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Chan WS, Ho CWY, Chan TC, Hung J, To MY, Leung SM, Lai KC, Wong CY, Leung CP, Au CH, Wan TSK, Zee JST, Ma ESK, Tang BSF. Clinical Evaluation of the BIOFIRE SPOTFIRE Respiratory Panel. Viruses 2024; 16:600. [PMID: 38675941 PMCID: PMC11055108 DOI: 10.3390/v16040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The BIOFIRE SPOTFIRE Respiratory (R) Panel is a novel, in vitro diagnostic PCR assay with 15 pathogen targets. The runtime is about 15 min which is the shortest among similar panels in the market. We evaluated the performance of the SPOTFIRE R Panel with 151 specimens, including 133 collected from the upper respiratory tract (URT), 13 from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and 5 external quality assessment program (EQAP) samples. The respiratory specimens were enrolled throughout the first two post-COVID-19 influenza seasons in Hong Kong (March to December 2023). For URT specimens, full concordance was observed between the SPOTFIRE R Panel and the standard-of-care FilmArray Respiratory 2.1 plus Panel (RP2.1plus) for 109 specimens (109/133, 81.95%). After discrepant analysis, the SPOTFIRE R Panel identified more pathogens than the RP2.1plus in 15 specimens and vice versa in 3 specimens. The per-target negative and positive percentage agreement (NPA and PPA) were 92.86-100% except the PPA of adenovirus (88.24%). For LRT and EQAP samples, all results were fully concordant. To conclude, the performance of the SPOTFIRE R Panel was comparable to the RP2.1plus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bone Siu-Fai Tang
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; (W.-S.C.); (C.-H.A.)
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2
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Yang W, Li Z, Yang T, Li Y, Xie Z, Feng L, Peng Z, Liu J. Experts' Consensus on the Management of Respiratory Disease Syndemic. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:131-138. [PMID: 38476822 PMCID: PMC10926044 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- National Center for Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of PublicHealth, Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center-Weifang Joint Research Center for Maternal and Child Health,Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Pai A, Kanji Z, Douglas JJ. Characterization of Coinfections in Patients with COVID-19. Can J Hosp Pharm 2024; 77:e3398. [PMID: 38204505 PMCID: PMC10754398 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Little is known about coinfections in patients with COVID-19, with antibiotics often initiated empirically. Objectives To determine the rates and characteristics of early and late coinfections in COVID-19 patients and to characterize the use of anti-infective agents, especially antibiotics. Methods This retrospective chart review involved patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Lions Gate Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia) between January 1 and June 30, 2020. Data were extracted from electronic medical records, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Of the 48 patients admitted during the study period, 10 (21%) were determined to have coinfections: 3 (6%) had early coinfections and 7 (15%) had late coinfections. Early empiric use of antibiotics was observed in 32 (67%) patients; for 29 (91%) of these 32 patients, the therapy was deemed inappropriate. Patients with coinfections had longer hospital stays and more complications. Conclusions Despite low rates of early coinfection, empiric antibiotics were started for a majority of the patients. Most late coinfections occurred in patients in the intensive care unit who required mechanical ventilation. Patients with coinfections had poorer outcomes than those without coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pai
- , BSc(Biochem), ACPR, PharmD, is a Clinical Pharmacist with the Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Zahra Kanji
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, PharmD, FCSHP, is a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist - Critical Care with the Department of Pharmacy, Lions Gate Hospital, and a Clinical Professor with the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - James Joshua Douglas
- , MD, is an Infectious Disease and Critical Care Physician with Lions Gate Hospital, and a Clinical Instructor with the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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4
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Wanlapakorn N, Thongpan I, Sarawanangkoor N, Vichaiwattana P, Auphimai C, Srimuan D, Thatsanathorn T, Kongkiattikul L, Kerr SJ, Poovorawan Y. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory infections among hospitalized children under 5 years of age in a tertiary care center in Bangkok, Thailand, 2019-2020. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22300. [PMID: 38045212 PMCID: PMC10692904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children and can range in severity from mild self-limiting illnesses to more severe conditions such as pneumonia and respiratory failure. Data on the epidemiology of viral and bacterial pathogens causing ARIs in children are scarce in this region. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of pathogens in children aged ≤5 years presenting with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Bangkok, Thailand. The impact of rapid multiplex PCR-based testing on clinical management is also explored. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive children aged ≤5 years presenting with SARI at a tertiary care centre in Bangkok, Thailand, between 2019 and 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected once at admission, and viral and bacterial pathogens were tested using the QIAstat-Dx respiratory panel. Results A total of 169 children were enrolled in this study. At least one pathogenic virus was detected in 91.7 % of participants. Based on the final diagnoses made upon discharge, 30.2 % had upper respiratory tract infection, whereas 66.3 % had lower respiratory tract infection. Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (59.2 %). The most common pathogen identified was rhino/enterovirus (45.2 %), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (31.6 %) and parainfluenza virus (14.2 %). Co-infection was found in 15.4 % and was not associated with increased disease severity. Conclusions This study provides additional insights into the pathogen profiles, clinical diagnosis, and co-infection combinations of ARIs in hospitalized children. This information is useful for diagnosis and treatment of ARIs, as well as implementation of appropriate infection control measures and guidance for future vaccine policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ilada Thongpan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Nasiri Sarawanangkoor
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Auphimai
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Donchida Srimuan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Lalida Kongkiattikul
- Division of pulmonology and critical care, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Stephen J. Kerr
- Biostatistics Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- FRS(T), the Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
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Gyöngyösi M, Lukovic D, Mester-Tonczar J, Zlabinger K, Einzinger P, Spannbauer A, Schweiger V, Schefberger K, Samaha E, Bergler-Klein J, Riesenhuber M, Nitsche C, Hengstenberg C, Mucher P, Haslacher H, Breuer M, Strassl R, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Loewe C, Beitzke D, Hasimbegovic E, Zelniker TA. Effect of monovalent COVID-19 vaccines on viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and several DNA viruses in patients with long-COVID syndrome. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:145. [PMID: 37773184 PMCID: PMC10541897 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation may be involved in long-COVID symptoms, but reactivation of other viruses as a factor has received less attention. Here we evaluated the reactivation of parvovirus-B19 and several members of the Herpesviridae family (DNA viruses) in patients with long-COVID syndrome. We hypothesized that monovalent COVID-19 vaccines inhibit viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and several DNA viruses in patients with long-COVID syndrome, thereby reducing clinical symptoms. Clinical and laboratory data for 252 consecutive patients with PCR-verified past SARS-CoV-2 infection and long-COVID syndrome (155 vaccinated and 97 non-vaccinated) were recorded during April 2021-May 2022 (median 243 days post-COVID-19 infection). DNA virus-related IgG and IgM titers were compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated long-COVID patients and with age- and sex-matched non-infected, unvaccinated (pan-negative for spike-antibody) controls. Vaccination with monovalent COVID-19 vaccines was associated with significantly less frequent fatigue and multiorgan symptoms (p < 0.001), significantly less cumulative DNA virus-related IgM positivity, significantly lower levels of plasma IgG subfractions 2 and 4, and significantly lower quantitative cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM and EBV IgM titers. These results indicate that anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may interrupt viral cross-talk in patients with long-COVID syndrome (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05398952).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mester-Tonczar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Zlabinger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Einzinger
- Institute of Information Systems Engineering, Research Unit of Information and Software Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spannbauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor Schweiger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Schefberger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eslam Samaha
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutta Bergler-Klein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Riesenhuber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Nitsche
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mucher
- Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Breuer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Strassl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Loewe
- Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietrich Beitzke
- Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ena Hasimbegovic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Zelniker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Yingchoncharoen P, Thongpiya J, Saowapa S, Abdelnabi M, Vinan-Vega M, Nugent K. Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Secondary to Concomitant Influenza A and Rhinovirus Infection Complicated by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in an Early Pregnancy Patient With Vaping-induced Lung Injury. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2023; 13:91-96. [PMID: 37868245 PMCID: PMC10589014 DOI: 10.55729/2000-9666.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. Multiple risk factors, including pneumonia, non-pulmonary sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or inhalation injury, have been reported, to cause ARDS. We present a case of a healthy young woman in her first trimester with vaping-induced lung injury who presented with spontaneous pneumothorax and acute respiratory distress syndrome with concomitant influenza A and rhinovirus infection followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerapas Thongpiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX,
USA
| | - Sakditad Saowapa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX,
USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelnabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX,
USA
| | - Myrian Vinan-Vega
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX,
USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX,
USA
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7
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Zhang X, Knoth C, Pham A, Lima A, Dominguez R, Ibarra-Flores I, Lopez JC, Uy D, Silbert S, Patel A, Aye M, Tang YW, Dien Bard J. The Clinical Performance of the BioCode Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria from Nasopharyngeal Swabs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0404422. [PMID: 37039708 PMCID: PMC10269715 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04044-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of microbial pathogens causing respiratory tract infection plays a crucial role in clinical management. The BioCode Respiratory Pathogen Panel (BioCode RPP) utilizes reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in combination with barcoded magnetic beads to amplify, detect, and identify respiratory pathogens. This panel qualitatively detects and identifies 14 viruses, including influenza virus A with H1 pdm09, H1, and H3 subtyping; influenza B; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); human metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus 1; parainfluenza virus 2; parainfluenza virus 3; parainfluenza virus 4; coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1); adenovirus; and human rhinovirus/enterovirus, and 3 bacteria, including Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis. Reproducibility, which was assessed with contrived specimens containing 12 targets at 3 clinical sites, with 2 operators at each site for 5 days, was 99.4% for Flu A H3 and Flu B, 98.9% for RSV, and 100% for the remaining 9 targets assayed. A multicenter clinical trial evaluated the performance of the BioCode RPP with 2,647 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 5 geographically distinct sites and revealed comparable performance between the BioCode RPP and FilmArray Respiratory Panel (FA-RP). Specifically, the positive percent agreements (PPAs) for various pathogens ranged between 80.8% and 100% compared with the FA-RP (1.7 and 2.0). Negative percent agreement ranged from 98.4% to 100% for BioCode RPP. The BioCode RPP also offers scalable automated testing capability of up to 96 specimens in a single run with total sample-to-result time under 5 h. The invalid rate of the BioCode RPP on initial testing was 1.0% (26/2,649). IMPORTANCE Early detection of microbial pathogens causing respiratory tract infection plays a crucial role in clinical management. The BioCode Respiratory Pathogen Panel (BioCode RPP) is a high-throughput test that utilizes RT-PCR in combination with barcoded magnetic beads to amplify, detect, and identify 17 respiratory pathogens, including 14 viruses and 3 bacteria. This study summarizes data generated from a multicenter clinical trial evaluating the performance of the BioCode RPP on 2,647 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from five geographically distinct sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Sichuan Academy of Medicine & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Colleen Knoth
- Applied BioCode Inc., Santa Fe Springs, California, USA
| | - Anh Pham
- Applied BioCode Inc., Santa Fe Springs, California, USA
| | | | - Rosario Dominguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irvin Ibarra-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juan C. Lopez
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dominic Uy
- Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Aye
- Applied BioCode Inc., Santa Fe Springs, California, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Haque OI, Shameem M, Hashim W. Secondary infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A retrospective single-center study. Lung India 2023; 40:210-214. [PMID: 37148017 PMCID: PMC10298817 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_293_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients infected with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) may have a higher incidence of developing secondary infections. These infections can further deteriorate the hospital course and increase mortality. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the incidence, associated risk factors, outcomes, and pathogens associated with secondary bacterial infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods All adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit requiring mechanical ventilation from October 1, 2020 until December 31, 2021 were screened for inclusion in the study. A total of 86 patients were screened and 65 who met the inclusion criteria were prospectively entered into a customized electronic database. The database was then retrospectively analyzed to investigate secondary bacterial infections. Results Of the 65 patients included, 41.54% acquired at least one of the studied secondary bacterial infections during the course of their ICU stay. The most common secondary infection (59.26%) seen was hospital-acquired pneumonia followed by acquired bacteremia of unknown origin (25.92%) and catheter-related sepsis (14.81%). Diabetes mellitus (P = <.001), cumulative dose of corticosteroids (P = 0.001), were associated with an increased risk of secondary bacterial infection. The most commonly isolated pathogen in patients with secondary pneumonia was Acinetobacter baumannii. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism associated with a bloodstream infection and catheter-related sepsis. Conclusion The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was high in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and was associated with a longer duration of admission to the hospital and ICU and a higher mortality. Diabetes mellitus and cumulative dose of corticosteroids were associated with significantly increased risk of secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid I. Haque
- Research Fellow, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mohammad Shameem
- Department of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wamin Hashim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Obeidat H, El-nasser Z, Amarin Z, Qablan A, Gharaibeh F. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare associated infections: A teaching hospital experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33488. [PMID: 37058033 PMCID: PMC10100630 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, with a high capability of contagious distribution, where national secondary and co-infections characterization are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infection rates among patients admitted to the intensive care units at King Abdullah University Hospital, profiling the drug resistance rates nationally. This is a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 associated infections that was conducted at a teaching hospital, in the north of Jordan. It included all COVID-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care units during the first and second pandemic waves. Data on age, gender, length of stay, co-morbidities, co-infections and sensitivity to antibiotics were retrospectively collected from the hospital information database. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. A total of 589 COVID-19 patients were included, of whom 20% developed bacterial associated infections. The ratio of bacterial co-infection to secondary infections was 1:8. Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii (40.1%), Eschericia coli (17.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia (6.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.1%) were the most abundant isolated species. The detection rates of E coli (ESBL), K pneumonia (ESBL), A baumannii (CRO), P aeruginosa (CRO), S aureus (MRSA) were 52%, 67%, 97%, 44%, and 67%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Obeidat
- Medical Laboratory Specialist/Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Medlabs Consultancy Group, Irbid, Jordon
| | - Ziad El-nasser
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordon
| | - Zouhair Amarin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordon
| | - Almutazballah Qablan
- Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordon
| | - Faris Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordon
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10
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Mahalakshmi V, Balobaid A, Kanisha B, Sasirekha R, Ramkumar Raja M. Artificial Intelligence: A Next-Level Approach in Confronting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060854. [PMID: 36981511 PMCID: PMC10048108 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in late 2019 in China created a devastating economical loss and loss of human lives. To date, 11 variants have been identified with minimum to maximum severity of infection and surges in cases. Bacterial co-infection/secondary infection is identified during viral respiratory infection, which is a vital reason for morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of secondary infections is an additional burden to the healthcare system; therefore, the quick diagnosis of both COVID-19 and secondary infections will reduce work pressure on healthcare workers. Therefore, well-established support from Artificial Intelligence (AI) could reduce the stress in healthcare and even help in creating novel products to defend against the coronavirus. AI is one of the rapidly growing fields with numerous applications for the healthcare sector. The present review aims to access the recent literature on the role of AI and how its subfamily machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are used to curb the pandemic’s effects. We discuss the role of AI in COVID-19 infections, the detection of secondary infections, technology-assisted protection from COVID-19, global laws and regulations on AI, and the impact of the pandemic on public life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science & Information Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Awatef Balobaid
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science & Information Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - B. Kanisha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, India
| | - R. Sasirekha
- Department of Computing Technologies, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chengalpattu 603203, India
| | - M. Ramkumar Raja
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Mijač M, Ljubin-Sternak S, Ivković-Jureković I, Vraneš J. Comparison of MT-PCR with Quantitative PCR for Human Bocavirus in Respiratory Samples with Multiple Respiratory Viruses Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050846. [PMID: 36899990 PMCID: PMC10001063 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is an important respiratory pathogen, especially in children, but it is often found in co-detection with other respiratory viruses, which makes the diagnostic approach challenging. We compared multiplex PCR and quantitative PCR for HBoV with multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) in 55 cases of co-detection of HBoV and other respiratory viruses. In addition, we investigated whether there is a connection between the severity of the disease, measured by the localization of the infection, and amount of virus detected in the respiratory secretions. No statistically significant difference was found, but children with large amount of HBoV and other respiratory virus had a longer stay in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mijač
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ivković-Jureković
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty for Dental Medicine and Healthcare, School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Ramos N, Panzera Y, Frabasile S, Tomás G, Calleros L, Marandino A, Goñi N, Techera C, Grecco S, Fuques E, Coppola L, Ramas V, Morel MN, Mogdasy C, Chiparelli H, Arbiza J, Pérez R, Delfraro A. A multiplex-NGS approach to identifying respiratory RNA viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Virol 2023; 168:87. [PMID: 36786897 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A methodological approach based on reverse transcription (RT)-multiplex PCR followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was implemented to identify multiple respiratory RNA viruses simultaneously. A convenience sampling from respiratory surveillance and SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in 2020 and 2021 in Montevideo, Uruguay, was analyzed. The results revealed the cocirculation of SARS-CoV-2 with human rhinovirus (hRV) A, B and C, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) B, influenza A virus, and metapneumovirus B1. SARS-CoV-2 coinfections with hRV or hRSV B and influenza A virus coinfections with hRV C were identified in adults and/or children. This methodology combines the benefits of multiplex genomic amplification with the sensitivity and information provided by NGS. An advantage is that additional viral targets can be incorporated, making it a helpful tool to investigate the cocirculation and coinfections of respiratory viruses in pandemic and post-pandemic contexts.
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13
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Vink E, Davis C, MacLean A, Pascall D, McDonald SE, Gunson R, Hardwick HE, Oosthuyzen W, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Ho A; ISARIC4C Investigators. Viral Coinfections in Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Recruited to the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac531. [PMID: 36381618 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted this study to assess the prevalence of viral coinfection in a well characterized cohort of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to investigate the impact of coinfection on disease severity. Methods Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for endemic respiratory viruses was performed on upper respiratory tract samples from 1002 patients with COVID-19, aged <1 year to 102 years old, recruited to the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK study. Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected prospectively up to 28 days post discharge. Results A coinfecting virus was detected in 20 (2.0%) participants. Multivariable analysis revealed no significant risk factors for coinfection, although this may be due to rarity of coinfection. Likewise, ordinal logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between coinfection and increased disease severity. Conclusions Viral coinfection was rare among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Kingdom during the first 18 months of the pandemic. With unbiased prospective sampling, we found no evidence of an association between viral coinfection and disease severity. Public health interventions disrupted normal seasonal transmission of respiratory viruses; relaxation of these measures mean it will be important to monitor the prevalence and impact of respiratory viral coinfections going forward.
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14
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Tang R, Wang L, Zhang J, Li X, Tan L, He W, Han H, Liu Y, Wang K, Wang M. Exploring the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of the oral intake formula Huoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction on influenza virus type A based on network pharmacology and experimental exploration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040056. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the active ingredients, underlying anti-influenza virus effects, and mechanisms of Huoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction (HSSD).Materials and methodsThe therapeutic effect of HSSD were confirmed through the survival rate experiment of H1N1-infected mice. Then, the HSSD solution and the ingredients absorbed into the blood after treatment with HSSD in rats were identified by UPLC/Q-TOF MS, while the main contents of ingredients were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next, a systems pharmacology approach incorporating target prediction, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and molecular docking were performed to screen out the active compounds and critical pathways of HSSD in treating influenza. According to prediction results, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of critical targets in H1N1-infected mice lungs.ResultsHuoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction improved the survival rate of H1N1-infected mice and prolonged the mice’s lifespan. Besides, HSSD exerts an antivirus effect by decreasing the levels of hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) to inhibit the replication and proliferation of H1N1, reducing the lung pathological state, inhibiting the cell apoptosis in the lung, and regulating the abnormal responses of peripheral blood, including GRA, LYM, white blood cell (WBC), PLT, and hemoglobin (HGB). Then, 87 compounds in the HSSD solution and 20 ingredients absorbed into the blood after treatment with HSSD were identified. Based on this, combined with the network analysis and previous research on antivirus, 16 compounds were screened out as the active components. Moreover, 16 potential targets were predicted by network pharmacology analysis. Next, molecular docking results showed stable binding modes between compounds and targets. Furthermore, experimental validation results indicated that HSSD regulates the contents of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum, modulating the levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IP-10 in the lung tissue, and significantly decreasing the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, CD14, MyD88, NF-κB p65, HIF1 α, VEGF, IL17A, and IL6 in the lung tissue.ConclusionHuoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction exerts an anti-influenza effect by affecting the expressions of mRNA and protein including TLR4, CD14, MyD88, NF-kB p65, HIF-1α, VEGF, IL17A, IL6, and inhibiting the accumulation of inflammation. Our study provided experimental pieces of evidence about the practical application of HSSD in treating influenza.
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15
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Jalandra R, Babu A, Dutt N, Chauhan NK, Bhatia P, Nag VL, Sharma P, Kumar D, Banerjee M, Joshi A. Co-infections in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients- A Prospective Observational Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e30608. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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de Hesselle ML, Borgmann S, Rieg S, Vehreshild JJ, Spinner CD, Koll CEM, Hower M, Stecher M, Ebert D, Hanses F, Schumann J. Invasiveness of Ventilation Therapy Is Associated to Prevalence of Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175239. [PMID: 36079168 PMCID: PMC9457079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superinfections are a fundamental critical care problem, and their significance in severe COVID-19 cases needs to be determined. This study analyzed data from the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients (LEOSS) cohort focusing on intensive care patients. A retrospective analysis of patient data from 840 cases of COVID-19 with critical courses demonstrated that co-infections were frequently present and were primarily of nosocomial origin. Furthermore, our analysis showed that invasive therapy procedures accompanied an increased risk for healthcare-associated infections. Non-ventilated ICU patients were rarely affected by secondary infections. The risk of infection, however, increased even when non-invasive ventilation was used. A further, significant increase in infection rates was seen with the use of invasive ventilation and even more so with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. The marked differences among ICU techniques used for the treatment of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure in terms of secondary infection risk profile should be taken into account for the optimal management of critically ill COVID-19 patients, as well as for adequate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Louise de Hesselle
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Medicine Halle (Saale), 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Borgmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Siegbert Rieg
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Janne Vehreshild
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph D. Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Carolin E. M. Koll
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hower
- Department of Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine and Intensive Care, Klinikum Dortmund GmbH, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebert
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Medicine Halle (Saale), 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Hanses
- Emergency Department and Department for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schumann
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Medicine Halle (Saale), 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence:
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Krumbein H, Kümmel LS, Fragkou PC, Thölken C, Hünerbein BL, Reiter R, Papathanasiou KA, Renz H, Skevaki C. Respiratory viral co-infections in patients with COVID-19 and associated outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2022; 33:e2365. [PMID: 35686619 PMCID: PMC9347814 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically assess the published literature related to community-acquired viral co-infections and COVID-19 and to evaluate the prevalence, most identified co-pathogens, and relevant risk factors. Furthermore, we aimed to examine the clinical features and outcomes of co-infected compared to mono-infected COVID-19 patients. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library for studies published from 1 November 2019 to 13 August 2021. We included patients of all ages and any COVID-19 severity who were screened for respiratory viral co-infection within 48 h of COVID-19 diagnosis. The main outcome was the proportion of patients with a respiratory viral co-infection. The systematic review was registered to PROSPERO (CRD42021272235). Out of 6053 initially retrieved studies, 59 studies with a total of 16,643 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were included. The global pooled prevalence was 5.01% (95% CI 3.34%-7.27%; I2 = 95%) based on a random-effects model, with Influenza Viruses (1.54%) and Enteroviruses (1.32%) being the most prevalent pathogens. Subgroup analyses showed that co-infection was significantly higher in paediatric (9.39%) than adult (3.51%) patients (p-value = 0.02). Furthermore, co-infected patients were more likely to be dyspnoeic and the odds of fatality (OR = 1.66) were increased. Although a relatively low proportion of COVID-19 patients have a respiratory viral co-infection, our findings show that multiplex viral panel testing may be advisable in patients with compatible symptoms. Indeed, respiratory virus co-infections may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes and therefore have therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Krumbein
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Lara S. Kümmel
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineMedical School of AthensNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAttikon University HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Clemens Thölken
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and BiostatisticsMedical FacultyPhilipps University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Ben L. Hünerbein
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Rieke Reiter
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
| | | | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Philipps Universität MarburgGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL) MarburgMarburgGermany
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Marua AM, Shethwala ND, Bhatt P, Shah A. Evaluation of Bacterial Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance in Positive COVID-19 Patients. Maedica (Bucur) 2022; 17:350-356. [PMID: 36032617 PMCID: PMC9375886 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Due to the fact that patients with COVID--19 can have a bacterial co-infection, physicians should be careful when prescribing antibiotics, with rather considering the sensitivity and resistance of these drugs than various bacteria. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to evaluate bacterial coinfections and antibiotic resistance in positive COVID-19 patients. Method:This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 450 hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were selected by simple random sampling. Blood culture (BC) and endotracheal aspirate (ETA) were performed for all COVID-19 patients participating in the study. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar for all isolated strains in accordance with the Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Standards guidelines. Finally, susceptibility of all identified bacteria to 10 types of antibiotics was assessed. Results:Based on the results of endotracheal aspirate (ETA) culture, we found that 79 (17.5%) patients had COVID-19 and bacterial co-infection. Among COVID-19 patients with bacterial co-infection, Klebsiella species had the highest frequency (21.6%), followed by Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (19%), Escherichia coli (17.7%), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (15.2%), Enterobacter species (13.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.6%), respectively. Based on the results of the present study, it was found that the level of antibiotic resistance for different bacteria varied from 0-100%. Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that patients with COVID-19 are susceptible to bacterial co-infection, which leads to the conclusion that excessive use of antibiotics is an important factor in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, caution is needed in prescribing different antibiotics to patients with COVID-19. In addition, considering the SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with other pathogens, it is necessary to use an optimal treatment method for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpesh M Marua
- Department of Pathology, Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Nadiad, India
| | | | - Parth Bhatt
- Department of Pathology, Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, India
| | - Amar Shah
- Department of Pathology, Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, India
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De Bruyn A, Verellen S, Bruckers L, Geebelen L, Callebaut I, De Pauw I, Stessel B, Dubois J. Secondary infection in COVID-19 critically ill patients: a retrospective single-center evaluation. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:207. [PMID: 35236299 PMCID: PMC8890021 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can develop severe illness necessitating intensive care admission. Critically ill patients are susceptible for the development of secondary bacterial infections. Due to a combination of virus- and drug-induced immunosuppression, critically ill patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may even have a higher risk of developing a secondary infection. These secondary infections can aggravate the severity of illness and increase the risk of death. Further research on secondary infections in COVID-19 patients is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and associated risk factors of secondary bacterial infections and to identify the most common groups of pathogens in critically ill COVID-19 patients. METHODS This mono-center, retrospective observational cohort study was performed at the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium. All adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU from 13th March 2020 until 17th October 2020, were eligible for inclusion in the study. Data from the resulting 116 patients were prospectively entered into a customized database. The resulting database was retrospectively reviewed to investigate three types of secondary bacterial infections (secondary pneumonia, bloodstream infections of unknown origin, catheter-related sepsis). RESULTS Of 94 included patients, 68% acquired at least one of the studied secondary bacterial infections during their ICU stay. Almost two thirds of patients (65.96%, n = 62) acquired a secondary pneumonia, whereas 29.79% (n = 28) acquired a bacteremia of unknown origin and a smaller proportion of patients (14.89%, n = 14) acquired a catheter-related sepsis. Male gender (P = 0.05), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.03) and the cumulative dose of corticosteroids (P = 0.004) were associated with increased risk of secondary bacterial infection. The most common pathogens detected in the cultures of patients with secondary pneumonia were Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteremia of unknown origin and catheter-related sepsis were mostly caused by Gram-positive cocci. CONCLUSION This study confirms that the incidence of secondary bacterial infections is very high in critically ill COVID-19 patients. These patients are at highest risk of developing secondary pneumonia. Male gender, a history of diabetes mellitus and the administration of corticosteroids were associated with increased risk of secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid De Bruyn
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verellen
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Laurien Geebelen
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ina Callebaut
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.,I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Pauw
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Björn Stessel
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.,UHasselt, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, LCRC, Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jasperina Dubois
- Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Jessa Hospital - Hasselt, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
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20
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Ramanan M, Burrell A, Paul E, Trapani T, Broadley T, McGloughlin S, French C, Udy A. Nosocomial infections amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients in Australia. J Clin Virol Plus 2021; 1:100054. [PMID: 35262030 PMCID: PMC8582097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the frequency of nosocomial infections including hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and bloodstream infection (BSI), amongst critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection in Australian ICUs and to evaluate associations with mortality and length of stay (LOS). Methods The effect of nosocomial infections on hospital mortality was evaluated using hierarchical logistic regression models to adjust for illness severity and mechanical ventilation. Results There were 490 patients admitted to 55 ICUs during the study period. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hospital mortality was 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-4.27, p = 0.3) when considering BSI, and 1.76 (95% CI 0.73-4.21, p = 0.2) for HAP. The average adjusted ICU LOS was significantly longer for patients with BSI (geometric mean 9.0 days vs 6.3 days, p = 0.04) and HAP (geometric mean 13.9 days vs 6.0 days p<0.001). Conclusion Nosocomial infection rates amongst patients with COVID-19 were low and their development was associated with a significantly longer ICU LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramanan
- Caboolture Hospital, 120 McKean Street, Caboolture, Queensland, Australia
- Critical Care Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King Street, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Aidan Burrell
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eldho Paul
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Trapani
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tessa Broadley
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve McGloughlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig French
- Western Health, Furlong Road, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Udy
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Scott SJ, Pfotenhauer B, Weiner JJ, Hilleshiem J, Khubbar M, Bhattacharyya S. Respiratory Pathogen Coinfections in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients in Southeastern Wisconsin: A Retrospective Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0083121. [PMID: 34668725 PMCID: PMC8528126 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00831-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected all age groups and disproportionately impacted vulnerable populations globally. Polymicrobial infections may play an important role in the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection in susceptible hosts. These coinfections may increase the risk of disease severity and pose challenges to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. There have been limited SARS-CoV-2 coinfection studies. In this retrospective study, residual nucleic acid extracts from 796 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-positive specimens, collected between March 2020 and February 2021, were analyzed using a Luminex NxTAG respiratory pathogen panel (RPP). Of these, 745 returned valid results and were used for analysis; 53 (7.1%) were positive for one or more additional pathogens. Six different respiratory viruses were detected among the 53 SARS-CoV-2-positive patient specimens, and 7 of those specimens tested positive for more than one additional respiratory virus. The most common pathogens include rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) (n = 22, 41.51%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (n = 18, 33.9%), and adenovirus (n = 12, 22.6%). Interestingly, there were no SARS-CoV-2 coinfections involving influenza A or influenza B in the study specimens. The median age of the SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with coinfections was 38 years; 53% identified as female, and 47% identified as male. Based on our retrospective analysis, respiratory coinfections associated with SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were more common in young children (≤9 years old), with white being the most common race. Our findings will likely prompt additional investigation of polymicrobial infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 during seasonal respiratory pathogen surveillance by public health laboratories. IMPORTANCE This examination of respiratory pathogen coinfections in SARS-CoV-2 patients will likely shed light on our understanding of polymicrobial infection associated with COVID-19. Our results should prompt public health authorities to improve seasonal respiratory pathogen surveillance practices and address the risk of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Scott
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Beth Pfotenhauer
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J. Weiner
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jordan Hilleshiem
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manjeet Khubbar
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Kleandrova VV, Scotti MT, Speck-Planche A. Indirect-Acting Pan-Antivirals vs. Respiratory Viruses: A Fresh Perspective on Computational Multi-Target Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:2687-2693. [PMID: 34636311 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211012110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses continue to afflict mankind. Among them, pathogens such as coronaviruses [including the current pandemic agent known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)] and the one causing influenza A (IAV) are highly contagious and deadly. These can evade the immune system defenses while causing a hyperinflammatory response that can damage different tissues/organs. Simultaneously targeting immunomodulatory proteins is a plausible antiviral strategy since it could lead to the discovery of indirect-acting pan-antiviral (IAPA) agents for the treatment of diseases caused by respiratory viruses. In this context, computational approaches, which are an essential part of the modern drug discovery campaigns, could accelerate the identification of multi-target immunomodulators. This perspective discusses the usefulness of computational multi-target drug discovery for the virtual screening (drug repurposing) of IAPA agents capable of boosting the immune system through the activation of the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and/or the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) while inhibiting key pro-inflammatory proteins, such as caspase-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Kleandrova
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research of Quality and Technology of Food Production, Moscow State University of Food Production, Volokolamskoe shosse 11, 125080, Moscow. Russian Federation
| | - Marcus T Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa. Brazil
| | - Alejandro Speck-Planche
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa. Brazil
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23
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Chekuri S, Szymczak WA, Goldstein DY, Nori P, Marrero Rolon R, Spund B, Singh-Tan S, Mohrmann L, Assa A, Southern WN, Baron SW. SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with additional respiratory virus does not predict severe disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:iii12-iii19. [PMID: 34555160 PMCID: PMC8460099 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) claimed over 4 million lives by July 2021 and continues to pose a serious public health threat. Objectives Our retrospective study utilized respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) results in patients with SARS-CoV-2 to determine if coinfection (i.e. SARS-CoV-2 positivity with an additional respiratory virus) was associated with more severe presentation and outcomes. Methods All patients with negative influenza/respiratory syncytial virus testing who underwent RPP testing within 7 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test at a large, academic medical centre in New York were examined. Patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a negative RPP were compared with patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 and positive for a virus by RPP in terms of biomarkers, oxygen requirements and severe COVID-19 outcome, as defined by mechanical ventilation or death within 30 days. Results Of the 306 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with RPP testing, 14 (4.6%) were positive for a non-influenza virus (coinfected). Compared with the coinfected group, patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a negative RPP had higher inflammatory markers and were significantly more likely to be admitted (P = 0.01). Severe COVID-19 outcome occurred in 111 (36.3%) patients in the SARS-CoV-2-only group and 3 (21.4%) patients in the coinfected group (P = 0.24). Conclusions Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 along with a non-influenza respiratory virus had less severe disease on presentation and were more likely to be admitted—but did not have more severe outcomes—than those infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Chekuri
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wendy A Szymczak
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - D Yitzchak Goldstein
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Priya Nori
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Marrero Rolon
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brian Spund
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sumeet Singh-Tan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laurel Mohrmann
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrei Assa
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - William N Southern
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sarah W Baron
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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24
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Liu X, Nguyen TH, Sokulsky L, Li X, Garcia Netto K, Hsu ACY, Liu C, Laurie K, Barr I, Tay H, Eyers F, Foster PS, Yang M. IL-17A is a common and critical driver of impaired lung function and immunopathology induced by influenza virus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Respirology 2021; 26:1049-1059. [PMID: 34472161 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Influenza virus (FLU), rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the most common acute respiratory infections worldwide. Infection can cause severe health outcomes, while therapeutic options are limited, primarily relieving symptoms without attenuating the development of lesions or impaired lung function. We therefore examined the inflammatory response to these infections with the intent to identify common components that are critical drivers of immunopathogenesis and thus represent potential therapeutic targets. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with FLU, RV or RSV, and lung function, airway inflammation and immunohistopathology were measured over a 10-day period. Anti-IL-17A mAb was administered to determine the impact of attenuating this cytokine's function on the development and severity of disease. RESULTS All three viruses induced severe airway constriction and inflammation at 2 days post-infection (dpi). However, only FLU induced prolonged inflammation till 10 dpi. Increased IL-17A expression was correlated with the alterations in lung function and its persistence. Neutralization of IL-17A did not affect the viral replication but led to the resolution of airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, anti-IL-17A treatment resulted in reduced infiltration of neutrophils (in RV- and FLU-infected mice at 2 dpi) and lymphocytes (in RSV-infected mice at 2 dpi and FLU-infected mice at 10 dpi), and attenuated the severity of immunopathology. CONCLUSION IL-17A is a common pathogenic molecule regulating disease induced by three prevalent respiratory viruses. Targeting the IL-17A pathway may provide a unified approach to the treatment of these respiratory infections alleviating both inflammation-induced lesions and difficulties in breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thi Hiep Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon Sokulsky
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keilah Garcia Netto
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke - National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Karen Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hock Tay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Eyers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Valsecchi P, Colaneri M, Zuccaro V, Asperges E, Costanzo F, Mariani B, Roda S, Minucci R, Bertuccio F, Fraolini E, Bosio M, Tirelli C, Oggionni T, Corsico A, Bruno R. Impact of Pneumococcal Urinary Antigen Testing in COVID-19 Patients: Outcomes from the San Matteo COVID-19 Registry (SMACORE). J Pers Med 2021; 11:762. [PMID: 34442406 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite low rates of bacterial co-infections, most COVID-19 patients receive antibiotic therapy. We hypothesized that patients with positive pneumococcal urinary antigens (PUAs) would benefit from antibiotic therapy in terms of clinical outcomes (death, ICU admission, and length of stay). The San Matteo COVID-19 Registry (SMACORE) prospectively enrolls patients admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia at IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia. We retrospectively extracted the data of patients tested for PUA from October to December 2020. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded. Of 469 patients, 42 tested positive for PUA (8.95%), while 427 (91.05%) tested negative. A positive PUA result had no significant impact on death (HR 0.53 CI [0.22-1.28] p-value 0.16) or ICU admission (HR 0.8; CI [0.25-2.54] p-value 0.70) in the Cox regression model, nor on length of stay in linear regression (estimate 1.71; SE 2.37; p-value 0.47). After adjusting for age, we found no significant correlation between urinary antigen positivity and variations in the WHO ordinal scale and laboratory markers at admission and after 14 days. We found that a positive PUA result was not frequent and had no impact on clinical outcomes or clinical improvement. Our results did not support the routine use of PUA tests to select COVID-19 patients who will benefit from antibiotic therapy.
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26
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Devi P, Khan A, Chattopadhyay P, Mehta P, Sahni S, Sharma S, Pandey R. Co-infections as Modulators of Disease Outcome: Minor Players or Major Players? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664386. [PMID: 34295314 PMCID: PMC8290219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co-infection may present either as a pre-existing pathogen which is accentuated by the introduction of a new pathogen or may appear in the form of new infection acquired secondarily due to a compromised immune system. Using diverse examples of co-infecting pathogens such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Hepatitis C Virus, we have highlighted the role of co-infections in modulating disease severity and clinical outcome. This interaction happens at multiple hierarchies, which are inclusive of stress and immunological responses and together modulate the disease severity. Already published literature provides much evidence in favor of the occurrence of co-infections during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which eventually impacts the Coronavirus disease-19 outcome. The availability of biological models like 3D organoids, mice, cell lines and mathematical models provide us with an opportunity to understand the role and mechanism of specific co-infections. Exploration of multi-omics-based interactions across co-infecting pathogens may provide deeper insights into their role in disease modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Devi
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Azka Khan
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Chattopadhyay
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Sahni
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Sharma
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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27
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Van Leuven JT, Gonzalez AJ, Ijezie EC, Wixom AQ, Clary JL, Naranjo MN, Ridenhour BJ, Miller CR, Miura TA. Rhinovirus Reduces the Severity of Subsequent Respiratory Viral Infections by Interferon-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. mSphere 2021; 6:e0047921. [PMID: 34160242 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00479-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection by heterologous viruses in the respiratory tract is common and can alter disease severity compared to infection by individual virus strains. We previously found that inoculation of mice with rhinovirus (RV) 2 days before inoculation with a lethal dose of influenza A virus [A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8)] provides complete protection against mortality. Here, we extended that finding to a second lethal respiratory virus, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), and analyzed potential mechanisms of RV-induced protection. RV completely prevented mortality and weight loss associated with PVM infection. Major changes in host gene expression upon PVM infection were delayed compared to PR8. RV induced earlier recruitment of inflammatory cells, which were reduced at later times in RV-inoculated mice. Findings common to both virus pairs included the upregulated expression of mucin-associated genes and dampening of inflammation-related genes in mice that were inoculated with RV before lethal virus infection. However, type I interferon (IFN) signaling was required for RV-mediated protection against PR8 but not PVM. IFN signaling had minor effects on PR8 replication and contributed to controlling neutrophilic inflammation and hemorrhagic lung pathology in RV/PR8-infected mice. These findings, combined with differences in virus replication levels and disease severity, suggest that the suppression of inflammation in RV/PVM-infected mice may be due to early, IFN-independent suppression of viral replication, while that in RV/PR8-infected mice may be due to IFN-dependent modulation of immune responses. Thus, a mild upper respiratory viral infection can reduce the severity of a subsequent severe viral infection in the lungs through virus-dependent mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viruses from diverse families cocirculate in human populations and are frequently detected within the same host. Although clinical studies suggest that infection by multiple different respiratory viruses may alter disease severity, animal models in which we can control the doses, timing, and strains of coinfecting viruses are critical to understanding how coinfection affects disease severity. Here, we compared gene expression and immune cell recruitment between two pairs of viruses (RV/PR8 and RV/PVM) inoculated sequentially in mice, both of which result in reduced severity compared to lethal infection by PR8 or PVM alone. Reduced disease severity was associated with suppression of inflammatory responses in the lungs. However, differences in disease kinetics and host and viral gene expression suggest that protection by coinfection with RV may be due to distinct molecular mechanisms. Indeed, we found that antiviral cytokine signaling was required for RV-mediated protection against lethal infection by PR8 but not PVM.
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28
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Mazumder P, Kalamdhad A, Chaminda GT, Kumar M. Coalescence of co-infection and antimicrobial resistance with SARS-CoV-2 infection: The blues of post-COVID-19 world. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2021; 3:100093. [PMID: 38620798 PMCID: PMC7897456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In viral respiratory infections, bacterial co-pathogens are widely known to co-infect, and they significantly increase the morbidity and mortality rate. During the influenza season, the advent of 2019-nCoV (novel coronavirus) has led to the widespread use of oral and intravenous antibiotics and inhibitors of neuraminidase enzyme. Owing to causes such as extended intubation, the ubiquitous use of intrusive catheters, and compromised host immunity, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients are at heightened risk of secondary bacterial and fungal infections, leading to the difficulty in their treatment. Apart from the pandemic, the primary risk is a likely surge in multidrug resistance. In this work, we evaluated the coalescence of present co-infection alongside the COVID-19 and post-pandemic antimicrobial resistance due to high ongoing drug use for the treatment of COVID-19. We found that while there is currently limited evidence of bacterial infections in COVID-19, available proof supports the restricted use of antibiotics from an antibiotic stewardship viewpoint, primarily upon entry. Paramount attempts should be made to collect sputum and blood culture samples as well as pneumococcal urinary antigen monitoring in order to endorse stringent antibiotic usage. For antimicrobial stewardship, inflammatory markers like procalcitonin have been added, but such biomarkers are typically upraised in COVID-19. Antimicrobials cannot be completely removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and once they enter the water environment, possesses a great risk of inducing resistance to drugs in microbes. Hence, their prescription and administrations should be regulated and alternate solutions such as vaccines, preventive measures and personal hygiene should be given top priority. It is imperative to establish an antimicrobial strategy discrete to COVID-19, as this pandemic has caused an outbreak of numerous other associated diseases and has the potential to drive microbial resistance. Coordinated plans are essential for this at the citizen, health-care and policy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ajay Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gg Tushara Chaminda
- Departmnet of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 3823009, India
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29
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Amin-Chowdhury Z, Aiano F, Mensah A, Sheppard CL, Litt D, Fry NK, Andrews N, Ramsay ME, Ladhani SN. Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Risk of Pneumococcal Coinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Prospective National Cohort Study, England. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e65-e75. [PMID: 33196783 PMCID: PMC7717180 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection with influenza results in synergistic lethality, but there are limited data on pneumococcal coinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS Public Health England conducts invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in England. IPD trends during 2000/2001-2019/2020 epidemiological years were analyzed and cases during February-June 2020 linked with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for death. RESULTS IPD incidence in 2019/2020 (7.6/100 000; n = 3964) was 30% (IRR, .70; 95% CI, .18-2.67) lower compared with 2018/2019 (10.9/100 000; n = 5666), with large reductions observed across all age groups during March-June 2020. There were 160 886 SARS-CoV-2 and 1137 IPD cases during February-June 2020, including 40 IPD/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) co-infections (.025% [95% CI, .018-.034] of SARS-CoV-2 infections; 3.5% [2.5-4.8] of IPD cases), 21 with COVID-19 diagnosed 3-27 days after IPD, and 27 who developed COVID-19 ≥28 days after IPD. Case-fatality rates (CFRs) were 62.5 (25/40), 47.6% (10/21), and 33.3% (9/27), respectively (P < .001). In addition to an independent association with increasing age and serotype group, CFR was 7.8-fold (95% CI, 3.8-15.8) higher in those with IPD/COVID-19 coinfection and 3.9-fold (95% CI, 1.4-10.7) higher in patients who developed COVID-19 3-27 days after IPD compared with patients with IPD only. CONCLUSIONS Large declines in IPD were observed following COVID-19 lockdown. IPD/COVID-19 coinfections were rare but associated with high CFR, mainly in older adults. The rarity, age and serotype distribution of IPD/COVID-19 coinfections do not support wider extension of pneumococcal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Mensah
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen L Sheppard
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit (RVBRU), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Litt
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit (RVBRU), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman K Fry
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.,Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit (RVBRU), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling, and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (PIDRG), St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Althouse BM, Flasche S, Toizumi M, Nguyen HAT, Vo HM, Le MN, Hashizume M, Ariyoshi K, Anh DD, Rodgers GL, Klugman KP, Hu H, Yoshida LM. Differences in clinical severity of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5163. [PMID: 33664311 PMCID: PMC7933285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is uncertain whether clinical severity of an infection varies by pathogen or by multiple infections. Using hospital-based surveillance in children, we investigate the range of clinical severity for patients singly, multiply, and not infected with a group of commonly circulating viruses in Nha Trang, Vietnam. RT-PCR was performed to detect 13 respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal samples from enrolled patients. We apply a novel clinical severity score and examine associations with the odds of being severe and differences in raw severity scores. We find no difference in severity between 0-, 1-, and 2-concurrent infections and little differences in severity between specific viruses. We find RSV and HMPV infections to be associated with 2- and 1.5-fold increase in odds of being severe, respectively, and that infection with ADV is consistently associated with lower risk of severity. Clinically, based on the results here, if RSV or HMPV virus is suspected, PCR testing for confirmatory diagnosis and for detection of multiple coinfecting viruses would be fruitful to assess whether a patient’s disease course is going to be severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, 3150 139th Ave SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA. .,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Stefan Flasche
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, USA
| | - Michiko Toizumi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Minh Nhat Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hao Hu
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Puzniak L, Finelli L, Yu KC, Bauer KA, Moise P, De Anda C, Vankeepuram L, Sepassi A, Gupta V. A multicenter analysis of the clinical microbiology and antimicrobial usage in hospitalized patients in the US with or without COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:227. [PMID: 33639862 PMCID: PMC7910773 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past respiratory viral epidemics suggest that bacterial infections impact clinical outcomes. There is minimal information on potential co-pathogens in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the US. We analyzed pathogens, antimicrobial use, and healthcare utilization in hospitalized US patients with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS This multicenter retrospective study included patients with > 1 day of inpatient admission and discharge/death between March 1 and May 31, 2020 at 241 US acute care hospitals in the BD Insights Research Database. We assessed microbiological testing data, antimicrobial utilization in admitted patients with ≥24 h of antimicrobial therapy, and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS A total of 141,621 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 (17,003 [12.0%] positive) and 449,339 patients were not tested. Most (> 90%) patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 had additional microbiologic testing performed compared with 41.9% of SARS-CoV-2-untested patients. Non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen rates were 20.9% for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients compared with 21.3 and 27.9% for SARS-CoV-2-negative and -untested patients, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common pathogens (45.5, 44.1, and 43.5% for SARS-CoV-2-positive, -negative, and -untested patients). SARS-CoV-2-positive patients had higher rates of hospital-onset (versus admission-onset) non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens compared with SARS-CoV-2-negative or -untested patients (42.4, 22.2, and 19.5%, respectively), more antimicrobial usage (68.0, 45.2, and 25.1% of patients), and longer hospital LOS (mean [standard deviation (SD)] of 8.6 [11.4], 5.1 [8.9], and 4.2 [8.0] days) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (mean [SD] of 7.8 [8.5], 3.6 [6.2], and 3.6 [5.9] days). For all groups, the presence of a non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen was associated with increased hospital LOS (mean [SD] days for patients with versus without a non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen: 13.7 [15.7] vs 7.3 [9.6] days for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, 8.2 [11.5] vs 4.3 [7.9] days for SARS-CoV-2-negative patients, and 7.1 [11.0] vs 3.9 [7.4] days for SARS-CoV-2-untested patients). CONCLUSIONS Despite similar rates of non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens in SARS-CoV-2-positive, -negative, and -untested patients, SARS-CoV-2 was associated with higher rates of hospital-onset infections, greater antimicrobial usage, and extended hospital and ICU LOS. This finding highlights the heavy burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems and suggests possible opportunities for diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalvin C Yu
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vikas Gupta
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Background: Bacterial co-infections are frequently identified in viral respiratory infections and are significant reasons for morbidity and mortality. Information on the prevalence of bacterial co-infection in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, blood culture (BC) and endotracheal aspirate (ETA) were obtained from COVID-19 patients (RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2). The bacterial isolates were confirmed by the standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: Among these 340 patients with COVID-19, a total of 43 (12.46%) patients had secondary bacterial infections. The most common bacteria isolated through ETA and BC included Klebsiella species 11 (25.59%), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) 9 (20.93%), Escherichia coli 7 (16.28%), methicillin-resistant Staph ylo coccus aureus (MRSA) 6 (13.95%), Enterobacter species 5 (11.63%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 (2.32%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (9.30%). The results showed that Enterobacteriaceae isolates from COVID-19 patients had the highest resistance to cotrimoxazole (74%), piperacillin (67.5%), ceftazidime (47.5%), and cefepime (42.5%). All isolates were susceptible to amikacin (100%). S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (100%) and the rates of resistance to oxacillin, erythromycin and clindamycin were over (90%). P. aeruginosa was susceptible (90%) to imipenem. Conclusions: Bacterial co-infection is relatively infrequent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. According to the results, one of the causes of death of these patients could be a secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ayatollah Alimoradiyan Hospital, Nahavand, Hamadan, Iran
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Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, Soucy JPR, Daneman N. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1622-1629. [PMID: 32711058 PMCID: PMC7832079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 213.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of bacterial infection in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood. AIMS To determine the prevalence of bacterial co-infection (at presentation) and secondary infection (after presentation) in patients with COVID-19. SOURCES We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE databases for English language literature from 2019 to April 16, 2020. Studies were included if they (a) evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 and (b) reported the prevalence of acute bacterial infection. CONTENT Data were extracted by a single reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. The main outcome was the proportion of COVID-19 patients with an acute bacterial infection. Any bacteria detected from non-respiratory-tract or non-bloodstream sources were excluded. Of 1308 studies screened, 24 were eligible and included in the rapid review representing 3338 patients with COVID-19 evaluated for acute bacterial infection. In the meta-analysis, bacterial co-infection (estimated on presentation) was identified in 3.5% of patients (95%CI 0.4-6.7%) and secondary bacterial infection in 14.3% of patients (95%CI 9.6-18.9%). The overall proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection was 6.9% (95%CI 4.3-9.5%). Bacterial infection was more common in critically ill patients (8.1%, 95%CI 2.3-13.8%). The majority of patients with COVID-19 received antibiotics (71.9%, 95%CI 56.1 to 87.7%). IMPLICATIONS Bacterial co-infection is relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The majority of these patients may not require empirical antibacterial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Langford
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, ON, Canada.
| | - Miranda So
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | | | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Toronto East Health Network, Michael Garron Hospital, ON Canada
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul R Soucy
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), ON, Canada
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Loevinsohn G, Hardick J, Sinywimaanzi P, Fenstermacher KZJ, Shaw-Saliba K, Monze M, Gaydos CA, Rothman RE, Pekosz A, Thuma PE, Sutcliffe CG. Respiratory pathogen diversity and co-infections in rural Zambia. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:291-298. [PMID: 33127501 PMCID: PMC7817328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The role of respiratory co-infections in modulating disease severity remains understudied in southern Africa, particularly in rural areas. This study was performed to characterize the spectrum of respiratory pathogens in rural southern Zambia and the prognostic impact of co-infections. Methods: Respiratory specimens collected from inpatient and outpatient participants in a viral surveillance program in 2018–2019 were tested for selected viruses and a typical bacteria using the Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay and FilmArray Respiratory Panel EZ. Participants were followed for 3–5 weeks to assess their clinical course. Multivariable regression was used to examine the role of co-infections in influencing disease severity. Results: A respiratory pathogen was detected in 63.2% of samples from 671 participants who presented with influenza-like illness. Common pathogens identified included influenza virus (18.2% of samples), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (11.8%), rhinovirus (26.4%), and coronavirus (6.0%). Overall, 6.4% of participants were co-infected with multiple respiratory pathogens. Compared to mono-infections, co-infections were found not to be associated with severe clinical illness either overall (relative risk (RR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39–1.32) or specifically with influenza virus (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.14–4.46) or RSV infections (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.17–1.11). Conclusions: Respiratory infections in rural southern Zambia were associated with a wide range of viruses. Respiratory co-infections in this population were not associated with clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Loevinsohn
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mwaka Monze
- Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia; Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Callahan ZY, Smith TK, Ingersoll C, Gardner R, Korgenski EK, Sloan CD. Comparative Seasonal Respiratory Virus Epidemic Timing in Utah. Viruses 2020; 12:E275. [PMID: 32121465 DOI: 10.3390/v12030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found evidence of viral interference between seasonal respiratory viruses. Using laboratory-confirmed data from a Utah-based healthcare provider, Intermountain Health Care, we analyzed the time-specific patterns of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A, influenza B, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and enterovirus circulation from 2004 to 2018, using descriptive methods and wavelet analysis (n = 89,462) on a local level. The results showed that RSV virus dynamics in Utah were the most consistent of any of the viruses studied, and that the other seasonal viruses were generally in synchrony with RSV, except for enterovirus (which mostly occurs late summer to early fall) and influenza A and B during pandemic years.
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Masoud K, Hanna-Wakim R, Zaraket H, Kharroubi S, Araj GF, Matar GM, Dbaibo G. Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Pediatric Patients in Lebanon. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2019; 11:e2019059. [PMID: 31700584 DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2019.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially among children. The majority of these infections in children are of viral etiology. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of viral ARI among children in Lebanon. Patients and Methods Children presenting with symptoms of ARI were prospectively recruited between September 2009 to February 2012. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from patients and screened for 11 respiratory viruses using a multiplex Luminex-based PCR assay. Results Two hundred twenty-one patients were recruited with a median age of 1 year (IQR: 0 - 5). Out of 221 patients, 116 (52.5%) were positive for at least one virus, the majority (103/116; 88.8%) of which were in children under 6-year of age. Overall, 188 viruses were detected. Rhinovirus (RhV) was the most common virus detected in 81 (69.8%) patients followed by coxsackie virus and echovirus (CVEV) which were detected as one target in the panel in 45 (38.8%), and parainfluenza viruses (PIV types: 1, 2, 3, 4) in 24 (20.7%) patients. Coinfection with more than one virus was detected in 49 (42.9%) patients. RhV and CVEV were the most common viruses associated with co-infections and higher risk of rhinorrhea. Conclusions Viral pathogens account for at least half of the ARIs in Lebanon, with a high frequency of co-infections being detected.
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Park JS, Chu SY, Shin YY, Ryu IK, Tang CL, Choi J, Kim HB, Kim CK. Comparison of clinical severity between single- and coinfections of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus with common respiratory viruses. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2019.7.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shou-Yu Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi-Yeon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Kyung Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chih-Lung Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungi Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- First365 Pediatric Clinic, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Price OH, Sullivan SG, Sutterby C, Druce J, Carville KS. Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e221. [PMID: 31364539 PMCID: PMC6625191 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported evidence of interference between respiratory viruses: respiratory viruses rarely reach their epidemic peak concurrently and there appears to be a negative association between infection with one respiratory virus and co-infection with another. We used results spanning 16 years (2002-2017) of a routine diagnostic multiplex panel that tests for nine respiratory viruses to further investigate these interactions in Victoria, Australia. Time series analyses were used to plot the proportion positive for each virus. The seasonality of all viruses included was compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus using cross-correlations. Logistic regression was used to explore the likelihood of co-infection with one virus given infection with another. Seasonal peaks were observed each year for influenza A and RSV and less frequently for influenza B, coronavirus and parainfluenza virus. RSV circulated an average of 6 weeks before influenza A. Co-infection with another respiratory virus was less common with picornavirus, RSV or influenza A infection. Our findings provide further evidence of a temporal relationship in the circulation of respiratory viruses. A greater understanding of the interaction between respiratory viruses may enable better prediction of the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. H. Price
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - S. G. Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Sutterby
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J. Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - K. S. Carville
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Gonzalez AJ, Ijezie EC, Balemba OB, Miura TA. Attenuation of Influenza A Virus Disease Severity by Viral Coinfection in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2018; 92:e00881-18. [PMID: 30232180 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00881-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses and rhinoviruses are responsible for a large number of acute respiratory viral infections in human populations and are detected as copathogens within hosts. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that coinfection by rhinovirus and influenza virus may reduce disease severity and that they may also interfere with each other's spread within a host population. To determine how coinfection by these two unrelated respiratory viruses affects pathogenesis, we established a mouse model using a minor serogroup rhinovirus (rhinovirus strain 1B [RV1B]) and mouse-adapted influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [PR8]). Infection of mice with RV1B 2 days before PR8 reduced the severity of infection by a low or medium, but not high, dose of PR8. Disease attenuation was associated with an early inflammatory response in the lungs and enhanced clearance of PR8. However, coinfection by RV1B did not reduce PR8 viral loads early in infection or inhibit replication of PR8 within respiratory epithelia or in vitro Inflammation in coinfected mice remained focal compared to diffuse inflammation and damage in the lungs of mice infected by PR8. The timing of RV1B coinfection was a critical determinant of protection, suggesting that sufficient time is needed to induce this response. Finally, disease attenuation was not unique to RV1B: dose-dependent coinfection by a murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 [MHV-1]) also reduced the severity of PR8 infection. Unlike RV1B, coinfection with MHV-1 reduced early PR8 replication, which was associated with upregulation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. This model is critical for understanding the mechanisms responsible for influenza disease attenuation during coinfection by unrelated respiratory viruses.IMPORTANCE Viral infections in the respiratory tract can cause severe disease and are responsible for a majority of pediatric hospitalizations. Molecular diagnostics have revealed that approximately 20% of these patients are infected by more than one unrelated viral pathogen. To understand how viral coinfection affects disease severity, we inoculated mice with a mild viral pathogen (rhinovirus or murine coronavirus), followed 2 days later by a virulent viral pathogen (influenza A virus). This model demonstrated that rhinovirus can reduce the severity of influenza A virus, which corresponded with an early but controlled inflammatory response in the lungs and early clearance of influenza A virus. We further determined the dose and timing parameters that were important for effective disease attenuation and showed that influenza disease is also reduced by coinfection with a murine coronavirus. These findings demonstrate that coinfecting viruses can alter immune responses and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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Canela LNP, Magalhães-Barbosa MCD, Raymundo CE, Carney S, Siqueira MM, Prata-Barbosa A, Cunha AJLAD. Viral detection profile in children with severe acute respiratory infection. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:402-411. [PMID: 30365924 PMCID: PMC7138071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of viral co-detection in children with severe acute respiratory infection is not clear. We described the viral detection profile and its association with clinical characteristics in children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Method Longitudinal observational retrospective study, with patients aged 0–18 years, admitted to 11 PICUs in Rio de Janeiro, with suspected H1N1 infection, from June to November, 2009. The results of respiratory samples which were sent to the Laboratory of Fiocruz/RJ and clinical data extracted from specific forms were analyzed. Results Of 71 samples, 38% tested positive for H1N1 virus. Of the 63 samples tested for other viruses, 58 were positive: influenza H1N1 (43.1% of positive samples), rhinovirus/enterovirus (41.4%), respiratory syncytial vírus (12.1%), human metapneumovirus (12.1%), adenovirus (6.9%), and bocavirus (3.5%). Viral codetection occured in 22.4% of the cases. H1N1-positive patients were of a higher median age, had higher frequency of fever, cough and tachypnea, and decreased leukometry when compared to H1N1-negative patients. There was no difference in relation to severity outcomes (number of organic dysfunctions, use of mechanical ventilation or amines, hospital/PICU length of stay or death). Comparing the groups with mono-detection and co-dection of any virus, no difference was found regarding the association with any clinical variable. Conclusions Other viruses can be implicated in SARI in children. The role of viral codetection has not yet been completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sharon Carney
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonca Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Prata-Barbosa
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Davis BM, Foxman B, Monto AS, Baric RS, Martin ET, Uzicanin A, Rainey JJ, Aiello AE. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory infections in young adults on a university campus: Prevalence, symptoms, and shedding. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:582-590. [PMID: 29660826 PMCID: PMC6086849 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence, symptom course, and shedding in persons infected with the 4 most common human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We estimate their prevalence and associated symptoms among college students identified via a social network study design. PATIENTS/METHODS We collected 1-3 samples (n = 250 specimens) from 176 participants between October 2012 and January 17, 2013: participants with acute respiratory infection (ARI; cough and body aches or chills or fever/feverishness) and their social contacts. Virus was detected using RT-PCR. RESULTS 30.4% (76/250) of specimens tested positive for any virus tested, and 4.8% (12/250) were positive for 2 or more viruses. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs [22.0%; 55/250]), rhinovirus (7.6%; 19/250), and influenza A (6.4%; 16/250) were most prevalent. Symptoms changed significantly over time among ARI participants with HCoV: the prevalence of cough and chills decreased over 6 days (P = .04, and P = .01, respectively), while runny nose increased over the same period (P = .02). HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent virus detected 6 days following symptom onset (8.9%), followed by rhinovirus (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS During a 3-month period covering a single season, HCoVs were common, even among social contacts without respiratory symptoms; specific symptoms may change over the course of HCoV-associated illness and were similar to symptoms from influenza and rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeanette J Rainey
- Division Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Melnichuk N, Zarubaev V, Iosyk I, Andreychyn M, Semernikova L, Tkachuk Z. Pre-Clinical and Clinical Efficiency of Complexes of Oligoribonucleotides with D-Mannitol against Respiratory Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E59. [PMID: 29783756 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligoribonucleotides-D-mannitol (ORNs-D-M) complexes possess antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory actions. The aim of the present study was to evaluated an antiviral effect of ORNs-D-M against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3); influenza CA709, PR834; avian influenza virus H5N2 (AIV) in vitro by a TCID50; hemadsorption and neuraminidase activity assays; and clinical efficiency of ORNs-D-M in patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) of various etiologies by PCR assay and AmpliSens test systems. It was observed that ORNs-D-M have an antiviral activity against the influenza CA709, PR834, PIV3, and AIV in vitro. The injectable dosage form of ORNs-D-M was shown to have a stronger antiviral effect compared to capsule form. It was also detected that the injectable form of ORNs-D-M significantly reduced the neuraminidase activity of influenza PR834. A complex treatment of patients with ORNs-D-M had a positive effect on the course of the disease, it accelerated patients’ recovery. Treatment with ORNs-D-M caused eradication of adeno- and influenza viruses in patients with ARI. This drug contributed to significant decrease in duration of febrile period and cough. Comprehensive treatment with ORNs-D-M improved the disease clinical findings significantly. Collectively, these results suggested that ORNs-D-M may be used at co-infection with influenza and other respiratory viruses as a medical antiviral drug.
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Opatowski L, Baguelin M, Eggo RM. Influenza interaction with cocirculating pathogens and its impact on surveillance, pathogenesis, and epidemic profile: A key role for mathematical modelling. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006770. [PMID: 29447284 PMCID: PMC5814058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that influenza virus interacts with other pathogens colonising or infecting the human respiratory tract. Taking into account interactions with other pathogens may be critical to determining the real influenza burden and the full impact of public health policies targeting influenza. This is particularly true for mathematical modelling studies, which have become critical in public health decision-making. Yet models usually focus on influenza virus acquisition and infection alone, thereby making broad oversimplifications of pathogen ecology. Herein, we report evidence of influenza virus interactions with bacteria and viruses and systematically review the modelling studies that have incorporated interactions. Despite the many studies examining possible associations between influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, etc., very few mathematical models have integrated other pathogens alongside influenza. The notable exception is the pneumococcus-influenza interaction, for which several recent modelling studies demonstrate the power of dynamic modelling as an approach to test biological hypotheses on interaction mechanisms and estimate the strength of those interactions. We explore how different interference mechanisms may lead to unexpected incidence trends and possible misinterpretation, and we illustrate the impact of interactions on public health surveillance using simple transmission models. We demonstrate that the development of multipathogen models is essential to assessing the true public health burden of influenza and that it is needed to help improve planning and evaluation of control measures. Finally, we identify the public health, surveillance, modelling, and biological challenges and propose avenues of research for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulla Opatowski
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Institut Pasteur, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Marc Baguelin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Malhotra B, Swamy MA, Janardhan Reddy PV, Gupta ML. Viruses causing severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in children ≤5 years of age at a tertiary care hospital in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 144:877-885. [PMID: 28474624 PMCID: PMC5433280 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_22_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide. As different respiratory viruses exhibit similar symptoms, simultaneous detection of these viruses in a single reaction mixture can save time and cost. The present study was done in a tertiary care children's hospital for rapid identification of viruses causing SARI among children less than or equal to five years of age using multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit. METHODS A total of 155 throat swabs were collected from equal number of children suspected to have SARI and processed for extraction of nucleic acids using automated extraction system. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR was done to identify the viruses in the samples. RESULTS The overall positivity for viruses in the study was found to be 72.9 per cent with a co-infection rate of 19.5 per cent. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was the predominant virus detected in 25.7 per cent children followed by influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, human rhinovirus (HRV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in 19.9, 11.0 and 8.8 per cent children, respectively. The HMPV was at its peak in February 2013, HAdV showed two peaks in March-April, 2012 and November 2012-March 2013 while HRV was detected throughout the year. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Multiplex real-time PCR helped in rapid identification of viruses. Seventeen viruses were detected in SARI cases with overall positivity of 72.9 per cent. HMPV was the most predominant virus. However, for better clinico-virological correlation, studies are required with complete work up of all the aetiological agents, clinical profile of patients and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M Anjaneya Swamy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - P V Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M L Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, J. K. Lone Hospital, Jaipur, India
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Koch RM, Kox M, Thijs EJM, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, van de Veerdonk FL, Gerretsen J, Schloesser J, Diavatopoulos D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Netea MG, van der Hoeven JG, de Jonge MI, Pickkers P. Development of Endotoxin Tolerance Does Not Influence the Response to a Challenge with the Mucosal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Humans In Vivo. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1600. [PMID: 29312282 PMCID: PMC5732479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of bacterial infections on the response to subsequent viral infections are largely unknown. This is important to elucidate to increase insight into the pathophysiology of bacterial and viral co-infections, and to assess whether bacterial infections may influence the course of viral infections. Methods Healthy male subjects received either bacterial endotoxin [Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2 ng/kg, n = 15] or placebo (n = 15) intravenously, followed by intranasal Fluenz (live-attenuated influenza vaccine) 1 week later. Results LPS administration resulted in increased plasma cytokine levels and development of endotoxin tolerance in vivo and ex vivo, illustrated by attenuated cytokine production upon rechallenge with LPS. Following Fluenz administration, infectivity for the Fluenz A/B strains was similar between the LPS-Fluenz and placebo-Fluenz groups (13/15 subjects in both groups). Also, the Fluenz-induced increase in temperature and IL-6, G-CSF and IP-10 concentrations in nasal wash were similar between both groups. Conclusion While endotoxemia profoundly attenuates the immune response upon a second LPS challenge, it does not influence the Fluenz-induced immune response. These results suggest immune suppression after bacterial infection does not alter the response to a subsequent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Koch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora J M Thijs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janette C Rahamat-Langendoen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dimitri Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Comparison of Dual Priming Oligonucleotide vs. Liquid Bead Suspension Array vs. Tagged Oligo Cleavage Extension chemistry for the detection of respiratory viruses from adult and pediatric populations. Co-infections are detected frequently with these multiplex assays, especially in children, that it may impact current policies to cohort patients based on the result of a single virus. All 3 commercial assays are based on different chemistries and are statistically non-inferior to each other in terms of sensitivity and specificity, both on prospective and retrospective samples. Choice of assay by a clinical lab depends on volumes, cost, and work-flow considerations.
Background Timely identification of respiratory virus infection is essential to mitigate inappropriate antibiotic use and to implement appropriate treatment and/or infection control procedures. As such, multiplexed PCR assays have become standard in many virology laboratories. Objectives To compare the Seeplex RV15 (test of record) with two newer generation multiplex assays, the Anyplex II RV16 and the xTAG respiratory virus panels. Study design Two hundred and three retrospective and 36 prospective respiratory samples were tested by all three assays. Samples were deemed to be positive if they tested positive for a virus by at least two of the three respective assays. Negative samples also had to test negative by at least two of the three assays. Inconclusive samples were those that showed band signal intensity between 0 and 100 on the RV15, but had not been previously tested on the RV16 or xTAG. Results and conclusions Overall sensitivity and specificity of all three assays were similar (∼85% and 100%, respectively). Given each assay can identify multiple different viruses, the targets reported by one assay did not always agree with each target from another assay. Partial discordant rates were 47% and 21% for positive and negative samples, respectively. These higher than expected partial discordant rates may be due to primer or chemistry differences amongst the three multiplex assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Radko
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Ian Stuart
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Deakin G, Dobbs E, Bennett JM, Jones IM, Grogan HM, Burton KS. Multiple viral infections in Agaricus bisporus - Characterisation of 18 unique RNA viruses and 8 ORFans identified by deep sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2469. [PMID: 28550284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty unique non-host RNAs were sequenced in the cultivated fungus, Agaricus bisporus, comprising 18 viruses each encoding an RdRp domain with an additional 8 ORFans (non-host RNAs with no similarity to known sequences). Two viruses were multipartite with component RNAs showing correlative abundances and common 3′ motifs. The viruses, all positive sense single-stranded, were classified into diverse orders/families. Multiple infections of Agaricus may represent a diverse, dynamic and interactive viral ecosystem with sequence variability ranging over 2 orders of magnitude and evidence of recombination, horizontal gene transfer and variable fragment numbers. Large numbers of viral RNAs were detected in multiple Agaricus samples; up to 24 in samples symptomatic for disease and 8–17 in asymptomatic samples, suggesting adaptive strategies for co-existence. The viral composition of growing cultures was dynamic, with evidence of gains and losses depending on the environment and included new hypothetical viruses when compared with the current transcriptome and EST databases. As the non-cellular transmission of mycoviruses is rare, the founding infections may be ancient, preserved in wild Agaricus populations, which act as reservoirs for subsequent cell-to-cell infection when host populations are expanded massively through fungiculture.
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Kanwar A, Selvaraju S, Esper F. Human Coronavirus-HKU1 Infection Among Adults in Cleveland, Ohio. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx052. [PMID: 28616442 PMCID: PMC5466428 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coronaviruses (CoV) have been long recognized as a common cause of respiratory tract disease including severe respiratory tract illness. Coronavirus-HKU1 has been described predominantly among children less than 5 years of age in the United States with few studies characterizing the disease spectrum among adults. METHODS Nasopharyngeal specimens of patients with respiratory symptoms were analyzed for CoV-HKU1 by NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel multiplex assay from February 7, 2016 to April 30, 2016. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected on adults (patients >18 years) whose samples screened positive. RESULTS Of 832 adult respiratory specimens screened, 13 (1.6%) cases of CoV-HKU1 were identified. Adults age ranged between 23 and 75 years and 6 (46%) were males. All of whom had 1 or more respiratory symptoms, and 5 (38%) also reported 1 or more gastrointestinal symptoms. Eleven (85%) reported history of smoking and 5 (38%) used inhaled steroids. Seven (54%) required hospitalization, 5 (71%) of these needed supplemental oxygen, and 2 (29%) were admitted to intensive care. Median length of hospitalization was 5 days. Eight (62%) received antibiotics despite identification of CoV-HKU1. Infectious work-up in 1 patient who died did not reveal any other pathogen. In 2 (15%) CoV-HKU1-positive adults, the only viral coinfection detected was influenza A. CONCLUSIONS Coronavirus-HKU1 accounted for 1.6% of adult respiratory infections and should be considered in differential diagnosis of severe respiratory illnesses among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Kanwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine and
| | - Suresh Selvaraju
- Department of Pathology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Frank Esper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
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Kim TK, Bheda-Malge A, Lin Y, Sreekrishna K, Adams R, Robinson MK, Bascom CC, Tiesman JP, Isfort RJ, Gelinas R. A systems approach to understanding human rhinovirus and influenza virus infection. Virology 2015; 486:146-57. [PMID: 26437235 PMCID: PMC7111289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus and influenza virus infections of the upper airway lead to colds and the flu and can trigger exacerbations of lower airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets are still needed to differentiate between the cold and the flu, since the clinical course of influenza can be severe while that of rhinovirus is usually more mild. In our investigation of influenza and rhinovirus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells, we used a systems approach to identify the temporally changing patterns of host gene expression from these viruses. After infection of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) with rhinovirus, influenza virus or co-infection with both viruses, we studied the time-course of host gene expression changes over three days. We modeled host responses to these viral infections with time and documented the qualitative and quantitative differences in innate immune activation and regulation. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were infected with rhinovirus (RV16), influenza A virus (H1N1) or both viruses. Steady-state RNA was profiled from five biological replicate samples by microarray hybridization at multiple times over three days. The changing patterns of key biological processes for each virus or both viruses together were analyzed. The data reveal similarities and differences in innate immune responses, cytokine activation, regulation of apoptosis as well as other processes that have implications for host recovery from viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Kyun Kim
- The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | - Yakang Lin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA.
| | | | - Rachel Adams
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA.
| | | | | | - Jay P Tiesman
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory viral infection is a common source of morbidity and mortality in children. Coinfection with multiple viruses occurs frequently; however, the clinical significance of concomitant viral pathogens is unclear. We hypothesized that presence of more than one respiratory virus is associated with increased morbidity and mortality when compared with children with a single respiratory virus. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING A tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS All children at Duke Children's Hospital over a 2-year period with isolation of a virus on an extended viral respiratory panel result. Demographic data, comorbidities, and details of hospital encounter were recorded. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two hundred thirty-five hospital encounters demonstrated positive extended viral respiratory panels. Immunocompromised status (37%) and respiratory comorbidities (23%) were common. Twenty-eight patients (12%) tested positive for multiple viruses, with adenovirus (23/28) and respiratory syncytial virus (15/28) most prevalent in patients with multiple viruses. Viral codetection was associated with increased use of noninvasive ventilation (p = 0.02), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p = 0.02), increased likelihood of moderate or severe illness (p = 0.005), and increased mortality (p = 0.01). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that this mortality association persisted for children with normal immune function (p = 0.003) and children with no comorbidities (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Children with multiple respiratory viruses may be at increased risk of moderate or severe illness and mortality, with previously healthy children potentially being at greatest risk. Further studies are indicated to determine the significance and generalizability of this finding and to better understand the pathophysiology of viral coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Rehder
- 1Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. 2Division of Critical Care, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC. 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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