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Shivaram KB, Bhatt P, Verma MS, Clase K, Simsek H. Bacteriophage-based biosensors for detection of pathogenic microbes in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165859. [PMID: 37516175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is discarded from several sources, including industry, livestock, fertilizer application, and municipal waste. If the disposed of wastewater has not been treated and processed before discharge to the environment, pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals are accumulated in the disposal area and transported into the surface waters. The presence of harmful microbes is responsible for thousands of human deaths related to water-born contamination every year. To be able to take the necessary step and quick action against the possible presence of harmful microorganisms and substances, there is a need to improve the effective speed of identification and treatment of these problems. Biosensors are such devices that can give quantitative information within a short period of time. There have been several biosensors developed to measure certain parameters and microorganisms. The discovered biosensors can be utilized for the detection of axenic and mixed microbial strains from the wastewaters. Biosensors can further be developed for specific conditions and environments with an in-depth understanding of microbial organization and interaction within that community. In this regard, bacteriophage-based biosensors have become a possibility to identify specific live bacteria in an infected environment. This paper has investigated the current scenario of microbial community analysis and biosensor development in identifying the presence of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Basthi Shivaram
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mohit S Verma
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kari Clase
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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Yan J, Li Z, Guo J, Liu S, Guo J. Organ-on-a-chip: A new tool for in vitro research. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114626. [PMID: 35969963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC, organ chip) technology can closely simulate the human microenvironment, synthesize organ-like functional units on a fluidic chip substrate, and simulate the physiology of tissues and organs. It will become an increasingly important platform for in vitro drug development and screening. Most importantly, organ-on-a-chip technology, incorporating 3D cell cultures, overcomes the traditional drawbacks of 2D (flat) cell-culture technology in vitro and in vivo animal trials, neither of which generate completely reliable results when it comes to the actual human subject. It is expected that organ chips will allow huge reductions in the incidence of failure in late-stage human trials, thus slashing the cost of drug development and speeding up the introduction of drugs that are effective. There have been three key enabling technologies that have made organ chip technology possible: 3D bioprinting, fluidic chips, and 3D cell culture, of which the last has allowed cells to be cultivated under more physiologically realistic growth conditions than 2D culture. The fusion of these advanced technologies and the addition of new research methods and algorithms has enabled the construction of chip types with different structures and different uses, providing a wide range of controllable microenvironments, both for research at the cellular level and for more reliable analysis of the action of drugs on the human body. This paper summarizes some research progress of organ-on-a-chip in recent years, outlines the key technologies used and the achievements in drug screening, and makes some suggestions concerning the current challenges and future development of organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Yan
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, 408008, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Zhu D, Ma Z, Wang Z, Wei Q, Li X, Wang J, Su S, Zuo X, Fan C, Chao J, Wang L. Modular DNA Circuits for Point-of-Care Colorimetric Assay of Infectious Pathogens. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13861-13869. [PMID: 34506117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, specific, and inexpensive detection of multiple infectious pathogens simultaneously is a significant goal for human health and safety. Herein we present a rationally designed modular DNA circuit for point-of-care (POC) detection of a variety of infectious pathogens based on nucleic acid isothermal amplification technology and DNAzyme-mediated colorimetric readout. A modular DNA circuit was constructed with a fixed module and a flexible module and was rationally designed according to genetic targets. On this basis, the platform could detect multiple genetic targets corresponding to infectious pathogens simultaneously. Signal amplification properties of the DNA circuit and the peroxidase-like DNAzyme enable the detection limits to reach the picomolar level. By urea treatment and magnetic separation, the fixed module can be reused at least five times, which makes this assay more economical and environmentally friendly. The detection of genetic infectious pathogens should be accomplished in 2 h with naked-eye observation and may provide an efficient tool for POC analysis of multiple infectious pathogens, especially in resource-poor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Shao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Golozar M, Chu WK, Casto LD, McCauley J, Butterworth AL, Mathies RA. Fabrication of high-quality glass microfluidic devices for bioanalytical and space flight applications. MethodsX 2020; 7:101043. [PMID: 32995307 PMCID: PMC7502335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfabricated glass microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) devices have been utilized in a wide variety of applications over the past thirty years. At the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory, we are working to further expand this technology by developing analytical instruments to chemically explore our solar system. This effort requires improving the quality and reliability of glass microfabrication through quality control procedures at every stage of design and manufacture. This manuscript provides detailed information on microfabrication technology for the production of high-quality glass microfluidic chips in compliance with industrial standards and space flight instrumentation quality control.The methodological protocol provided in this paper includes the scope of each step of the manufacturing process, materials and technologies recommended and the specific challenges that often confront the process developer. Types and sources of fabrication error at every stage have been identified and their solutions have been proposed and verified. We present robust and rigorous manufacturing and quality control procedures that will assist other researchers in achieving the highest possible quality glass microdevices using the latest apparatus in a routine and reliable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Golozar
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Wai K. Chu
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Laura D. Casto
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy McCauley
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Anna L. Butterworth
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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Abstract
Significant levels of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria are nowadays a worldwide matter, carrying considerable public health care challenges and huge economic concerns. Because of the rapid transmission of these biothreat agents and the outbreak of diseases, a rapid detection of pathogens in early stages is crucial, particularly in low-resources settings. To this aim, we developed for the first time a new sensing approach carried out in a single step for Escherichia coli O157:H7 detection. The detection principle is based on Förster resonance energy transfer using gold nanoclusters as a signal reporter and gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies as a quencher. The sensing platform includes an ultraviolet-light-emitting diode to provide the proper excitation and consists of a microtube containing two pieces of fiber glass; one of them is embedded with label-free gold nanoclusters and the other one with gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies. Upon the addition of the sample containing bacteria, the florescence of gold nanoclusters is recovered. The assay was evaluated by the naked eye (on/off) and quantitatively with use of a smartphone camera. The biosensor proved to be highly specific and sensitive, achieving a limit of detection as low as 4.0 cfu mL-1. Additionally, recoveries of 110% and 95% were obtained when the platforms in spiked river and tap water, respectively, were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Amin
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193 Spain.,Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.,Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH&ME, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amadeo Sena Torralba
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193 Spain.,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluı́s Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Kang J, Yeom G, Jang H, Oh J, Park CJ, Kim MG. Development of Replication Protein A-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Detection of Disease Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10001-10007. [PMID: 31269392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) using conventional sandwich-type immunoassays are one of the most commonly used point-of-care (PoC) tests. However, the application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in LFIAs does not meet sensitivity requirements for the detection of infectious diseases or biomarkers present at low concentrations in body fluids because of the limited number of AuNPs that can bind to the target. To overcome this problem, we first developed a single-stranded DNA binding protein (RPA70A, DNA binding domain A of human Replication Protein A 70 kDa) conjugated to AuNPs for a sandwich assay using a capture antibody immobilized in the LFIA and an aptamer as a detection probe, thus, enabling signal intensity enhancement by attaching several AuNPs per aptamer. We applied this method to detect the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). We visually detected spiked targets at a low femtomolar range, with limits of detection for NP in human nasal fluid and for cTnI in serum of 0.26 and 0.23 pg·mL-1, respectively. This technique showed significantly higher sensitivity than conventional methods that are widely used in LFIAs involving antibody-conjugated AuNPs. These results suggest that the proposed method can be universally applied to the detection of substances requiring high sensitivity and can be used in the field of PoC testing for early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuho Yeom
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jusung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
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Yang J, Hurth C, Nordquist A, Smith S, Zenhausern F. Integrated Microfluidic System for Rapid DNA Fingerprint Analysis: A Miniaturized Integrated DNA Analysis System (MiDAS)-Swab Sample-In to DNA Profile-Out. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1906:207-224. [PMID: 30488395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8964-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated rapid DNA analysis system requires integrating several operational elements performing multiple steps onto one single microfluidic platform. The functions to include on the microfluidic platform consist of substrate lysis, lysate DNA extraction, single or multiplexed PCR amplification, amplicon separation, and product readout. Here we describe a fully automated integrated system for forensic short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of reference samples, achieving buccal swab-in and DNA profile-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yang
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Cedric Hurth
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alan Nordquist
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stan Smith
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Pashchenko O, Shelby T, Banerjee T, Santra S. A Comparison of Optical, Electrochemical, Magnetic, and Colorimetric Point-of-Care Biosensors for Infectious Disease Diagnosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1162-1178. [PMID: 29860830 PMCID: PMC6736529 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Each year, infectious diseases are responsible for millions of deaths, most of which occur in the rural areas of developing countries. Many of the infectious disease diagnostic tools used today require a great deal of time, a laboratory setting, and trained personnel. Due to this, the need for effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools is greatly increasing with an emphasis on affordability, portability, sensitivity, specificity, timeliness, and ease of use. In this Review, we discuss the various diagnostic modalities that have been utilized toward this end and are being further developed to create POC diagnostic technologies, and we focus on potential effectiveness in resource-limited settings. The main modalities discussed herein are optical-, electrochemical-, magnetic-, and colorimetric-based modalities utilized in diagnostic technologies for infectious diseases. Each of these modalities feature pros and cons when considering application in POC settings but, overall, reveal a promising outlook for the future of this field of technological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Pashchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas, 66762
| | - Tyler Shelby
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas, 66762
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas, 66762
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas, 66762
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Yang F, Yang N, Huo X, Xu S. Thermal sensing in fluid at the micro-nano-scales. Biomicrofluidics 2018; 12:041501. [PMID: 30867860 PMCID: PMC6404956 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most fundamental parameters for the characterization of a physical system. With rapid development of lab-on-a-chip and biology at single cell level, a great demand has risen for the temperature sensors with high spatial, temporal, and thermal resolution. Nevertheless, measuring temperature in liquid environment is always a technical challenge. Various factors may affect the sensing results, such as the fabrication parameters of built-in sensors, thermal property of electrical insulating layer, and stability of fluorescent thermometers in liquid environment. In this review, we focused on different kinds of micro/nano-thermometers applied in the thermal sensing for microfluidic systems and cultured cells. We discussed the advantages and limitations of these thermometers in specific applications and the challenges and possible solutions for more accurate temperature measurements in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Huo
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Mendoza-Gallegos RA, Rios A, Garcia-Cordero JL. An Affordable and Portable Thermocycler for Real-Time PCR Made of 3D-Printed Parts and Off-the-Shelf Electronics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5563-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Mendoza-Gallegos
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Amelia Rios
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
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11
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Briciu-Burghina C, Heery B, Regan F. Protocol for the recovery and detection of Escherichia coli in environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:178-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Birch C, Landers J. Electrode Materials in Microfluidic Systems for the Processing and Separation of DNA: A Mini Review. Micromachines 2017; 8:76. [DOI: 10.3390/mi8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of genetic analysis, electrode materials have played an irreplaceable role due to the easily-exploitable negatively-charged backbone of the DNA structure. Initially, the employment of electrophoretic movement lay only in the separation of DNA fragments of differing length; however, the widening utility of electrokinetic phenomena at the microscale in areas such as fluid transportation and multistep integration led researchers to capitalize further when translating processes to microfluidic or “lab-on-chip” devices. Over the following three decades, the field witnessed a plethora of ways in which the necessary voltages could be transmitted to the sample and reagents with many successes; however, additional demands were then placed on those hoping to bring their microdevices to the market place. A greater emphasis on the cost of all constituent parts along with the increased importance that fluidics be contained hermetically at all times meant groups would become more imaginative when incorporating electrode materials. This review will aim to exactly describe the evolution of how those materials have been employed in DNA-based microfluidic devices. It will focus on how developers began to explore other emerging uses and also discuss how their tactics reflected the progressive demands of their chosen industry.
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Abstract
Microfluidics has become an important tool for the commercial product development in diagnostics. This article will focus on current technical demands during the development process such as material and integration challenges. Furthermore, we present data on the diagnostics market as well as examples of microfluidics-enabled systems currently under commercial development or already on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Becker
- microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer Str. 20, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Claudia Gärtner
- microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer Str. 20, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
New miniaturised microfluidic biofilter (BF) devices based on silicon micropillars have been developed and tested regarding their ability to extract HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) bacterial DNA from biological sample solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Conoci
- STMicroelectronics Stradale Primosole
- 50 - 95121 Catania
- Italy
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15
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Krivitsky V, Zverzhinetsky M, Patolsky F. Antigen-Dissociation from Antibody-Modified Nanotransistor Sensor Arrays as a Direct Biomarker Detection Method in Unprocessed Biosamples. Nano Lett 2016; 16:6272-6281. [PMID: 27579528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The detection of biomolecules is critical for a wide spectrum of applications in life sciences and medical diagnosis. Nonetheless, biosamples are highly complex solutions, which contain an enormous variety of biomolecules, cells, and chemical species. Consequently, the intrinsic chemical complexity of biosamples results in a significant analytical background noise and poses an immense challenge to any analytical measurement, especially when applied without prior efficient separation and purification steps. Here, we demonstrate the application of antigen-dissociation regime, from antibody-modified Si-nanowire sensors, as a simple and effective direct sensing mechanism of biomarkers of interest in complex biosamples, such as serum and untreated blood, which does not require ex situ time-consuming biosample manipulation steps, such as centrifugation, filtering, preconcentration, and desalting, thus overcoming the detrimental Debye screening limitation of nanowire-based biosensors. We found that two key parameters control the capability to perform quantitative biomarkers analysis in biosamples: (i) the affinity strength (koff rate) of the antibody-antigen recognition pair, which dictates the time length of the high-affinity slow dissociation subregime, and (ii) the "flow rate" applied during the solution exchange dissociation step, which controls the time width of the low-affinity fast-dissociation subregime. Undoubtedly, this is the simplest and most convenient approach for the SiNW FET-based detection of antigens in complex untreated biosamples. The lack of ex situ biosample manipulation time-consuming processes enhances the portability of the sensing platform and reduces to minimum the required volume of tested sample, as it allows the direct detection of untreated biosamples (5-10 μL blood or serum), while readily reducing the detection cycle duration to less than 5 min, factors of great importance in near-future point-of-care medical applications. We believe this is the first ever reported demonstration on the real-time, direct label-free sensing of biomarkers from untreated blood samples, using SiNW-based FET devices, while not compromising the ultrasensitive sensing capabilities inherent to these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Krivitsky
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marina Zverzhinetsky
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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16
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Gomez FJV, Silva MF. Microchip electrophoresis for wine analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8643-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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HE QD, HUANG DP, HUANG G, CHEN ZG. Advance in Research of Microfluidic Polymerase Chain Reaction Chip. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Zhuang B, Han J, Xiang G, Gan W, Wang S, Wang D, Wang L, Sun J, Li CX, Liu P. A fully integrated and automated microsystem for rapid pharmacogenetic typing of multiple warfarin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Lab Chip 2016; 16:86-95. [PMID: 26568290 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fully integrated and automated microsystem consisting of low-cost, disposable plastic chips for DNA extraction and PCR amplification combined with a reusable glass capillary array electrophoresis chip in a modular-based format was successfully developed for warfarin pharmacogenetic testing. DNA extraction was performed by adopting a filter paper-based method, followed by "in situ" PCR that was carried out directly in the same reaction chamber of the chip without elution. PCR products were then co-injected with sizing standards into separation channels for detection using a novel injection electrode. The entire process was automatically conducted on a custom-made compact control and detection instrument. The limit of detection of the microsystem for the singleplex amplification of amelogenin was determined to be 0.625 ng of standard K562 DNA and 0.3 μL of human whole blood. A two-color multiplex allele-specific PCR assay for detecting the warfarin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 6853 (-1639G>A) and 6484 (1173C>T) in the VKORC1 gene and the *3 SNP (1075A>C) in the CYP2C9 gene was developed and used for validation studies. The fully automated genetic analysis was completed in two hours with a minimum requirement of 0.5 μL of input blood. Samples from patients with different genotypes were all accurately analyzed. In addition, both dried bloodstains and oral swabs were successfully processed by the microsystem with a simple modification to the DNA extraction and amplification chip. The successful development and operation of this microsystem establish the feasibility of rapid warfarin pharmacogenetic testing in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junping Han
- Chinese People's Public Security University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guangxin Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wupeng Gan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuaiqin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China and National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China and National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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19
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Tsougeni K, Papadakis G, Gianneli M, Grammoustianou A, Constantoudis V, Dupuy B, Petrou PS, Kakabakos SE, Tserepi A, Gizeli E, Gogolides E. Plasma nanotextured polymeric lab-on-a-chip for highly efficient bacteria capture and lysis. Lab Chip 2016; 16:120-31. [PMID: 26556673 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, fabrication, and successful demonstration of a sample preparation module comprising bacteria cell capture and thermal lysis on-chip with potential applications in food sample pathogen analysis. Plasma nanotexturing of the polymeric substrate allows increase of the surface area of the chip and the antibody binding capacity. Three different anti-Salmonella antibodies were directly and covalently linked to plasma treated chips without any additional linker chemistry or other treatment. Then, the Ab-modified chips were tested for their capacity to bind bacteria in the concentration range of 10(2)-10(8) cells per mL; the module exhibited 100% efficiency in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteria capture for cell suspensions below 10(5) cells per mL (10(4) cells injected with a 100 μL sample volume) and efficiency higher than 50% for 10(7) cells per mL. Moreover, thermal lysis achieved on-chip from as low as 10 captured cells was demonstrated and shown to compare well with off-chip lysis. Excellent selectivity (over 1 : 300) was obtained in a sample containing, in addition to S. Typhimurium and E. coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsougeni
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarhou Gregoriou and Neapoleos 27 St, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
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20
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. Environ Chem Lett 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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21
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Yafia M, Ahmadi A, Hoorfar M, Najjaran H. Ultra-Portable Smartphone Controlled Integrated Digital Microfluidic System in a 3D-Printed Modular Assembly. Micromachines 2015; 6:1289-305. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6091289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Bartsch MS, Edwards HS, Lee D, Moseley CE, Tew KE, Renzi RF, Van de Vreugde JL, Kim H, Knight DL, Sinha A, Branda SS, Patel KD. The rotary zone thermal cycler: a low-power system enabling automated rapid PCR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118182. [PMID: 25826708 PMCID: PMC4380418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology, microfluidics, and laboratory automation continue to expand the accessibility and applicability of these methods beyond the confines of conventional, centralized laboratory facilities and into point of use roles in clinical, military, forensic, and field-deployed applications. As a result, there is a growing need to adapt the unit operations of molecular biology (e.g., aliquoting, centrifuging, mixing, and thermal cycling) to compact, portable, low-power, and automation-ready formats. Here we present one such adaptation, the rotary zone thermal cycler (RZTC), a novel wheel-based device capable of cycling up to four different fixed-temperature blocks into contact with a stationary 4-microliter capillary-bound sample to realize 1-3 second transitions with steady state heater power of less than 10 W. We demonstrate the utility of the RZTC for DNA amplification as part of a highly integrated rotary zone PCR (rzPCR) system that uses low-volume valves and syringe-based fluid handling to automate sample loading and unloading, thermal cycling, and between-run cleaning functionalities in a compact, modular form factor. In addition to characterizing the performance of the RZTC and the efficacy of different online cleaning protocols, we present preliminary results for rapid single-plex PCR, multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) amplification, and second strand cDNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Bartsch
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Karen E. Tew
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald F. Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Hanyoup Kim
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Anupama Sinha
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Kamlesh D. Patel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
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23
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Durney BC, Bachert BA, Sloane HS, Lukomski S, Landers JP, Holland LA. Reversible phospholipid nanogels for deoxyribonucleic acid fragment size determinations up to 1500 base pairs and integrated sample stacking. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:136-44. [PMID: 26092346 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid additives are a cost-effective medium to separate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments and possess a thermally-responsive viscosity. This provides a mechanism to easily create and replace a highly viscous nanogel in a narrow bore capillary with only a 10°C change in temperature. Preparations composed of dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) self-assemble, forming structures such as nanodisks and wormlike micelles. Factors that influence the morphology of a particular DMPC-DHPC preparation include the concentration of lipid in solution, the temperature, and the ratio of DMPC and DHPC. It has previously been established that an aqueous solution containing 10% phospholipid with a ratio of [DMPC]/[DHPC]=2.5 separates DNA fragments with nearly single base resolution for DNA fragments up to 500 base pairs in length, but beyond this size the resolution decreases dramatically. A new DMPC-DHPC medium is developed to effectively separate and size DNA fragments up to 1500 base pairs by decreasing the total lipid concentration to 2.5%. A 2.5% phospholipid nanogel generates a resolution of 1% of the DNA fragment size up to 1500 base pairs. This increase in the upper size limit is accomplished using commercially available phospholipids at an even lower material cost than is achieved with the 10% preparation. The separation additive is used to evaluate size markers ranging between 200 and 1500 base pairs in order to distinguish invasive strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and Aspergillus species by harnessing differences in gene sequences of collagen-like proteins in these organisms. For the first time, a reversible stacking gel is integrated in a capillary sieving separation by utilizing the thermally-responsive viscosity of these self-assembled phospholipid preparations. A discontinuous matrix is created that is composed of a cartridge of highly viscous phospholipid assimilated into a separation matrix of low viscosity. DNA sample stacking is facilitated with longer injection times without sacrificing separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Durney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Beth A Bachert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Hillary S Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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24
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Uddin SM, Ibrahim F, Sayad AA, Thiha A, Pei KX, Mohktar MS, Hashim U, Cho J, Thong KL. A portable automatic endpoint detection system for amplicons of loop mediated isothermal amplification on microfluidic compact disk platform. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:5376-89. [PMID: 25751077 DOI: 10.3390/s150305376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many improvements have been made in foodborne pathogen detection methods to reduce the impact of food contamination. Several rapid methods have been developed with biosensor devices to improve the way of performing pathogen detection. This paper presents an automated endpoint detection system for amplicons generated by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) on a microfluidic compact disk platform. The developed detection system utilizes a monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) emitter for excitation of fluorescent labeled LAMP amplicons and a color sensor to detect the emitted florescence from target. Then it processes the sensor output and displays the detection results on liquid crystal display (LCD). The sensitivity test has been performed with detection limit up to 2.5 × 10−3 ng/µL with different DNA concentrations of Salmonella bacteria. This system allows a rapid and automatic endpoint detection which could lead to the development of a point-of-care diagnosis device for foodborne pathogens detection in a resource-limited environment.
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25
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Xu K, Begley MR, Landers JP. Simultaneous metering and dispensing of multiple reagents on a passively controlled microdevice solely by finger pressing. Lab Chip 2015; 15:867-876. [PMID: 25490702 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a novel design of a passively controlled, finger-driven microfluidic circuit for the metering and delivery (MaD) of a liquid reagent. The proposed design modularized the fluidic circuit for a single reagent's MaD so that it can be multiplexed conveniently for the MaD of an arbitrary number of reagents solely by finger pressing. The microdevice has comparable accuracy with pipettes and we have demonstrated its applicability in the preparation of biochemical assays. The proposed design of the modularized, structurally "stackable" fluidic circuit provides a reference in designing future single-pressure-source-driven, passively controlled multi-liquid handling microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Over the past six decades, the drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum has become an issue of utmost concern. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made in recent years in reducing the mortality rate to about 30% with the scaling-up of vector control, introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies and other malaria control strategies, the confirmation of artemisinin resistance on the Cambodia–Thailand border threatened all the previous success. This review addresses the global scenario of antimalarial resistance and factors associated with it, with the main emphasis on futuristic approaches like nanotechnology and stem cell therapy that may impede resistant malaria, along with novel medications which are preparing to enter the global antimalarial market. These novel studies are likely to escalate over the coming years and will hopefully help to reduce the burden of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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27
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Wang C, Chang C, Wu J, Lee G. An integrated microfluidic device utilizing vancomycin conjugated magnetic beads and nanogold-labeled specific nucleotide probes for rapid pathogen diagnosis. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2014; 10:809-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Abstract
This paper describes a micro total analysis system for molecular analysis of Salmonella, a major food-borne pathogen. We developed a centrifugal microfluidic device, which integrated the three main steps of pathogen detection, DNA extraction, isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and detection, onto a single disc. A single laser diode was utilized for wireless control of valve actuation, cell lysis, and noncontact heating in the isothermal amplification step, thereby yielding a compact and miniaturized system. To achieve high detection sensitivity, rare cells in large volumes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and milk samples were enriched before loading onto the disc by using antibody-coated magnetic beads. The entire procedure, from DNA extraction through to detection, was completed within 30 min in a fully automated fashion. The final detection was carried out using lateral flow strips by direct visual observation; detection limit was 10 cfu/mL and 10(2) cfu/mL in PBS and milk, respectively. Our device allows rapid molecular diagnostic analysis and does not require specially trained personnel or expensive equipment. Thus, we expect that it would have an array of potential applications, including in the detection of food-borne pathogens, environmental monitoring, and molecular diagnostics in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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29
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Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Next revolution in the molecular theranostics of infectious diseases: microfabricated systems for personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:433-50. [PMID: 16706745 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases is currently going through a revolution sustained by the regulatory approval of amplification tests that have been shown to be equivalent or superior to existing gold standard methods. The recent approval of a microarray system for the pharmacogenomic profiling of cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism is paving the way to novel, rapid, sensitive, robust and economical microfabricated systems for point-of-care diagnostics, which are utilized closer and closer to the patient's bedside. These systems will enable the multiparametric genetic evaluation of several medical conditions, including infectious diseases. This forecoming revolution will position molecular theranostics in a broader integrated view of personalized medicine, which exploits genetic information from microbes and human hosts to optimize patient management and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bissonnette
- Département de Biologie Médicale (Microbiologie), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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30
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Prakash R, Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Wong A, Tellier R, Kaler KVIS. Droplet Microfluidic Chip Based Nucleic Acid Amplification and Real-Time Detection of Influenza Viruses. J Electrochem Soc 2014; 161:B3083-B3093. [PMID: 32287356 PMCID: PMC7105149 DOI: 10.1149/2.013402jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized bio-diagnostic devices have the potential to allow for rapid pathogen screening in clinical patient samples, as a low cost and portable alternative to conventional bench-top equipment. Miniaturization of key bio-diagnostic techniques, such as: nucleic acid detection and quantification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA fingerprinting, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), results in substantial reduction of reaction volumes (expensive samples/reagents) and shorter reaction times. Droplet microfluidics (DMF) is one of several miniaturized bio-sample handling techniques available for manipulating clinical samples and reagents in microliter (10-6 L) to picoliter (10-12 L) volume regime. Electro-actuation of sample and reagent in the form of droplets in the aforementioned volume regime, using dielectrophoresis (DEP) and/or Electrowetting (EW) are achieved by means of patterned, insulated metal electrodes on one or more substrates. In this work, we have utilized electro-actuation based DMF technology, integrated with suitably tailored resistive micro-heaters and temperature sensors, to achieve chip based real-time, quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). This qRT-PCR micro-device was utilized to detect and quantify the presence of influenza A and C virus nucleic acids, using in-vitro synthesized viral RNA segments. The experimental analysis of the DMF micro-device confirms its capabilities in qRT-PCR based detection and quantification of pathogen samples, with accuracy levels comparable to established commercial bench-top equipment (PCR efficiency ∼95%). The limit of detection (LOD) of the chip based qRT-PCR technique was estimated to be ∼5 copies of template RNA per PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prakash
- Biosystems Research and Applications Group, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health of Alberta, ProvLAB, Calgary AB T2N4W4, Canada
| | - S Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health of Alberta, ProvLAB, Calgary AB T2N4W4, Canada
| | - A Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health of Alberta, ProvLAB, Calgary AB T2N4W4, Canada
| | - R Tellier
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health of Alberta, ProvLAB, Calgary AB T2N4W4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K V I S Kaler
- Biosystems Research and Applications Group, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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31
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Liu T, Sin MLY, Pyne JD, Gau V, Liao JC, Wong PK. Electrokinetic stringency control in self-assembled monolayer-based biosensors for multiplex urinary tract infection diagnosis. Nanomedicine 2014; 10:159-66. [PMID: 23891989 PMCID: PMC3858494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens is critical toward judicious management of infectious diseases. Herein, we demonstrate an in situ electrokinetic stringency control approach for a self-assembled monolayer-based electrochemical biosensor toward urinary tract infection diagnosis. The in situ electrokinetic stringency control technique generates Joule heating induced temperature rise and electrothermal fluid motion directly on the sensor to improve its performance for detecting bacterial 16S rRNA, a phylogenetic biomarker. The dependence of the hybridization efficiency reveals that in situ electrokinetic stringency control is capable of discriminating single-base mismatches. With electrokinetic stringency control, the background noise due to the matrix effects of clinical urine samples can be reduced by 60%. The applicability of the system is demonstrated by multiplex detection of three uropathogenic clinical isolates with similar 16S rRNA sequences. The results demonstrate that electrokinetic stringency control can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the biosensor for multiplex urinary tract infection diagnosis. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Urinary tract infections remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity as secondary conditions often related to chronic diseases or to immunosuppression. Rapid and sensitive identification of the causative organisms is critical in the appropriate management of this condition. These investigators demonstrate an in situ electrokinetic stringency control approach for a self-assembled monolayer-based electrochemical biosensor toward urinary tract infection diagnosis, establishing that such an approach significantly improves the biosensor's signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeff D Pyne
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Jia Y, Mak PI, Massey C, Martins RP, Wangh LJ. Construction of a microfluidic chip, using dried-down reagents, for LATE-PCR amplification and detection of single-stranded DNA. Lab Chip 2013; 13:4635-4641. [PMID: 24113690 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
LATE-PCR is an advanced form of non-symmetric PCR that efficiently generates single-stranded DNA which can readily be characterized at the end of amplification by hybridization to low-temperature fluorescent probes. We demonstrate here for the first time that monoplex and duplex LATE-PCR amplification and probe target hybridization can be carried out in double layered PDMS microfluidics chips containing dried reagents. Addition of a set of reagents during dry down overcomes the common problem of single-stranded oligonucleotide binding to PDMS. These proof-of-principle results open the way to construction of inexpensive point-of-care devices that take full advantage of the analytical power of assays built using LATE-PCR and low-temperature probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Jia
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Park BH, Kim YT, Jung JH, Seo TS. Integration of sample pretreatment, μPCR, and detection for a total genetic analysis microsystem. Mikrochim Acta 2014; 181:1655-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the application of microengineered systems in the chemical and biological sciences has transformed the way in which high-throughput experimentation is performed. The ability to fabricate complex microfluidic architectures has allowed scientists to create new experimental formats for processing ultra-small analytical volumes in short periods and with high efficiency. The development of such microfluidic systems has been driven by a range of fundamental features that accompany miniaturization. These include the ability to handle small sample volumes, ultra-low fabrication costs, reduced analysis times, enhanced operational flexibility, facile automation, and the ability to integrate functional components within complex analytical schemes. Herein we discuss the impact of microfluidics in the area of high-throughput screening and drug discovery and highlight some of the most pertinent studies in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard M. Maceiczyk
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Frequency references are fundamental to most digital systems, providing the basis for process synchronization, timing of outputs, and waveform synthesis. Recently, there has been growing interest in digital logic systems that are constructed out of microfluidics rather than electronics, as a possible means toward fully integrated laboratory-on-a-chip systems that do not require any external control apparatus. However, the full realization of this goal has not been possible due to the lack of on-chip frequency references, thus requiring timing signals to be provided from off-chip. Although microfluidic oscillators have been demonstrated, there have been no reported efforts to characterize, model, or optimize timing accuracy, which is the fundamental metric of a clock. Here, we report pneumatic ring oscillator circuits built from microfluidic valves and channels. Further, we present a compressible-flow analysis that differs fundamentally from conventional circuit theory, and we show the utility of this physically based model for the optimization of oscillator stability. Finally, we leverage microfluidic clocks to demonstrate circuits for the generation of phase-shifted waveforms, self-driving peristaltic pumps, and frequency division. Thus, pneumatic oscillators can serve as on-chip frequency references for microfluidic digital logic circuits. On-chip clocks and pumps both constitute critical building blocks on the path toward achieving autonomous laboratory-on-a-chip devices.
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Yang J, Brooks C, Estes MD, Hurth CM, Zenhausern F. An integratable microfluidic cartridge for forensic swab samples lysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 8:147-58. [PMID: 24315603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fully automated rapid forensic DNA analysis requires integrating several multistep processes onto a single microfluidic platform, including substrate lysis, extraction of DNA from the released lysate solution, multiplexed PCR amplification of STR loci, separation of PCR products by capillary electrophoresis, and analysis for allelic peak calling. Over the past several years, most of the rapid DNA analysis systems developed started with the reference swab sample lysate and involved an off-chip lysis of collected substrates. As a result of advancement in technology and chemistry, addition of a microfluidic module for swab sample lysis has been achieved in a few of the rapid DNA analysis systems. However, recent reports on integrated rapid DNA analysis systems with swab-in and answer-out capability lack any quantitative and qualitative characterization of the swab-in sample lysis module, which is important for downstream forensic sample processing. Maximal collection and subsequent recovery of the biological material from the crime scene is one of the first and critical steps in forensic DNA technology. Herein we present the design, fabrication and characterization of an integratable swab lysis cartridge module and the test results obtained from different types of commonly used forensic swab samples, including buccal, saliva, and blood swab samples, demonstrating the compatibility with different downstream DNA extraction chemistries. This swab lysis cartridge module is easy to operate, compatible with both forensic and microfluidic requirements, and ready to be integrated with our existing automated rapid forensic DNA analysis system. Following the characterization of the swab lysis module, an integrated run from buccal swab sample-in to the microchip CE electropherogram-out was demonstrated on the integrated prototype instrument. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrate that this swab lysis cartridge module is: (1) functionally, comparable with routine benchtop lysis, (2) compatible with various types of swab samples and chemistries, and (3) integratable to achieve a micro total analysis system (μTAS) for rapid DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yang
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.
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Marchiarullo DJ, Sklavounos AH, Oh K, Poe BL, Barker NS, Landers JP. Low-power microwave-mediated heating for microchip-based PCR. Lab Chip 2013; 13:3417-25. [PMID: 23843031 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microwave energy has been used to rapidly heat food and drinks for decades, in addition to assisting other chemical reactions. However, only recently has microwave energy been applied in microfluidic systems to heat solution in reaction chambers, in particular, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One of the difficulties in developing microwave-mediated heating on a microchip is the construction of the appropriate architecture for delivery of the energy to specific micro-areas on the microchip. This work employs commercially-available microwave components commonly used in the wireless communications industry to generate a microwave signal, and a microstrip transmission line to deliver the energy to a 1 μL reaction chamber fabricated in plastic microdevices. A model was developed to create transmission lines that would optimally transmit energy to the reaction chamber at a given frequency, minimizing energy usage while focusing microwave delivery to the target chamber. Two different temperature control methods were demonstrated, varying microwave power or frequency. This system was used to amplify a fragment of the lambda-phage genome, thereby demonstrating its potential for integration into a portable PCR system.
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Derda R, Lockett MR, Tang SKY, Fuller RC, Maxwell EJ, Breiten B, Cuddemi CA, Ozdogan A, Whitesides GM. Filter-Based Assay for Escherichia coli in Aqueous Samples Using Bacteriophage-Based Amplification. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7213-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically
Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta
Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Lockett
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sindy K. Y. Tang
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically
Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Renee C. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - E. Jane Maxwell
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Benjamin Breiten
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christine A. Cuddemi
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Aysegul Ozdogan
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically
Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Zhang P, Nan H, Lee MJ, Kang SH. Ultra-fast separation of infectious disease-related small DNA molecules by single- and multi-channel microchip electrophoresis. Talanta 2013; 106:388-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim YT, Choi JY, Chen Y, Seo TS. Integrated slidable and valveless polymerase chain reaction–capillary electrophoresis microdevice for pathogen detection. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chen YW, Wang H, Hupert M, Soper SA. Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using an integrated and modular microfluidic system. Analyst 2013; 138:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Menegatti E, Berardi D, Messina M, Ferrante I, Giachino O, Spagnolo B, Restagno G, Cognolato L, Roccatello D. Lab-on-a-chip: emerging analytical platforms for immune-mediated diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:814-20. [PMID: 23219952 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of analytical procedures has a significant impact on diagnostic testing since it provides several advantages such as: reduced sample and reagent consumption, shorter analysis time and less sample handling. Lab-on-a-chip (LoC), usually silicon, glass, or silicon-glass, or polymer disposable cartridges, which are produced using techniques inherited from the microelectronics industry, could perform and integrate the operations needed to carry out biochemical analysis through the mechanical realization of a dedicated instrument. Analytical devices based on miniaturized platforms like LoC may provide an important contribution to the diagnosis of high prevalence and rare diseases. In this paper we review some of the uses of Lab-on-a-chip in the clinical diagnostics of immune-mediated diseases and we provide an overview of how specific applications of these technologies could improve and simplify several complex diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menegatti
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Section of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Chen YW, Wang H, Hupert M, Witek M, Dharmasiri U, Pingle MR, Barany F, Soper SA. Modular microfluidic system fabricated in thermoplastics for the strain-specific detection of bacterial pathogens. Lab Chip 2012; 12:3348-55. [PMID: 22859220 PMCID: PMC4386729 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of a lethal E. coli strain in Germany have aroused renewed interest in developing rapid, specific and accurate systems for detecting and characterizing bacterial pathogens in suspected contaminated food and/or water supplies. To address this need, we have designed, fabricated and tested an integrated modular-based microfluidic system and the accompanying assay for the strain-specific identification of bacterial pathogens. The system can carry out the entire molecular processing pipeline in a single disposable fluidic cartridge and detect single nucleotide variations in selected genes to allow for the identification of the bacterial species, even its strain with high specificity. The unique aspect of this fluidic cartridge is its modular format with task-specific modules interconnected to a fluidic motherboard to permit the selection of the target material. In addition, to minimize the amount of finishing steps for assembling the fluidic cartridge, many of the functional components were produced during the polymer molding step used to create the fluidic network. The operation of the cartridge was provided by electronic, mechanical, optical and hydraulic controls located off-chip and packaged into a small footprint instrument (1 ft(3)). The fluidic cartridge was capable of performing cell enrichment, cell lysis, solid-phase extraction (SPE) of genomic DNA, continuous flow (CF) PCR, CF ligase detection reaction (LDR) and universal DNA array readout. The cartridge was comprised of modules situated on a fluidic motherboard; the motherboard was made from polycarbonate, PC, and used for cell lysis, SPE, CF PCR and CF LDR. The modules were task-specific units and performed universal zip-code array readout or affinity enrichment of the target cells with both made from poly(methylmethacrylate), PMMA. Two genes, uidA and sipB/C, were used to discriminate between E. coli and Salmonella, and evaluated as a model system. Results showed that the fluidic system could successfully identify bacteria in <40 min with minimal operator intervention and perform strain identification, even from a mixed population with the target of a minority. We further demonstrated the ability to analyze the E. coli O157:H7 strain from a waste-water sample using enrichment followed by genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Mateusz Hupert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Makgorzata Witek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Udara Dharmasiri
- Department of Chemistry and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | | | | | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Nano-bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
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Krivitsky V, Hsiung LC, Lichtenstein A, Brudnik B, Kantaev R, Elnathan R, Pevzner A, Khatchtourints A, Patolsky F. Si nanowires forest-based on-chip biomolecular filtering, separation and preconcentration devices: nanowires do it all. Nano Lett 2012; 12:4748-56. [PMID: 22852557 DOI: 10.1021/nl3021889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient biomolecular separation and purification techniques is of critical importance in modern genomics, proteomics, and biosensing areas, primarily due to the fact that most biosamples are mixtures of high diversity and complexity. Most of existent techniques lack the capability to rapidly and selectively separate and concentrate specific target proteins from a complex biosample, and are difficult to integrate with lab-on-a-chip sensing devices. Here, we demonstrate the development of an on-chip all-SiNW filtering, selective separation, desalting, and preconcentration platform for the direct analysis of whole blood and other complex biosamples. The separation of required protein analytes from raw biosamples is first performed using a antibody-modified roughness-controlled SiNWs (silicon nanowires) forest of ultralarge binding surface area, followed by the release of target proteins in a controlled liquid media, and their subsequent detection by supersensitive SiNW-based FETs arrays fabricated on the same chip platform. Importantly, this is the first demonstration of an all-NWs device for the whole direct analysis of blood samples on a single chip, able to selectively collect and separate specific low abundant proteins, while easily removing unwanted blood components (proteins, cells) and achieving desalting effects, without the requirement of time-consuming centrifugation steps, the use of desalting or affinity columns. Futhermore, we have demonstrated the use of our nanowire forest-based separation device, integrated in a single platform with downstream SiNW-based sensors arrays, for the real-time ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarkers directly from blood samples. The whole ultrasensitive protein label-free analysis process can be practically performed in less than 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Krivitsky
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Abstract
We presented a novel platform for an ultrafast PCR system, called the Rotary PCR Genetic Analyzer, which incorporates a thermal block and resistive temperature detector (RTD) for thermal cycling control, a disposable PCR microchip, and a stepper motor. The influenza viral RNAs from H3N2, H5N1, and H1N1 were simultaneously identified with high sensitivity and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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Karlinsey JM. Sample introduction techniques for microchip electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 725:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hashimoto M, Torii M, Yoshida K, Noda K, Tsukagoshi K. Instrumentation of a PLC-regulated temperature cycler with a PID control unit and its use for miniaturized PCR systems with reduced volumes of aqueous sample droplets isolated in oil phase in a microwell. ANAL SCI 2012; 27:1191-6. [PMID: 22156245 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a temperature cycler for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a microwell fabricated on a polymer/glass chip. The entire system consisted of three subsystems, which included (1) a thermal conditioner, (2) a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control signal conditioner and (3) a data acquisition subsystem. The subsystems were regulated coordinately by a ladder logic program written for the programmable logic control (PLC) so that an actual sample temperature could be timed, changed and maintained according to the programmed temperature cycles. The present temperature control system showed high accuracy, stability and minimum overshoot with reduced heating and cooling transition rates. Applicability of the temperature controller to the miniaturized PCR system with reduced volumes of aqueous sample droplets isolated in an oil phase was confirmed by successful amplifications of a target DNA sequence in the microwell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610–0321, Japan.
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Qiu X, Chen D, Liu C, Mauk MG, Kientz T, Bau HH. A portable, integrated analyzer for microfluidic - based molecular analysis. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:809-17. [PMID: 21617995 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A portable, fully automated analyzer that provides actuation and flow control to a disposable, self-contained, microfluidic cassette ("chip") for point-of-care, molecular testing is described. The analyzer provides mechanical actuation to compress pouches that pump liquids in the cassette, to open and close diaphragm valves for flow control, and to induce vibrations that enhance stirring. The analyzer also provides thermal actuation for the temperature cycling needed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nucleic acids and for various drying processes. To improve the temperature uniformity of the PCR chamber, the system utilizes a double-sided heating/cooling scheme with a custom feedforward, variable, structural proportional-integral-derivative (FVSPID) controller. The analyzer includes a programmable central processing unit that directs the sequence and timing of the various operations and that is interfaced with a computer. The disposable cassette receives a sample, and it carries out cell lysis, nucleic acid isolation, concentration, and purification, thermal cycling, and either real time or lateral flow (LF) based detection. The system's operation was demonstrated by processing saliva samples spiked with B. cereus cells. The amplicons were detected with a lateral flow assay using upconverting phosphor reporter particles. This system is particularly suited for use in regions lacking centralized laboratory facilities and skilled personnel.
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