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Deng YL, Lu TT, Hao H, Liu C, Yuan XQ, Miao Y, Zhang M, Zeng JY, Li YF, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Association between Urinary Haloacetic Acid Concentrations and Liver Injury among Women: Results from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:17006. [PMID: 38261302 PMCID: PMC10805132 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have shown that disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including haloacetic acids (HAAs) can cause liver toxicity, but evidence linking this association in humans is sparse. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the associations between HAA exposures and liver injury. METHODS We included 922 women between December 2018 and January 2020 from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort study in Wuhan, China. Urinary HAA concentrations including trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and serum indicators of liver function, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured. Liver injury was defined as if any of serum indicator levels were above the 90th percentile. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of urinary HAA concentrations with the risk of liver injury and liver function indicators. Stratified analyses by age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, and passive smoking were also applied to evaluate the potential effect modifiers. RESULTS There is little evidence of associations of urinary TCAA concentrations with liver injury risk and liver function indicators. However, urinary DCAA concentrations were associated with a higher risk of liver injury [odds ratios (OR) for 1-interquartile range (IQR) increase in natural log (ln) transformed DCAA concentrations: 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 1.98]. This association was observed only among nondrinkers (p interaction = 0.058 ). We also found that a 1-IQR increase in ln-transformed DCAA concentrations was positively associated with ALT levels (percentage change = 6.06 % ; 95% CI: 0.48%, 11.95%) and negatively associated with AST/ALT (percentage change = - 4.48 % ; 95% CI: - 7.80 % , - 1.04 % ). In addition, urinary DCAA concentrations in relation to higher GGT levels was observed only among passive smokers (p interaction = 0.040 ). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exposure to DCAA but not TCAA is associated with liver injury among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13386.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Hao
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Yuan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Yang L, Chen L, Hao Y, Zhou R, Zhu J, Zhu X, Wang Q, Li X, Ding X, Qian Y. Urinary trihalomethane concentrations and liver function indicators: a cross-sectional study in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023. [PMID: 36596971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While it is known that exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), impairs liver function, few epidemiological studies have explored this association. Here, we determined the concentrations of four urinary trihalomethanes (chloroform [TCM], and three Br-THMs, bromodichloromethane [BDCM], dibromochloromethane [DBCM], and bromoform [TBM]), and nine serum liver function indicators in 182 adults ≥ 18 years of age, examined at a medical examination center in Wuxi, China, in 2020 and 2021. Generalized linear model analysis revealed positive associations between urinary DBCM and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). Urinary Br-THMs and total THMs (TTHMs) were positively associated with ALT, AST, TBIL, indirect bilirubin (IBIL), TP, and ALB (all P < 0.05). Urinary THMs were not associated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or glutamine transaminase (GGT) (all P > 0.05). Generalized additive model-based penalized regression splines were used to confirm these associations. In conclusion, THM exposure was associated with altered serum biomarkers of liver function.
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Ioannou E, Oikonomou S, Efthymiou N, Constantinou A, Delplancke T, Charisiadis P, Makris KC. A time differentiated dietary intervention effect on the biomarkers of exposure to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids pesticides. iScience 2022; 26:105847. [PMID: 36711241 PMCID: PMC9874006 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring medical models to the right person or risk subgroups delivered at the right time is important in personalized medicine/prevention initiatives. The CIRCA-CHEM randomized 2x2 crossover pilot trial investigated whether the consumption of fruits/vegetables within a time-restricted daily window would affect urinary biomarkers of exposure to neonicotinoids (6-chloronicotinic acid, 6-CN) and pyrethroids (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-PBA) pesticides, a biomarker of oxidative damage (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) and the associated urinary NMR metabolome. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in both creatinine-adjusted 6-CN and 3-PBA levels was observed between the two-time dietary intervention windows (morning vs. evening). In the evening intervention period, pesticides biomarker levels were higher compared to the baseline, whereas in the morning period, pesticide levels remained unchanged. Positive associations were observed between pesticides and 4-HNE suggesting a diurnal chrono-window of pesticide toxicity. The discovery of a chronotoxicity window associated with chrono-disrupted metabolism of food contaminants may find use in personalized medicine initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ioannou
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus,Nutrition & Dietetics Department, Limassol General Hospital, State Health Services Organization, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Oikonomou
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Efthymiou
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Andria Constantinou
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Thibaut Delplancke
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Cyprus International Institute of Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus,Corresponding author
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Beane Freeman LE, Kogevinas M, Cantor KP, Villanueva CM, Prokunina-Olsson L, Florez-Vargas O, Figueroa JD, Ward MH, Koutros S, Baris D, Garcia-Closas M, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Serra C, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Carrato A, Malats N, Karagas MR, Rothman N, Silverman DT. Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer: Evaluation of Risk Modification by Common Genetic Polymorphisms in Two Case-Control Studies. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:57006. [PMID: 35536285 PMCID: PMC9088962 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By-products are formed when disinfectants react with organic matter in source water. The most common class of disinfection by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs), have been linked to bladder cancer. Several studies have shown exposure-response associations with THMs in drinking water and bladder cancer risk. Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated gene-environment interactions for total THMs (TTHMs) with known bladder cancer susceptibility variants. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the combined effect on bladder cancer risk contributed by TTHMs, bladder cancer susceptibility variants identified through genome-wide association studies, and variants in several candidate genes. METHODS We analyzed data from two large case-control studies-the New England Bladder Cancer Study (n/n=989 cases/1,162 controls), a population-based study, and the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study (n/n=706 cases/772 controls), a hospital-based study. Because of differences in exposure distributions and metrics, we estimated effects of THMs and genetic variants within each study separately using adjusted logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with and without interaction terms, and then combined the results using meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 16 loci showing strong evidence of association with bladder cancer, rs907611 at 11p15.5 [leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1 region)] showed the strongest associations in the highest exposure category in each study, with evidence of interaction in both studies and in meta-analysis. In the highest exposure category, we observed OR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.34, p-trend=0.005) for those with the rs907611-GG genotype and p-interaction=0.02. No other genetic variants tested showed consistent evidence of interaction. DISCUSSION We found novel suggestive evidence for a multiplicative interaction between a putative bladder carcinogen, TTHMs, and genotypes of rs907611. Given the ubiquitous exposure to THMs, further work is needed to replicate and extend this finding and to understand potential molecular mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9895.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth P. Cantor
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristina M. Villanueva
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Florez-Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonine D. Figueroa
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Allison Johnson
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Consol Serra
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reina Garcia-Closas
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Malats
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Abimbola SO, Xeni C, Sakhi AK, Heibati B, Husøy T, Dirven H, Makris KC. Diurnal Variation in Biomarkers of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Association with Oxidative Damage in Norwegian Adults: The EuroMix Study. Toxics 2022; 10. [PMID: 35448442 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence on the adverse health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has accumulated during recent decades. EDCs are commonly found in various foods and personal care products (PCP). Data documenting a diurnally varying EDC metabolism in humans is scarce. This study examined (i) the time-of-day effect on the diurnal magnitude and variance of urinary biomarkers of exposure to EDCs, and (ii) the association between EDC exposures and oxidative damage in a Norwegian adult subpopulation. This was a cross-sectional panel study using biobanked samples from the EuroMix project. During a typical weekday, participants were asked to collect all day’s urine voids and record dietary and PCP habitual uses in a diary. Collected time stamps of urine voids were classified into three distinct periods in the day (morning 6 a.m.−12 p.m., mid-day 12 p.m.−6 p.m., evening 6 p.m.−6 a.m.). Questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics, personal care product usage, and dietary habits were completed. Urinary levels of EDCs (phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols) were measured using mass spectrometry and adjusted for urinary volume using specific gravity. Urinary 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), a lipid peroxidation marker, was measured using an immunoassay kit. Linear mixed-effect models identified EDCs under the influence of a diurnal variation effect that was adjusted for dietary habits and PCP use and examined associations between EDC and 4HNE. p-values were FDR-adjusted. Most phthalates appeared to be diurnally varying with higher urinary levels towards the evening (q < 0.001) than those measured during mid-day; this strong diurnal variation effect was not present for parabens and bisphenols. Significant (q < 0.001) positive associations were observed between all phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols (except bisphenol S) and 4HNE. This study’s findings highlighted the diurnal variation of excretion for certain EDC, but not for others, in real-life conditions. The degree of EDC chronotoxicity in distinct diurnal windows of the day warrants further investigation with longitudinal human studies.
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Zheng S, Yang Y, Wen C, Liu W, Cao L, Feng X, Chen J, Wang H, Tang Y, Tian L, Wang X, Yang F. Effects of environmental contaminants in water resources on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Environ Int 2021; 154:106555. [PMID: 33857709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, which is now estimated to be over 25%. NAFLD is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. At present, with the rapid development of economy and industrialization, many chemicals are released into the environment. These chemical contaminants in the environment might cause harm to human health and result in lipid metabolism disorder during long-term exposure. Moreover, the incentive of many NAFLD cases is unknown, and the environmental risk factors of NAFLD need to be urgently identified. Hence, we focus on the impacts of several popular environmental contaminants in water environment on the development and progression of NAFLD. These contaminants mainly include microcystins (MCs), disinfection by-products (DBPs), heavy metals (HMs), dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Through analyzing a great many epidemiological and toxicological studies, we have found positive associations between NAFLD and chronic exposure to these contaminants at the environmental levels. This review may enhance the understanding of liver damage caused by environmental pollutants, which are considered as tangible environmental risk factors for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Cong Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Linghui Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Mondal A, Saha P, Bose D, Chatterjee S, Seth RK, Xiao S, Porter DE, Brooks BW, Scott GI, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chatterjee S. Environmental Microcystin exposure in underlying NAFLD-induced exacerbation of neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and neurodegeneration are NLRP3 and S100B dependent. Toxicology 2021; 461:152901. [PMID: 34416350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been shown to be associated with extrahepatic comorbidities including neuronal inflammation and Alzheimer's-like pathology. Environmental and genetic factors also act as a second hit to modulate severity and are expected to enhance the NAFLD-linked neuropathology. We hypothezied that environmental microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxin produced by harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria, exacerbates the neuroinflammation and degeneration of neurons associated with NAFLD. Using a mouse model of NAFLD, exposed to MC-LR subsequent to the onset of fatty liver, we show that the cyanotoxin could significantly increase proinflammatory cytokine expression in the frontal cortex and cause increased expression of Lcn2 and HMGB1. The above effects were NLRP3 inflammasome activation-dependent since the use of NLRP3 knockout mice abrogated the increase in inflammation. NLRP3 was also responsible for decreased expression of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin 5 suggesting BBB dysfunction was parallel to neuroinflammation following microcystin exposure. An increased circulatory S100B release, a hallmark of astrocyte activation in MC-LR exposed NAFLD mice also confirmed BBB integrity loss, but the astrocyte activation observed in vivo was NLRP3 independent suggesting an important role of a secondary S100B mediated crosstalk. Mechanistically, conditioned medium from reactive astrocytes and parallel S100B incubation in neuronal cells caused increased inducible NOS, COX-2, and higher BAX/ Bcl2 protein expression suggesting oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis crucial for neurodegeneration. Taken together, MC-LR exacerbated neuronal NAFLD-linked comorbidities leading to cortical inflammation, BBB dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Punnag Saha
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Somdatta Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798-7266, USA
| | - Geoff I Scott
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Sun Y, Chen C, Mustieles V, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang YX, Messerlian C. Association of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations with Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in U.S. Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:9043-9051. [PMID: 34152769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water chlorination can lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts, including trihalomethanes (THMs). However, few epidemiologic studies have explored associations between THM exposure and mortality. This study included 6720 adults aged ≥40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2012 who had blood THM concentrations quantified. A higher risk of all-cause mortality was found across increasing quartile concentrations of blood chloroform (TCM) and total THMs (TTHMs; sum of all four THMs) (both p for trend = 0.02). Adults in the highest quartile of TCM and TTHM concentrations had hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.35 (95% confidence intervals: 1.05-1.74) and 1.37 (1.05-1.79), respectively, for all-cause mortality, compared with adults in the lowest quartile. When cause-specific mortality was evaluated, a positive relationship was found between blood bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromoform (TBM), total brominated THMs (Br-THMs; sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM), and TTHM concentrations and risk of cancer death and between blood TCM and TTHMs and risk of other cause (noncancer/nonheart disease) mortality. Our findings suggest that higher exposure to Br-THMs was associated with increased cancer mortality risk, whereas TCM was associated with a greater risk of noncancer/nonheart disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), 18010 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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9
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Mondal A, Bose D, Saha P, Sarkar S, Seth R, Kimono D, Albadrani M, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chatterjee S. Lipocalin 2 induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction through liver-brain axis in murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:201. [PMID: 32622362 PMCID: PMC7335438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical and basic research implicated a strong correlation between NAFLD/NASH phenotypes with ectopic manifestations including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, but the mediators and critical pathways involved are not well understood. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is one of the important mediators exclusively produced in the liver and circulation during NASH pathology. METHODS Using murine model of NASH, we studied the role of Lcn2 as a potent mediator of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in NASH pathology via the liver-brain axis. RESULTS Results showed that high circulatory Lcn2 activated 24p3R (Lipocalin2 receptor) in the brain and induced the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) preferably from brain cells. Released HMGB1 acted as a preferential ligand to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induced oxidative stress by activation of NOX-2 signaling involving activated p65 protein of the NF-κB complex. Further, the HMGB1-derived downstream signaling cascade activated NLRP3 inflammasome and release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β from brain cells. In addition, to advance our present understanding, in vitro studies were performed in primary brain endothelial cells where results showed high circulatory Lcn2 influenced HMGB1 secretion. Mechanistically, we also showed that elevated Lcn2 level in underlying NASH might be a likely cause for induction of blood-brain barrier dysfunction since the adipokine decreased the expression of tight junction protein Claudin 5 and caused subsequent elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the NASH-induced brain pathology might be because of increased Lcn2-induced release of HMGB1 and accompanying neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Punnag Saha
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ratanesh Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Muayad Albadrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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10
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Alhasson F, Seth RK, Sarkar S, Kimono DA, Albadrani MS, Dattaroy D, Chandrashekaran V, Scott GI, Raychoudhury S, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. High circulatory leptin mediated NOX-2-peroxynitrite-miR21 axis activate mesangial cells and promotes renal inflammatory pathology in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Redox Biol 2018; 17:1-15. [PMID: 29660503 PMCID: PMC6006523 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High circulatory insulin and leptin followed by underlying inflammation are often ascribed to the ectopic manifestations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the exact molecular pathways remain unclear. We have shown previously that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress and circulating leptin in NAFLD is associated with renal disease severity. Extending the studies, we hypothesized that high circulatory leptin in NAFLD causes renal mesangial cell activation and tubular inflammation via a NOX2 dependent pathway that upregulates proinflammatory miR21. High-fat diet (60% kcal) was used to induce fatty liver phenotype with parallel insulin and leptin resistance. The kidneys were probed for mesangial cell activation and tubular inflammation that showed accelerated NASH phenotype and oxidative stress in the liver. Results showed that NAFLD kidneys had significant increases in α-SMA, a marker of mesangial cell activation, miR21 levels, tyrosine nitration and renal inflammation while they were significantly decreased in leptin and p47 phox knockout mice. Micro RNA21 knockout mice showed decreased tubular immunotoxicity and proinflammatory mediator release. Mechanistically, use of NOX2 siRNA or apocynin,phenyl boronic acid (FBA), DMPO or miR21 antagomir inhibited leptin primed-miR21-mediated mesangial cell activation in vitro suggesting a direct role of leptin-mediated NOX-2 in miR21-mediated mesangial cell activation. Finally, JAK-STAT inhibitor completely abrogated the mesangial cell activation in leptin-primed cells suggesting that leptin signaling in the mesangial cells depended on the JAK-STAT pathway. Taken together the study reports a novel mechanistic pathway of leptin-mediated renal inflammation that is dependent on NOX-2-miR21 axis in ectopic manifestations underlying NAFLD-induced co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Alhasson
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Diana A Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Muayad S Albadrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Varun Chandrashekaran
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Scott
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Samir Raychoudhury
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, SC 29204, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthi D. Andrianou
- Water and Health Laboratory,
Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory,
Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory,
Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
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12
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Choi Y, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. Preventive effects of dietary walnuts on high-fat-induced hepatic fat accumulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:70-80. [PMID: 27732911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that dietary walnut would prevent high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced hepatic apoptosis based on its antioxidant properties. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a rodent chow or HFD (45% energy-derived)±walnuts (21.5% energy-derived) for 6 weeks. Liver histological and biochemical analyses revealed significantly elevated fat accumulation in mice fed HFD compared to mice fed the chow or HFD±walnuts. Walnut supplementation prevented HFD-mediated alteration of the levels of key proteins in lipid homeostasis such as Sirt1, AMPK and FAS, leading to decreased fat accumulation. In addition, walnut supplementation to HFD significantly decreased the hepatic levels of cytochrome P450-2E1, nitrated proteins and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, walnut supplementation decreased the activated cell-death-associated p-JNK and p-p38K accompanied with increased hepatocyte apoptosis in HFD group. The beneficial effects of dietary walnut likely result, at least partially, from its antioxidant ingredients and attenuating HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, nitroxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Rodrigues D, da Costa RG, Diniz C, Aragão S, Talhada D, Botelho M, Colaço A, Pires MJ, Peixoto F, Oliveira PA. Trihalomethanes in liver pathology: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the mouse. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1009-1016. [PMID: 25640707 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are disinfection byproducts found in chlorinated water, and are associated with several different kinds of cancer in human populations and experimental animal models. Metabolism of THMs proceeds through enzymes such as GSTT1 and CYP2E1 and gives rise to reactive intermediates, which form the basis for their toxic activities. The aim of this study was to assess the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by THMs at low levels, and the resulting hepatic histological and biochemical changes in the mouse. Male ICR mice were administered with two THMs: dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM); once daily, by gavage, to a total of four administrations. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after DBCM and BDCM administrations. Blood biochemistry was performed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), creatinine, and urea. Animals exposed to DBCM and BDCM showed elevated ALT and TB levels (p < 0.05) as compared with controls. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of vacuolar degenerescence and a multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in 33% of animals (n = 2). Mitochondrial analysis showed that THMs reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic activity (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR), cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and ATP synthase) and increased oxidative stress (glutathione S-transferase (GST)) in hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). These results add detail to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying THM-induced toxicity, supporting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver toxicity caused by DBCM and BDCM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1009-1016, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Gil da Costa
- Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory for Process, Environment and Energy Engineering (LEPAE), University of Porto, UP, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Diniz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - S Aragão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Talhada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Botelho
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (INSA), 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Colaço
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M J Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F Peixoto
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Makris KC, Andrianou XD, Charisiadis P, Burch JB, Seth RK, Ioannou A, Picolos M, Christophi CA, Chatterjee S. Association between exposures to brominated trihalomethanes, hepatic injury and type II diabetes mellitus. Environ Int 2016; 92-93:486-493. [PMID: 27173514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common liver disorder in the Western world, commonly diagnosed in the majority of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolic disrupting chemicals with short half-lives, such as those of halogenated structure (trihalomethanes, THM) have been linked with hepatic insulin resistance phenomena in animal studies. However, human studies evaluating the role of THM exposure on liver pathogenesis and T2DM disease process are scarce. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine the association of urinary brominated THM (BrTHM) levels and T2DM disease status, and ii) investigate the association between urinary BrTHM levels and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations, often used as surrogate markers of NAFLD. A pilot case-control study was conducted in Nicosia, Cyprus (n=95). Cases were physician-diagnosed T2DM patients and controls were healthy individuals. Liver enzymes, leptin and TNF-α were measured in sera, while urinary THM levels were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. Diabetics had higher levels of serum leptin, body mass index and ALT than the controls. Among all study participants those with serum ALT levels above the median (17IU/L) had higher mean tribromomethane (TBM) concentrations compared to those with serum ALT below 17IU/L. A significant increase in the odds of having above the median serum ALT levels [OR 6.38, 95% CI: 1.11, 42.84 (p=0.044)] was observed for each unit increase in creatinine-unadjusted urinary TBM levels, along with BMI and past smoking, after adjusting for possible confounders, such as urinary creatinine, age, sex, and leptin; no other THM compound showed a significant association with serum ALT. Logistic regression models for T2DM using the urinary BrTHM as exposure variables did not reach the predetermined level of significance. The interplay between exposures to BrTHM and the initiation of key pathophysiological events relating to hepatic injury (ALT) and inflammation (leptin) was recognized via the use of selected biomarkers of effect. Our evidence that THM could act as hepatic toxins with a further initiation of diabetogenic effects call for additional studies to help us better understand the disease process of the two co-morbidities (NAFLD and T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Xanthi D Andrianou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - James B Burch
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health & Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Androniki Ioannou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Costas A Christophi
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health & Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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15
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Banerjee A, Abdelmegeed MA, Jang S, Song BJ. Increased Sensitivity to Binge Alcohol-Induced Gut Leakiness and Inflammatory Liver Disease in HIV Transgenic Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140498. [PMID: 26484872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of alcohol-mediated advanced liver injury in HIV-infected individuals are poorly understood. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of binge alcohol on the inflammatory liver disease in HIV transgenic rats as a model for simulating human conditions. Female wild-type (WT) or HIV transgenic rats were treated with three consecutive doses of binge ethanol (EtOH) (3.5 g/kg/dose oral gavages at 12-h intervals) or dextrose (Control). Blood and liver tissues were collected at 1 or 6-h following the last dose of ethanol or dextrose for the measurements of serum endotoxin and liver pathology, respectively. Compared to the WT, the HIV rats showed increased sensitivity to alcohol-mediated gut leakiness, hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as evidenced with the significantly elevated levels of serum endotoxin, hepatic triglycerides, histological fat accumulation and F4/80 staining. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that hepatic levels of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), leptin and the downstream target monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly up-regulated in the HIV-EtOH rats, compared to all other groups. Subsequent experiments with primary cultured cells showed that both hepatocytes and hepatic Kupffer cells were the sources of the elevated MCP-1 in HIV-EtOH rats. Further, TLR4 and MCP-1 were found to be upregulated by leptin. Collectively, these results show that HIV rats, similar to HIV-infected people being treated with the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), are more susceptible to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammatory liver disease than the corresponding WT, possibly due to additive or synergistic interaction between binge alcohol exposure and HIV infection. Based on these results, HIV transgenic rats can be used as a surrogate model to study the molecular mechanisms of many disease states caused by heavy alcohol intake in HIV-infected people on HAART.
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16
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Burch JB, Everson TM, Seth RK, Wirth MD, Chatterjee S. Trihalomethane exposure and biomonitoring for the liver injury indicator, alanine aminotransferase, in the United States population (NHANES 1999-2006). Sci Total Environ 2015; 521-522:226-34. [PMID: 25847167 PMCID: PMC4462191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trihalomethanes (or THMs: chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane [DBCM]) formed via drinking water disinfection has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and cancers of the digestive or genitourinary organs. However, few studies have examined potential associations between THMs and liver injury in humans, even though experimental studies suggest that these agents exert hepatotoxic effects, particularly among obese individuals. This study examined participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2006, N=2781) to test the hypothesis that THMs are associated with liver injury as assessed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in circulation. Effect modification by body mass index (BMI) or alcohol consumption also was examined. Associations between blood THM concentrations and ALT activity were assessed using unconditional multiple logistic regression to calculate prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for exposure among cases with elevated ALT activity (men: >40IU/L, women: >30IU/L) relative to those with normal ALT, after adjustment for variables that may confound the relationship between ALT and THMs. Compared to controls, cases were 1.35 times more likely (95% CI: 1.02, 1.79) to have circulating DBCM concentrations exceeding median values in the study population. There was little evidence for effect modification by BMI, although the association varied by alcohol consumption. Among non-drinkers, cases were more likely than controls to be exposed to DBCM (OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.37, 7.90), bromoform (OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.21, 6.81), or brominated THMs (OR: 4.00, 95% CI: 1.31, 12.1), but no association was observed among participants with low, or moderate to heavy alcohol consumption. Total THM levels exceeding benchmark exposure limits continue to be reported both in the United States and globally. Results from this study suggest a need for further characterization of ALT activity and possibly other hepatic or metabolic diseases in populations with elevated drinking water THM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Burch
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Todd M Everson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health & Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michael D Wirth
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health & Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
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17
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Joshi-Barve S, Kirpich I, Cave MC, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Alcoholic, Nonalcoholic, and Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis: Mechanistic Similarities and Differences. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:356-367. [PMID: 28210688 PMCID: PMC5301292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis are common histologic findings that can be caused by multiple etiologies. The three most frequent causes for steatosis/steatohepatitis are alcohol (alcoholic steatohepatitis, ASH), obesity/metabolic syndrome (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and environmental toxicants (toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, TASH). Hepatic steatosis is an early occurrence in all three forms of liver disease, and they often share common pathways to disease progression/severity. Disease progression is a result of both direct effects on the liver as well as indirect alterations in other organs/tissues such as intestine, adipose tissue, and the immune system. Although the three liver diseases (ASH, NASH, and TASH) share many common pathogenic mechanisms, they also exhibit distinct differences. Both shared and divergent mechanisms can be potential therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of selected important mechanistic similarities and differences in ASH, NASH, and TASH.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ASH, alcoholic steatohepatitis
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
- BMI, body mass index
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IL, interleukin
- LA, linoleic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Mechanisms
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
- OXLAM, oxidized linoleic acid metabolite
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PCB153, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TAFLD, toxicant-associated fatty liver disease
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TH, helper T cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis
- VA, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs/Veterans Administration
- miR, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Joshi-Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Luis S. Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Craig J. McClain, MD, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292. fax: (502) 852-8927.
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Imatoh T, Kamimura S, Miyazaki M. Coffee but not green tea consumption is associated with prevalence and severity of hepatic steatosis: the impact on leptin level. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1023-7. [PMID: 25804274 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Most of the studies that have investigated the association between coffee consumption and hepatic steatosis have been experimental and small-scale clinical studies. As a result, epidemiological studies are scarce. To clear the association, we conducted a cross-sectional study and investigated the effects of coffee consumption with those of green tea consumption. SUBJECTS/METHODS We analyzed 1024 Japanese male workers. The diagnosis of hepatic steatosis was based on ultrasonography. We divided coffee and green tea consumption into the following three categories: non-drinker; 1-2 cups/day and ⩾3 cups/day. To investigate the association between hepatic steatosis and coffee or green tea consumption, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted the means of leptin levels on each severity of hepatic steatosis. RESULTS A total of 265 of our subjects (25.9%) were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis. The ORs of the group of subjects who drank >3 cups of coffee/day was significantly lower compared with that of the noncoffee drinker group (OR 0.59, 95% confidence intervals 0.38-0.90, P=0.03). Although there was a significant difference between coffee consumption and leptin level only in the asymptomatic group, we found a decreasing trend in the asymptomatic and moderate-severe hepatic steatosis group. We did not find the same relationships in green tea consumption. CONCLUSIONS Although we did not find an association between hepatic steatosis and green tea consumption, coffee may have beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis. In addition, we produced one possible hypothesis that coffee consumption negatively associates with leptin levels in hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imatoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Kamimura
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tenjin Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Miyazaki
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
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Chatterjee S, Das S. P2X7 receptor as a key player in oxidative stress-driven cell fate in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:172493. [PMID: 25815106 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Incidences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease parallels increase in the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD has been shown to be associated with risks of cardiometabolic disorders and kidney disturbances. It is accompanied by insulin and leptin resistance that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of this public health menace. Though significant research is underway for understanding the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD and its subsequent inflammatory and fibrotic manifestations like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the role of purinergic receptors has been unclear. It is increasingly being recognized that damage associated molecular patterns like NAD and ATP that are released from injured cells via hepatocellular injury either by oxidative stress or lipotoxicity from steatosis activate the purinergic receptor. Based on evidence from inflammatory responses in the airways and vasculature and autoimmune complications in humans and rodents, it is beyond doubt that hepatocellular inflammation such as that seen in NASH can result from the activation of purinergic receptors. This event can result in the formation of inflammasomes and can be an important pathway for the progression of NASH. The present review evaluates the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress and its signaling via P2X7 receptors in hepatocellular injury that might contribute to the NASH pathophysiology.
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Pourhoseini S, Seth RK, Das S, Dattaroy D, Kadiiska MB, Xie G, Michelotti GA, Nagarkatti M, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. Upregulation of miR21 and repression of Grhl3 by leptin mediates sinusoidal endothelial injury in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116780. [PMID: 25658689 PMCID: PMC4319738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction (SED) has been found to be an early event in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression but the molecular mechanisms underlying its causation remains elusive. We hypothesized that adipokine leptin worsens sinusoidal injury by decreasing functionally active nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS)3 via miR21. Using rodent models of NASH, and transgenic mice lacking leptin and leptin receptor, results showed that hyperleptinemia caused a 4-5 fold upregulation of hepatic miR21 as assessed by qRTPCR. The upregulation of miR21 led to a time-dependent repression of its target protein Grhl3 levels as shown by western blot analyses. NOS3-p/NOS3 ratio which is controlled by Grhl3 was significantly decreased in NASH models. SED markers ICAM-1, VEGFR-2, and E-selectin as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy were significantly up regulated in the progressive phases of NASH. Lack of leptin or its receptor in vivo, reversed the upregulation of miR21 and restored the levels of Grhl3 and NOS3-p/NOS3 ratio coupled with decreased SED dysfunction markers. Interestingly, leptin supplementation in mice lacking leptin, significantly enhanced miR21 levels, decreased Grhl3 repression and NOS3 phosphorylation. Leptin supplementation in isolated primary endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and stellate cells showed increased mir21 expression in stellate cells while sinusoidal injury was significantly higher in all cell types. Finally miR21 KO mice showed increased NOS3-p/NOS3 ratio and reversed SED markers in the rodent models of NASH. The experimental results described here show a close association of leptin-induced miR21 in aiding sinusoidal injury in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pourhoseini
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States of America
| | - Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States of America
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States of America
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States of America
| | - Guanhua Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, United States of America
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States of America
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Seth RK, Das S, Pourhoseini S, Dattaroy D, Igwe S, Ray JB, Fan D, Michelotti GA, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. M1 polarization bias and subsequent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression is attenuated by nitric oxide donor DETA NONOate via inhibition of CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress in obese mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:77-89. [PMID: 25347994 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of M1 macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is produced by several external or endogenous factors: inflammatory stimuli, oxidative stress, and cytokines are known. However, any direct role of oxidative stress in causing M1 polarization in NASH has been unclear. We hypothesized that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress causes M1 polarization in experimental NASH, and that nitric oxide (NO) donor administration inhibits CYP2E1-mediated inflammation with concomitant attenuation of M1 polarization. Because CYP2E1 takes center stage in these studies, we used a toxin model of NASH that uses a ligand and a substrate of CYP2E1 for inducing NASH. Subsequently, we used a methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced rodent NASH model where the role of CYP2E1 in disease progression has been shown. Our results show that CYP2E1 causes M1 polarization bias, which includes a significant increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-12 in both models of NASH, whereas CYP2E1-null mice or diallyl sulfide administration prevented it. Administration of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a macrophage toxin, attenuated both the initial M1 response and the subsequent M2 response, showing that the observed increase in cytokine levels is primarily from macrophages. Based on the evidence of an adaptive NO increase, the NO donor administration in vivo that mechanistically inhibited CYP2E1 catalyzed the oxidative stress during the entire study in NASH-abrogated M1 polarization and NASH progression. The results obtained show the association of CYP2E1 in M1 polarization, and that inhibition of CYP2E1 catalyzed oxidative stress by an NO donor (DETA NONOate [(Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate]) can be a promising therapeutic strategy in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Sahar Pourhoseini
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Stephen Igwe
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Julie Basu Ray
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Daping Fan
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
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Ha AW, Jeong SY, Kang NE, Kim WK. Plasma adipocytokines and antioxidants-status in Korean overweight and obese females with dyslipidemia. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:417-24. [PMID: 25110562 PMCID: PMC4122714 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD/OBEJECTIVES It is hypothesized that obese people with dyslipidemia is more likely to have increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status, in comparison with the controls who were obese without dyslipidemia. Thus, the aims of the present study were to determine the dietary intakes, plasma adipokines, and antioxidative systems between obese with dyslipidemia and obese without dyslipidemia were investigated. SUBJECTS/METHODS Female subjects who were between 20 and 55 years old, and whose BMI was 23 or greater were recruited. Subjects who met the criteria of BMI ≥ 23, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dL, and TG ≥ 110 mg/dL were categorized Obese with dyslipidemia. Anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical tests were conducted. The diet survey was conducted by a trained dietitian using two days of 24 hour dietary recall. The lipid peroxidation, the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the activities of antioxidantive enzymes, and various antioxidantive vitamins levels were determined. RESULTS Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were also determined. There were no significant differences for age, Body Mass index (BMI), and body fat (%), waist-size between two groups. Obese with dyslipidemia had significantly high levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C, and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C, respectively. Blood alkaline phosphatase level was statistically different between the two groups (P < 0.05). No statistical significance in dietary intake between two groups was shown. In case of obese with dyslipidemia group, the levels of GSH-Px (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05) as well as adjusted blood retinol (P < 0.05) and tocopherol level (P < 0.05) were significantly low. However, the plasma concentration of leptin was significantly high (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Obesity with dyslipidemia was shown to have high arthtrogenic index, depleted antioxidant status, and higher blood leptin levels which suggest higher risks of oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi 448-701, Korea
| | - Su Youn Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi 448-701, Korea
| | - Nam E Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-Daero, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi 461-632, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi 448-701, Korea
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Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Makris KC. Obesity-mediated association between exposure to brominated trihalomethanes and type II diabetes mellitus: an exploratory analysis. Sci Total Environ 2014; 485-486:340-347. [PMID: 24747242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of chloroform, the rest of trihalomethanes (THM), the so-called brominated THM (Br-THM) are composed of bromine-substituted molecules with increased lipophilicity and potency to biological tissues. The THM are formed within disinfected tap water and their health effects, under research, range from cancer to adverse reproductive outcomes. However, the association between human exposures to Br-THM and the risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic co-morbidities, such as obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has never been previously explored. The objective of this exploratory analysis was to address obesity-mediated associations between urinary concentrations of brominated THM and incidences of T2DM in a Cypriot adult population (n=326). First morning urine voids were collected once during summer and another time during winter while a detailed questionnaire was administered to participants. Creatinine-adjusted urinary Br-THM analyte concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2DM cases when compared with those in healthy individuals. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders showed that participants with ≥30 kg m(-2) BMI were at a higher T2DM risk (OR=8.42, 95% CI: 1.97, 45.5; p<0.01) when compared with that of normal weight participants (<25 kg m(-2)). About 4 times higher risk for developing T2DM was observed for individuals in the upper tertile of urinary Br-THM levels (OR=3.99, 95% CI: 1.07, 19.7; p<0.05) when compared with the lower tertile participants. Among the participants with BMI≥25 kg m(-2), urinary Br-THM levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in diabetics than in healthy individuals. Ingestion and non-ingestion exposures to Br-THM deserve careful consideration in relevant epidemiological studies, as a possible environmental risk factor of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Harvard-Cyprus Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most important health challenges faced by developed countries and is increasingly affecting adolescents and children. Obesity is also a considerable risk factor for the development of numerous other chronic diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The epidemic proportions of obesity and its numerous comorbidities are bringing into focus the highly complex and metabolically active adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is increasingly being considered as a functional endocrine organ. This article discusses the endocrine effects of adipose tissue during obesity and the systemic impact of this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McGown
- College of Science, Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Das S, Seth RK, Kumar A, Kadiiska MB, Michelotti G, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. Purinergic receptor X7 is a key modulator of metabolic oxidative stress-mediated autophagy and inflammation in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G950-63. [PMID: 24157968 PMCID: PMC3882442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00235.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that metabolic oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation are hallmarks of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. However, the molecular mechanisms that link these important events in NASH remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic role of purinergic receptor X7 (P2X7) in modulating autophagy and resultant inflammation in NASH in response to metabolic oxidative stress. The study uses two rodent models of NASH. In one of them, a CYP2E1 substrate bromodichloromethane is used to induce metabolic oxidative stress and NASH. Methyl choline-deficient diet feeding is used for the other NASH model. CYP2E1 and P2X7 receptor gene-deleted mice are used to establish their roles in regulating metabolic oxidative stress and autophagy. Autophagy gene expression, protein levels, confocal microscopy based-immunolocalization of lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)2A and histopathological analysis were performed. CYP2E1-dependent metabolic oxidative stress induced increases in P2X7 receptor expression and chaperone-mediated autophagy markers LAMP2A and heat shock cognate 70 but caused depletion of light chain 3 isoform B (LC3B) protein levels. P2X7 receptor gene deletion significantly decreased LAMP2A and inflammatory indicators while significantly increasing LC3B protein levels compared with wild-type mice treated with bromodichloromethane. P2X7 receptor-deleted mice were also protected from NASH pathology as evidenced by decreased inflammation and fibrosis. Our studies establish that P2X7 receptor is a key regulator of autophagy induced by metabolic oxidative stress in NASH, thereby modulating hepatic inflammation. Furthermore, our findings presented here form a basis for P2X7 receptor as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarthi Das
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208.
| | - Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- 1Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- 2Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
| | - Maria B. Kadiiska
- 2Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
| | | | - Anna Mae Diehl
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham North Carolina
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- 1Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
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Seth RK, Das S, Kumar A, Chanda A, Kadiiska MB, Michelotti G, Manautou J, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. CYP2E1-dependent and leptin-mediated hepatic CD57 expression on CD8+ T cells aid progression of environment-linked nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;274:42-54. [PMID: 24211274 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins induce a novel CYP2E1/leptin signaling axis in liver. This in turn activates a poorly characterized innate immune response that contributes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. To identify the relevant subsets of T-lymphocytes in CYP2E1-dependent, environment-linked NASH, we utilized a model of diet induced obese (DIO) mice that are chronically exposed to bromodichloromethane. Mice deficient in CYP2E1, leptin (ob/ob mice), or both T and B cells (Pfp/Rag2 double knockout (KO) mice) were used to delineate the role of each of these factors in metabolic oxidative stress-induced T cell activation. Results revealed that elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, tyrosyl radical formation, mitochondrial tyrosine nitration and hepatic leptin as a consequence of metabolic oxidative stress caused increased levels of hepatic CD57, a marker of peripheral blood lymphocytes including NKT cells. CD8+CD57+ cytotoxic T cells but not CD4+CD57+ cells were significantly decreased in mice lacking CYP2E1 and leptin. There was a significant increase in the levels of T cell cytokines IL-2, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in bromodichloromethane exposed DIO mice but not in mice that lacked CYP2E1, leptin or T and B cells. Apoptosis as evidenced by TUNEL assay and levels of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly lower in leptin and Pfp/Rag2 KO mice and highly correlated with protection from NASH. The results described above suggest that higher levels of oxidative stress-induced leptin mediated CD8+CD57+ T cells play an important role in the development of NASH. It also provides a novel insight of immune dysregulation and may be a key biomarker in NASH.
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Seth RK, Kumar A, Das S, Kadiiska MB, Michelotti G, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. Environmental toxin-linked nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic metabolic reprogramming in obese mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:291-303. [PMID: 23640861 PMCID: PMC3707434 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with strong risks of development of chronic inflammatory liver disease and metabolic syndrome following a second hit. This study tests the hypothesis that free radical metabolism of low chronic exposure to bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a disinfection byproduct of drinking water, causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), mediated by cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2E1 and adipokine leptin. Using diet-induced obese mice (DIO), mice deficient in CYP2E1, and mice with spontaneous knockout of the leptin gene, we show that BDCM caused increased lipid peroxidation and increased tyrosine nitration in DIO mice, events dependent on reductive metabolism by CYP2E1. DIO mice, exposed to BDCM, exhibited increased hepatic leptin levels and higher levels of proinflammatory gene expression and Kupffer cell activation. Obese mice exposed to BDCM also showed profound hepatic necrosis, Mallory body formation, collagen deposition, and higher alpha smooth muscle actin expression, events that are hallmarks of NASH. The absence of CYP2E1 gene in mice that were fed with a high-fat diet did not show NASH symptoms and were also protected from hepatic metabolic alterations in Glut-1, Glut-4, phosphofructokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expressions (involved in carbohydrate metabolism), and UCP-1, PGC-1α, SREBP-1c, and PPAR-γ genes (involved in hepatic fat metabolism). Mice lacking the leptin gene were significantly protected from both NASH and metabolic alterations following BDCM exposure, suggesting that higher levels of leptin induction by BDCM in the liver contribute to the development of NASH and metabolic alterations in obesity. These results provide novel insights into BDCM-induced NASH and hepatic metabolic reprogramming and show the regulation of obesity-linked susceptibility to NASH by environmental factors, CYP2E1, and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- *Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- †Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; and
| | - Suvarthi Das
- *Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Maria B. Kadiiska
- †Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; and
| | - Gregory Michelotti
- ‡Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- ‡Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- *Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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