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Orozco C, Tangtermsirikul S, Sugiyama T, Babel S. Examining the endpoint impacts, challenges, and opportunities of fly ash utilization for sustainable concrete construction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18254. [PMID: 37880405 PMCID: PMC10600155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fly ash has been widely used as a cement substitute to improve the sustainability of concrete. Although the advantages of fly ash have been extensively documented, there is a gap in understanding why its use in mass concrete applications remains low in some countries, such as the Philippines. Thus, this work aims to understand the issues that impede waste utilization, particularly fly ash in the concrete construction industry, quantify the impact of the current practice, and identify opportunities for sustainable fly ash utilization. Endpoint impact analysis was conducted through the life cycle using SimaPro 9.3 to quantify the impacts on human health, ecosystem, and resources of 31 concrete mixtures of low, normal, and high strength design with 0 to 20% fly ash as cement replacement. In-depth, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders were undertaken to determine the institutional, economic, social, and technological challenges related to the utilization of waste materials in large-scale concrete construction. More than 90% of the total impact of concrete contributes to damage to human health, primarily caused by global warming and fine particulate matter. The use of fly ash at 20% replacement by weight of cement benefits resources more significantly than human health and the ecosystem. The use of chemical admixture to improve strength has a significant impact on resources. High fly ash replacement for normal and high-strength concrete has a greater reduction in all endpoint categories than for low-strength design. Recommendations are proposed to maximize the beneficial impact of using fly ash in the concrete industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Orozco
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Somnuk Tangtermsirikul
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Sandhya Babel
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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2
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Izelaar B, Ripepi D, van Noordenne DD, Jungbacker P, Kortlever R, Mulder FM. Identification, Quantification, and Elimination of NO x and NH 3 Impurities for Aqueous and Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Experiments. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:3614-3620. [PMID: 37588017 PMCID: PMC10425974 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Izelaar
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Davide Ripepi
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Dylan D. van Noordenne
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Peter Jungbacker
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
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3
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Eskelinen A, Jessen MT, Bahamonde HA, Bakker JD, Borer ET, Caldeira MC, Harpole WS, Jia M, Lannes LS, Nogueira C, Olde Venterink H, Peri PL, Porath-Krause AJ, Seabloom EW, Schroeder K, Tognetti PM, Yasui SLE, Virtanen R, Sullivan LL. Herbivory and nutrients shape grassland soil seed banks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3949. [PMID: 37402739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and shifts in herbivory can lead to dramatic changes in the composition and diversity of aboveground plant communities. In turn, this can alter seed banks in the soil, which are cryptic reservoirs of plant diversity. Here, we use data from seven Nutrient Network grassland sites on four continents, encompassing a range of climatic and environmental conditions, to test the joint effects of fertilization and aboveground mammalian herbivory on seed banks and on the similarity between aboveground plant communities and seed banks. We find that fertilization decreases plant species richness and diversity in seed banks, and homogenizes composition between aboveground and seed bank communities. Fertilization increases seed bank abundance especially in the presence of herbivores, while this effect is smaller in the absence of herbivores. Our findings highlight that nutrient enrichment can weaken a diversity maintaining mechanism in grasslands, and that herbivory needs to be considered when assessing nutrient enrichment effects on seed bank abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Eskelinen
- Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maria-Theresa Jessen
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hector A Bahamonde
- Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National University of La Plata, Av. 60 y 119, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA, 98195-4115, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Meiyu Jia
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA, 98195-4115, USA
- School of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekou Wai Street, Beijing City, 100875, China
| | - Luciola S Lannes
- Department of Biology and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Ilha Solteira, 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Carla Nogueira
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Harry Olde Venterink
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pablo L Peri
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Southern Patagonia National University (UNPA), CONICET, Río Gallegos, (CP 9400), Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Anita J Porath-Krause
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katie Schroeder
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30603, USA
| | - Pedro M Tognetti
- IFEVA, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martin, 4453 C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone-Louise E Yasui
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lauren L Sullivan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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4
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Song W, Liu XY, Houlton BZ, Liu CQ. Isotopic constraints confirm the significant role of microbial nitrogen oxides emissions from the land and ocean environment. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac106. [PMID: 36128454 PMCID: PMC9477198 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx, the sum of nitric oxide (NO) and N dioxide (NO2)) emissions and deposition have increased markedly over the past several decades, resulting in many adverse outcomes in both terrestrial and oceanic environments. However, because the microbial NOx emissions have been substantially underestimated on the land and unconstrained in the ocean, the global microbial NOx emissions and their importance relative to the known fossil-fuel NOx emissions remain unclear. Here we complied data on stable N isotopes of nitrate in atmospheric particulates over the land and ocean to ground-truth estimates of NOx emissions worldwide. By considering the N isotope effect of NOx transformations to particulate nitrate combined with dominant NOx emissions in the land (coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning and microbial N cycle) and ocean (oil combustion, microbial N cycle), we demonstrated that microbial NOx emissions account for 24 ± 4%, 58 ± 3% and 31 ± 12% in the land, ocean and global environment, respectively. Corresponding amounts of microbial NOx emissions in the land (13.6 ± 4.7 Tg N yr−1), ocean (8.8 ± 1.5 Tg N yr−1) and globe (22.5 ± 4.7 Tg N yr−1) are about 0.5, 1.4 and 0.6 times on average those of fossil-fuel NOx emissions in these sectors. Our findings provide empirical constraints on model predictions, revealing significant contributions of the microbial N cycle to regional NOx emissions into the atmospheric system, which is critical information for mitigating strategies, budgeting N deposition and evaluating the effects of atmospheric NOx loading on the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Global Development and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14850 , USA
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
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5
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Salzmann M, Ferrachat S, Tully C, Münch S, Watson‐Parris D, Neubauer D, Siegenthaler‐Le Drian C, Rast S, Heinold B, Crueger T, Brokopf R, Mülmenstädt J, Quaas J, Wan H, Zhang K, Lohmann U, Stier P, Tegen I. The Global Atmosphere-aerosol Model ICON-A-HAM2.3-Initial Model Evaluation and Effects of Radiation Balance Tuning on Aerosol Optical Thickness. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2022; 14:e2021MS002699. [PMID: 35860306 PMCID: PMC9285428 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Hamburg Aerosol Module version 2.3 (HAM2.3) from the ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 global atmosphere-aerosol model is coupled to the recently developed icosahedral nonhydrostatic ICON-A (icon-aes-1.3.00) global atmosphere model to yield the new ICON-A-HAM2.3 atmosphere-aerosol model. The ICON-A and ECHAM6.3 host models use different dynamical cores, parameterizations of vertical mixing due to sub-grid scale turbulence, and parameter settings for radiation balance tuning. Here, we study the role of the different host models for simulated aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and evaluate impacts of using HAM2.3 and the ECHAM6-HAM2.3 two-moment cloud microphysics scheme on several meteorological variables. Sensitivity runs show that a positive AOT bias over the subtropical oceans is remedied in ICON-A-HAM2.3 because of a different default setting of a parameter in the moist convection parameterization of the host models. The global mean AOT is biased low compared to MODIS satellite instrument retrievals in ICON-A-HAM2.3 and ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3, but the bias is larger in ICON-A-HAM2.3 because negative AOT biases over the Amazon, the African rain forest, and the northern Indian Ocean are no longer compensated by high biases over the sub-tropical oceans. ICON-A-HAM2.3 shows a moderate improvement with respect to AOT observations at AERONET sites. A multivariable bias score combining biases of several meteorological variables into a single number is larger in ICON-A-HAM2.3 compared to standard ICON-A and standard ECHAM6.3. In the tropics, this multivariable bias is of similar magnitude in ICON-A-HAM2.3 and in ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3. In the extra-tropics, a smaller multivariable bias is found for ICON-A-HAM2.3 than for ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Salzmann
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - S. Ferrachat
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - C. Tully
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - S. Münch
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - D. Watson‐Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. Neubauer
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - S. Rast
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - B. Heinold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - T. Crueger
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - R. Brokopf
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - J. Mülmenstädt
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Now at Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - J. Quaas
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - H. Wan
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - K. Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - P. Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - I. Tegen
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
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6
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Baruah UD, Robeson SM, Saikia A, Mili N, Sung K, Chand P. Spatio-temporal characterization of tropospheric ozone and its precursor pollutants NO 2 and HCHO over South Asia. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:151135. [PMID: 34695476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, South Asia has experienced declining air quality, with much of the attention being focused on extremely high levels of particulate matter. Here, we analyze tropospheric ozone (O3), formaldehyde (HCHO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to assess other measures of air quality across South Asia from 2008 to 2018. The IASI-Forli retrieved tropospheric ozone data was validated with ozonesonde, reanalysis (ERA5), satellite (TES), and model simulation products (GEOS-Chem and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT). Space-based observations of these three trace gases were used to conduct a spatio temporal analysis over South Asia using trend analysis (Theil-Sen and linear regression), change-point detection (Pettitt's test), and hotspot identification (Getis-Ord Gi*). We used the formaldehyde-nitrogen dioxide ratio (FNR) to identify NOx limited, VOC limited, and transitional regimes in South Asia. Counter to previous studies, a statistically significant decrease of HCHO (-0.0041 DU yr-1) and O3 (-0.064 DU yr-1) was detected for South Asia; however, NO2 is increasing the 0.001 DU yr-1 over South Asia during 2008-18. The Indo-Gangetic Plains emerged as being critically affected by the three trace gases. Certain parts of southern and south-eastern India are gradually emerging as NO2 and HCHO hotpots. No significant O3 hotspots were discernible, though coldspots existed along the Himalaya belt of India, Nepal, and Bhutan and mountainous tracts of Pakistan. FNR indicates the reduction of NOx in NOx-limited regime of the Indo-Gangetic Plains reduced the formation of tropospheric O3 over South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Deka Baruah
- Department of Geography, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, India; Department of Geography, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India.
| | - Scott M Robeson
- Department of Geography, Indiana University Bloomington, Student Building 120, 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7100, USA.
| | - Anup Saikia
- Department of Geography, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India.
| | - Nitashree Mili
- Department of Geography, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, India.
| | - Kang Sung
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Ketter Hall, University of Buffalo, NY 14228, USA.
| | - Pritam Chand
- Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
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7
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Agyei T, Juráň S, Edwards-jonášová M, Fischer M, Švik M, Komínková K, Ofori-amanfo KK, Marek MV, Grace J, Urban O. The Influence of Ozone on Net Ecosystem Production of a Ryegrass–Clover Mixture under Field Conditions. Atmosphere 2021; 12:1629. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effect of phytotoxic tropospheric ozone (O3) on terrestrial vegetation, we quantified the impact of current O3 concentration ([O3]) on net ecosystem production (NEP) when compared to the conditions of the pre-industrial era. We compared and tested linear mixed-effects models based on [O3] and stomatal O3 flux (Fsto). The managed ryegrass–clover (Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense) mixture was grown on arable land in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Values of [O3] and Fsto were measured and calculated based on resistance analogy, respectively, while NEP was calculated from eddy covariance CO2 fluxes. We found the Fsto-based model more precise when compared to measured NEP. High Fsto was found even at low [O3], while broad summer maximum of [O3] was not necessarily followed by significant NEP decline, due to low soil water content leading to a low stomatal conductivity and Fsto. Comparing to low pre-industrial O3 conditions, current levels of O3 resulted in the reduction of cumulative NEP over the entire growing season, up to 29.7 and 13.5% when the [O3]-based and Fsto-based model was applied, respectively. During the growing season, an O3-induced reduction of NEP ranged between 13.1% in May and 26.2% in July when compared to pre-industrial Fsto levels. Looking to the future, high [O3] and Fsto may lead to the reduction of current NEP by approximately 13.3% on average during the growing season, but may increase by up to 61–86.6% in autumn, indicating further O3-induced acceleration of the senescence. These findings indicate the importance of Fsto and its inclusion into the models estimating O3 effects on terrestrial vegetation. The interaction between environmental factors and stomatal conductance is therefore discussed in detail.
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8
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Laughner JL, Neu JL, Schimel D, Wennberg PO, Barsanti K, Bowman KW, Chatterjee A, Croes BE, Fitzmaurice HL, Henze DK, Kim J, Kort EA, Liu Z, Miyazaki K, Turner AJ, Anenberg S, Avise J, Cao H, Crisp D, de Gouw J, Eldering A, Fyfe JC, Goldberg DL, Gurney KR, Hasheminassab S, Hopkins F, Ivey CE, Jones DBA, Liu J, Lovenduski NS, Martin RV, McKinley GA, Ott L, Poulter B, Ru M, Sander SP, Swart N, Yung YL, Zeng ZC. Societal shifts due to COVID-19 reveal large-scale complexities and feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109481118. [PMID: 34753820 PMCID: PMC8609622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109481118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic and associated government lockdowns dramatically altered human activity, providing a window into how changes in individual behavior, enacted en masse, impact atmospheric composition. The resulting reductions in anthropogenic activity represent an unprecedented event that yields a glimpse into a future where emissions to the atmosphere are reduced. Furthermore, the abrupt reduction in emissions during the lockdown periods led to clearly observable changes in atmospheric composition, which provide direct insight into feedbacks between the Earth system and human activity. While air pollutants and greenhouse gases share many common anthropogenic sources, there is a sharp difference in the response of their atmospheric concentrations to COVID-19 emissions changes, due in large part to their different lifetimes. Here, we discuss several key takeaways from modeling and observational studies. First, despite dramatic declines in mobility and associated vehicular emissions, the atmospheric growth rates of greenhouse gases were not slowed, in part due to decreased ocean uptake of CO2 and a likely increase in CH4 lifetime from reduced NO x emissions. Second, the response of O3 to decreased NO x emissions showed significant spatial and temporal variability, due to differing chemical regimes around the world. Finally, the overall response of atmospheric composition to emissions changes is heavily modulated by factors including carbon-cycle feedbacks to CH4 and CO2, background pollutant levels, the timing and location of emissions changes, and climate feedbacks on air quality, such as wildfires and the ozone climate penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Laughner
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
| | - Jessica L Neu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109;
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109;
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Kevin W Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Bart E Croes
- Energy Research and Development Division, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA 95814
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Helen L Fitzmaurice
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jinsol Kim
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eric A Kort
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazaki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Alexander J Turner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Jeremy Avise
- Modeling and Meteorology Branch, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - David Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Annmarie Eldering
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - John C Fyfe
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- Science and Technology Advancement Division, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, 91765
| | - Francesca Hopkins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Dylan B A Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Junjie Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Nicole S Lovenduski
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Randall V Martin
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Galen A McKinley
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Lesley Ott
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Muye Ru
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707
| | - Stanley P Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Neil Swart
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Zhao-Cheng Zeng
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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9
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Wen Y, Tong R, Zhang H, Feng K, Song R, Wang GG, Wu T. N addition decreased stand structure diversity in young but increased in middle-aged Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Bar S, Parida BR, Mandal SP, Pandey AC, Kumar N, Mishra B. Impacts of partial to complete COVID-19 lockdown on NO 2 and PM 2.5 levels in major urban cities of Europe and USA. Cities 2021; 117:103308. [PMID: 34127873 PMCID: PMC8189822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus has been causing enormous suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. There are rigorous containment measures on industries, non-essential business, transportation, and citizen mobility to check the spread. The lockdowns may have an advantageous impact on reducing the atmospheric pollutants. This study has analyzed the change in atmospheric pollutants, based on the Sentinel-5Ps and ground-station observed data during partial to complete lockdown period in 2020. Results revealed that the mean tropospheric NO2 concentration substantially dropped in 2020 due to lockdown against the same period in 2019 by 18-40% over the major urban areas located in Europe (i.e. Madrid, Milan, Paris) and the USA (i.e. New York, Boston, and Springfield). Conversely, urban areas with partial to no lockdown measures (i.e. Warsaw, Pierre, Bismarck, and Lincoln) exhibited a relatively lower dropdown in mean NO2 concentration (3 to 7.5%). The role of meteorological variability was found to be negligible. Nevertheless, the reduced levels of atmospheric pollutants were primarily attributed to the shutdown of vehicles, power plants, and industrial emissions. Improvement in air quality during COVID-19 may be temporary, but regulatory bodies should learn to reduce air pollution on a long-term basis concerning the trade-offs between the environment, society, and economic growth. The intersection of urban design, health, and environment should be addressed by policy-makers to protect public health and sustainable urban policies could be adopted to build urban resilience against any future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bar
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Parida
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Shyama Prasad Mandal
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Arvind Chandra Pandey
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, MD, United States of America
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11
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Parida BR, Bar S, Roberts G, Mandal SP, Pandey AC, Kumar M, Dash J. Improvement in air quality and its impact on land surface temperature in major urban areas across India during the first lockdown of the pandemic. Environ Res 2021; 199:111280. [PMID: 34029544 PMCID: PMC9189601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and the enforced lockdown have reduced the use of surface and air transportation. This study investigates the impact of the lockdown restrictions in India on atmospheric composition, using Sentinel-5Ps retrievals of tropospheric NO2 concentration and ground-station measurements of NO2 and PM2.5 between March-May in 2019 and 2020. Detailed analysis of the changes to atmospheric composition are carried out over six major urban areas (i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, and Hyderabad) by comparing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and land surface temperature (LST) measurements in the lockdown year 2020 and pre-lockdown (2015-2019). Satellite-based data showed that NO2 concentration reduced by 18% (Kolkata), 29% (Hyderabad), 32-34% (Chennai, Mumbai, and Bangalore), and 43% (Delhi). Surface-based concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, and AOD also substantially dropped by 32-74%, 10-42%, and 8-34%, respectively over these major cities during the lockdown period and co-located with the intensity of anthropogenic activity. Only a smaller fraction of the reduction of pollutants was associated with meteorological variability. A substantial negative anomaly was found for LST both in the day (-0.16 °C to -1 °C) and night (-0.63 °C to -2.1 °C) across select all cities, which was also consistent with air temperature measurements. The decreases in LST could be associated with a reduction in pollutants, greenhouse gases and water vapor content. Improvement in air quality with lower urban temperatures due to lockdown may be a temporary effect, but it provides a crucial connection among human activities, air pollution, aerosols, radiative flux, and temperature. The lockdown for a shorter-period showed a significant improvement in environmental quality and provides a strong evidence base for larger scale policy implementation to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Parida
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India.
| | - Somnath Bar
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Gareth Roberts
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shyama Prasad Mandal
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Arvind Chandra Pandey
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Jadunandan Dash
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Moore GWK, Semple JL. Himalaya Air Quality Impacts From the COVID-19 Lockdown Across the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Geohealth 2021; 5:e2020GH000351. [PMID: 34141977 PMCID: PMC8182764 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Starting in January 2020, the novel coronavirus, now known as acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease that it causes (COVID-19) has had significant impacts on human health, the environment, and the economy globally. The rapid lockdown that occurred as well as its well documented timing allows for an unprecedented opportunity to examine the impact of air pollution from densely populated regions has on adjacent and pristine environments. Here, we use in situ and satellite observations to show that there was a step function decrease in two key indicators of air quality, nitrogen dioxide and airborne particulates, in locations within the Indo-Gangetic Plan (IGP) as a result of the Spring 2020 lockdown. Based on anomaly patterns, we find a dipole response with a statistically significant reduction in air pollution along the western IGP and Himalaya and an increase in air pollution in the eastern IGP and Himalaya. We show that spatial variability in the reductions in economic activity across northern India and the adjoining countries of Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh contributed to this dipole as did a persistent atmospheric circulation anomaly across the region during the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. W. K. Moore
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Chemical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
| | - J. L. Semple
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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13
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Wuepper D, Le Clech S, Zilberman D, Mueller N, Finger R. Countries influence the trade-off between crop yields and nitrogen pollution. Nat Food 2020; 1:713-719. [PMID: 37128040 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
National institutions and policies could provide powerful levers to steer the global food system towards higher agricultural production and lower environmental impact. However, causal evidence of countries' influence is scarce. Using global geospatial datasets and a regression discontinuity design, we provide causal quantifications of the way crop yield gaps, nitrogen pollution and nitrogen pollution per crop yield are influenced by country-level factors, such as institutions and policies. We find that countries influence nitrogen pollution much more than crop yields and there is only a small trade-off between reducing nitrogen pollution and increasing yields. Overall, countries that cause 35% less nitrogen pollution than their neighbours only show a 1% larger yield gap (the difference between attainable and attained yields). Explanations of which countries cause the most pollution relative to their crop yields include economic development, population size, institutional quality and foreign financial flows to land resources, as well as countries' overall agricultural intensity and share in the economy. Our findings suggest that many national governments have an impressive capacity to reduce global nitrogen pollution without having to sacrifice much agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wuepper
- Agricultural Economics and Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Solen Le Clech
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Zilberman
- Agricultural and Resource Economics Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Mueller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert Finger
- Agricultural Economics and Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Hayes F, Harmens H, Sharps K, Radbourne A. Ozone dose-response relationships for tropical crops reveal potential threat to legume and wheat production, but not to millets. Scientific African 2020; 9:e00482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Hu Y, Sampata AM, Ruiz-Mercado GJ, Zavala VM. Logistics Network Management of Livestock Waste for Spatiotemporal Control of Nutrient Pollution in Water Bodies. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2019; 7:18359-18374. [PMID: 32983653 PMCID: PMC7511004 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient pollution is a widespread water quality problem, which originates from excess nutrient runoff from agricultural land, improperly managed farming operations, and point sources such as wastewater treatment plants. Some nutrient pollution impacts include harmful algal blooms (HABs), hypoxia, and eutrophication. HABs are major environmental events that cause severe health threats and economic losses (e.g., tourism, real estate, commercial fishing). A dimension of the nutrient pollution problem that has not received much attention is that this interacts with organic waste management practices. As a result, it is important to connect the time and location of point and nonpoint nutrient source releases, nutrient soil content, spatial layout, and hydrology of agricultural lands with the transport of nutrients to water bodies and their impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In this work, we show how nutrient concentration in water bodies and other spatiotemporal factors are related to HAB development and how logistics management of livestock waste can be used to conduct space-time management of nutrient pollution. A case study for the Upper Yahara Watershed in the State of Wisconsin (U.S.) is employed to demonstrate the practicability of the modeling framework. Our framework reveals that logistics network management for waste and nutrients can reduce the incidence rates of HABs, but reducing it to nonharmful levels would require long-term efforts such as installing nutrient recovery technologies, coordinating manure storage and application, and deploying management incentive plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Apoorva M. Sampata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gerardo J. Ruiz-Mercado
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Victor M. Zavala
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Zhang J, Tang H, Zhu J, Lin X, Feng Y. Effects of elevated ground-level ozone on paddy soil bacterial community and assembly mechanisms across four years. Sci Total Environ 2019; 654:505-513. [PMID: 30447589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that elevated ground-level ozone (eO3) poses a threat to the ecosystem. Little knowledge about the underground variables, especially on soil microorganisms, however, has been revealed. Such knowledge will tremendously help to advance our understanding of the correlation between ecosystems and climate change, as well as our ability to predict future trajectory. For this purpose, we have collected soil DNA samples (eO3 vs. Ambient, each having 36 samples) over four years. Our results have verified the temporal responses and the underlying assembly mechanisms of the paddy bacterial community to eO3. Contrary to the widespread consensus, it was found that eO3 stimulated bacterial alpha diversities. The higher complexity and the centralization of the co-occurrence network of the bacterial community suggested that this stimulation was due to a microbial survival strategy in response to the limited resources, which led to the instability of the community. Furthermore, the observed slower temporal turnover of the bacterial community composition in response to eO3 was due to the decreased deterministic processes derived from plants, which implied that eO3 disrupted the coordination between soil microorganisms and rice crop. All above phenomena provided novel insights into the adverse influences of eO3 on the soil microbial community. If O3 concentration increases continuously, the adverse effects will be aggravated and harm the related ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Haoye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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17
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Antanasijević D, Pocajt V, Perić-Grujić A, Ristić M. Urban population exposure to tropospheric ozone: A multi-country forecasting of SOMO35 using artificial neural networks. Environ Pollut 2019; 244:288-294. [PMID: 30342369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban population exposure to tropospheric ozone is a serious health concern in Europe countries. Although there are insufficient evidence to derive a level below which ozone has no effect on mortality WHO (World Health Organization) uses SOMO35 (sum of means over 35 ppb) in their health impact assessments. Is this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) approach was used to forecast SOMO35 at the national level for a set of 24 European countries, mostly EU members. Available ozone precursors' emissions, population and climate data for the period 2003-2013 were used as inputs. Trend analysis had been performed using the linear regression of SOMO35 over time, and it has demonstrated that majority of the studied countries have a decreasing trend of SOMO35 values. The created models have made majority of predictions (≈60%) with satisfactory accuracy (relative error <20%) on testing, while the best performing model had R2 = 0.87 and overall relative error of 33.6%. The domain of applicability of the created models was analyzed using slope/mean ratio derivate from the trend analysis, which was successful in distinguishing countries with high from countries with low prediction errors. The overall relative error was reduced to <14%, after the pool of countries was reduced based on the abovementioned criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Antanasijević
- University of Belgrade, Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Viktor Pocajt
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Perić-Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Ristić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Niu D, Yuan X, Cease AJ, Wen H, Zhang C, Fu H, Elser JJ. The impact of nitrogen enrichment on grassland ecosystem stability depends on nitrogen addition level. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:1529-1538. [PMID: 29054613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition may affect plant biodiversity, subsequently altering ecosystem stability. While a few studies have explored how simulated N deposition affects community stability and its underlying mechanisms, the experimental levels of N addition used are usually higher than current and future N deposition rates. Thus, their results could produce highly uncertain predictions of ecosystem function, especially if the responses to N deposition are nonlinear. We conducted a manipulative experiment that simulated elevated atmospheric N deposition with several N addition levels to evaluate the effect of N deposition on ecosystem stability and its underlying mechanisms in a semiarid grassland in northern China. Here we show that N addition altered community diversity, reducing species richness, evenness, diversity and dominance. In addition, we found that N addition at current N deposition levels had no significant impact on community stability. In contrast, N addition at levels from 4.6 to 13.8gNm-2yr-1 significantly decreased community stability, although community stability for the 13.8gNm-2yr-1 treatment was higher than that for the 4.6gNm-2yr-1 treatment. These results indicate that the response of community stability to N enrichment is nonlinear. This nonlinear change in community stability was positively correlated with species asynchrony, species richness, and species diversity as well as the stability of dominant species and the stability of the grass functional group. Our data suggest a need to re-evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystem stability across multiple levels of N enrichment and that additional experimentation with gradients of N loads more similar to future atmospheric N deposition rates is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Haiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Chunping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 32125, USA.
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19
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Noreen A, Khokhar MF, Zeb N, Yasmin N, Hakeem KR. Spatio-temporal assessment and seasonal variation of tropospheric ozone in Pakistan during the last decade. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8441-8454. [PMID: 29307068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the tropospheric ozone data derived from combined observations of Ozone Monitoring Instrument/Microwave Limb Sounder instruments by using the tropospheric ozone residual method. The main objective was to study the spatial distribution and temporal evolution in the troposphere ozone columns over Pakistan during the time period of 2004 to 2014. Results showed an overall increase of 3.2 ± 1.1 DU in tropospheric ozone columns over Pakistan. Spatial distribution showed enhanced ozone columns in the Punjab and southern Sindh consistent to high population, urbanization, and extensive anthropogenic activities, and exhibited statistically significant temporal increase. Seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone columns are driven by various factors such as seasonality in UV-B fluxes, seasonality in ozone precursor gases such as NOx and volatile organic compounds (caused by temperature dependent biogenic emission) and agricultural fire activities in Pakistan. A strong correlation of 96% (r = 0.96) was found between fire events and tropospheric ozone columns in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Noreen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Naila Zeb
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naila Yasmin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Neufeld HS, Johnson J, Kohut R. Comparative ozone responses of cutleaf coneflowers (Rudbeckia laciniata var. digitata, var. ampla) from Rocky Mountain and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks, USA. Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:591-601. [PMID: 28822927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. digitata) is native to Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) and an ozone bioindicator species. Variety ampla, whose ozone sensitivity is less well known, is native to Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO). In the early 2000s, researchers found putative ozone symptoms on var. ampla and rhizomes were sent to Appalachian State University to verify that the symptoms were the result of ozone exposure. In 2011, potted plants were exposed to ambient ozone from May to August. These same plants were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) in 2012 and 2013, and exposed to charcoal-filtered (CF), non-filtered (NF), elevated ozone (EO), NF+50ppb in 2012 for 47days and NF+30/NF+50ppb ozone in 2013 for 36 and 36days, respectively. Ozone symptoms similar to those found in ROMO (blue-black adaxial stippling) were reproduced both in ambient air and in the OTCs. Both varieties exhibited foliar injury in the OTCs in an exposure-dependent manner, verifying that symptoms resulted from ozone exposure. In two of the three study years, var. digitata appeared more sensitive than var. ampla. Exposure to EO caused reductions in ambient photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) for both varieties. Light response curves indicated that ozone reduced A, gs, and the apparent quantum yield while it increased the light compensation point. In CF air, var. ampla had higher light saturated A (18.2±1.04 vs 11.6±0.37μmolm-2s-1), higher light saturation (1833±166.7 vs 1108±141.7μmolm-2s-1), and lower Ci/Ca ratio (0.67±0.01 vs 0.77±0.01) than var. digitata. Coneflowers in both Parks are adversely affected by exposure to ambient ozone and if ozone concentrations increase in the Rocky Mountains, greater amounts of injury on var. ampla can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Robert Kohut
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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21
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Ascott MJ, Gooddy DC, Wang L, Stuart ME, Lewis MA, Ward RS, Binley AM. Global patterns of nitrate storage in the vadose zone. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1416. [PMID: 29123090 PMCID: PMC5680259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global-scale nitrogen budgets developed to quantify anthropogenic impacts on the nitrogen cycle do not explicitly consider nitrate stored in the vadose zone. Here we show that the vadose zone is an important store of nitrate that should be considered in future budgets for effective policymaking. Using estimates of groundwater depth and nitrate leaching for 1900–2000, we quantify the peak global storage of nitrate in the vadose zone as 605–1814 Teragrams (Tg). Estimates of nitrate storage are validated using basin-scale and national-scale estimates and observed groundwater nitrate data. Nitrate storage per unit area is greatest in North America, China and Europe where there are thick vadose zones and extensive historical agriculture. In these areas, long travel times in the vadose zone may delay the impact of changes in agricultural practices on groundwater quality. We argue that in these areas use of conventional nitrogen budget approaches is inappropriate. Current global-scale nitrogen (N) budgets quantifying anthropogenic impacts on the N cycle do not explicitly consider nitrate storage in the vadose zone. Here, using estimates of depth to groundwater and nitrate leaching between 1900–2000, the authors show that the vadose zone is an important store of nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ascott
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - D C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - L Wang
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG1 5GG, UK
| | - M E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M A Lewis
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - R S Ward
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG1 5GG, UK
| | - A M Binley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Ceptureanu E, Ceptureanu S, Orzan MC, Bordean ON, Radulescu V. Empirical Study on Sustainable Opportunities Recognition. A Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Joinery Industry Analysis Using Augmented Sustainable Development Process Model. Sustainability 2017; 9:1779. [DOI: 10.3390/su9101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Tiwari S. Ethylenediurea as a potential tool in evaluating ozone phytotoxicity: a review study on physiological, biochemical and morphological responses of plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:14019-14039. [PMID: 28409426 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Present-day climate change scenario has intensified the problem of continuously increasing ground-level ozone (O3), which is responsible for causing deleterious effects on growth and development of plants. Studies involving use of ethylenediurea (EDU), a chemical with antiozonant properties, have given some promising results in evaluating O3 injury in plants. The use of EDU is especially advantageous in developing countries which face a more severe problem of ground-level O3, and technical O3-induced yield loss assessment techniques like open-top chambers cannot be used. Recent studies have detected a hormetic response of EDU on plants; i.e. treatment with higher EDU concentrations may or may not show any adverse effect on plants depending upon the experimental conditions. Although the mode of action of EDU is still debated, it is confirmed that EDU remains confined in the apoplastic regions. Certain studies indicate that EDU significantly affects the electron transport chain and has positive impact on the antioxidant defence machinery of the plants. However, the mechanism of protecting the yield of plants without significantly affecting photosynthesis is still questionable. This review discusses in details the probable mode of action of EDU on the basis of available data along with the impact of EDU on physiological, biochemical, growth and yield response of plants under O3 stress. Data regarding the effect of EDU on plant 'omics' is highly insufficient and can form an important aspect of future EDU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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Toet S, Oliver V, Ineson P, McLoughlin S, Helgason T, Peacock S, Stott AW, Barnes J, Ashmore M. How does elevated ozone reduce methane emissions from peatlands? Sci Total Environ 2017; 579:60-71. [PMID: 27866746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increased tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution levels on methane (CH4) emissions from peatlands, and their underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. In this study, we exposed peatland mesocosms from a temperate wet heath dominated by the sedge Schoenus nigricans and Sphagnum papillosum to four O3 treatments in open-top chambers for 2.5years, to investigate the O3 impacts on CH4 emissions and the processes that underpin these responses. Summer CH4 emissions, were significantly reduced, by 27% over the experiment, due to summer daytime (8hday-1) O3 exposure to non-filtered air (NFA) plus 35ppb O3, but were not significantly affected by year-round, 24hday-1, exposure to NFA plus 10ppb or NFA plus 25ppb O3. There was no evidence that the reduced CH4 emissions in response to elevated summer O3 exposure were caused by reduced plant-derived carbon availability below-ground, because we found no significant effect of high summer O3 exposure on root biomass, pore water dissolved organic carbon concentrations or the contribution of recent photosynthate to CH4 emissions. Our CH4 production potential and CH4 oxidation potential measurements in the different O3 treatments could also not explain the observed CH4 emission responses to O3. However, pore water ammonium concentrations at 20cm depth were consistently reduced during the experiment by elevated summer O3 exposure, and strong positive correlations were observed between CH4 emission and pore water ammonium concentration at three peat depths over the 2.5-year study. Our results therefore imply that elevated regional O3 exposures in summer, but not the small increases in northern hemisphere annual mean background O3 concentrations predicted over this century, may lead to reduced CH4 emissions from temperate peatlands as a consequence of reductions in soil inorganic nitrogen affecting methanogenic and/or methanotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Toet
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Viktoria Oliver
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Phil Ineson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Peacock
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew W Stott
- Natural Environment Research Council Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Jeremy Barnes
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mike Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
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Bouwman AF, Beusen AHW, Lassaletta L, van Apeldoorn DF, van Grinsven HJM, Zhang J, Ittersum van MK. Lessons from temporal and spatial patterns in global use of N and P fertilizer on cropland. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40366. [PMID: 28084415 PMCID: PMC5234009 DOI: 10.1038/srep40366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades farmers in high-income countries and China and India have built up a large reserve of residual soil P in cropland. This reserve can now be used by crops, and in high-income countries the use of mineral P fertilizer has recently been decreasing with even negative soil P budgets in Europe. In contrast to P, much of N surpluses are emitted to the environment via air and water and large quantities of N are transported in aquifers with long travel times (decades and longer). N fertilizer use in high-income countries has not been decreasing in recent years; increasing N use efficiency and utilization of accumulated residual soil P allowed continued increases in crop yields. However, there are ecological risks associated with the legacy of excessive nutrient mobilization in the 1970s and 1980s. Landscapes have a memory for N and P; N concentrations in many rivers do not respond to increased agricultural N use efficiency, and European water quality is threatened by rapidly increasing N:P ratios. Developing countries can avoid such problems by integrated management of N, P and other nutrients accounting for residual soil P, while avoiding legacies associated with the type of past or continuing mismanagement of high-income countries, China and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bouwman
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. W. Beusen
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - L. Lassaletta
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - D. F. van Apeldoorn
- Farming Systems Ecology group, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. M. van Grinsven
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - J. Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - M. K. Ittersum van
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang J, Tang H, Zhu J, Lin X, Feng Y. Divergent responses of methanogenic archaeal communities in two rice cultivars to elevated ground-level O3. Environ Pollut 2016; 213:127-134. [PMID: 26895536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitive effect of elevated ground-level ozone (O3) on paddy methane (CH4) emission varies with rice cultivars. However, little information is available on its microbial mechanism. For this purpose, the responses of methane-metabolizing microorganisms, methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria to O3 pollution were investigated in the O3-tolerant (YD6) and the O3-sensitive (IIY084) cultivars at two rice growth stages in Free Air Concentration Elevation of O3 (O3-FACE) system of China. It was found that O3 pollution didn't change the abundances of Type I and Type II methanotrophic bacteria at two rice stages. For methanogenic archaea, their abundances in both cultivars were decreased by O3 pollution at the tillering stage. Furthermore, a greater negative influence on methanogenic archaeal community was observed on IIY084 than on YD6: at tillering stage, the alpha diversity indices of methanogenic archaeal community in IIY084 was decreased to a greater extent than in YD6; IIY084 shifted methanogenic archaeal community composition and decreased the abundances and the diversities of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae as well as the abundance of Methanomicrobiales, while the diversity of Methanocellaceae were increased in YD6. These findings indicate that the variations in the responses of paddy CH4 emission to O3 pollution between cultivars could result from the divergent responses of their methanogenic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Haoye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
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Calvete-Sogo H, González-Fernández I, Sanz J, Elvira S, Alonso R, García-Gómez H, Ibáñez-Ruiz MA, Bermejo-Bermejo V. Heterogeneous responses to ozone and nitrogen alter the species composition of Mediterranean annual pastures. Oecologia 2016; 181:1055-67. [PMID: 27106851 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution represents a threat to biodiversity throughout the world and particularly in the Mediterranean area, where high tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are frequently recorded. Mediterranean annual pastures are among the most important ecosystems in southern Europe due to their high biodiversity and extension. Aiming to study the responses of these communities to the main atmospheric pollutants in the Mediterranean region, an experimental study was performed in an open-top chamber (OTC) facility. A mixture of six species representative of annual pastures was grown under field conditions inside the OTC. Plants were exposed for 39 days to four O3 treatments and three doses of N. The species responded heterogeneously to both factors. Legumes did not react to N but were very sensitive to O3: Trifolium species responded negatively, while Ornithopus responded positively, taking advantage of the greater sensitivity of clovers to O3. The grasses and the herb were more tolerant of O3 and grasses were the most responsive to N. Significant interactions between factors indicated a loss of effectiveness of N in O3-polluted atmospheres and an ability of O3 to counterbalance the damage induced by N input, but both effects were dependent on O3 and N levels. The inclusion of plant competition in the experimental design was necessary to reveal results that would otherwise be missed, such as the positive growth responses under elevated O3 levels. Surprisingly, competition within the legume family played the most important role in the overall response of the annual community to O3. Both tropospheric O3 and N deposition should be considered important drivers of the structure and biodiversity of Mediterranean annual pastures.
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Abstract
Extreme air pollution meteorological events, such as heat waves, temperature inversions and atmospheric stagnation episodes, can significantly affect air quality. Based on observational data, we have analyzed the long-term evolution of extreme air pollution meteorology on the global scale and their potential impacts on air quality, especially the high pollution episodes. We have identified significant increasing trends for the occurrences of extreme air pollution meteorological events in the past six decades, especially over the continental regions. Statistical analysis combining air quality data and meteorological data further indicates strong sensitivities of air quality (including both average air pollutant concentrations and high pollution episodes) to extreme meteorological events. For example, we find that in the United States the probability of severe ozone pollution when there are heat waves could be up to seven times of the average probability during summertime, while temperature inversions in wintertime could enhance the probability of severe particulate matter pollution by more than a factor of two. We have also identified significant seasonal and spatial variations in the sensitivity of air quality to extreme air pollution meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hou
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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29
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Priputina IV, Zubkova EV, Komarov AS. Retrospective assessment of the dynamics of nitrogen availability in pine forests of the near-Moscow region based on the data of phytoindication. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425515070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hewitt DKL, Mills G, Hayes F, Norris D, Coyle M, Wilkinson S, Davies W. N-fixation in legumes--An assessment of the potential threat posed by ozone pollution. Environ Pollut 2016; 208:909-18. [PMID: 26385644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth, development and functioning of legumes are often significantly affected by exposure to tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution. However, surprisingly little is known about how leguminous Nitrogen (N) fixation responds to ozone, with a scarcity of studies addressing this question in detail. In the last decade, ozone impacts on N-fixation in soybean, cowpea, mung bean, peanut and clover have been shown for concentrations which are now commonly recorded in ambient air or are likely to occur in the near future. We provide a synthesis of the existing literature addressing this issue, and also explore the effects that may occur on an agroecosystem scale by predicting reductions in Trifolium (clovers) root nodule biomass in United Kingdom (UK) pasture based on ozone concentration data for a "high" (2006) and "average" ozone year (2008). Median 8% and 5% reductions in clover root nodule biomass in pasture across the UK were predicted for 2006 and 2008 respectively. Seasonal exposure to elevated ozone, or short-term acute concentrations >100 ppb, are sufficient to reduce N-fixation and/or impact nodulation, in a range of globally-important legumes. However, an increasing global burden of CO2, the use of artificial fertiliser, and reactive N-pollution may partially mitigate impacts of ozone on N-fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K L Hewitt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - G Mills
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - F Hayes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - D Norris
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - M Coyle
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - S Wilkinson
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - W Davies
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY. Global Gray Water Footprint and Water Pollution Levels Related to Anthropogenic Nitrogen Loads to Fresh Water. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:12860-8. [PMID: 26440220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This is the first global assessment of nitrogen-related water pollution in river basins with a specification of the pollution by economic sector, and by crop for the agricultural sector. At a spatial resolution of 5 by 5 arc minute, we estimate anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loads to freshwater, calculate the resultant gray water footprints (GWFs), and relate the GWFs per river basin to runoff to calculate the N-related water pollution level (WPL) per catchment. The accumulated global GWF related to anthropogenic N loads in the period 2002-2010 was 13×10(12) m3/y. China contributed about 45% to the global total. Three quarters of the GWF related to N loads came from diffuse sources (agriculture), 23% from domestic point sources and 2% from industrial point sources. Among the crops, production of cereals had the largest contribution to the N-related GWF (18%), followed by vegetables (15%) and oil crops (11%). The river basins with WPL>1 (where the N load exceeds the basin's assimilation capacity), cover about 17% of the global land area, contribute about 9% of the global river discharge, and provide residence to 48% of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin M Mekonnen
- Twente Water Centre, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Y Hoekstra
- Twente Water Centre, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Kitao M, Komatsu M, Yazaki K, Kitaoka S, Tobita H. Growth overcompensation against O3 exposure in two Japanese oak species, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Quercus serrata, grown under elevated CO2. Environ Pollut 2015; 206:133-141. [PMID: 26162332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) on the growth of two mid-successional oak species native to East Asia, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Quercus serrata, we measured gas exchange and biomass allocation in seedlings (initially 1-year-old) grown under combinations of elevated CO2 (550 μmol mol(-1)) and O3 (twice-ambient) for two growing seasons in an open-field experiment in which root growth was not limited. Both the oak species showed a significant growth enhancement under the combination of elevated CO2 and O3 (indicated by total dry mass; over twice of ambient-grown plants, p < .05), which probably resulted from a preferable biomass partitioning into leaves induced by O3 and a predominant enhancement of photosynthesis under elevated CO2. Such an over-compensative response in the two Japanese oak species resulted in greater plant growth under the combination of elevated CO2 and O3 than elevated CO2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
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Abstract
Cities have developed into the hotspots of human economic activity. From the appearance of the first cities in the Neolithic to 21st century metropolis their impact on the environment has always been apparent. With more people living in cities than in rural environments now it becomes crucial to understand these environmental impacts. With the immergence of megacities in the 20th century and their continued growth in both, population and economic power, the environmental impact has reached the global scale. In this paper we examine megacity impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. We present basic concepts, discuss various definitions of footprints, summarize research on megacity impacts and assess the impact of megacity emissions on air quality and on the climate at the regional to global scale. The intention and ambition of this paper is to give a comprehensive but brief overview of the science with regard to megacities and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven T Rumbold
- UK Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK; NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Lelieveld J, Beirle S, Hörmann C, Stenchikov G, Wagner T. Abrupt recent trend changes in atmospheric nitrogen dioxide over the Middle East. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500498. [PMID: 26601240 PMCID: PMC4643803 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides, released from fossil fuel use and other combustion processes, affect air quality and climate. From the mid-1990s onward, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been monitored from space, and since 2004 with relatively high spatial resolution by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. Strong upward NO2 trends have been observed over South and East Asia and the Middle East, in particular over major cities. We show, however, that a combination of air quality control and political factors, including economical crisis and armed conflict, has drastically altered the emission landscape of nitrogen oxides in the Middle East. Large changes, including trend reversals, have occurred since about 2010 that could not have been predicted and therefore are at odds with emission scenarios used in projections of air pollution and climate change in the early 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Steffen Beirle
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Georgiy Stenchikov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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35
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Garcia-Menendez F, Saari RK, Monier E, Selin NE. U.S. Air Quality and Health Benefits from Avoided Climate Change under Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:7580-8. [PMID: 26053628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the impact of climate change on U.S. air quality and health in 2050 and 2100 using a global modeling framework and integrated economic, climate, and air pollution projections. Three internally consistent socioeconomic scenarios are used to value health benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation policies specifically derived from slowing climate change. Our projections suggest that climate change, exclusive of changes in air pollutant emissions, can significantly impact ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution across the U.S. and increase associated health effects. Climate policy can substantially reduce these impacts, and climate-related air pollution health benefits alone can offset a significant fraction of mitigation costs. We find that in contrast to cobenefits from reductions to coemitted pollutants, the climate-induced air quality benefits of policy increase with time and are largest between 2050 and 2100. Our projections also suggest that increasing climate policy stringency beyond a certain degree may lead to diminishing returns relative to its cost. However, our results indicate that the air quality impacts of climate change are substantial and should be considered by cost-benefit climate policy analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garcia-Menendez
- †Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, ‡Engineering Systems Division, and §Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rebecca K Saari
- †Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, ‡Engineering Systems Division, and §Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erwan Monier
- †Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, ‡Engineering Systems Division, and §Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noelle E Selin
- †Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, ‡Engineering Systems Division, and §Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorology (ventilation and dilution), precipitation and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atmospheric chemistry and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to organic carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission reductions, while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atmospheric CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U.S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U.S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are critical for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. IMPLICATIONS The expansion of U.S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC reductions in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated reductions of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality standards. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estimated benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades , NY , USA
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Azevedo LB, van Zelm R, Leuven RSEW, Hendriks AJ, Huijbregts MAJ. Combined ecological risks of nitrogen and phosphorus in European freshwaters. Environ Pollut 2015; 200:85-92. [PMID: 25700335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is a key water quality issue triggered by increasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels and potentially posing risks to freshwater biota. We predicted the probability that an invertebrate species within a community assemblage becomes absent due to nutrient stress as the ecological risk (ER) for European lakes and streams subjected to N and P pollution from 1985 to 2011. The ER was calculated as a function of species-specific tolerances to NO3(-) and total P concentrations and water quality monitoring data. Lake and stream ER averaged 50% in the last monitored year (i.e. 2011) and we observed a decrease by 22% and 38% in lake and stream ER (respectively) of river basins since 1985. Additionally, the ER from N stress surpassed that of P in both freshwater systems. The ER can be applied to identify river basins most subjected to eutrophication risks and the main drivers of impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia B Azevedo
- Radboud University of Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Radboud University of Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob S E W Leuven
- Radboud University of Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Radboud University of Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Radboud University of Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Feng Y, Yu Y, Tang H, Zu Q, Zhu J, Lin X. The contrasting responses of soil microorganisms in two rice cultivars to elevated ground-level ozone. Environ Pollut 2015; 197:195-202. [PMID: 25576991 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although elevated ground-level O₃ has a species-specific impact on plant growth, the differences in soil biota responses to O₃ pollution among rice cultivars are rarely reported. Using O₃ Free-Air Concentration Enrichment, the responses of the rhizospheric bacterial communities in the O₃-tolerant (YD6) and the O₃-sensitive (IIY084) rice cultivars to O₃ pollution and their differences were assessed by pyrosequencing at rice tillering and anthesis stages. Elevated ground-level O₃ negatively influenced the bacterial community in cultivar YD6 at both rice growth stages by decreasing the bacterial phylogenetic diversities and response ratios. In contrast, in cultivar IIY084, the bacterial community responded positively at the rice tillering stage under O₃ pollution. However, several keystone bacterial guilds were consistently negatively affected by O₃ pollution in two rice cultivars. These findings indicate that continuously O₃ pollution would negatively influence rice agroecosystem and the crop cultivar is important in determining the soil biota responses to elevated O₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haoye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianhui Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Matyssek R, Baumgarten M, Hummel U, Häberle KH, Kitao M, Wieser G. Canopy-level stomatal narrowing in adult Fagus sylvatica under O3 stress - means of preventing enhanced O3 uptake under high O3 exposure? Environ Pollut 2015; 196:518-26. [PMID: 25062776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporally consistent O(3) doses are demonstrated in adult Fagus sylvatica from the Kranzberg Forest free-air fumigation experiment, covering cross-canopy and whole-seasonal scopes through sap flow measurement. Given O(3)-driven closure of stomata, we hypothesized enhanced whole-tree level O(3) influx to be prevented under enhanced O(3) exposure. Although foliage transpiration rate was lowered under twice-ambient O(3) around noon by 30% along with canopy conductance, the hypothesis was falsified, as O(3) influx was raised by 25%. Nevertheless, the twice-ambient/ambient ratio of O(3) uptake was smaller by about 20% than that of O(3) exposure, suggesting stomatal limitation of uptake. The O(3) response was traceable from leaves across branches to the canopy, where peak transpiration rates resembled those of shade rather than sun branches. Rainy/overcast-day and nightly O(3) uptake is quantified and discussed. Whole-seasonal canopy-level validation of modelled with sap flow-derived O(3) flux becomes available in assessing O(3) risk for forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - M Baumgarten
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - U Hummel
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - K-H Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Saitanis CJ, Bari SM, Burkey KO, Stamatelopoulos D, Agathokleous E. Screening of Bangladeshi winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for sensitivity to ozone. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:13560-13571. [PMID: 25023654 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity to ozone of ten Bangladeshi wheat cultivars was tested by exposing plants to eight ozone exposure regimes (50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 135, 150, and 200 ppb for 14, 11, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 days, respectively, for 8 h/day) in controlled environment chambers. Visible leaf injury, dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, leaf greenness (SPAD value), quantum yield of photosynthesis, and stomatal resistance were measured to evaluate response. Shoot biomass, total chlorophyll, leaf greenness, and carotenoid content were reduced in ozone-exposed plants. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA)-biplot analysis, the order of sensitivity to ozone was: Akbar >> Sufi ≥ Bijoy ≥ Shatabdi > Bari-26 ≥ Gourab > Bari-25 ≥ Prodip ≥ Sourav >> Kanchan. The most important parameters to discriminate cultivars with respect to ozone sensitivity were visible injury and chlorophyll b/a ratio, whereas quantum yield of photosynthesis was less important. Differences in stomatal resistance were not a significant factor in ozone response. Regression of cultivars' PCA scores against year of release revealed no trend, suggesting that ozone tolerance was not incorporated during cultivar breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas J Saitanis
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, 11855, Athens, Greece,
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Gomiero A, Viarengo A. Effects of elevated temperature on the toxicity of copper and oxytetracycline in the marine model, Euplotes crassus: a climate change perspective. Environ Pollut 2014; 194:262-271. [PMID: 25163430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals and broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs are common environmental contaminants, the importance of which is increasing due to global climate change-related effects. In the present study, the biological model organism E. crassus was first acclimated to five temperatures, from 25 °C to 33 °C, followed by exposure to nominal concentrations of copper, the antibiotic model compound oxytetracycline and mixtures of both, at increasing thermal conditions. Variations of temperature-related toxicity were assessed by two high-level endpoint tests, survival and replication rates, and two sublethal parameters: endocytosis rate and lysosomal membrane stability. The selected toxicants presented opposite behaviours as the protozoa's survival rates increased following an increasing thermal gradient in the oxytetracycline-related treatments, and a decline of tolerance in metal-related treatments was observed. Results of tests combining binary mixtures of tested toxicants showed a complex pattern of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomiero
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 1, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - A Viarengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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42
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Arróniz-Crespo M, Pérez-Ortega S, De los Ríos A, Green TGA, Ochoa-Hueso R, Casermeiro MÁ, de la Cruz MT, Pintado A, Palacios D, Rozzi R, Tysklind N, Sancho LG. Bryophyte-cyanobacteria associations during primary succession in recently Deglaciated areas of Tierra del Fuego (Chile). PLoS One 2014; 9:e96081. [PMID: 24819926 PMCID: PMC4018330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryophyte establishment represents a positive feedback process that enhances soil development in newly exposed terrain. Further, biological nitrogen (N) fixation by cyanobacteria in association with mosses can be an important supply of N to terrestrial ecosystems, however the role of these associations during post-glacial primary succession is not yet fully understood. Here, we analyzed chronosequences in front of two receding glaciers with contrasting climatic conditions (wetter vs drier) at Cordillera Darwin (Tierra del Fuego) and found that most mosses had the capacity to support an epiphytic flora of cyanobacteria and exhibited high rates of N2 fixation. Pioneer moss-cyanobacteria associations showed the highest N2 fixation rates (4.60 and 4.96 µg N g−1 bryo. d−1) very early after glacier retreat (4 and 7 years) which may help accelerate soil development under wetter conditions. In drier climate, N2 fixation on bryophyte-cyanobacteria associations was also high (0.94 and 1.42 µg N g−1 bryo. d−1) but peaked at intermediate-aged sites (26 and 66 years). N2 fixation capacity on bryophytes was primarily driven by epiphytic cyanobacteria abundance rather than community composition. Most liverworts showed low colonization and N2 fixation rates, and mosses did not exhibit consistent differences across life forms and habitat (saxicolous vs terricolous). We also found a clear relationship between cyanobacteria genera and the stages of ecological succession, but no relationship was found with host species identity. Glacier forelands in Tierra del Fuego show fast rates of soil transformation which imply large quantities of N inputs. Our results highlight the potential contribution of bryophyte-cyanobacteria associations to N accumulation during post-glacial primary succession and further describe the factors that drive N2-fixation rates in post-glacial areas with very low N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arróniz-Crespo
- Dept. de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- School of Environment Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Dept. de Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción De los Ríos
- Dept. de Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. G. Allan Green
- Dept. de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biological Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Dept. de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Pintado
- Dept. de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Palacios
- Departamento Geografía Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rozzi
- Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Niklas Tysklind
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Leopoldo G. Sancho
- Dept. de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Zona D, Gioli B, Fares S, De Groote T, Pilegaard K, Ibrom A, Ceulemans R. Environmental controls on ozone fluxes in a poplar plantation in Western Europe. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:201-210. [PMID: 24060739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric O3 is a strong oxidant that may affect vegetation and human health. Here we report on the O3 fluxes from a poplar plantation in Belgium during one year. Surprisingly, the winter and autumn O3 fluxes were of similar magnitude to ones observed during most of the peak vegetation development. Largest O3 uptakes were recorded at the beginning of the growing season in correspondence to a minimum stomatal uptake. Wind speed was the most important control and explained 44% of the variability in the nighttime O3 fluxes, suggesting that turbulent mixing and the mechanical destruction of O3 played a substantial role in the O3 fluxes. The stomatal O3 uptake accounted for a seasonal average of 59% of the total O3 uptake. Multiple regression and partial correlation analyses showed that net ecosystem exchange was not affected by the stomatal O3 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zona
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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44
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刘 建. The Application of High-Throughput Sequencing Technologies in the Research of Wetland Microbiology. IJE 2014. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2014.34009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Schnitzler J, Pretzsch H, Dieler J, Wieser G. Forest Trees Under Air Pollution as a Factor of Climate Change. Plant Ecophysiology 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9100-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Ara Jahan S. A review of the consequences of global climate change on human health. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2014; 32:299-318. [PMID: 25226222 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.941279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate change has been significant enough to endanger human health both directly and indirectly via heat stress, degraded air quality, rising sea levels, food and water security, extreme weather events (e.g., floods, droughts, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, etc.), vulnerable shelter, and population migration. The deterioration of environmental conditions may facilitate the transmission of diarrhea, vector-borne and infectious diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, malnutrition, etc. Indirect effects of climate change such as mental health problems due to stress, loss of homes, economic instability, and forced migration are also unignorably important. Children, the elderly, and communities living in poverty are among the most vulnerable of the harmful effects due to climate change. In this article, we have reviewed the scientific evidence for the human health impact of climate change and analyzed the various diseases in association with changes in the atmospheric environment and climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul , Korea
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47
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Kitao M, Komatsu M, Hoshika Y, Yazaki K, Yoshimura K, Fujii S, Miyama T, Kominami Y. Seasonal ozone uptake by a warm-temperate mixed deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forest in western Japan estimated by the Penman-Monteith approach combined with a photosynthesis-dependent stomatal model. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:457-463. [PMID: 24121421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Canopy-level stomatal conductance over a warm-temperate mixed deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan was estimated by the Penman-Monteith approach, as compensated by a semi-empirical photosynthesis-dependent stomatal model, where photosynthesis, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were assumed to regulate stomatal conductance. This approach, using eddy covariance data and routine meteorological observations at a flux tower site, permits the continuous estimation of canopy-level O3 uptake, even when the Penman-Monteith approach is unavailable (i.e. in case of direct evaporation from soil or wet leaves). Distortion was observed between the AOT40 exposure index and O3 uptake through stomata, as AOT40 peaked in April, but with O3 uptake occurring in July. Thus, leaf pre-maturation in the predominant deciduous broadleaf tree species (Quercus serrata) might suppress O3 uptake in springtime, even when the highest O3 concentrations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan.
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48
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Feng Y, Lin X, Yu Y, Zhang H, Chu H, Zhu J. Elevated ground-level O3 negatively influences paddy methanogenic archaeal community. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3193. [PMID: 24217205 PMCID: PMC3824163 DOI: 10.1038/srep03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge regarding the effect of global climate change on rice-paddy methane (CH4) emissions is incomplete, partly because information is limited concerning the mechanism of the microbial response to elevated ground-level ozone (O3). A field experiment was conducted in the China Ozone Free-Air Concentration Enrichment facility in a rice-wheat rotation system to investigate the responses of methanogenic archaeal communities to elevated ground-level O3 by culture-independent and -reliant approaches. We found that elevated ground-level O3 inhibited methanogenic activity and influenced the composition of paddy methanogenic communities, reducing the abundance and diversity of paddy methanogens by adversely affecting dominant groups, such as aceticlastic Methanosaeta, especially at the rice tillering stage. Our results indicated that continuously elevated ground-level O3 would negatively influence paddy methanogenic archaeal communities and its critical ecological function. These findings will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the responses and feedbacks of paddy ecosystems to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Huayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
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49
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Cho K, Shibato J, Kubo A, Kohno Y, Satoh K, Kikuchi S, Sarkar A, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R. Comparative analysis of seed transcriptomes of ambient ozone-fumigated 2 different rice cultivars. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e26300. [PMID: 24025514 PMCID: PMC4091349 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High ozone (O3) concentrations not only damage plant life but also cause considerable losses in plant productivity. To screen for molecular factors usable as potential biomarkers to identify for O3-sensitive and -tolerant lines and design O3 tolerant crops, our project examines the effects of O3 on rice, using high-throughput omics approaches. In this study, we examined growth and yield parameters of 4 rice cultivars fumigated for a life-time with ambient air (mean O3: 31.4-32.7 ppb) or filtered air (mean O3: 6.6-8.3 ppb) in small open-top chambers (sOTCs) to select O3-sensitive (indica cv Takanari) and O3-tolerant (japonica cv Koshihikari) cultivars for analysis of seed transcriptomes using Agilent 4 × 44K rice oligo DNA chip. Total RNA from dry mature dehusked seeds of Takanari and Koshihikari cultivars was extracted using a modified protocol based on cethyltrimethylammonium bromide extraction buffer and phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol treatment, followed by DNA microarray analysis using the established dye-swap method. Direct comparison of Koshihikari and Takanari O3 transcriptomes in seeds of rice plants fumigated with ambient O3 in sOTCs successfully showed that genes encoding proteins involved in jasmonic acid, GABA biosynthesis, cell wall and membrane modification, starch mobilization, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis are differently regulated in sensitive cv Takanari and tolerant cv Koshihikari. MapMan analysis further mapped the molecular factors activated by O3, confirming Takanari is rightly classified as an O3 sensitive genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Environmental Biology Division; National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Seoul Center; Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI); Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junko Shibato
- Environmental Biology Division; National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Anatomy; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology; Institute for Health and Sports Science; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kubo
- Environmental Biology Division; National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kohno
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory; Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI); Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouji Satoh
- Plant Genome Research Unit; Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shoshi Kikuchi
- Plant Genome Research Unit; Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS); Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB); Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB); Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB); Kathmandu, Nepal
- Organization for Educational Initiatives; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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Bouwman AF, Beusen AHW, Overbeek CC, Bureau DP, Pawlowski M, Glibert PM. Hindcasts and Future Projections of Global Inland and Coastal Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads Due to Finfish Aquaculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2013.790340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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