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Ma T, Peng L, Ran Q, Zeng Y, Liang F. Toward the Development of Simplified Lateral Flow Assays Using Hydrogels as the Universal Control Line. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:5685-5694. [PMID: 38035477 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFA) have been widely utilized as point-of-care testing devices in diverse fields. However, it is imperative to preprint costly bioreceptors onto the lateral flow nitrocellulose membrane at the control line. The complex manufacturing process and relatively limited detection capabilities of LFA have impeded their utilization in more challenging fields. Here, we propose a novel and simple strategy to simplify the manufacture of LFA while simultaneously improving the sensitivity by modifying the hydrogel line (HL). In our study, it was observed that the sensitivity of commercial LFA strips could be enhanced by 2-5-fold by incorporating an extra HL. Particularly, a universal control line was developed to accommodate multiple LFA detection modes by substituting the conventional antibody control line with a hydrogel control line (HCL). As a proof of concept, the HCL performance could be associated with the slowdown and interception effect toward fluid, which are dependent on the permeation and hydrophilicity of the hydrogel with varying concentrations in the nitrocellulose membrane. This new design builds the foundation to enhance the sensitivity and develop the simplified LFA sensing platform without additional complicated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Linlin Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Qinying Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Feng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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2
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Segovia-de los Santos P, Padula-Roca C, Simon X, Echaides C, Lassabe G, Gonzalez-Sapienza G. A highly sensitive nanobody-based immunoassay detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using all-recombinant reagents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220477. [PMID: 37497229 PMCID: PMC10367427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen tests have been crucial for managing the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. This remains true even after immunity has been widely attained through natural infection and vaccination, since it only provides moderate protection against transmission and is highly permeable to the emergence of new virus variants. For this reason, the widespread availability of diagnostic methods is essential for health systems to manage outbreaks effectively. In this work, we generated nanobodies to the virus nucleocapsid protein (NP) and after an affinity-guided selection identified a nanobody pair that allowed the detection of NP at sub-ng/mL levels in a colorimetric two-site ELISA, demonstrating high diagnostic value with clinical samples. We further modified the assay by using a nanobody-NanoLuc luciferase chimeric tracer, resulting in increased sensitivity (detection limit = 61 pg/mL) and remarkable improvement in diagnostic performance. The luminescent assay was finally evaluated using 115 nasopharyngeal swab samples. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a sensitivity of 78.7% (95% confidence interval: 64.3%-89.3%) and specificity of 100.0% (95% confidence interval: 94.7%-100.0%). The test allows the parallel analysis of a large number of untreated samples, and fulfills our goal of producing a recombinant reagent-based test that can be reproduced at low cost by other laboratories with recombinant expression capabilities, aiding to build diagnostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Segovia-de los Santos
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Padula-Roca
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Cesar Echaides
- Parque Lecocq, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo (IMM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Lassabe
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto Gonzalez-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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He Q, McCoy MR, Yang H, Lin M, Cui X, Zhao S, Morisseau C, Li D, Hammock BD. Mix-and-Read Nanobody-Based Sandwich Homogeneous Split-Luciferase Assay for the Rapid Detection of Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6038-6045. [PMID: 36972550 PMCID: PMC10335774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is possibly both a marker for and target of numerous diseases. Herein, we describe a homogeneous mix-and-read assay for the detection of human sEH based on using split-luciferase detection coupled with anti-sEH nanobodies. Selective anti-sEH nanobodies were individually fused with NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT), which consists of a large and small portion of NanoLuc (LgBiT and SmBiT, respectively). Different orientations of the LgBiT and SmBiT-nanobody fusions were expressed and investigated for their ability to reform the active NanoLuc in the presence of the sEH. After optimization, the linear range of the assay could reach 3 orders of magnitude with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.4 ng/mL. The assay has a high sensitivity to human sEH and reached a similar detection limit to our previously reported conventional nanobody-based ELISA. The procedure of the assay was faster (30 min total) and easy to operate, providing a more flexible and simple way to monitor human sEH levels in biological samples. In general, the immunoassay proposed here offers a more efficient detection and quantification approach that can be easily adapted to numerous macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi He
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Mark R. McCoy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingxia Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
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4
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Delfin-Riela T, Rossotti MA, Mattiuzzo G, Echaides C, González-Sapienza G. Nanobody-Based Blocking of Binding ELISA for the Detection of Anti-NS1 Zika-Virus-Specific Antibodies in Convalescent Patients. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010055. [PMID: 36668962 PMCID: PMC9862682 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus has spread around the world with rapid pace in the last five years. Although symptoms are typically mild and unspecific, Zika's major impact occurs during pregnancy, generating a congenital syndrome. Serology plays a key role in its diagnosis. However, its use is limited due to the uncertainty caused by the cross-reaction of antibodies elicited in response to other flavivirus infections when tested in direct immunoassays. Using a panel of previously generated anti-Zika non-structural protein 1 (NS1) nanobodies, a set was selected that only recognizes epitopes present in Zika and is immunogenic to humans. A proper arrangement of these nanobodies was made and conditions were optimized in order to develop a novel serology assay. This new ELISA relies on the inhibition of the binding of a set of selected nanobodies to Zika-immobilized NS1 when previously incubated with Zika convalescent sera. Using the developed blocking of binding assay, it was possible to discriminate between Zika-specific and cross-reactive antibodies in serum samples from infections with Zika and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Delfin-Riela
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Martín A. Rossotti
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC)-MHRA, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +598-24874334
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5
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Rossotti MA, Trempe F, van Faassen H, Hussack G, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M. Isolation and Characterization of Single-Domain Antibodies from Immune Phage Display Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2702:107-147. [PMID: 37679618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) in Camelidae species were a surprise discovery in 1993 by Hamers et al. Since that time, antibody fragments derived from HCAbs have garnered considerable attention by researchers and biotechnology companies. Due to their biophysico-chemical advantages over conventional antibody fragments, camelid single-domain antibodies (sdAbs, VHHs, nanobodies) are being increasingly utilized as viable immunotherapeutic modalities. Currently there are multiple VHH-based therapeutic agents in different phases of clinical trials in various formats such as bi- and multivalent, bi- and multi-specific, CAR-T, and antibody-drug conjugates. The first approved VHH, a bivalent humanized VHH (caplacizumab), was approved for treating rare blood clotting disorders in 2018 by the EMA and the FDA in 2019. This was followed by the approval of an anti-BCMA VHH-based CAR-T cell product in 2022 (ciltacabtagene autoleucel; CARVYKTI™) and more recently a trivalent antitumor necrosis factor alpha-based VHH drug (ozoralizumab; Nanozora®) in Japan for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In this chapter we provide protocols describing the latest developments in isolating antigen-specific VHHs including llama immunization, construction of phage-displayed libraries, phage panning and screening of the soluble VHHs by ELISA, affinity measurements by surface plasmon resonance, functional cell binding by flow cytometry, and additional validation by immunoprecipitation. We present and discuss comprehensive, step-by-step methods for isolating and characterization of antigen-specific VHHs. This includes protocols for expression, biotinylation, purification, and characterization of the isolated VHHs. To demonstrate the feasibility of the entire strategy, we present examples of VHHs previously isolated and characterized in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Rossotti
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frederic Trempe
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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6
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Calidonio JM, Hamad-Schifferli K. Biophysical and biochemical insights in the design of immunoassays. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130266. [PMID: 36309294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid antigen assays have been attractive for decentralized, point of care diagnostics because of their low cost, robustness, and ease of use. The development of a diagnostic assay for a newly emerging infectious disease needs to take into account the progression of a disease, whether there is human to human transmission, and patient biomarker levels with time, and these all impact the choice of antigen targets and affinity agents. SCOPE OF REVIEW The factors involved in the biophysical design of rapid antigen immunoassays are discussed, focusing on antigen selection and designing for cross-reactivity. State of the art in the biophysical characterization of protein-ligand or antigen-antibody interactions, the different types of affinity agents used in immunoassays, and biochemical conjugation strategies are described. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Antigen choice is a critical factor in immunoassay diagnostic development, and should account for the properties of the virion, virus, and disease progression. Biophysical and biochemical aspects of immunoassays are critical for performance. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review can serve as an instructive guide to aid in diagnostic development for future emerging diseases.
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7
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Rossotti MA, van Faassen H, Tran AT, Sheff J, Sandhu JK, Duque D, Hewitt M, Wen X, Bavananthasivam J, Beitari S, Matte K, Laroche G, Giguère PM, Gervais C, Stuible M, Guimond J, Perret S, Hussack G, Langlois M, Durocher Y, Tanha J. Arsenal of nanobodies shows broad-spectrum neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vitro and in vivo in hamster models. Commun Biol 2022; 5. [PMID: 36085335 PMCID: PMC9461429 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies offer several potential advantages over mAbs for the control of SARS-CoV-2. Their ability to access cryptic epitopes conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) and feasibility to engineer modular, multimeric designs, make these antibody fragments ideal candidates for developing broad-spectrum therapeutics against current and continually emerging SARS-CoV-2 VoCs. Here we describe a diverse collection of 37 anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein nanobodies extensively characterized as both monovalent and IgG Fc-fused bivalent modalities. The nanobodies were collectively shown to have high intrinsic affinity; high thermal, thermodynamic and aerosolization stability; broad subunit/domain specificity and cross-reactivity across existing VoCs; wide-ranging epitopic and mechanistic diversity and high and broad in vitro neutralization potencies. A select set of Fc-fused nanobodies showed high neutralization efficacies in hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing viral burden by up to six orders of magnitude to below detectable levels. In vivo protection was demonstrated with anti-RBD and previously unreported anti-NTD and anti-S2 nanobodies. This collection of nanobodies provides a potential therapeutic toolbox from which various cocktails or multi-paratopic formats could be built to combat multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Isolation and extensive characterization of a collection of 37 anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein nanobodies show broad neutralization efficacies in vitro and in vivo in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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8
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Chen Y, Duan W, Xu L, Li G, Wan Y, Li H. Nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical immunoassay for highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339904. [PMID: 35589224 PMCID: PMC9062376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until now, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is engulfing the worldwide and still ranging to date, continuing to threaten the public health. The main challenge facing COVID-19 epidemic is short of fast-response and high-efficiency methods to determine SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogens. Herein, a nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor has been fabricated for rapidly detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As a small-size and high-stability antibody, nanobody was directly and well immobilized with Au nanoparticles and TiO2 spheres by the interaction. Au deposited TiO2 nanomaterial possessed 8.5 times photoelectric performance in comparison with TiO2 in the presence of electron donor owing to surface plasma resonance effect of Au. Based on the steric hindrance effect, this immunoassay platform realized the linear detection from 0.015 to 15000 pg mL−1, and a limit of detection was low as 5 fg mL−1. The label-free PEC immunoassay design provides a new idea for convenient, rapid, and efficient test of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and broadens further application of nanobody as an identification agent to specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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9
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Trempe F, Rossotti MA, Maqbool T, MacKenzie CR, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M. Llama DNA Immunization and Isolation of Functional Single-Domain Antibody Binders. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2446:37-70. [PMID: 35157268 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2075-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization is a simple, cost-effective, and powerful tool for inducing innate and adaptive immune responses to combat infectious diseases and difficult-to-treat illnesses. DNA immunization is increasingly used in the generation of monoclonal antibodies against targets for which pure proteins are unavailable or are difficult to express and purify (e.g., ion channels and receptors, transmembrane proteins, and emerging infectious pathogens). Genetic immunization has been successfully utilized in small inbred laboratory animals (mostly rodents); however, low immunogenicity of DNA/RNA injected into large mammals, including humans, is still a major challenge. Here, we provide a method for the genetic immunization of llamas, using a combination of biolistic transfection with a gene gun and intradermal injection with a DERMOJET® device, to elicit heavy-chain IgG responses against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We show the technique can be used to generate single-domain antibodies (VHHs) with nanomolar affinities to EGFR. We provide methods for gene gun bullet preparation, llama immunization, serology, phage-display library construction and panning, and VHH characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Trempe
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Rossotti
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - C Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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10
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Corless E, Hao Y, Jia H, Kongsuphol P, Tay DMY, Ng SY, Sikes HD. Generation of Thermally Stable Affinity Pairs for Sensitive, Specific Immunoassays. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:417-469. [PMID: 35482202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many point-of-care diagnostic tests rely on a pair of monoclonal antibodies that bind to two distinct epitopes of a molecule of interest. This protocol describes the identification and generation of such affinity pairs based on an easily produced small protein scaffold rcSso7d which can substitute monoclonal antibodies. These strong binding variants are identified from a large yeast display library. The approach described can be significantly faster than antibody generation and epitope binning, yielding affinity pairs synthesized in common bacterial protein synthesis strains, enabling the rapid generation of novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Corless
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patthara Kongsuphol
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dousabel M Y Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Say Yong Ng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hadley D Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Delfin-Riela T, Rossotti M, Alvez-Rosado R, Leizagoyen C, González-Sapienza G. Highly Sensitive Detection of Zika Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 in Serum Samples by a Two-Site Nanobody ELISA. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121652. [PMID: 33317184 PMCID: PMC7763430 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus was introduced in Brazil in 2015 and, shortly after, spread all over the Americas. Nowadays, it remains present in more than 80 countries and represents a major threat due to some singularities among other flaviviruses. Due to its easy transmission, high percentage of silent cases, the severity of its associated complications, and the lack of prophylactic methods and effective treatments, it is essential to develop reliable and rapid diagnostic tests for early containment of the infection. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), a glycoprotein involved in all flavivirus infections, is secreted since the beginning of the infection into the blood stream and has proven to be a valuable biomarker for the early diagnosis of other flaviviral infections. Here, we describe the development of a highly sensitive nanobody ELISA for the detection of the NS1 protein in serum samples. Nanobodies were selected from a library generated from a llama immunized with Zika NS1 (ZVNS1) by a two-step high-throughput screening geared to identify the most sensitive and specific nanobody pairs. The assay was performed with a sub-ng/mL detection limit in the sera and showed excellent reproducibility and accuracy when validated with serum samples spiked with 0.80, 1.60, or 3.10 ng/mL of ZVNS1. Furthermore, the specificity of the developed ELISA was demonstrated using a panel of flavivirus’ NS1 proteins; this is of extreme relevance in countries endemic for more than one flavivirus. Considering that the nanobody sequences are provided, the assay can be reproduced in any laboratory at low cost, which may help to strengthen the diagnostic capacity of the disease even in low-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Delfin-Riela
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (T.D.-R.); (M.R.); (R.A.-R.)
| | - Martín Rossotti
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (T.D.-R.); (M.R.); (R.A.-R.)
| | - Romina Alvez-Rosado
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (T.D.-R.); (M.R.); (R.A.-R.)
| | | | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (T.D.-R.); (M.R.); (R.A.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +598-2487-4334
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12
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Abstract
A nanobody (Nb) is a registered trademark of Ablynx, referring to the single antigen-binding domain of heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) that are circulating in Camelidae. Nbs are produced recombinantly in micro-organisms and employed as research tools or for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. They were - and still are - also named single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) or variable domain of the heavy chain of HCAbs (VHH). A variety of methods are currently in use for the fast and efficient generation of target-specific Nbs. Such Nbs are produced at low cost and associate with high affinity to their cognate antigen. They are robust, strictly monomeric and easy to tailor into more complex entities to meet the requirements of their application. Here, we review the various sources and different strategies that have been developed to identify rapidly, target-specific Nbs. We further discuss a variety of engineering technologies that have been explored to broaden the application range of Nbs and summarise those applications where designed Nbs might offer a marked advantage over other affinity reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, China
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Liu X, Wen Y, Wang W, Zhao Z, Han Y, Tang K, Wang D. Nanobody-based electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the detection of AFB1 through AFB1-HCR as signal amplifier. Mikrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu X, Wen Y, Wang W, Zhao Z, Han Y, Tang K, Wang D. Nanobody-based electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the detection of AFB 1 through AFB 1-HCR as signal amplifier. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:352. [PMID: 32462392 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanobody (Nb)-based voltammetric immunosensor coupled with horseradish peroxidase concatemer-modified hybridization chain reaction (HRP-HCR) signal amplifying system is described to realize the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of AFB1. To design such an immunoassay, anti-AFB1 Nbs with smaller molecular size were coated densely onto the surface of Au nanoparticle-tungsten disulfide-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AuNPs/WS2/MWCNTs) functional nanocomposites as an effective molecular recognition element, whereas AFB1-streptavidin (AFB1-SA) conjugates were ingeniously bound with biotinylated HCR dsDNA nanostructures as the competitor, amplifier, and signal report element. In the presence of AFB1 targets, a competitive immunoreaction was performed between the analyte and AFB1-SA-labeled HCR (AFB1-HCR) platform. Upon the addition of SA-modified polyHRP (SA-polyHRP), AFB1-HCR nanostructures containing abundant biotins were allowed to cross-link to a quantity of HRP by streptavidin-biotin chemistry for signal amplification and signal conversion. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor displayed a good linear correlation toward AFB1 ranging from 0.5 to 10 ng mL-1 with a sensitivity of 2.7 μA • (mL ng-1) and an ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of 68 fg mL-1. The specificity test showed that the AFB1 immunosensor had no obvious cross-reaction with OTA, DON, ZEN, and FB1. The signal of this sensor decreased by 10.18% in 4 weeks indicating satisfactory stability, and its intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility was 3.42~10.35% and 4.03%~12.11%, respectively. This biosensing system will open up new opportunities for the detection of AFB1 in food safety and environmental analysis and extend a wide range of applications in the analysis of other small molecules. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yi Han
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Kaijie Tang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Li D, Morisseau C, McReynolds CB, Duflot T, Bellien J, Nagra RM, Taha AY, Hammock BD. Development of Improved Double-Nanobody Sandwich ELISAs for Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Detection in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Diabetic Patients and the Prefrontal Cortex of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7334-7342. [PMID: 32253910 PMCID: PMC7744119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies have been progressively replacing traditional antibodies in various immunological methods. However, the use of nanobodies as capture antibodies is greatly hampered by their poor performance after passive adsorption to polystyrene microplates, and this restricts the full use of double nanobodies in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Herein, using the human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as a model analyte, we found that both the immobilization format and the blocking agent have a significant influence on the performance of capture nanobodies immobilized on polystyrene and the subsequent development of double-nanobody sandwich ELISAs. We first conducted epitope mapping for pairing nanobodies and then prepared a horseradish-peroxidase-labeled nanobody using a mild conjugation procedure as a detection antibody throughout the work. The resulting sandwich ELISA using a capture nanobody (A9, 1.25 μg/mL) after passive adsorption and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a blocking agent generated a moderate sensitivity of 0.0164 OD·mL/ng and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.74 ng/mL. However, the introduction of streptavidin as a linker to the capture nanobody at the same working concentration demonstrated a dramatic 16-fold increase in sensitivity (0.262 OD·mL/ng) and a 25-fold decrease in the LOD for sEH (0.03 ng/mL). The streptavidin-bridged double-nanobody ELISA was then successfully applied to tests for recovery, cross-reactivity, and real samples. Meanwhile, we accidentally found that blocking with skim milk could severely damage the performance of the capture nanobody by an order of magnitude compared with BSA. This work provides guidelines to retain the high effectiveness of the capture nanobody and thus to further develop the double-nanobody ELISA for various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cindy B. McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas Duflot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1096, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Jérémy Bellien
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1096, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Rashed M. Nagra
- Neurology Research, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Sun T, Zhao Z, Liu W, Xu Z, He H, Ning B, Jiang Y, Gao Z. Development of sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay based on an anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B Nanobody–Alkaline phosphatase fusion protein for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Miller EA, Sung KJ, Kongsuphol P, Baniya S, Aw-Yong HQ, Tay V, Tan Y, Kabir FM, Pang-Yeo K, Kaspriskie IG, Sikes HD. Beyond Epitope Binning: Directed in Vitro Selection of Complementary Pairs of Binding Proteins. ACS Comb Sci 2020; 22:49-60. [PMID: 31769955 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many biotechnological applications require the simultaneous binding of affinity reagents to nonoverlapping target epitopes, the most prominent example being sandwich immunoassays. Typically, affinity pairs are identified via post facto functional analysis of clones that were not selected for complementarity. Here, we developed the Rapid Affinity Pair Identification via Directed Selection (RAPIDS) process, which enables the efficient identification of affinity reagents that function together as complementary pairs, from in vitro libraries of ∼109 variants. We used RAPIDS to develop highly specific affinity pairs against biomarkers of tuberculosis, Zika virus, and sepsis. Without additional trial-and-error screening, these affinity pairs exhibited utility in multiple assay formats. The RAPIDS process applies selective pressure to hundreds of thousands of potential affinity pairs to efficiently identify complementary pairs that bind to separate epitopes without binding to one another or nontargets, yielding diagnostic assays that are sensitive and specific by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ki-Joo Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patthara Kongsuphol
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Subha Baniya
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Hui Qi Aw-Yong
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Vivian Tay
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Yuxuan Tan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Farah M. Kabir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl Pang-Yeo
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Isabel G. Kaspriskie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
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Delfin-Riela T, Rossotti MA, Echaides C, González-Sapienza G. A nanobody-based test for highly sensitive detection of hemoglobin in fecal samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:389-396. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang JR, Wang Y, Dong JX, Yang JY, Zhang YQ, Wang F, Si R, Xu ZL, Wang H, Xiao ZL, Shen YD. Development of a Simple Pretreatment Immunoassay Based on an Organic Solvent-Tolerant Nanobody for the Detection of Carbofuran in Vegetable and Fruit Samples. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100576. [PMID: 31591300 PMCID: PMC6843801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are one-tenth the size of conventional antibodies and are naturally obtained from the atypical heavy-chain-only antibodies present in camelids. Their small size, high solubility, high stability, and strong resilience to organic solvents facilitate their use as novel analytical reagents in immunochemistry. In this study, specific nanobodies against pesticide carbofuran were isolated and characterized from an immunized library via phage display platform. We further established an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using nanobody Nb316 to detect carbofuran in vegetable and fruit samples. The results showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.27 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.65 ng/mL. A simplified sample pretreatment procedure omitting the evaporation of organic solvent was used. The averaged recovery rate of spiked samples ranged between 82.3% and 103.9%, which correlated with that of standard UPLC–MS/MS method. In conclusion, a nanobody with high specificity for carbofuran was characterized, and a nanobody-based sensitive immunoassay for simple and rapid detection of carbofuran in real samples was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Jie-xian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin-yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu-qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Rui Si
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Zhen-lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-l.X.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-20-85283448 (H.W.); Fax: +86-20-85280270 (H.W.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-l.X.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-20-85283448 (H.W.); Fax: +86-20-85280270 (H.W.)
| | - Zhi-li Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
| | - Yu-dong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.-r.Z.); (J.-y.Y.); (Y.-q.Z.); (F.W.); (R.S.); (Z.-l.X.); (Y.-d.S.)
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20
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Vasylieva N, Kitamura S, Dong J, Barnych B, Hvorecny KL, Madden DR, Gee SJ, Wolan DW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Nanobody-based binding assay for the discovery of potent inhibitors of CFTR inhibitory factor (Cif). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1057:106-113. [PMID: 30832908 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lead identification and optimization are essential steps in the development of a new drug. It requires cost-effective, selective and sensitive chemical tools. Here, we report a novel method using nanobodies that allows the efficient screening for potent ligands. The method is illustrated with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitory factor (Cif), a virulence factor secreted by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 18 nanobodies selective to Cif were isolated by bio-panning from nanobody-phage library constructed from immunized llama. 8 out of 18 nanobodies were identified as potent inhibitors of Cif enzymatic activity with IC50s in the range of 0.3-6.4 μM. A nanobody VHH219 showed high affinity (KD = 0.08 nM) to Cif and the highest inhibitory potency, IC50 = 0.3 μM. A displacement sandwich ELISA (dsELISA) with VHH219 was then developed for classification of synthetic small molecule inhibitors according their inhibitory potency. The developed assay allowed identification of new inhibitor with highest potency reported so far (0.16 ± 0.02 μM). The results from dsELISA assay correlates strongly with a conventional fluorogenic assay (R = 0.9998) in predicting the inhibitory potency of the tested compounds. However, the novel dsELISA is an order of magnitude more sensitive and allows the identification and ranking of potent inhibitors missed by the classic fluorogenic assay method. These data were supported with Octet biolayer interferometry measurements. The novel method described herein relies solely on the binding properties of the specific neutralizing nanobody, and thus is applicable to any pharmacological target for which such a nanobody can be found, independent of any requirement for catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Seiya Kitamura
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiexian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Kelli L Hvorecny
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Dennis W Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
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Rossotti MA, Henry KA, van Faassen H, Tanha J, Callaghan D, Hussack G, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M, MacKenzie CR. Camelid single-domain antibodies raised by DNA immunization are potent inhibitors of EGFR signaling. Biochem J 2019; 476:39-50. [PMID: 30455372 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20180795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a hallmark of many solid tumors, and inhibition of EGFR signaling by small molecules and antibodies has clear clinical benefit. Here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of novel camelid single-domain antibodies (sdAbs or VHHs) directed against human EGFR. The source of these VHHs was a llama immunized with cDNA encoding human EGFR ectodomain alone (no protein or cell boost), which is notable in that genetic immunization of large, outbred animals is generally poorly effective. The VHHs targeted multiple sites on the receptor's surface with high affinity (K D range: 1-40 nM), including one epitope overlapping that of cetuximab, several epitopes conserved in the cynomolgus EGFR orthologue, and at least one epitope conserved in the mouse EGFR orthologue. Interestingly, despite their generation against human EGFR expressed from cDNA by llama cells in vivo (presumably in native conformation), the VHHs exhibited wide and epitope-dependent variation in their apparent affinities for native EGFR displayed on tumor cell lines. As fusions to human IgG1 Fc, one of the VHH-Fcs inhibited EGFR signaling induced by EGF binding with a potency similar to that of cetuximab (IC50: ∼30 nM). Thus, DNA immunization elicited high-affinity, functional sdAbs that were vastly superior to those previously isolated by our group through protein immunization.
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Gonzalez-Sapienza G, Rossotti MA, Tabares-da Rosa S. Single-Domain Antibodies As Versatile Affinity Reagents for Analytical and Diagnostic Applications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:977. [PMID: 28871254 PMCID: PMC5566570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With just three CDRs in their variable domains, the antigen-binding site of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (HcAbs) has a more limited structural diversity than that of conventional antibodies. Even so, this does not seem to limit their specificity and high affinity as HcAbs against a broad range of structurally diverse antigens have been reported. The recombinant form of their variable domain [nanobody (Nb)] has outstanding properties that make Nbs, not just an alternative option to conventional antibodies, but in many cases, these properties allow them to reach analytical or diagnostic performances that cannot be accomplished with conventional antibodies. These attributes include comprehensive representation of the immune specificity in display libraries, easy adaptation to high-throughput screening, exceptional stability, minimal size, and versatility as affinity building block. Here, we critically reviewed each of these properties and highlight their relevance with regard to recent developments in different fields of immunosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martín A Rossotti
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
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23
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Li D, Cui Y, Morisseau C, Gee SJ, Bever CS, Liu X, Wu J, Hammock BD, Ying Y. Nanobody Based Immunoassay for Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Detection Using Polymeric Horseradish Peroxidase (PolyHRP) for Signal Enhancement: The Rediscovery of PolyHRP? Anal Chem 2017; 89:6248-6256. [PMID: 28460522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential pharmacological target for treating hypertension, vascular inflammation, cancer, pain, and multiple cardiovascular related diseases. A variable domain of the heavy chain antibody (termed single domain antibody (sdAb), nanobody, or VHH) possesses the advantages of small size, high stability, ease of genetic manipulation, and ability for continuous manufacture, making such nanobody a superior choice as an immunoreagent. In this work, we developed an ultrasensitive nanobody based immunoassay for human sEH detection using polymeric horseradish peroxidase (PolyHRP) for signal enhancement. Llama nanobodies against human sEH were used as the detection antibody in sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with polyclonal anti-sEH as the capture antibody. A conventional sandwich ELISA using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti-hemeagglutinin (HA) tag as the tracer showed a marginal sensitivity (0.0015 optical density (OD)·mL/ng) and limit of detection (LOD) of 3.02 ng/mL. However, the introduction of the PolyHRP as the tracer demonstrated a 141-fold increase in the sensitivity (0.21 OD·mL/ng) and 57-fold decrease in LOD (0.05 ng/mL). Systematic comparison of three different tracers in four ELISA formats demonstrated the overwhelming advantage of PolyHRP as a label for nanobody based immunoassay. This enhanced sEH immunoassay was further evaluated in terms of selectivity against other epoxide hydrolases and detection of the target protein in human tissue homogenate samples. Comparison with an enzyme activity based assay and a Western blot for sEH detection reveals good correlation with the immunoassay. This work demonstrates increased competiveness of nanobodies for practical sEH protein detection utilizing PolyHRP. It is worthwhile to rediscover the promising potential of PolyHRP in nanobody and other affinity based methods after its low-profile existence for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xiangjiang Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Bever CS, Dong JX, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Cui Y, Xu ZL, Hammock BD, Gee SJ. VHH antibodies: emerging reagents for the analysis of environmental chemicals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5985-6002. [PMID: 27209591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A VHH antibody (or nanobody) is the antigen binding fragment of heavy chain only antibodies. Discovered nearly 25 years ago, they have been investigated for their use in clinical therapeutics and immunodiagnostics, and more recently for environmental monitoring applications. A new and valuable immunoreagent for the analysis of small molecular weight environmental chemicals, VHH will overcome many pitfalls encountered with conventional reagents. In the work so far, VHH antibodies often perform comparably to conventional antibodies for small molecule analysis, are amenable to numerous genetic engineering techniques, and show ease of adaption to other immunodiagnostic platforms for use in environmental monitoring. Recent reviews cover the structure and production of VHH antibodies as well as their use in clinical settings. However, no report focuses on the use of these VHH antibodies to detect small environmental chemicals (MW < 1500 Da). This review article summarizes the efforts made to produce VHHs to various environmental targets, compares the VHH-based assays with conventional antibody assays, and discusses the advantages and limitations in developing these new antibody reagents particularly to small molecule targets. Graphical Abstract Overview of the production of VHHs to small environmental chemicals and highlights of the utility of these new emerging reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Xian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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