the cells/humans discrepancy in drug target perturbation effects leads to safety failures in clinical trials, thus increasing drug development costs and reducing patients' life quality. Therefore, developing a predictive model for drug approval considering the cells/humans discrepancy is needed to reduce drug attrition rates in clinical trials. METHODS Our machine learning framework predicts drug approval in clinical trials based on the cells/humans discrepancy in drug target perturbation effects. To evaluate the discrepancy to predict drug approval (1404 approved and 1070 unapproved drugs), we analysed CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and loss-of-function mutation rate-based gene perturbation effects on cells and humans, respectively. To validate the risk of drug targets with the cells/humans discrepancy, we examined the targets of failed and withdrawn drugs due to safety problems. FINDINGS Drug approvals in clinical trials were correlated with the cells/humans discrepancy in gene perturbation effects. Genes tolerant to perturbation effects on cells but intolerant to those on humans were associated with failed drug targets. Furthermore, genes with the cells/humans discrepancy were related to drugs withdrawn due to severe side effects. Motivated by previous studies assessing drug safety through chemical properties, we improved drug approval prediction by integrating chemical information with the cells/humans discrepancy. INTERPRETATION The cells/humans discrepancy in gene perturbation effects facilitates drug approval prediction and explains drug safety failures in clinical trials. FUNDING S.K. received grants from the Korean National Research Foundation (2021R1A2B5B01001903 and 2020R1A6A1A03047902) and IITP (2019-0-01906, Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program, POSTECH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyuk Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Donghyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Inhae Kim
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea; ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.
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