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Woodhams L, Al-Salami H. The roles of bile acids and applications of microencapsulation technology in treating Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:401-9. [PMID: 28530150 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of glycemic control. Recent studies have shown significant inflammation and disturbed bile acid homeostasis, associated with T1DM. Bile acids are endogenously produced as a result of cholesterol catabolism in the liver and solely metabolized by gut microflora. This review investigates their potential oral delivery in T1DM using targeted delivery and encapsulation technologies. A sensitive and selective search was carried out using different search engines and databases. Keywords used included diabetes mellitus, bile acids and inflammation. To conclude, bile acids have a significant impact on diabetes symptoms and, when microencapsulated, may be used as an adjunct therapy to supplement T1DM treatment.
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Manzoli V, Colter DC, Dhanaraj S, Fornoni A, Ricordi C, Pileggi A, Tomei AA. Engineering human renal epithelial cells for transplantation in regenerative medicine. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Chaimov D, Baruch L, Krishtul S, Meivar-levy I, Ferber S, Machluf M. Innovative encapsulation platform based on pancreatic extracellular matrix achieve substantial insulin delivery. J Control Release 2017; 257:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shen Y, Qiao H, Fan Q, Zhang S, Tang T. Potentiated Osteoinductivity via Cotransfection with BMP-2 and VEGF Genes in Microencapsulated C2C12 Cells. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:435253. [PMID: 26451370 DOI: 10.1155/2015/435253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with entrapped cells hold great promise for repairing bone defects. Unfortunately, the osteoinductivity of microcapsules has been restricted by many factors, among which the deficiency of functional proteins is a significant priority. We potentiated the osteoinductivity of microencapsulated cells via cotransfection with BMP-2 and VEGF genes. Various tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cell lines were compared for BMP-2 and VEGF cotransfection. Ethidium bromide (EB)/Calcein AM staining revealed that all of the cell categories could survive for 4 weeks after microencapsulation. An ELISA assay indicated that all microencapsulated BMP-2 or VEGF transfected cells could secrete gene products constitutively for 1 month. Particularly, the recombinant microencapsulated C2C12 cells released the most desirable level of BMP-2 and VEGF. Further experiments demonstrated that microencapsulated BMP-2 and VEGF cotransfected C2C12 cells generated both BMP-2 and VEGF for 4 weeks. Additionally, the cotransfection of BMP-2 and VEGF in microencapsulated C2C12 cells showed a stronger osteogenic induction against BMSCs than individual BMP-2-transfected microencapsulated C2C12 cells. These results demonstrated that the cotransfection of BMP-2 and VEGF into microencapsulated C2C12 cells is of potent utility for the potentiation of bone regeneration, which would provide a promising clinical strategy for cellular therapy in bone defects.
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Pajoum Shariati SR, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation and Bioprinting. Bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21386-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The encapsulation of living mammalian cells within a semi-permeable hydrogel matrix is an attractive procedure for many biomedical and biotechnological applications, such as xenotransplantation, maintenance of stem cell phenotype and bioprinting of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on naturally derived polymers that can form hydrogels under mild conditions and that are thus capable of entrapping cells within controlled volumes. Our emphasis will be on polysaccharides and proteins, including agarose, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, gellan gum, hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin, gelatin, fibrin and silk fibroin. We also discuss the technologies commonly employed to encapsulate cells in these hydrogels, with particular attention on microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gasperini
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Gasperini L, Maniglio D, Motta A, Migliaresi C. An electrohydrodynamic bioprinter for alginate hydrogels containing living cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:123-32. [PMID: 24903714 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we present a bioprinting technique that exploits the electrohydrodynamic process to obtain a jet of liquid alginate beads containing cells. A printer is used to microfabricate hydrogels block by block following a bottom-up approach. Alginate beads constitute the building blocks of the microfabricated structures. The beads are placed at predefined position on a target substrate made of calcium-enriched gelatin, where they crosslink upon contact without the need of further postprocessing. The printed sample can be easily removed from the substrate at physiological temperature. Three-dimensional printing is accomplished by the deposition of multiple layers of hydrogel. We have investigated the parameters influencing the process, the compatibility of the printing procedure with cells, and their survival after printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gasperini
- 1 Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento , Trento, Italy
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Abstract
The encapsulation of living cells within a semi-permeable matrix is an attractive process for transplanting nonautologous cells by limiting the interaction with the host immune system. The electrohydrodynamic process is a low-cost and high-throughput system to encapsulate cells by means of a static potential. We evaluated the use of this system for cell entrapment by assessing and then manufacturing capsules that had the best dimensions. The effect of different cell densities on the beads was determined to set up the basic parameters of the encapsulation system. The cell viability inside the beads and as a function of release time was observed for their biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gasperini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
| | - D Maniglio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
- INSTM–Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Firenze, Italy
| | - C Migliaresi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
- INSTM–Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Firenze, Italy
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Sun Y, Liang X, Zhu M, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Duan Y. Characterization and Bioactivity of Alginate-Quaternized Chitosan Microcapsules. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.676908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Afkhami F, Durocher Y, Prakash S. Microencapsulated mammalian cells for simultaneous production of VEGF165b and IFNα. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 2012; 40:1-6. [PMID: 22288840 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2011.560120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted and simultaneous delivery VEGF165b and IFN alpha in anti-angiogenic and other applications could offer several advantages. For this a system was design using artificial cell alginate-poly-L-lysine- alginate (APA) microcapsules. Result confirms the ability of this system for simultaneous production of these proteins for 28-days. The IFN alpha on a 3 days period increased from 8 ± 0.36 μg/ml at day 10 to 27 ± 2.4 μg/ml at day 16 and then dropped to 6.5 ± 0.5 μg/ml. The VEGF165b on a 3 days period increased from 2.7 ± 0.7 μg/ml at day 10 to 6.9 ± 1 μg/ml at day 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Afkhami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
For over a half a century now, microencapsulation has played a very important role in many industries and in the recent decades, this versatile technology has been applied to numerous biotechnology and medical processes. However, successful application in these areas requires a methodology which has the capability to produce mono-dispersed, homogenous-shaped capsules, with a narrow size distribution, using a short production time. The manufacture of capsules using vibrating technology has gained significant interest mainly due to its simplistic approach to produce homogenous microcapsules with the desired characteristics for biotechnological and medical processes. However, certain limitations still exist for this methodology, which include the inability to manufacture microcapsules at large quantities and/or using highly viscous polymers. In this review, a detailed description of the theoretical and practical aspects behind the production of different types of alginate-based microcapsules, for application in biotechnological and medical processes, using vibrating technology, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal Whelehan
- Laboratory of Integrated Bioprocessing, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Avnir Y, Turjeman K, Tulchinsky D, Sigal A, Kizelsztein P, Tzemach D, Gabizon A, Barenholz Y. Fabrication principles and their contribution to the superior in vivo therapeutic efficacy of nano-liposomes remote loaded with glucocorticoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25721. [PMID: 21998684 PMCID: PMC3188566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the design, development and performance of a novel formulation of liposome- encapsulated glucocorticoids (GCs). A highly efficient (>90%) and stable GC encapsulation was obtained based on a transmembrane calcium acetate gradient driving the active accumulation of an amphipathic weak acid GC pro-drug into the intraliposome aqueous compartment, where it forms a GC-calcium precipitate. We demonstrate fabrication principles that derive from the physicochemical properties of the GC and the liposomal lipids, which play a crucial role in GC release rate and kinetics. These principles allow fabrication of formulations that exhibit either a fast, second-order (t(1/2) ~1 h), or a slow, zero-order release rate (t(1/2) ~ 50 h) kinetics. A high therapeutic efficacy was found in murine models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Avnir
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Turjeman
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah Tulchinsky
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alex Sigal
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pablo Kizelsztein
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dina Tzemach
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alberto Gabizon
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Matte U, Lagranha VL, de Carvalho TG, Mayer FQ, Giugliani R. Cell microencapsulation: a potential tool for the treatment of neuronopathic lysosomal storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:983-90. [PMID: 21614584 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are monogenic diseases caused by the deficiency of different lysosomal enzymes that degrade complex substrates such as glycosaminoglycans, sphingolipids, and others. As a consequence there is multisystemic storage of these substrates. Most treatments for these disorders are based in the fact that most of these enzymes are soluble and can be internalized by adjacent cells via mannose-6-phosphate receptor. In that sense, these disorders are good candidates to be treated by somatic gene therapy based on cell microencapsulation. Here, we review the existing data about this approach focused on the LSD treatments, the advantages and limitations faced by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Matte
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Tsoĭ AM, Zaĭtseva-Zotova DS, Édelveĭs ÉF, Bartkowiak A, Goegen JL, Vodovozova EL, Markvicheva EA. [Microencapsulated multicellular tumor spheroids: preparation and use as a novel in vitro model for drug screening]. Biomed Khim 2011; 56:674-85. [PMID: 21395070 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20105606674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the current study a technique for microencapsulation of human breast adenocarcinoma cells MCF-7 in alginate-chitosan microcapsules is used. Microencapsulation is proposed to generate multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) based on these cells and to test them further as an in vitro model for anti-tumor drug screening. Cytotoxicity of methotrexate (MTX) was studied on the obtained MTS. A set of MTS with mean size of 150, 200 and 300 m was prepared in function of a cultivation time. After incubation of MTS in cultivation medium containing MTX at concentrations of 1, 2, 10, 50 and 100 nM for 48 hs cell viability was evaluated. MTS were shown to be more resistant to MTX than the monolayer culture, and the resistance to MTX was increased with enhancing a spheroid size. At MTX concentration of 100 nM a number of viable cells in MTS with the size of 300 m was 2.5-fold bigger than that one in monolayer culture. It is suggested that the cells in microencapsulated MTS can better mimic cell behavior in a small size solid tumor than the cells in a monolayer culture. In future microencapsulated MTS can be proposed as a novel in vitro model for anticancer drug screening.
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Léonard A, Dandoy P, Danloy E, Leroux G, Meunier CF, Rooke JC, Su BL. Whole-cell based hybrid materials for green energy production, environmental remediation and smart cell-therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:860-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsoy AM, Zaytseva-Zotova DS, Edelweiss EF, Bartkowiak A, Goergen JL, Vodovozova EL, Markvicheva EA. Microencapsulated multicellular tumor spheroids as a novel in vitro model for drug screening. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser B 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750810030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alam MI, Beg S, Samad A, Baboota S, Kohli K, Ali J, Ahuja A, Akbar M. Strategy for effective brain drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:385-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sakai S, Kawakami K. Development of Subsieve-Size Capsules and Application to Cell Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2010; 670:22-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sakai S, Hashimoto I, Kawakami K. Agarose-gelatin conjugate membrane enhances proliferation of adherent cells enclosed in hollow-core microcapsules. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2009; 19:937-44. [PMID: 18544240 DOI: 10.1163/156856208784613587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Controlling growth of cells enclosed in hollow-core microcapsules is an important issue for the practical use of the device in biomedical and biopharmaceutical fields. In this study, we developed hollow-core microcapsules with a cell-adhesive agarose-gelatin conjugate (Aga-Ge) gel membrane for enhancement of adherent cell growth. We enclosed adherent feline kidney cells in these microcapsules and compared their growth profile and behavior with cells in microcapsules with an unmodified agarose membrane. The cells grew approx. 2-fold faster in microcapsules with the Aga-Ge membrane than in those with the unmodified agarose membrane. Fluorescence observation of the cellular skeleton clearly revealed that the enclosed cells adhered and spread on the inner surface of the Aga-Ge membrane but not on the unmodified agarose membrane. The maximum cell densities estimated on the basis of the cellular mitochondrial activities were independent of the cellular adhesiveness of the membrane. The mitochondrial activities per vehicle were similar for the two types of microcapsules. These results demonstrate that construction of microcapsule membranes from cell-adhesive materials is effective for enhancing cellular growth in these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Meiser I, Müller SC, Gepp MM, Zimmermann H, Ehrhart F. Quantitative High Speed Video Analysis of Biopolymer Encapsulated Cells while Capsule Formation. In: Vander Sloten J, Verdonck P, Nyssen M, Haueisen J, editors. 4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2009. pp. 2255-8. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
The swelling behavior of the structural material of cell-enclosing capsules is a key factor for the successful transplantation of these capsules in the treatment of diseases. The present study aimed to develop cell-enclosing capsules displaying minimal swelling under physiological conditions. We investigated the use of an alginate-tyramine conjugate synthesized by a carbodiimide/active-ester coupling reaction. The conjugate gel crosslinked by calcium ions and peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols swelled less in saline than in unmodified alginate. The degree of swelling could be controlled by conjugate preparation conditions. The conjugate gel showed no obvious cytotoxicity for cells, including the process of oxidative coupling generation. Further, encapsulated cells could be cultured for up to 2 months and achieve approximately 5.2-fold greater mitochondrial activity after 51 days of encapsulation than after 1 day. These results show that this alginate-tyramine conjugate is a promising material for use in cell-enclosing capsules for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Teng H, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ma X, Fei J. Inhibition of tumor growth in mice by endostatin derived from abdominal transplanted encapsulated cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:278-84. [PMID: 17417683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endostatin, a C-terminal fragment of collagen 18a, inhibits the growth of established tumors and metastases in vivo by inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the purification procedures required for large-scale production and the attendant cost of these processes, together with the low effectiveness in clinical tests, suggest that alternative delivery methods might be required for efficient therapeutic use of endostatin. In the present study, we transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a human endostatin gene expression vector and encapsulated the CHO cells in alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules. The release of biologically active endostatin was confirmed using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. The encapsulated endostatin-expressing CHO cells can inhibit the growth of primary tumors in a subcutaneous B16 tumor model when injected into the abdominal cavity of mouse. These results widen the clinical application of the microencapsulated cell endostatin delivery system in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaining Teng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Model Organism Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Abstract
One method of nonviral-based gene therapy is to implant microencapsulated nonautologous cells genetically engineered to secrete the desired gene products. Encapsulating the cells within a biocompatible permselective hydrogel, such as alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA), protects the foreign cells from the host immune system while allowing diffusion of nutrients and the therapeutic gene products. An important consideration is which kind of cells is the best candidate for long-term implantation. Our previous work has shown that proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated C2C12 myoblasts in vitro are significantly improved by inclusion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin growth factor II (IGF-II), and collagen within the microcapsules ("enhanced" capsules). However, the effects of such inclusions on the functional status of the microcapsules in vivo are unknown. Here we found that comparing the standard with the enhanced APA microcapsules; there was no difference in the rates of diffusion of recombinant products of different sizes, that is, human factor IX (FIX, 65 kDa), murine IgG (150 kDa), and a lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase (300 kDa), thus providing a key requirement of such an immunoprotective device. Furthermore, the creatine phosphokinase activity and myosin heavy chain staining (markers for differentiation of the myoblasts) and the cell number per capsule in the enhanced microcapsules indicated a higher degree of differentiation and proliferation when compared to the standard microcapsules, thus demonstrating an improved microenvironment for the encapsulated cells. Efficacy was tested in a melanoma cancer tumor model by treating tumor induced by B16-F0/neu tumor cells in mice with myoblasts secreting angiostatin from either the standard or enhanced APA microcapsules. Mice treated with enhanced APA-microcapsules had an 80% reduction in tumor volume at day 21 compared to a 70% reduction in those treated with standard APA-microcapsules. In conclusion, enhancement of APA microcapsules with growth factors and collagen did not adversely affect their permeability property and therapeutic efficacy. However, the enhanced differentiation and viability of the encapsulated myoblasts in vivo should be advantageous for long-term delivery with this method of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aihua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 3N19, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Sakai S, Hashimoto I, Kawakami K. Development of alginate–agarose subsieve-size capsules for subsequent modification with a polyelectrolyte complex membrane. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jiang Q, Zhang SZ, Peng JP, Wang XL. Preparation and in vitro studies of microencapsulated cells releasing human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:859-64. [PMID: 16130185 PMCID: PMC1389901 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare microencapsulated cells releasing human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and investigate their biological characteristics in vitro. METHODS Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with a human TIMP-2 expression vector, encapsulated in barium alginate microcapsules and cultured in vitro. Morphological appearance of the microcapsules was observed under a light microscope. Cell viability was assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse zymography were used to confirm the release of biologically active TIMP-2 from the microcapsules. Cryopreservation study of the microencapsulated cells was carried out using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as preservative agent. RESULTS The microcapsules appeared like a sphere with diameter of 300 - approximately 600 microm. The surface of the capsule wall was clearly smooth. The microencapsulated cells survived well and kept proliferating over the 6 weeks observed. No significant difference in TIMP-2 secretion was found between encapsulated and unencapsulated cells. Reverse zymography confirmed the bioactivity of MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) inhibition of TIMP-2. The cryopreservation process did not damage the microcapsule morphology nor the viability of the cells inside. CONCLUSION Microencapsulated engineered CHO cells survive at least 6 weeks after preparation in vitro, and secrete bioactive TIMP-2 freely from the microcapsules.
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Sakai S, Kawabata K, Tanaka S, Harimoto N, Hashimoto I, Mu C, Salmons B, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Subsieve-size agarose capsules enclosing ifosfamide-activating cells: a strategy toward chemotherapeutic targeting to tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1786-90. [PMID: 16276000 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Localized activation of the prodrug ifosfamide in or close to tumors by implanting encapsulated ifosfamide-activating cells is an efficacious strategy for tumor therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of subsieve-size agarose capsules for enclosing the cells in this application. Compared with many conventional microcapsules, subsieve-size agarose capsules are about one-tenth the size and have both higher mechanical stability and allow better molecular exchangeability than other systems. Cells that have been genetically modified to express cytochrome P450 2B1 enzyme were encapsulated in subsieve-size agarose capsules of ∼90 μm in diameter and implanted into preformed tumors in nude mice. Living cells were detected for >1 month after encapsulation in vitro and showed enzymatic activity (i.e., they were able to activate ifosfamide). More significant regression of preformed tumors was observed in the recipients implanted with cell-enclosing capsules compared with those implanted with empty capsules. These results suggest that the strategy of using subsieve-size agarose capsules enclosing cytochrome P450 2B1–expressing cells is feasible for tumor therapy by chemotherapeutic targeting in combination with ifosfamide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Shi M, Hao S, Quereshi M, Guo X, Zheng C, Xiang J. Significant tumor regression induced by microencapsulation of recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protein. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005; 20:260-6. [PMID: 15989471 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2005.20.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of microencapsulated engineered cells secreting molecules with antineoplastic properties into tumors is a novel approach to cancer gene therapy. In this study, we constructed an engineered tumor cell line, VkCk/RM4-TNF-alpha, which secreted RM4/TNF-alpha fusion protein containing the chimeric antitumor antibody, F(ab')2 (RM4), recognizing the tumor antigen TAG72, as well as the TNF-alpha moiety. The engineered cells were encapsulated into microencapsules. The RM4/TNF-alpha fusion protein secreted by encapsulated VkCk/RM4-TNF-alpha cells could be diffused through the microencapsule membrane into the supernatant and exert a cytotoxic effect on L929 cells in vitro. The antigen-specific binding-reactivity of RM4/TNF-alpha for the TAG72 antigen was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of rat LMCR tumor cells which expressed TAG72 antigen. Implantation of microencapsules containing VkCk/RM4-TNF-alpha cells into LMCR tumors in rats induced tumor regression as a result of tumor necrosis formation. Taken together, these data suggest that microencapsulation of recombinant tumor cells secreting antibody/cytokine fusion protein might be an alternative approach in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Shi
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Sakai S, Kawabata K, Ono T, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Development of mammalian cell-enclosing subsieve-size agarose capsules (<100μm) for cell therapy. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4786-92. [PMID: 15763258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Agarose capsules were prepared using a droplet breakup method in a coflowing stream. Subsieve-size capsules 76+/-9 microm in diameter were obtained by extruding 4 wt% agarose solution from a needle (300 microm inner diameter) at a velocity of 1.2 cm/s into an ambient liquid paraffin flow of 20.8 cm/s. Increasing the flow rate of the liquid paraffin and decreasing that of the agarose solution resulted in a decreased resultant capsule diameter. Reduction in diameter from several hundred micrometers to subsieve-size (<100 microm) enhanced molecular exchange and mechanical stability. Measurements based on the percentage of intact mitochondria in the cells demonstrated that the viability of the enclosed cells was independent of capsule diameter. No significant difference was observed between the viabilities of cells enclosed in capsules with diameters of 79+/-8 and 351+/-41 microm (p=0.43). Compared with cells seeded in a tissue culture dish, the cells enclosed in the subsieve-size capsules showed 89.2% viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Abstract
An alternative form of gene therapy involves immunoisolation of a nonautologous cell line engineered to secrete a therapeutic product. Encapsulation of these cells in a biocompatible polymer serves to protect these allogeneic cells from host-versus-graft rejection while recombinant products and nutrients are able to pass by diffusion. This strategy was applied to the treatment of cancer with some success by delivering either interleukin 2 or angiostatin. However, as cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease, a multipronged approach is now being developed to attack tumorigenesis via multiple pathways in order to improve treatment efficacy. A combination of immunotherapy with angiostatic therapy was investigated by treating B16-F0/neu melanoma-bearing mice with intraperitoneally implanted, microencapsulated mouse myoblasts (C2C12) genetically modified to deliver angiostatin and an interleukin 2 fusion protein (sFvIL-2). The combination treatment resulted in improved survival, delayed tumor growth, and increased histological indices of antitumor activity (apoptosis and necrosis). In addition to improved efficacy, the combination treatment also ameliorated some of the undesirable side effects from the individual treatments that have led to the previous failure of the single treatments, for example, inflammatory response to IL-2 or vascular mimicry due to angiostatin. In conclusion, the combination of immuno- and antiangiogenic therapies delivered by immunoisolated cells was superior to individual treatments for antitumorigenesis activity, not only because of their known mechanisms of action but also because of unexpected protection against the adverse side effects of the single treatments. Thus, the concept of a "cocktail" strategy, with microencapsulation delivering multiple antitumor recombinant molecules to improve efficacy, is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cirone
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Shen F, Li AA, Cornelius RM, Cirone P, Childs RF, Brash JL, Chang PL. Biological properties of photocrosslinked alginate microcapsules. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 75:425-34. [PMID: 16035031 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An alternative form of gene therapy using recombinant cell lines delivering therapeutic products encapsulated in alginate hydrogel has proven effective in treating many murine models. The lack of long-term capsule stability has led to a new strategy to reinforce the microcapsules with a photopolymerized interpenetrating covalent network of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and sodium acrylate. Here the properties for potential application in gene therapy are reported. In assessing potential toxicity of the unpolymerized residues, HPLC showed that even after 1 week of washing, no toxic monomers could be detected. Their ability to sustain cell growth was monitored with growth of the encapsulated cells in vitro and in vivo. Although the initial photopolymerization caused significant cell damage, the cells were able to recover normal growth rates thereafter. After implanting into mice, the NVP-modified capsules showed a high level of biocompatibility as measured by hematological and biochemical functional tests. There was also no difference in the amount and type of plasma proteins adsorbing to the NVP-modified and the classical alginate capsules, thus indicating their similar biological compatibility. Both in vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that the NVP-modified capsules were more resistant to osmotic stress than the alginate microcapsules. Furthermore, when applied to the treatment of a murine model of human cancer by delivering encapsulated cells secreting angiostatin, the NVP-modified microcapsules suppressed tumor growth as successfully as the regular alginate microcapsules. In conclusion, the covalently modified microcapsules have shown a high level of biocompatibility, safety, increase in stability, and clinical efficacy for use as immunoisolation devices in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sakai S, Kawabata K, Ono T, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Preparation of mammalian cell-enclosing subsieve-sized capsules (<100 microm) in a coflowing stream. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:168-73. [PMID: 15052636 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The droplet breakup technique with an immiscible liquid coflowing stream was investigated for the preparation of mammalian cell-enclosing subsieve-sized capsules of less than 100 microm in diameter. The major parts of the droplet generation device were a needle of several hundred micrometers in diameter for extruding the cell-suspending sodium alginate aqueous solution and a tubule of 2.5 mm in diameter through which the extruded alginate solution flowed into ambient immiscible liquid paraffin. The needle was positioned upstream in the vicinity of the coaxial tubule. The droplet diameter of the viscous sodium alginate aqueous solution could be controlled from several dozen to several hundred micrometers by changing the velocities of the inner and ambient fluids and the diameter of the needle. By utilizing a 300-microm diameter needle, CHO-K1 cell-enclosing droplets of 48 +/- 8 microm in diameter were obtained by extruding a cell-suspending sodium alginate solution at a velocity of 1.2 cm/sec into the ambient liquid paraffin flowing at a velocity of 23.5 cm/sec. The breakup process did not influence the viability of the enclosed cells, since more than 95% of the CHO-K1 cells remained alive after the enclosing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Sakai S, Ono T, Ijima H, Kawakami K. MIN6 cells-enclosing aminopropyl-silicate membrane templated by alginate gels differences in guluronic acid content. Int J Pharm 2004; 270:65-73. [PMID: 14726123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse insulinoma (MIN6) cells were encapsulated into aminopropyl-silicate membrane deposited on calcium alginate gel beads via the sol-gel synthesis. Two alginates with different guluronic acid (G) contents, high and intermediate, but with the same molecular weights were used. Viability of the cells in the membrane templated by the alginate with an intermediate content of guluronic acid (intermediate-G) was approximately 10% higher than those in the membrane templated by the alginate with a high content of guluronic acid immediately after encapsulation. Growth of cells in vitro was hindered in case of encapsulation in the aminopropyl-silicate membrane deposited on the high-G alginate gel. The MIN6 cells in the microcapsule made from high-G alginate needed a longer period to establish a normoglycemic in recipients than those in the microcapsule made from intermediate-G alginate despite the same number of viable cells implantation. Recipients of the microcapsule with the core made from the intermediate-G alginate maintained their blood glucose values less than 300 mg/dl for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Barsoum SC, Milgram W, Mackay W, Coblentz C, Delaney KH, Kwiecien JM, Kruth SA, Chang PL. Delivery of recombinant gene product to canine brain with the use of microencapsulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 142:399-413. [PMID: 14713892 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An alternative approach to somatic gene therapy is to deliver a therapeutic protein by implanting "universal" recombinant cells that are immunologically protected from graft rejection with alginate microcapsules. This strategy has proved successful in reversing pathologic conditions in several rodent models of human disease (dwarfism, lysosomal storage disease, hemophilia, cancer). In particular, neurologic disease and behavioral deficit in the mouse model of a neurodegenerative disease (mucopolysaccharidosis [MPS] VII) were significantly improved through the intraventricular implantation of the recombinant encapsulated cells. Here we report the feasibility of delivering recombinant gene products to the central nervous systems (CNSs) of dogs, first using human growth hormone as a marker for delivery in normal dogs and then using alpha-iduronidase as a therapeutic product for delivery in the MPS I dog that is genetically deficient in this lysosomal enzyme. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were genetically modified to express either human growth hormone or canine alpha-iduronidase, then enclosed in alginate-poly-l-lysine-alginate microcapsules of about 500 microm in diameter. The encapsulated cells were implanted into the brain under steoreotaxic guidance. The brains were monitored with computed tomographic scans before and after surgery and examined biochemically and histologically. Delivery of gene products, as measured in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid sampled periodically through 21 days or in various regions of the brain after death showed that the delivery of both gene products was extremely low but detectable. However, we noted extensive inflammatory reactions, both at the sites of implantation and in the immediate vicinity of the implanted microcapsules. Hence for this technology to be applicable to the CNSs of larger animals and human beings, a more accurate and less invasive neurosurgical procedure, more biocompatible microcapsule-recombinant cell combinations, and higher output of recombinant products must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Barsoum
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis has led to tumor suppression in several cancer models. Although administering purified recombinant antiangiogenic product is effective, alternative approaches through genetic manipulation may be more cost-effective. We propose to implant nonautologous recombinant cells secreting angiostatin for systemic delivery of angiostatin in cancer treatment. These cells are protected from graft rejection in alginate microcapsules to function as "micro-organs" to deliver angiostatin in vivo. This approach was tested by implanting encapsulated mouse myoblast C2C12 cells genetically modified to secrete angiostatin into mice bearing solid tumor. Angiostatin was detected in sera of the treated mice. Efficacy was demonstrated by suppression of palpable tumor growth and improved survival. At autopsy, angiostatin localized to residual tumors and high levels of angiostatic activity were detected in tumor extracts. Tumor tissues showed increased apoptosis and necrosis compared with those from untreated or mock-treated mice. Immunohistochemical staining against von Willebrand factor, an endothelial cell marker, showed that within tumors from the treated mice, the neovasculature was poorly defined by endothelial cells, many of which were undergoing apoptosis. However, the tumors eventually developed neovasculature independent of endothelial cells. Such vascular mimicry would account for the lack of long-term efficacy despite persistent angiostatin delivery. In conclusion, implantation with nonautologous microencapsulated cells is feasible for systemic delivery of angiostatin, resulting in localization of angiostatin to tumors and targeted apoptosis of the endothelial cells. Clinical efficacy was demonstrated by suppression of tumor growth and extension of life span. Although the potential of this cell-based approach for angiostatin-mediated cancer therapy is confirmed, long-term efficacy must take into account the possible escape by some tumors from angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cirone
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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37
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Abstract
The implantation of immuno-isolated recombinant cell lines secreting a therapeutic protein in alginate microcapsules presents an alternative approach to gene therapy. Its clinical efficacy has recently been demonstrated in treating several genetic diseases in murine models. However, its application to humans will depend on the long-term structural stability of the microcapsules. Based on previous implantations in canines, it appears that survival of alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules in such large animals is short-lived. This article reports on the biological factors that may have contributed to the degradation of these microcapsules after implantation in dogs. Alginate microcapsules coated with poly-L-lysine or poly-L-arginine were implanted in subcutaneous or intraperitoneal sites. The retrieved microcapsules showed a loss of mechanical stability, as measured by resistance to osmotic stress. The polyamino acid coats were rendered fragile and easily lost, particularly when poly-L-lysine was used for coating and the intraperitoneal site was used for implantation. Various plasma proteins were associated with the retrieved microcapsules and identified with western blotting to include Factor XI, Factor XII, prekallikrein, HMWK, fibrinogen, plasminogen, ATIII, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, fibronectin, IgG, alpha-2-macroglobulin, vitronectin, prothrombin, apolipoprotein A1, and particularly albumin, a major Ca-transporting plasma protein. Complement proteins (C3, Factor B, Factor H, Factor I) and C3 activation fragments were detected. Release of the amino acids from the microcapsule polyamino acid coats was observed after incubation with plasma. indicating the occurrence of proteolytic degradation. Hence, the loss of long-term stability of the polyamino acid-coated alginate microcapsules is associated with activation of the complement system, degradation of the polyamino acid coating, and destabilization of the alginate core matrix, probably through loss of calcium-mediated ionic cross-linking of the guluronic acid polymers in the alginate. These destructive forces may be slightly mitigated by using poly-L-arginine instead of poly-L-lysine for coating and by implanting in a subcutaneous instead of an intraperitoneal site. However, the long-term stability of such devices may require significant improvements in the microcapsule polymer chemistry to withstand such biological impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Orive G, Gascón AR, Hernández RM, Igartua M, Luis Pedraz J. Cell microencapsulation technology for biomedical purposes: novel insights and challenges. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:207-10. [PMID: 12767713 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(03)00073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of cell microencapsulation technology is to treat multiple diseases in the absence of immunosuppression. Using this technique, cells are immobilized within carefully designed capsules that allow the long-term function of the graft. Although the potential impact of this field is likely to be wide-ranging, the past few years have seen several 'firsts' that have brought the whole technology much closer to a realistic clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Zilberman Y, Turgeman G, Pelled G, Xu N, Moutsatsos IK, Hortelano G, Gazit D. Polymer-encapsulated engineered adult mesenchymal stem cells secrete exogenously regulated rhBMP-2, and induce osteogenic and angiogenic tissue formation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
A novel approach to cancer gene therapy is to implant microcapsules containing nonautologous cells engineered to secrete molecules with antineoplastic properties. The efficacy of this treatment is now tested in a mouse model bearing HER-2/neu-positive tumors. Nonautologous mouse myoblasts (C(2)C(12)) were genetically modified to secrete interleukin-2 linked to the Fv region of a humanized antibody with affinity to HER-2/neu. The resulting fusion protein, sFvIL-2, would encompass immune-stimulatory cytokine activity now targeted to the HER-2/neu-expressing tumor. These recombinant cells were then immunoprotected with alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules before implantation into tumor-bearing mice. Treatment with these encapsulated cells led to a delay in tumor progression and prolonged survival of the animals. The long-term efficacy was limited by an inflammatory reaction against the implanted microcapsules probably because of the secreted cytokine and antigenic response against the xenogeneic fusion protein itself. However, over the short term (initial 2 weeks), efficacy was confirmed when a significant amount of biologically active interleukin-2 was detected systemically, and targeting of the fusion protein to the HER-2/neu-expressing tumor was shown immunohistochemically. The tumor suppression in the treated animals was associated with increased apoptosis and necrosis in the tumor tissue, thus demonstrating successful targeting of the antiproliferative effect to the tumors by this delivery paradigm. In conclusion, this new approach to systemic cancer gene therapy needs to be modified to provide long-term delivery, but has demonstrated short-term efficacy and potential to become a cost-effective, benign, and non-viral-based adjunct to the current armory of anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cirone
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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Dembczynski R, Jankowski T. Determination of pore diameter and molecular weight cut-off of hydrogel-membrane liquid-core capsules for immunoisolation. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2002; 12:1051-8. [PMID: 11787521 DOI: 10.1163/156856201753252552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The exclusion limit expressed as the largest pore size of capsules composed of hydrogel Ca-alginate membrane and hydroxy-propyl-ammonium starch liquid core considered as the immunoprotective system has been determined by means of inverse size exclusion chromatography with dextran molecular weight standards. The exclusion limits of the capsules were not influenced by the change of starch concentration in the core solution from 4 to 6% but were influenced by the change in alginate concentration in the membrane from 0.5 to 1.0%, causing the membranes to be less permeable. It was found that the diameter of the largest pores in hydrogel membranes was in the range 7.2-8.0 nm. Based on the relationship between solute size and its molecular weight, the capsules had an approximate exclusion limit of 21-25 kD for dextran and 78-103 kD for protein, which is sufficient to block the antibodies penetrating through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dembczynski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland
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Inazawa T, Tanabe T, Yamada H, Nakaoka T, Hashimoto Y, Yamasaki T, Kotaki H, Tani K, Asano S, Yamashita N. Glucocorticoid-regulated expression of exogenous human growth hormone gene in rats. Mol Ther 2001; 4:267-72. [PMID: 11545618 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to control in vitro and in vivo expression of the growth hormone (GH) gene using a glucocorticoid-sensitive promoter, the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV LTR). We inserted the cDNA encoding the 20-kDa form of human GH (20K-GH) downstream of the MMTV LTR of plasmid pMSG, and used lipofection to transfer it to 3Y1 cells together with plasmid pMX, which contains a puromycin-resistant element. The secretion of GH from the selected transformants was dose-dependently augmented by the application of hydrocortisone, corticosterone, or dexamethasone, among which dexamethasone was the most potent. Analysis of the time course showed that 20K-GH secretion began to increase within 2 hours after the addition of glucocorticoid and reached a maximal level of about threefold over the unstimulated control at 3 hours; secretion then gradually declined and returned to near basal levels at 19 hours. Repeated glucocorticoid application led to repeated increases in GH secretion. When GH-producing cells were microcapsulated and transplanted into the abdominal cavities of rats, 20K-GH was detected in the plasma under control conditions and increased about 3.3-fold after administration of dexamethasone. We suggest that GH expression driven by the MMTV LTR promoter may be under the control of an endogenous glucocorticoid in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inazawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Springer ML, Hortelano G, Bouley DM, Wong J, Kraft PE, Blau HM. Induction of angiogenesis by implantation of encapsulated primary myoblasts expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. J Gene Med 2000; 2:279-88. [PMID: 10953919 DOI: 10.1002/1521-2254(200007/08)2:4<279::aid-jgm114>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that intramuscular implantation of primary myoblasts engineered to express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) constitutively resulted in hemangioma formation and the appearance of VEGF in the circulation. To investigate the potential for using allogeneic myoblasts and the effects of delivery of VEGF-expressing myoblasts to non-muscle sites, we have enclosed them in microcapsules that protect allogeneic cells from rejection, yet allow the secretion of proteins produced by the cells. METHODS Encapsulated mouse primary myoblasts that constitutively expressed murine VEGF164, or encapsulated negative control cells, were implanted either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into mice. RESULTS Upon subcutaneous implantation, capsules containing VEGF-expressing myoblasts gave rise to large tissue masses at the implantation site that continued to grow and were composed primarily of endothelial and smooth muscle cells directly surrounding the capsules, and macrophages and capillaries further away from the capsules. Similarly, when injected intraperitoneally, VEGF-producing capsules caused significant localized inflammation and angiogenesis within the peritoneum, and ultimately led to fatal intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Notably, however, VEGF was not detected in the plasma of any mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that encapsulated primary myoblasts persist and continue to secrete VEGF subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, but that the heparin-binding isoform VEGF164 exerts localized effects at the site of production. VEGF secreted from the capsules attracts endothelial and smooth muscle cells in a macrophage-independent manner. These results, along with our previous results, show that the mode and site of delivery of the same factor by the same engineered myoblasts can lead to markedly different outcomes. Moreover, the results confirm that constitutive delivery of high levels of VEGF is not desirable. In contrast, regulatable expression may lead to efficacious, safe, and localized VEGF delivery by encapsulated allogeneic primary myoblasts that can serve as universal donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Springer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5174, USA
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Abstract
1. Canine models of human neurodegenerative disorders are uncommon. However, the similarity between canines and humans in body sizes and physiology provides an exceptional opportunity to use these models to study human diseases. 2. The authors will present a review on the neurological deficits that have been observed in canine models of genetic neurodegenerative diseases, and summarize the current gene therapy treatments being developed for some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Barsoum
- Department of Pediatric, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Stockley TL, Robinson KE, Delaney K, Ofosu FA, Chang PL. Delivery of recombinant product from subcutaneous implants of encapsulated recombinant cells in canines. J Lab Clin Med 2000; 135:484-92. [PMID: 10850648 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Delivering recombinant therapeutic proteins from a universal microencapsulated cell line is an alternate method for gene therapy. It has proved effective in the treatment of several murine models of human genetic diseases. However, in scaling up to large animal models, intraperitoneal Implantations of these microcapsules in canines were associated with excessive Inflammatory response and rapid degradation. We now show that subcutaneous implantation of microencapsulated cells in canines is effective in delivering recombinant product systemically for extended periods, provides a surgically benign site, leads to less inflammatory response, and permits longer-term survival of microcapsules. Allogeneic MDCK cells engineered to secrete human growth hormone (hGH) were microencapsulated in alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate and implanted subcutaneously. Systemic delivery of hGH was evident within 4 hours and peaked by day 1 after implantation in all dogs. The gradual decline of hGH in the circulation in the first 2 weeks coincided with the development of anti-hGH antibodies by day 11. The high titer persisted for more than 1 month, demonstrating indirectly the persistent delivery of hGH. Microcapsules retrieved from the subcutaneous implant maintained their structure throughout the experiment and were free of host cellular adhesions. The mechanical integrity of the subcutaneously implanted microcapsules also appeared superior to that of the intraperitoneal implant. Hence the subcutaneously implanted microcapsules required minimal surgical intervention and led to a low level of inflammatory response, and the implant survived for at least 1 month, thus demonstrating the feasibility of systemic delivery of recombinant products via subcutaneous implantation in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Stockley
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Shinya E, Dervillez X, Edwards-Lévy F, Duret V, Brisson E, Ylisastigui L, Lévy MC, Cohen JH, Klatzmann D. In-vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins by genetically-modified cells: comparison of organoids and human serum albumin alginate-coated beads. Biomed Pharmacother 1999; 53:471-83. [PMID: 10665341 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(00)88106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a self-assembling multimeric soluble CD4 molecule by inserting the C-terminal fragment of the alpha chain of human C4-binding protein (C4bp alpha) at the C-terminal end of human soluble CD4 genes. This CD4-C4bp alpha fusion protein (sMulti-CD4) and two other reference molecules, a fusion protein of human serum albumin (HSA) and the first two domains of CD4 (HSA-CD4) and monomeric soluble CD4 (sMono-CD4), were delivered in vivo by genetically modified 293 cells. These cells were implanted in mice as organoids and also encapsulated in HSA alginate-coated beads. sMulti-CD4 showed an apparent molecular weight of about 300-350 kDa, in accordance with a possible heptamer formula. sMulti-CD4 produced either in cell culture or in vivo in mice appeared to be a better invitro inhibitor of HIV infection than sMono-CD4. Plasma levels of sMulti-CD4, HSA-CD4, and sMono-CD4 reached approximately 2,300, 2,700, and 170 ng/mL, respectively, 13 weeks after in-vivo organoid implantation, which had formed tumours at that time. This suggests that the plasma half-life of sMulti-CD4 is much longer than that of sMono-CD4. The 293 xenogeneic cells encapsulated in HSA alginate-coated beads remained alive and kept secreting sMono-CD4 or HSA-CD4 continuously at significant levels for 18 weeks in nude mice, without tumour formation. When implanted in immunocompetent Balb/c mice, they were rejected two to three weeks after implantation. In contrast, encapsulated BL4 hybridoma cells remained alive and kept secreting BL4 anti-CD4 mAb for at least four weeks in Balb/c mice. These results suggest the clinical potential of the C4bp-multimerizing system, which could improve both the biological activity and the poor in-vivo pharmacokinetic performance of a monomeric functional protein like soluble CD4. These data also show that a systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins, including immunoglobulins, can be obtained by the in-vivo implantation of engineered allogeneic cells encapsulated in HSA alginate-coated beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shinya
- Laboratoire de biologie et thérapeutique des pathologies immunitaires, UPMC/CNRS ESA 7087, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
With the human genome project approaching its completion date of 2005, gene-based technology will play an increasingly important role in health-care delivery. Non-autologous somatic gene therapy is a novel application in which non-autologous cell lines engineered to secrete a recombinant protein are enclosed within immunoisolation devices and implanted into all patients requiring the same product for therapy. The development of this technology requires a multi-disciplinary effort towards optimization of the biomaterial used to manufacture the implantable devices and selection of the appropriate cell lines for enclosure. The efficacy of this technology is illustrated in the treatment of dwarfism and lysosomal storage disease in murine models. The potential of a safe and cost-effective gene-based delivery method should have wide applications in treating both classical genetic disorders and non-Mendelian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Chang
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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