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Salerno S, Piscioneri A, Morelli S, Gori A, Provasi E, Gagni P, Barile L, Cretich M, Chiari M, De Bartolo L. Extracellular vesicles selective capture by peptide-functionalized hollow fiber membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:338-349. [PMID: 38640653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Recently, membrane devices and processes have been applied for the separation and concentration of subcellular components such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play a diagnostic and therapeutic role in many pathological conditions. However, the separation and isolation of specific EV populations from other components found in biological fluids is still challenging. Here, we developed a peptide-functionalized hollow fiber (HF) membrane module to achieve the separation and enrichment of highly pure EVs derived from the culture media of human cardiac progenitor cells. The strategy is based on the functionalization of PSf HF membrane module with BPt, a peptide sequence able to bind nanovesicles characterized by highly curved membranes. HF membranes were modified by a nanometric coating with a copoly azide polymer to limit non-specific interactions and to enable the conjugation with peptide ligand by click chemistry reaction. The BPt-functionalized module was integrated into a TFF process to facilitate the design, rationalization, and optimization of EV isolation. This integration combined size-based transport of species with specific membrane sensing ligands. The TFF integrated BPt-functionalized membrane module demonstrated the ability to selectively capture EVs with diameter < 200 nm into the lumen of fibers while effectively removing contaminants such as albumin. The captured and released EVs contain the common markers including CD63, CD81, CD9 and syntenin-1. Moreover, they maintained a round shape morphology and structural integrity highlighting that this approach enables EVs concentration and purification with low shear stress. Additionally, it achieved the removal of contaminants such as albumin with high reliability and reproducibility, reaching a removal of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonella Piscioneri
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sabrina Morelli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Provasi
- Lugano Cell Factory, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paola Gagni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Barile
- Cardiovascular Theranostics, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Chiesa 5, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Euler Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marina Cretich
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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2
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Hasaniani N, Nouri S, Shirzad M, Rostami-Mansoor S. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic approaches of exosomes in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Life Sci 2024; 347:122668. [PMID: 38670451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are bilayer lipid vesicles that are released by cells and contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They can be internalized by other cells, inducing inflammatory responses and instigating toxicities in the recipient cells. Exosomes can also serve as therapeutic vehicles by transporting protective cargo to maintain homeostasis. Multiple studies have shown that exosomes can initiate and participate in the regulation of neuroinflammation, improve neurogenesis, and are closely related to the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Exosomes can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the CNS, and their contents change with disease occurrence. Due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and their stability in peripheral fluids, exosomes are attractive biomarkers of CNS diseases. In recent years, exosomes have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for CNS diseases, including MS. However, the molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of MS are still unknown, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of exosomes in the occurrence or improvement of MS disease. Thereby, in this review, we intend to provide a more complete understanding of the pathways in which exosomes are involved and affect the occurrence or improvement of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hasaniani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sina Nouri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sahar Rostami-Mansoor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Mohamed NA, Wang Z, Liu Q, Chen P, Su X. Label-Free Light Scattering Imaging with Purified Brownian Motion Differentiates Small Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Microenvironments. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6321-6328. [PMID: 38595097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are heterogeneous biological nanoparticles (NPs) with wide biomedicine applications. Tracking individual nanoscale sEVs can reveal information that conventional microscopic methods may lack, especially in cellular microenvironments. This usually requires biolabeling to identify single sEVs. Here, we developed a light scattering imaging method based on dark-field technology for label-free nanoparticle diffusion analysis (NDA). Compared with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), our method was shown to determine the diffusion probabilities of a single NP. It was demonstrated that accurate size determination of NPs of 41 and 120 nm in diameter is achieved by purified Brownian motion (pBM), without or within the cell microenvironments. Our pBM method was also shown to obtain a consistent size estimation of the normal and cancerous plasma-derived sEVs without and within cell microenvironments, while cancerous plasma-derived sEVs are statistically smaller than normal ones. Moreover, we showed that the velocity and diffusion coefficient are key parameters for determining the diffusion types of the NPs and sEVs in a cancerous cell microenvironment. Our light scattering-based NDA and pBM methods can be used for size determination of NPs, even in cell microenvironments, and also provide a tool that may be used to analyze sEVs for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras Ahmed Mohamed
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xuantao Su
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
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4
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Shi G, Yang X, Wang J, Wei W, Hu K, Huang X, Qiu Y, He Y. Isolation of Extracellular Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) from Escherichia coli Using EVscore47 Beads. Molecules 2024; 29:1831. [PMID: 38675651 PMCID: PMC11054804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are attractive for biomedical applications based on their intrinsic properties in relation to bacteria and vesicles. However, their widespread use is hampered by low yields and purities. In this study, EVscore47 multifunctional chromatography microspheres were synthesized and used to efficiently isolate functional OMVs from Escherichia coli. Through this technology, OMV loss can be kept to a minimum, and OMVs can be harvested using EVscore47 at 11-fold higher yields and ~13-fold higher purity than those achieved by means of ultracentrifugation. Based on the results presented here, we propose a novel EVscore47-based isolation of OMVs that is fast and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Shi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China;
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jikai Wang
- Nanjing Aidimai Technology Co., Ltd., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Kecui Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xingyue Huang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yanfei Qiu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China;
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5
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Dai C, Xu Q, Li L, Liu Y, Qu S. Milk Extracellular Vesicles: Natural Nanoparticles for Enhancing Oral Drug Delivery against Bacterial Infections. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1988-2000. [PMID: 38529792 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery is typically preferred as a therapeutic intervention due to the complexities and expenses associated with intravenous administration. However, some drugs are poorly absorbed orally, requiring intravenous administration to bypass the gastrointestinal tract and deliver the drug directly into the bloodstream. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drug delivery platforms to overcome the challenges of oral drug delivery with low solubility, low permeability, oral degradation, and low bioavailability. Advances in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural carriers have provided emerging approaches to improve potential therapeutic applications. Milk not only contains traditional nutrients but is also rich in EVs. In this Review, we focus mainly on the purification of milk EVs (mEVs), their safety, and the advantages of mEV-based drug carriers in combatting intestinal infections. Additionally, we summarize several advantages of mEVs over conventional synthetic carriers, such as low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and the ability to transfer bioactive molecules between cells. Considering the unmet gaps of mEVs in clinical translation, it is essential to review the cargo loading into mEVs and future perspectives for their use as natural drug carriers for oral delivery. This overview of mEV-based drug carriers for oral delivery sheds light on alternative approaches to treat clinical infections associated with intestinal pathogens and the development of novel oral delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunchun Dai
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qingjun Xu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Li
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaoqi Qu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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6
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Shiju TM, Yuan A. Extracellular vesicle biomarkers in ocular fluids associated with ophthalmic diseases. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109831. [PMID: 38401855 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released as highly stable lipid bilayer particles carrying proteins, lipids, glycans and miRNAs. The contents of EVs vary based on the cellular origin, biogenesis route and the functional state of the cell suggesting certain diseased conditions. A growing body of evidence show that EVs carry important molecules implicated in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. EVs associated with ophthalmic diseases are mainly carried by one of the three ocular biofluids which include tears, aqueous humor and vitreous humor. This review summarizes the list of EV derived biomarkers identified thus far in ocular fluids for ophthalmic disease diagnosis. Further, the methods used for sample collection, sample volume and the sample numbers used in these studies have been highlighted. Emphasis has been given to describe the EV isolation and the characterization methods used, EV size profiled and the EV concentrations analyzed by these studies, thus providing a roadmap for future EV biomarker studies in ocular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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7
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Groß R, Reßin H, von Maltitz P, Albers D, Schneider L, Bley H, Hoffmann M, Cortese M, Gupta D, Deniz M, Choi JY, Jansen J, Preußer C, Seehafer K, Pöhlmann S, Voelker DR, Goffinet C, Pogge-von Strandmann E, Bunz U, Bartenschlager R, El Andaloussi S, Sparrer KMJ, Herker E, Becker S, Kirchhoff F, Münch J, Müller JA. Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:905-921. [PMID: 38528146 PMCID: PMC10994849 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Some viruses are rarely transmitted orally or sexually despite their presence in saliva, breast milk, or semen. We previously identified that extracellular vesicles (EVs) in semen and saliva inhibit Zika virus infection. However, the antiviral spectrum and underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here we applied lipidomics and flow cytometry to show that these EVs expose phosphatidylserine (PS). By blocking PS receptors, targeted by Zika virus in the process of apoptotic mimicry, they interfere with viral attachment and entry. Consequently, physiological concentrations of EVs applied in vitro efficiently inhibited infection by apoptotic mimicry dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, Ebola and vesicular stomatitis viruses, but not severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus and herpesviruses that use other entry receptors. Our results identify the role of PS-rich EVs in body fluids in innate defence against infection via viral apoptotic mimicries, explaining why these viruses are primarily transmitted via PS-EV-deficient blood or blood-ingesting arthropods rather than direct human-to-human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Reßin
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascal von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dan Albers
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Bley
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam Deniz
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jae-Yeon Choi
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elke Pogge-von Strandmann
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Herker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Gençer EB, Lor YK, Abomaray F, El Andaloussi S, Pernemalm M, Sharma N, Hagey DW, Görgens A, Gustafsson MO, Le Blanc K, Asad Toonsi M, Walther-Jallow L, Götherström C. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of fetal versus adult mesenchymal stromal cells and mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:77. [PMID: 38475970 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues through engraftment and differentiation but also via paracrine signalling via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Fetal-derived MSCs (fMSCs) have been shown, both in vitro and in animal studies, to be more efficient than adult MSC (aMSCs) in generating bone and muscle but the underlying reason for this difference has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, we aimed to systematically investigate the differences between fetal and adult MSCs and MSC-derived EVs at the phenotypic, RNA, and protein levels. METHODS We carried out a detailed and comparative characterization of culture-expanded fetal liver derived MSCs (fMSCs) and adult bone marrow derived MSCs (aMSCs) phenotypically, and the MSCs and MSC-derived EVs were analysed using transcriptomics and proteomics approaches with RNA Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Fetal MSCs were smaller, exhibited increased proliferation and colony-forming capacity, delayed onset of senescence, and demonstrated superior osteoblast differentiation capability compared to their adult counterparts. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that fMSCs displayed upregulated gene sets such as "Positive regulation of stem cell populations", "Maintenance of stemness" and "Muscle cell development/contraction/Myogenesis" in comparison to aMSCs. Conversely, aMSCs displayed upregulated gene sets such as "Complement cascade", "Adipogenesis", "Extracellular matrix glycoproteins" and "Cellular metabolism", and on the protein level, "Epithelial cell differentiation" pathways. Signalling entropy analysis suggested that fMSCs exhibit higher signalling promiscuity and hence, higher potency than aMSCs. Gene ontology comparisons revealed that fetal MSC-derived EVs (fEVs) were enriched for "Collagen fibril organization", "Protein folding", and "Response to transforming growth factor beta" compared to adult MSC-derived EVs (aEVs), whereas no significant difference in protein expression in aEVs compared to fEVs could be detected. CONCLUSIONS This study provides detailed and systematic insight into the differences between fMSCs and aMSCs, and MSC-derived EVs. The key finding across phenotypic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels is that fMSCs exhibit higher potency than aMSCs, meaning they are in a more undifferentiated state. Additionally, fMSCs and fMSC-derived EVs may possess greater bone forming capacity compared to aMSCs. Therefore, using fMSCs may lead to better treatment efficacy, especially in musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Begüm Gençer
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuk Kit Lor
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fawaz Abomaray
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology- Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology- Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel W Hagey
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuela O Gustafsson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mawaddah Asad Toonsi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Götherström
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Koch LF, Best T, Wüstenhagen E, Adrian K, Rammo O, Saul MJ. Novel insights into the isolation of extracellular vesicles by anion exchange chromatography. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1298892. [PMID: 38312509 PMCID: PMC10836363 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1298892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that are released into the extracellular space by all types of cells. EVs are involved in many physiological processes by transporting biologically active substances. Interest in EVs for diagnostic biomarker research and therapeutic drug delivery applications has increased in recent years. The realization of the full therapeutic potential of EVs is currently hampered by the lack of a suitable technology for the isolation and purification of EVs for downstream pharmaceutical applications. Anion Exchange Chromatography (AEX) is an established method in which specific charges on the AEX matrix can exploit charges on the surface of EVs and their interactions to provide a productive and scalable separation and purification method. The established AEX method using Eshmuno® Q, a strong tentacle anion exchange resin, was used to demonstrate the principal feasibility of AEX-based isolation and gain insight into isolated EV properties. Using several EV analysis techniques to provide a more detailed insight into EV populations during AEX isolation, we demonstrated that although the composition of CD9/63/81 remained constant for tetraspanin positive EVs, the size distribution and purity changed during elution. Higher salt concentrations eluted larger tetraspanin negative vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F. Koch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tatjana Best
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Meike J. Saul
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Universtiy Cancer Center Hamburg, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Pelyhe C, Sturve J. Isolation and characterization of the morphology, size and particle number of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) cell line derived large and small extracellular vesicles. Fish Physiol Biochem 2023; 49:1199-1214. [PMID: 37870723 PMCID: PMC10757702 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50-1,000 nm lipid bilayer-bound vesicles, released into the extracellular environment by various cell types for intercellular communication purposes. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of EVs can be affected by stress and pathological conditions. The majority of extracellular vesicle (EV) studies have been performed on mammalian cell lines or bodily fluids. EVs have been previously described from bodily fluids like plasma, serum or mucus in different fish species, however the available knowledge of fish cell line derived EVs is limited and in the vast majority of studies, the overall focus is on small EVs (< 200 nm). We isolated large and small extracellular vesicles from zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver (ZFL), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver (RTL-W1), gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal epithelial (RTgutGC) cell lines using stepwise centrifugation and characterized the size and morphology of EVs. Here we demonstrated that large and small extracellular vesicles can be successfully isolated using stepwise centrifugation from the serum-free medium of the selected piscine cell lines after a 24-h incubation period. The size distribution of large and small EVs isolated from the piscine cell lines suggest that large and small EV groups show high diversity in size ranges, containing heterogenous subpopulations in sizes, and the results highly depend on the applied method and whether filtration steps were included following the isolation. The spherical morphology of EVs was verified by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Zhu N, Shen YQ. Extracellular vesicles modulate key signalling pathways in refractory wound healing. Burns Trauma 2023; 11:tkad039. [PMID: 38026441 PMCID: PMC10654481 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are wounds that cannot heal properly due to various factors, such as underlying diseases, infection or reinjury, and improper healing of skin wounds and ulcers can cause a serious economic burden. Numerous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem/progenitor cells promote wound healing, reduce scar formation and have significant advantages over traditional treatment methods. EVs are membranous particles that carry various bioactive molecules from their cellular origins, such as cytokines, nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids and proteins. EVs can mediate cell-to-cell communication and modulate various physiological processes, such as cell differentiation, angiogenesis, immune response and tissue remodelling. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in EV-based wound healing, focusing on the signalling pathways that are regulated by EVs and their cargos. We discuss how EVs derived from different types of stem/progenitor cells can promote wound healing and reduce scar formation by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β and JAK-STAT pathways. Moreover, we also highlight the challenges and opportunities for engineering or modifying EVs to enhance their efficacy and specificity for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nanxi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Pirolli NH, Reus LSC, Mamczarz Z, Khan S, Bentley WE, Jay SM. High performance anion exchange chromatography purification of probiotic bacterial extracellular vesicles enhances purity and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3368-3380. [PMID: 37555379 PMCID: PMC10592193 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), including outer membrane vesicles, have emerged as a promising new class of vaccines and therapeutics to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases, among other applications. However, clinical translation of BEVs is hindered by a current lack of scalable and efficient purification methods. Here, we address downstream BEV biomanufacturing limitations by developing a method for orthogonal size- and charge-based BEV enrichment using tangential flow filtration (TFF) in tandem with high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). The data show that size-based separation coisolated protein contaminants, whereas size-based TFF with charged-based HPAEC dramatically improved purity of BEVs produced by probiotic Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Escherichia coli BEV purity was quantified using established biochemical markers while improved LAB BEV purity was assessed via observed potentiation of anti-inflammatory bioactivity. Overall, this work establishes orthogonal TFF + HPAEC as a scalable and efficient method for BEV purification that holds promise for future large-scale biomanufacturing of therapeutic BEV products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H. Pirolli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Laura Samantha C. Reus
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zuzanna Mamczarz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sulayman Khan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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13
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Kapoor KS, Harris K, Arian K, Ma L, Church KA, Kalluri R. Rapid and high yield isolation of extracellular vesicles with purity by application of size exclusion fast performance liquid chromatography. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.12.561425. [PMID: 37904947 PMCID: PMC10614745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.561425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for diagnosing a range of diseases without invasive procedures. Extracellular vesicles also offer an advantage compared to synthetic vesicles, for delivery of various drugs. However, limitations in segregating EVs from soluble proteins have led to inconsistent EV retrieval rates with low levels of purity. Here, we report a new high-yield (>95%) and rapid (<20 min) EV isolation method called S ize E xclusion - F ast P erformance L iquid C hromatography (SE-FPLC). We show SE-FPLC can effectively isolate EVs from multiple sources including EVs derived from human and mouse cells and serum. The results indicate that SE-FPLC can successfully remove highly abundant protein contaminants such as albumin and lipoprotein complexes, which can represent a major hurdle in large scale isolation of EVs for clinical translation. Additionally, the high-yield nature of SE- FPLC allows for easy industrial upscaling of extracellular vesicles production for various clinical utilities. Moreover, SE-FPLC enables analysis of very small volumes of blood for use in point-of-care diagnostics in the clinic. Collectively, SE-FPLC offers many advantages over current EV isolation methods and offers rapid clinical utility potential.
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14
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Zhang J, Wu J, Wang G, He L, Zheng Z, Wu M, Zhang Y. Extracellular Vesicles: Techniques and Biomedical Applications Related to Single Vesicle Analysis. ACS Nano 2023; 17:17668-17698. [PMID: 37695614 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are extensively dispersed lipid bilayer membrane vesicles involved in the delivery and transportation of molecular payloads to certain cell types to facilitate intercellular interactions. Their significant roles in physiological and pathological processes make EVs outstanding biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring as well as ideal candidates for drug delivery. Nevertheless, differences in the biogenesis processes among EV subpopulations have led to a diversity of biophysical characteristics and molecular cargos. Additionally, the prevalent heterogeneity of EVs has been found to substantially hamper the sensitivity and accuracy of disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, thus impeding the advancement of clinical applications. In recent years, the evolution of single EV (SEV) analysis has enabled an in-depth comprehension of the physical properties, molecular composition, and biological roles of EVs at the individual vesicle level. This review examines the sample acquisition tactics prior to SEV analysis, i.e., EV isolation techniques, and outlines the current state-of-the-art label-free and label-based technologies for SEV identification. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of biomedical applications based on SEV analysis are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guanzhao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Luxuan He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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15
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Tréton G, Sayer C, Schürz M, Jaritsch M, Müller A, Matea CT, Stanojlovic V, Melo-Benirschke H, Be C, Krembel C, Rodde S, Haffke M, Hintermann S, Marzinzik A, Ripoche S, Blöchl C, Hollerweger J, Auer D, Cabrele C, Huber CG, Hintersteiner M, Wagner T, Lingel A, Meisner-Kober N. Quantitative and functional characterisation of extracellular vesicles after passive loading with hydrophobic or cholesterol-tagged small molecules. J Control Release 2023; 361:694-716. [PMID: 37567507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized intercellular messengers that bear enormous application potential as biological drug delivery vehicles. Much progress has been made for loading or decorating EVs with proteins, peptides or RNAs using genetically engineered donor cells, but post-isolation loading with synthetic drugs and using EVs from natural sources remains challenging. In particular, quantitative and unambiguous data assessing whether and how small molecules associate with EVs versus other components in the samples are still lacking. Here we describe the systematic and quantitative characterisation of passive EV loading with small molecules based on hydrophobic interactions - either through direct adsorption of hydrophobic compounds, or by membrane anchoring of hydrophilic ligands via cholesterol tags. As revealed by single vesicle imaging, both ligand types bind to CD63 positive EVs (exosomes), however also non-specifically to other vesicles, particles, and serum proteins. The hydrophobic compounds Curcumin and Terbinafine aggregate on EVs with no apparent saturation up to 106-107 molecules per vesicle as quantified by liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). For both compounds, high density EV loading resulted in the formation of a population of large, electron-dense vesicles as detected by quantitative cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a reduced EV cell uptake and a toxic gain of function for Curcumin-EVs. In contrast, cholesterol tagging of a hydrophilic mdm2-targeted cyclic peptide saturated at densities of ca 104-105 molecules per vesicle, with lipidomics showing addition to, rather than replacement of endogenous cholesterol. Cholesterol anchored ligands did not change the EVs' size or morphology, and such EVs retained their cell uptake activity without inducing cell toxicity. However, the cholesterol-anchored ligands were rapidly shed from the vesicles in presence of serum. Based on these data, we conclude that (1) both methods allow loading of EVs with small molecules but are prone to unspecific compound binding or redistribution to other components if present in the sample, (2) cholesterol anchoring needs substantial optimization of formulation stability for in vivo applications, whereas (3) careful titration of loading densities is warranted when relying on hydrophobic interactions of EVs with hydrophobic compounds to mitigate changes in physicochemical properties, loss of EV function and potential cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Tréton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Schürz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Jaritsch
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Müller
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cristian-Tudor Matea
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heloisa Melo-Benirschke
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Celine Be
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Krembel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Rodde
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haffke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hintermann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Marzinzik
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Ripoche
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Constantin Blöchl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Hollerweger
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Meisner-Kober
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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16
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Costa MHG, Costa MS, Painho B, Sousa CD, Carrondo I, Oltra E, Pelacho B, Prosper F, Isidro IA, Alves P, Serra M. Enhanced bioprocess control to advance the manufacture of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in stirred-tank bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2725-2741. [PMID: 36919232 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) act as signaling mediators of cellular responses. However, despite representing a promising alternative to cell-based therapies, clinical translation of EVs is currently limited by their lack of scalability and standardized bioprocessing. Herein, we integrated scalable downstream processing protocols with standardized expansion of large numbers of viable cells in stirred-tank bioreactors to improve EV production. Higher EV yields were linked to EV isolation by tangential flow filtration followed by size exclusion chromatography, rendering 5 times higher number of EVs comparatively to density gradient ultracentrifugation protocols. Additionally, when compared to static culture, EV manufacture in bioreactors resulted in 2.2 higher yields. Highlighting the role of operating under optimal cell culture conditions to maximize the number of EVs secreted per cell, MSCs cultured at lower glucose concentration favored EV secretion. While offline measurements of metabolites concentration can be performed, in this work, Raman spectroscopy was also applied to continuously track glucose levels in stirred-tank bioreactors, contributing to streamline the selection of optimal EV collection timepoints. Importantly, MSC-derived EVs retained their quality attributes and were able to stimulate angiogenesis in vitro, therefore highlighting their promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta H G Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida S Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Painho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carolina D Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Enrique Oltra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês A Isidro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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17
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Qin X, He J, Wang X, Wang J, Yang R, Chen X. The functions and clinical application potential of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells on wound repair: a review of recent research advances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256687. [PMID: 37691943 PMCID: PMC10486026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound repair is a complex problem for both clinical practitioners and scientific investigators. Conventional approaches to wound repair have been associated with several limitations, including prolonged treatment duration, high treatment expenses, and significant economic and psychological strain on patients. Consequently, there is a pressing demand for more efficacious and secure treatment modalities to enhance the existing treatment landscapes. In the field of wound repair, cell-free therapy, particularly the use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos), has made notable advancements in recent years. Exosomes, which are small lipid bilayer vesicles discharged by MSCs, harbor bioactive constituents such as proteins, lipids, microRNA (miRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). These constituents facilitate material transfer and information exchange between the cells, thereby regulating their biological functions. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the function and mechanisms of MSC-Exos in the context of wound healing, emphasizing their beneficial impact on each phase of the process, including the regulation of the immune response, inhibition of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis, advancement of cell proliferation and migration, and reduction of scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Qin
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
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18
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Zheng W, Rädler J, Sork H, Niu Z, Roudi S, Bost JP, Görgens A, Zhao Y, Mamand DR, Liang X, Wiklander OPB, Lehto T, Gupta D, Nordin JZ, El Andaloussi S. Identification of scaffold proteins for improved endogenous engineering of extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4734. [PMID: 37550290 PMCID: PMC10406850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining ground as next-generation drug delivery modalities. Genetic fusion of the protein of interest to a scaffold protein with high EV-sorting ability represents a robust cargo loading strategy. To address the paucity of such scaffold proteins, we leverage a simple and reliable assay that can distinguish intravesicular cargo proteins from surface- as well as non-vesicular proteins and compare the EV-sorting potential of 244 candidate proteins. We identify 24 proteins with conserved EV-sorting abilities across five types of producer cells. TSPAN2 and TSPAN3 emerge as lead candidates and outperform the well-studied CD63 scaffold. Importantly, these engineered EVs show promise as delivery vehicles in cell cultures and mice as demonstrated by efficient transfer of luminal cargo proteins as well as surface display of different functional entities. The discovery of these scaffolds provides a platform for EV-based engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zheng
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Julia Rädler
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Sork
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zheyu Niu
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Samantha Roudi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jeremy P Bost
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ying Zhao
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Taavi Lehto
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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19
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Becker MW, Peters LD, Myint T, Smurlick D, Powell A, Brusko TM, Phelps EA. Immune engineered extracellular vesicles to modulate T cell activation in the context of type 1 diabetes. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg1082. [PMID: 37267353 PMCID: PMC10765990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can affect immune responses through antigen presentation and costimulation or coinhibition. We generated designer EVs to modulate T cells in the context of type 1 diabetes, a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, by engineering a lymphoblast cell line, K562, to express HLA-A*02 (HLA-A2) alongside costimulatory CD80 and/or coinhibitory programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). EVs presenting HLA-A2 and CD80 activated CD8+ T cells in a dose, antigen, and HLA-specific manner. Adding PD-L1 to these EVs produced an immunoregulatory response, reducing CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity in vitro. EVs alone could not stimulate T cells without antigen-presenting cells. EVs lacking CD80 were ineffective at modulating CD8+ T cell activation, suggesting that both peptide-HLA complex and costimulation are required for EV-mediated immune modulation. These results provide mechanistic insight into the rational design of EVs as a cell-free approach to immunotherapy that can be tailored to promote inflammatory or tolerogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Becker
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leeana D. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thinzar Myint
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dylan Smurlick
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Andrece Powell
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Domínguez LM, Bueloni B, Cantero MJ, Albornoz M, Pacienza N, Biani C, Luzzani C, Miriuka S, García M, Atorrasagasti C, Yannarelli G, Bayo J, Fiore E, Mazzolini G. Chromatographic Scalable Method to Isolate Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119586. [PMID: 37298538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic options for liver cirrhosis are needed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising tool for delivering therapeutic factors in regenerative medicine. Our aim is to establish a new therapeutic tool that employs EVs derived from MSCs to deliver therapeutic factors for liver fibrosis. EVs were isolated from supernatants of adipose tissue MSCs, induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC-EVs) by ion exchange chromatography (IEC). To produce engineered EVs, HUCPVCs were transduced with adenoviruses that code for insulin-like growth factor 1 (AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC-EVs) or green fluorescent protein. EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and proteomic analysis. We evaluated EVs' antifibrotic effect in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice and on hepatic stellate cells in vitro. We found that IEC-isolated HUCPVC-EVs have an analogous phenotype and antifibrotic activity to those isolated by ultracentrifugation. EVs derived from the three MSCs sources showed a similar phenotype and antifibrotic potential. EVs derived from AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC carried IGF-1 and showed a higher therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, proteomic analysis revealed that HUCPVC-EVs carry key proteins involved in their antifibrotic process. This scalable MSC-derived EV manufacturing strategy is a promising therapeutic tool for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Bueloni
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ma José Cantero
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milagros Albornoz
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pacienza
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1078, Argentina
| | - Celeste Biani
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Luzzani
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana García
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1078, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Fiore
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Nicodemou A, Bernátová S, Čeháková M, Danišovič Ľ. Emerging Roles of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051453. [PMID: 37242693 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the tremendous efforts of many researchers and clinicians, cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells residing in numerous human tissues and presenting unique biological properties, such as low immunogenicity, powerful immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive capabilities, and, in particular, homing abilities. Therapeutic functions of MSCs are mediated mostly by the paracrine effect of released functional molecules and other variable components, and among them the MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) seem to be one of the central mediators of the therapeutic functions of MSCs. MSC-EVs are membrane structures secreted by the MSCs, rich in specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Amongst these, microRNAs have achieved the most attention currently. Unmodified MSC-EVs can promote or inhibit tumor growth, while modified MSC-EVs are involved in the suppression of cancer progression via the delivery of therapeutic molecules, including miRNAs, specific siRNAs, or suicide RNAs, as well as chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we present an overview of the characteristics of the MSCs-EVs and describe the current methods for their isolation and analysis, the content of their cargo, and modalities for the modification of MSC-EVs in order for them to be used as drug delivery vehicles. Finally, we describe different roles of MSC-EVs in the tumor microenvironment and summarize current advances of MCS-EVs in cancer research and therapy. MSC-EVs are expected to be a novel and promising cell-free therapeutic drug delivery vehicle for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nicodemou
- Lambda Life a. s., Levocska 3617/3, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Bernátová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Čeháková
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine-Translational Research Unit in the Branch of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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Brezgin S, Parodi A, Kostyusheva A, Ponomareva N, Lukashev A, Sokolova D, Pokrovsky VS, Slatinskaya O, Maksimov G, Zamyatnin AA, Chulanov V, Kostyushev D. Technological aspects of manufacturing and analytical control of biological nanoparticles. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108122. [PMID: 36813011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived biological nanoparticles that gained great interest for drug delivery. EVs have numerous advantages compared to synthetic nanoparticles, such as ideal biocompatibility, safety, ability to cross biological barriers and surface modification via genetic or chemical methods. On the other hand, the translation and the study of these carriers resulted difficult, mostly because of significant issues in up-scaling, synthesis and impractical methods of quality control. However, current manufacturing advances enable EV packaging with any therapeutic cargo, including DNA, RNA (for RNA vaccines and RNA therapeutics), proteins, peptides, RNA-protein complexes (including gene-editing complexes) and small molecules drugs. To date, an array of new and upgraded technologies have been introduced, substantially improving EV production, isolation, characterization and standardization. The used-to-be "gold standards" of EV manufacturing are now outdated, and the state-of-art requires extensive revision. This review re-evaluates the pipeline for EV industrial production and provides a critical overview of the modern technologies required for their synthesis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Darina Sokolova
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; People's Friendship University, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Vadim S Pokrovsky
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; People's Friendship University, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Olga Slatinskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Georgy Maksimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia.
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23
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Palacio PL, Pleet ML, Reátegui E, Magaña SM. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: From cellular surrogates to pathogenic mediators and beyond. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578064. [PMID: 36934525 PMCID: PMC10124134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) driven by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While the therapeutic arsenal has expanded significantly for management of relapsing forms of MS, treatment of individuals with progressive MS is suboptimal. This treatment inequality is in part due to an incomplete understanding of pathomechanisms at different stages of the disease-underscoring the critical need for new biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their bioactive cargo have emerged as endogenous nanoparticles with great theranostic potential-as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and ultimately as therapeutic candidates for precision nanotherapeutics. The goals of this review are to: 1) summarize the current data investigating the role of EVs and their bioactive cargo in MS pathogenesis, 2) provide a high level overview of advances and challenges in EV isolation and characterization for translational studies, and 3) conclude with future perspectives on this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Loreto Palacio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Setty M Magaña
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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24
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Pan W, Chen H, Wang A, Wang F, Zhang X. Challenges and strategies: Scalable and efficient production of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy. Life Sci 2023; 319:121524. [PMID: 36828131 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types, and widely exist in cell supernatants and various body fluids. They can transmit numerous bioactive elements, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, to affect the gene expression and function of recipient cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been confirmed to be a potentially promising therapy for tissue repair and regeneration. Accumulating studies demonstrated that the predominant regenerative paradigm of MSCs transplantation was the paracrine effect but not the differentiation effect. Exosomes secreted by MSCs also showed similar therapeutic effects as their parent cells and were considered to be used for cell-free regenerative medicine. However, the inefficient and limited production has hampered their development for clinical translation. In this review, we summarize potential methods to efficiently promote the yield of exosomes. We mainly focus on engineering the process of exosome biogenesis and secretion, altering the cell culture conditions, cell expansion through 3D dynamic culture and the isolation of exosomes. In addition, we also discuss the application of MSCs-derived exosomes as therapeutics in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwuweiqi Road 324, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, UC Davis Health Medical Center, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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25
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Jalaludin I, Lubman DM, Kim J. A guide to mass spectrometric analysis of extracellular vesicle proteins for biomarker discovery. Mass Spectrom Rev 2023; 42:844-872. [PMID: 34747512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes have been extensively investigated for biomarker discoveries for various diseases. An important aspect of exosome analysis involves the development of enrichment methods that have been introduced for successful isolation of exosomes. These methods include ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, immunoaffinity-based enrichment, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation among others. To confirm the presence of exosomes, various characterization methods have been utilized such as Western blot analysis, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, optical methods, zeta potential, visual inspection, and mass spectrometry. Recent advances in high-resolution separations, high-performance mass spectrometry and comprehensive proteome databases have all contributed to the successful analysis of exosomes from patient samples. Herein we review various exosome enrichment methods, characterization methods, and recent trends of exosome investigations using mass spectrometry-based approaches for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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26
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Krishna G, Santhoshkumar R, Sivakumar PT, Alladi S, Mahadevan A, Dahale AB, Arshad F, Subramanian S. Pathological (Dis)Similarities in Neuronal Exosome-Derived Synaptic and Organellar Marker Levels Between Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S387-S397. [PMID: 36336935 PMCID: PMC10473137 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are pathologically distinct neurodegenerative disorders with certain overlap in cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Both AD and FTD are characterized by synaptic loss and accumulation of misfolded proteins, albeit, in different regions of the brain. OBJECTIVE To investigate the synaptic and organellar markers in AD and FTD through assessment of the levels of synaptic protein, neurogranin (Ng) and organellar proteins, mitofusin-2 (MFN-2), lysosomal associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), and golgin A4 from neuronal exosomes. METHODS Exosomes isolated from the plasma of healthy controls (HC), AD and FTD subjects were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Neurodegenerative status was assessed by measurement of neurofilament light chain (NfL) using Simoa. The pooled exosomal extracts from each group were analyzed for Ng, MFN-2, LAMP-2, and golgin A4 by western blot analysis using enhanced chemiluminescence method of detection. RESULTS The densitometric analysis of immunoreactive bands demonstrated a 65% reduction of Ng in AD and 53% in FTD. Mitochondrial protein MFN-2 showed a significant reduction by 32% in AD and 46% in FTD. Lysosomal LAMP-2 and Golgi complex associated golgin A4 were considerably increased in both AD and FTD. CONCLUSION Changes in Ng may reflect the ongoing synaptic degeneration that are linked to cognitive disturbances in AD and FTD. Importantly, the rate of synaptic degeneration was more pronounced in AD. Changes to a similar extent in both the dementia groups in organellar proteins indicates shared mechanisms of protein accumulation/degradation common to both AD and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethu Krishna
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ajit B. Dahale
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Faheem Arshad
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarada Subramanian
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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Qu Q, Fu B, Long Y, Liu ZY, Tian XH. Current Strategies for Promoting the Large-scale Production of Exosomes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1964-1979. [PMID: 36797614 PMCID: PMC10514529 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216095938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as nanoscale biological vesicles, have been shown to have great potential for biomedical applications. However, the low yield of exosomes limits their application. In this review, we focus on methods to increase exosome yield. Two main strategies are used to increase exosome production, one is based on genetic manipulation of the exosome biogenesis and release pathway, and the other is by pretreating parent cells, changing the culture method or adding different components to the medium. By applying these strategies, exosomes can be produced on a large scale to facilitate their practical application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yong Long
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
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Silva RM, Sousa Rosa S, Cunha R, Lobato da Silva C, Azevedo AM, Fernandes-Platzgummer A. Anion exchange chromatography-based platform for the scalable purification of extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stromal cells. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Vujić T, Schvartz D, Furlani IL, Meister I, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S, Sanchez JC. Oxidative Stress and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Are Signature Pathways of Extracellular Vesicles Released upon Morphine Exposure on Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233926. [PMID: 36497184 PMCID: PMC9741159 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine, a commonly used antinociceptive drug in hospitals, is known to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by first passing through brain endothelial cells. Despite its pain-relieving effect, morphine also has detrimental effects, such as the potential induction of redox imbalance in the brain. However, there is still insufficient evidence of these effects on the brain, particularly on the brain endothelial cells and the extracellular vesicles that they naturally release. Indeed, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized bioparticles produced by almost all cell types and are currently thought to reflect the physiological state of their parent cells. These vesicles have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers by indicating the functional or dysfunctional state of their parent cells and, thus, allowing a better understanding of the biological processes involved in an adverse state. However, there is very little information on the morphine effect on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and even less on their released EVs. Therefore, the current study aimed at unraveling the detrimental mechanisms of morphine exposure (at 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM) for 24 h on human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as on their associated EVs. Isolation of EVs was carried out using an affinity-based method. Several orthogonal techniques (NTA, western blotting and proteomics analysis) were used to validate the EVs enrichment, quality and concentration. Data-independent mass spectrometry (DIA-MS)-based proteomics was applied in order to analyze the proteome modulations induced by morphine on HBMECs and EVs. We were able to quantify almost 5500 proteins in HBMECs and 1500 proteins in EVs, of which 256 and 148, respectively, were found to be differentially expressed in at least one condition. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the "cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling" process and the "HIF1 pathway", a pathway related to oxidative stress responses, were significantly modulated upon morphine exposure in HBMECs and EVs. Altogether, the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics findings highlighted shared pathways between HBMECs exposed to morphine and their released EVs. These results put forward molecular signatures of morphine-induced toxicity in HBMECs that were also carried by EVs. Therefore, EVs could potentially be regarded as a useful tool to investigate brain endothelial cells dysfunction, and to a different extent, the BBB dysfunction in patient circulation using these "signature pathways".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vujić
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Izadora Liranço Furlani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-904, Brazil
| | - Isabel Meister
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-54-86
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Schürz M, Danmayr J, Jaritsch M, Klinglmayr E, Benirschke HM, Matea C, Zimmerebner P, Rauter J, Wolf M, Gomes FG, Kratochvil Z, Heger Z, Miller A, Heuser T, Stanojlovic V, Kiefer J, Plank T, Johnson L, Himly M, Blöchl C, Huber CG, Hintersteiner M, Meisner‐Kober N. EVAnalyzer: High content imaging for rigorous characterisation of single extracellular vesicles using standard laboratory equipment and a new open-source ImageJ/Fiji plugin. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12282. [PMID: 36437554 PMCID: PMC9702573 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research increasingly demands for quantitative characterisation at the single vesicle level to address heterogeneity and complexity of EV subpopulations. Emerging, commercialised technologies for single EV analysis based on, for example, imaging flow cytometry or imaging after capture on chips generally require dedicated instrumentation and proprietary software not readily accessible to every lab. This limits their implementation for routine EV characterisation in the rapidly growing EV field. We and others have shown that single vesicles can be detected as light diffraction limited fluorescent spots using standard confocal and widefield fluorescence microscopes. Advancing this simple strategy into a process for routine EV quantitation, we developed 'EVAnalyzer', an ImageJ/Fiji (Fiji is just ImageJ) plugin for automated, quantitative single vesicle analysis from imaging data. Using EVAnalyzer, we established a robust protocol for capture, (immuno-)labelling and fluorescent imaging of EVs. To exemplify the application scope, the process was optimised and systematically tested for (i) quantification of EV subpopulations, (ii) validation of EV labelling reagents, (iii) in situ determination of antibody specificity, sensitivity and species cross-reactivity for EV markers and (iv) optimisation of genetic EV engineering. Additionally, we show that the process can be applied to synthetic nanoparticles, allowing to determine siRNA encapsulation efficiencies of lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) and protein loading of SiO2 nanoparticles. EVAnalyzer further provides a pipeline for automated quantification of cell uptake at the single cell-single vesicle level, thereby enabling high content EV cell uptake assays and plate-based screens. Notably, the entire procedure from sample preparation to the final data output is entirely based on standard reagents, materials, laboratory equipment and open access software. In summary, we show that EVAnalyzer enables rigorous characterisation of EVs with generally accessible tools. Since we further provide the plugin as open-source code, we expect EVAnalyzer to not only be a resource of immediate impact, but an open innovation platform for the EV and nanoparticle research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schürz
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Joachim Danmayr
- Department of Informatics and MathematicsFernuniversität HagenHagenGermany
| | - Maria Jaritsch
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Klinglmayr
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Heloisa Melo Benirschke
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Cristian‐Tudor Matea
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Patrick Zimmerebner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jakob Rauter
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Wolf
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
| | - Fausto Gueths Gomes
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
| | - Zdenek Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Veterinary Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
- KP Therapeutics (Europe) sro.BrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jana Kiefer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Tanja Plank
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Constantin Blöchl
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | | | - Nicole Meisner‐Kober
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Kim SD, Cho KS. Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Airway Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12121994. [PMID: 36556359 PMCID: PMC9786036 DOI: 10.3390/life12121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as promising candidates for the treatment of various diseases, especially allergic diseases, as they have the capacity to differentiate into various cells. However, MSCs itself have several limitations such as creating a risk of aneuploidy, difficulty in handling them, immune rejection, and tumorigenicity, so interest in the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs are increasing, and many studies have been reported. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by MSCs are as effective as the MSCs themselves in suppression of allergic airway inflammation through the suppression of Th2 cytokine production and the induction of regulatory T cells (Treg) expansion. EVs are one of the substances secreted by paracrine induction from MSCs, and because it exerts its effect by delivering contents such as mRNA, microRNA, and proteins to the receptor cell, it can reduce the problems or risks related to stem cell therapy. This article reviews the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs-derived EVs and their therapeutic implications for allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Dong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sup Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, Gonçalves PP, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Cabral JMS, Bernardes N, da Silva CL. From Promise to Reality: Bioengineering Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110675. [PMID: 36354586 PMCID: PMC9687169 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of great attention over the last decade, considering their promising application as next-generation therapeutics. EVs have emerged as relevant mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given their natural ability to shuttle messages between cells, EVs have been explored both as inherent therapeutics in regenerative medicine and as drug delivery vehicles targeting multiple diseases. However, bioengineering strategies are required to harness the full potential of EVs for therapeutic use. For that purpose, a good understanding of EV biology, from their biogenesis to the way they are able to shuttle messages and establish interactions with recipient cells, is needed. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art on EV biology, complemented by representative examples of EVs roles in several pathophysiological processes, as well as the intrinsic therapeutic properties of EVs and paradigmatic strategies to produce and develop engineered EVs as next-generation drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro P. Gonçalves
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (C.L.d.S.)
| | - Cláudia L. da Silva
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (C.L.d.S.)
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Kodama J, Wilkinson KJ, Otsuru S. MSC-EV therapy for bone/cartilage diseases. Bone Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ahmadi M, Hassanpour M, Rezaie J. Engineered extracellular vesicles: A novel platform for cancer combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Life Sci 2022; 308:120935. [PMID: 36075472 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), phospholipid membrane-bound vesicles, produced by most cells, contribute to cell-cell communication. They transfer several proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells both locally and systemically. Owing to the biocompatibility and immune activity of EVs, therapeutic approaches using these vesicles as drug delivery systems are being developed. Different methods are used to design more effective engineered EVs, which can serve as smart tools in cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Recent progress in the field of targeted-cancer therapy has led to the gradual use of engineered EVs in combinational therapy to combat heterogeneous tumor cells and multifaceted tumor microenvironments. The high plasticity, loading ability, and genetic manipulation capability of engineered EVs have made them the ideal platforms to realize numerous combinations of cancer therapy approaches. From the combination therapy view, engineered EVs can co-deliver chemotherapy with various therapeutic agents to target tumor cells effectively, further taking part in immunotherapy-related cancer combination therapy. However, a greater number of studies were done in pre-clinical platforms and the clinical translation of these studies needs further scrutiny because some challenges are associated with the application of engineered EVs. Given the many therapeutic potentials of engineered EVs, this review discusses their function in various cancer combination therapy and immunotherapy-related cancer combination therapy. In addition, this review describes the opportunities and challenges associated with the clinical application of engineered EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Xu M, Chen G, Dong Y, Xiang S, Xue M, Liu Y, Song H, Song H, Wang Y. Stable expression of a truncated TLX variant drives differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into self-renewing neural stem cells for production of extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:436. [PMID: 36056423 PMCID: PMC9438273 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural stem cells (NSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess great potential in treating severe neurological and cerebrovascular diseases, as they carry the modulatory and regenerative ingredients of NSCs. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived NSCs culture represents a sustainable source of therapeutic EVs. However, there exist two major challenges in obtaining a scalable culture of NSCs for high-efficiency EVs production: (1) the heterogeneity of iPSC-derived NSCs culture impairs the production of high-quality EVs and (2) the intrinsic propensity of neuronal or astroglial differentiation of NSCs during prolonged culturing reduces the number of NSCs for preparing EVs. A NSCs strain that is amenable to stable self-renewal and proliferation is thus greatly needed for scalable and long-term culture. Methods Various constructs of the genes encoding the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E1 (TLX) were stably transfected in iPSCs, which were subsequently cultured in a variety of differentiation media for generation of iNSCsTLX. Transcriptomic and biomarker profile of iNSCsTLX were investigated. In particular, the positivity ratios of Sox2/Nestin and Musashi/Vimentin were used to gauge the homogeneity of the iNSCsTLX culture. The iNSCs expressing a truncated version of TLX (TLX-TP) was expanded for up to 45 passages, after which its neuronal differentiation potential and EV activity were evaluated. Results Stable expression of TLX-TP could confer the iPSCs with rapid and self-driven differentiation into NSCs through stable passaging up to 225 days. The long-term culture of NSCs maintained the highly homogenous expression of NSC-specific biomarkers and potential of neuronal differentiation. EVs harvested from the TLX-expressing NSCs cultures exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Conclusions iPSC-derived NSCs stably expressing TLX-TP is a promising cell line for scalable production of EVs, which should be further exploited for therapeutic development in neurological treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03131-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shensi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Miaomiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yongxue Liu
- Anti-Radiation Medical Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haijing Song
- Emergency Medicine, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Haifeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Visan KS, Lobb RJ, Ham S, Lima LG, Palma C, Edna CPZ, Wu L, Gowda H, Datta KK, Hartel G, Salomon C, Möller A. Comparative analysis of tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation, both combined with subsequent size exclusion chromatography, for the isolation of small extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12266. [PMID: 36124834 PMCID: PMC9486818 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) provide major promise for advances in cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics, ascribed to their distinctive cargo reflective of pathophysiological status, active involvement in intercellular communication, as well as their ubiquity and stability in bodily fluids. As a result, the field of sEV research has expanded exponentially. Nevertheless, there is a lack of standardisation in methods for sEV isolation from cells grown in serum-containing media. The majority of researchers use serum-containing media for sEV harvest and employ ultracentrifugation as the primary isolation method. Ultracentrifugation is inefficient as it is devoid of the capacity to isolate high sEV yields without contamination of non-sEV materials or disruption of sEV integrity. We comprehensively evaluated a protocol using tangential flow filtration and size exclusion chromatography to isolate sEVs from a variety of human and murine cancer cell lines, including HeLa, MDA-MB-231, EO771 and B16F10. We directly compared the performance of traditional ultracentrifugation and tangential flow filtration methods, that had undergone further purification by size exclusion chromatography, in their capacity to separate sEVs, and rigorously characterised sEV properties using multiple quantification devices, protein analyses and both image and nano-flow cytometry. Ultracentrifugation and tangential flow filtration both enrich consistent sEV populations, with similar size distributions of particles ranging up to 200 nm. However, tangential flow filtration exceeds ultracentrifugation in isolating significantly higher yields of sEVs, making it more suitable for large-scale research applications. Our results demonstrate that tangential flow filtration is a reliable and robust sEV isolation approach that surpasses ultracentrifugation in yield, reproducibility, time, costs and scalability. These advantages allow for implementation in comprehensive research applications and downstream investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kekoolani S. Visan
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Richard J. Lobb
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
- Centre for Personalized NanomedicineAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Luize G. Lima
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesCentre for Clinical DiagnosticsUniversity of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Chai Pei Zhi Edna
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Li‐Ying Wu
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4059Australia
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Cancer Precision Medicine LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Keshava K. Datta
- Cancer Precision Medicine LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
- Proteomics and Metabolomics PlatformLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Gunter Hartel
- Statistics UnitQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesCentre for Clinical DiagnosticsUniversity of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Departamento de InvestigaciónPostgrado y Educación Continua (DIPEC)Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad del AlbaSantiagoChile
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
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38
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Chernyshev VS, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Tsydenzhapova E, Svirshchevskaya EV, Poltavtseva RA, Merdalimova A, Yashchenok A, Keshelava A, Sorokin K, Keshelava V, Sukhikh GT, Gorin D, Leonov S, Skliar M. Asymmetric depth-filtration: A versatile and scalable method for high-yield isolation of extracellular vesicles with low contamination. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12256. [PMID: 35942823 PMCID: PMC9451526 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel asymmetric depth filtration (DF) approach to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from biological fluids that outperforms ultracentrifugation and size‐exclusion chromatography in purity and yield of isolated EVs. By these metrics, a single‐step DF matches or exceeds the performance of multistep protocols with dedicated purification procedures in the isolation of plasma EVs. We demonstrate the selective transit and capture of biological nanoparticles in asymmetric pores by size and elasticity, low surface binding to the filtration medium, and the ability to cleanse EVs held by the filter before their recovery with the reversed flow all contribute to the achieved purity and yield of preparations. We further demonstrate the method's versatility by applying it to isolate EVs from different biofluids (plasma, urine, and cell culture growth medium). The DF workflow is simple, fast, and inexpensive. Only standard laboratory equipment is required for its implementation, making DF suitable for low‐resource and point‐of‐use locations. The method may be used for EV isolation from small biological samples in diagnostic and treatment guidance applications. It can also be scaled up to harvest therapeutic EVs from large volumes of cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy S Chernyshev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Roman N Chuprov-Netochin
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Tsydenzhapova
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Rimma A Poltavtseva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey Yashchenok
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Varlam Keshelava
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation RAS, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Leonov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Skliar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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39
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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40
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Chen H, Sun T, Jiang C. Extracellular vesicle-based macromolecule delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:572-589. [PMID: 35714733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Great attention has been paid to the impressive role the macromolecules played in cancer immunotherapy, however, the applications were largely limited by their poor circulation stability, low cellular uptake efficiency, and off-target effects. As an important messenger of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique advantages in macromolecule delivery compared to traditional synthetic carriers, offering new possibilities for modern drug delivery. These naturally derived carriers can achieve stable, efficient, and selective delivery of macromolecules and improve the efficacy and potentiality of macromolecular drugs in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief overview of the unique features of EVs related to macromolecule delivery, the strategies and recent advances of using EVs as macromolecule delivery carriers in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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41
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Görgens A, Corso G, Hagey DW, Jawad Wiklander R, Gustafsson MO, Felldin U, Lee Y, Bostancioglu RB, Sork H, Liang X, Zheng W, Mohammad DK, van de Wakker SI, Vader P, Zickler AM, Mamand DR, Ma L, Holme MN, Stevens MM, Wiklander OPB, El Andaloussi S. Identification of storage conditions stabilizing extracellular vesicles preparations. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12238. [PMID: 35716060 PMCID: PMC9206228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes and hold great potential for therapeutic and diagnostic use. Despite significant advances within the last decade, the key issue of EV storage stability remains unresolved and under investigated. Here, we aimed to identify storage conditions stabilizing EVs and comprehensively compared the impact of various storage buffer formulations at different temperatures on EVs derived from different cellular sources for up to 2 years. EV features including concentration, diameter, surface protein profile and nucleic acid contents were assessed by complementary methods, and engineered EVs containing fluorophores or functionalized surface proteins were utilized to compare cellular uptake and ligand binding. We show that storing EVs in PBS over time leads to drastically reduced recovery particularly for pure EV samples at all temperatures tested, starting already within days. We further report that using PBS as diluent was found to result in severely reduced EV recovery rates already within minutes. Several of the tested new buffer conditions largely prevented the observed effects, the lead candidate being PBS supplemented with human albumin and trehalose (PBS-HAT). We report that PBS-HAT buffer facilitates clearly improved short-term and long-term EV preservation for samples stored at -80°C, stability throughout several freeze-thaw cycles, and drastically improved EV recovery when using a diluent for EV samples for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel W Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rim Jawad Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela O Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Beklem Bostancioglu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Sork
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Simonides I van de Wakker
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antje M Zickler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret N Holme
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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42
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Ahn SH, Ryu SW, Choi H, You S, Park J, Choi C. Manufacturing Therapeutic Exosomes: from Bench to Industry. Mol Cells 2022; 45:284-290. [PMID: 35534190 PMCID: PMC9095511 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Process of manufacturing therapeutics exosome development for commercialization. The development of exosome treatment starts at the bench, and in order to be commercialized, it goes through the manufacturing, characterization, and formulation stages, production under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions for clinical use, and close consultation with regulatory authorities. Exosome, a type of nanoparticles also known as small extracellular vesicles are gaining attention as novel therapeutics for various diseases because of their ability to deliver genetic or bioactive molecules to recipient cells. Although many pharmaceutical companies are gradually developing exosome therapeutics, numerous hurdles remain regarding manufacture of clinical-grade exosomes for therapeutic use. In this mini-review, we will discuss the manufacturing challenges of therapeutic exosomes, including cell line development, upstream cell culture, and downstream purification process. In addition, developing proper formulations for exosome storage and, establishing good manufacturing practice facility for producing therapeutic exosomes remains as challenges for developing clinicalgrade exosomes. However, owing to the lack of consensus regarding the guidelines for manufacturing therapeutic exosomes, close communication between regulators and companies is required for the successful development of exosome therapeutics. This review shares the challenges and perspectives regarding the manufacture and quality control of clinical grade exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Ahn
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | | | - Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | | | - Jun Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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43
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Clos-Sansalvador M, Monguió-Tortajada M, Roura S, Franquesa M, Borràs FE. Commonly used methods for extracellular vesicles’ enrichment: implications in downstream analyses and use. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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44
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Wan R, Hussain A, Behfar A, Moran SL, Zhao C. The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Soft Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073869. [PMID: 35409228 PMCID: PMC8998690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue defects are common following trauma and tumor extirpation. These injuries can result in poor functional recovery and lead to a diminished quality of life. The healing of skin and muscle is a complex process that, at present, leads to incomplete recovery and scarring. Regenerative medicine may offer the opportunity to improve the healing process and functional outcomes. Barriers to regenerative strategies have included cost, regulatory hurdles, and the need for cell-based therapies. In recent years, exosomes, or extracellular vesicles, have gained tremendous attention in the field of soft tissue repair and regeneration. These nanosized extracellular particles (30-140 nm) can break the cellular boundaries, as well as facilitate intracellular signal delivery in various regenerative physiologic and pathologic processes. Existing studies have established the potential of exosomes in regenerating tendons, skeletal muscles, and peripheral nerves through different mechanisms, including promoting myogenesis, increasing tenocyte differentiation and enhancing neurite outgrowth, and the proliferation of Schwann cells. These exosomes can be stored for immediate use in the operating room, and can be produced cost efficiently. In this article, we critically review the current advances of exosomes in soft tissue (tendons, skeletal muscles, and peripheral nerves) healing. Additionally, new directions for clinical applications in the future will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Wan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Arif Hussain
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
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45
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Bost JP, Saher O, Hagey D, Mamand DR, Liang X, Zheng W, Corso G, Gustafsson O, Görgens A, Smith CIE, Zain R, El Andaloussi S, Gupta D. Growth Media Conditions Influence the Secretion Route and Release Levels of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101658. [PMID: 34773385 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized cell-derived vesicles produced by all cells, which provide a route of intercellular communication by transmitting biological cargo. While EVs offer promise as therapeutic agents, the molecular mechanisms of EV biogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, in part due to the concurrence of numerous interwoven pathways which give rise to heterogenous EV populations in vitro. The equilibrium between the EV-producing pathways is heavily influenced by factors in the extracellular environment, in such a way that can be taken advantage of to boost production of engineered EVs. In this study, a quantifiable EV-engineering approach is used to investigate how different cell media conditions alter EV production. The presence of serum, exogenous EVs, and other signaling factors in cell media alters EV production at the physical, molecular, and transcriptional levels. Further, it is demonstrated that the ceramide-dependent EV biogenesis route is the major pathway to production of engineered EVs during optimized EV-production. These findings suggest a novel understanding to the mechanisms underlying EV production in cell culture which can be applied to develop advanced EV production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P. Bost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Osama Saher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Daniel Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Doste R. Mamand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Cihan University‐Erbil Arbil 5XC8+WV Iraq
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Oskar Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - CI Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Rula Zain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Centre for Rare Diseases Department of Clinical Genetics Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm SE‐171 76 Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge 14152 Sweden
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46
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Soler-Botija C, Monguió-Tortajada M, Munizaga-Larroudé M, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A, Roura S. Mechanisms governing the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A scoping review of preclinical evidence. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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47
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Xu M, Chen G, Dong Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Song H, Song H, Wang Y. Liraglutide Loaded-Milk Exosomes Lower Blood Glucose when Given by Sublingual Route. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100758. [PMID: 35199481 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk is rich in extracellular vesicles (mEVs) which have been suggested as a possible drug delivery vehicle with oral bioavailability. As the digestive fluids contain many lipid- and protein-degrading enzymes, we explored whether mEVs given sublingually could be taken up systemically. mEVs were isolated using three different protocols, which were 120 nm in diameter and carried bovine CD81. Fluorescently stained mEVs given by sublingual route were detected in the circulation, whereas mEVs given by gavage were detected at 2-Log lower concentrations. As proof of the concept, we loaded mEVs with the antidiabetic drug Liraglutide (LRT-EV), which reduced blood glucose levels when given by the sublingual route but showed no efficacy via gavaging. This study suggests that mEV may be an efficient delivery vehicle for drugs that are not orally bioavailable, and LRT-loaded EVs have the potential as the next-generation drug delivery platform for the treatment of chronic diseases, including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Xu
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Gang Chen
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yanan Dong
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Jing Yang
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yongxue Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Pharmacology, 27 Bei Taiping Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Haijing Song
- PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Emergency Medicine, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Anxiang Bei Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Haifeng Song
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yi Wang
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, 102206, Beijing, CHINA
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48
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Rana N, Suliman S, Al-sharabi N, Mustafa K. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Primed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Loaded on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Biomaterial Exhibit Enhanced Macrophage Polarization. Cells 2022; 11:470. [PMID: 35159282 PMCID: PMC8834243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) loaded on biphasic calcium phosphate biomaterial (MSC + BCP) have been used as an advanced therapy medicinal product to treat complex maxillofacial bone defects in patients. Further, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are established vehicles of paracrine factors, supporting inter-cellular communication between MSC and other interacting cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages. However, the information about the immunomodulatory potential of EVs derived from MSC and biomaterial constructs (MSC + BCP:EV) and inflammatory primed constructs (MSCp + BCP:EV) are scarce. Hence, we isolated and characterized EVs from these different systems, and compared their cytokine contents with plastic-adherent MSC-derived EVs (MSC:EV). When EVs from all three MSC systems were added to the primary blood-derived macrophages in vitro, significantly higher numbers of M0 (naive) macrophages shifted to M2-like (anti-inflammatory) by MSCp + BCP:EV treatment. Further, this treatment led to enhanced switching of M1 polarized macrophages to M2 polarized, and conversely, M2 to M1, as evaluated by determining the M1/M2 ratios after treatment. The enhanced macrophage modulation by MSCp + BCP:EV was attributed to their higher immunomodulatory (TNFα, IL1β, IL5), angiogenic (VEGF), and chemokine-rich (RANTES, MCP1, MIP1β) cytokine cargo. In conclusion, we successfully isolated and characterized EVs from MSC + BCP constructs and demonstrated that, depending upon the tissue microenvironment, these EVs contribute towards modulating the macrophage-mediated inflammation and healing responses. The study offers new insights into the use of biomaterial-induced EVs for MSC secretome delivery, as a step towards future ‘cell-free’ bone regenerative therapies.
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Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are naturally produced and carry biomolecules such as proteins, microRNAs, and metabolites. Because of their small size and low level of biomolecule expression, the biological function of exosomes has only been identified recently. Despite the short history of investigation, exosomes seem to have remarkable potential as a delivery vehicle. With regards to cancer therapy, numerous antitumor agents demonstrate serious side effects (or toxicity), which has led to the unmet need for improving their selectivity and stability. Exosomes, either produced naturally or generated artificially, provide an attractive platform to load many types of molecules such as small molecules, biologics, and other therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the features of exosomes can be designed by selecting their source cells, or they can be engineered to incorporate affinity tags; thus, exosomes show promise as effective delivery vehicles for the complex tumor microenvironment. In this review, we focus on various exosomes produced from different cell types and their potential uses. Moreover, we summarize the current state of artificial exosomes as a drug carrier and provide an overview of the techniques used for their production.
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Aguiar Koga BA, Fernandes LA, Fratini P, Sogayar MC, Carreira ACO. Role of MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles in tissue repair and regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047094. [PMID: 36935901 PMCID: PMC10014555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are crucial for tissue homeostasis and repair, secreting vesicles to the extracellular environment. Isolated exosomes were shown to affect angiogenesis, immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. Numerous efforts have been dedicated to describe the mechanism of action of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) and guarantee their safety, since the final aim is their therapeutic application in the clinic. The major advantage of applying MSC-derived EVs is their low or inexistent immunogenicity, prompting their use as drug delivery or therapeutic agents, as well as wound healing, different cancer types, and inflammatory processes in the neurological and cardiovascular systems. MSC-derived EVs display no vascular obstruction effects or apparent adverse effects. Their nano-size ensures their passage through the blood-brain barrier, demonstrating no cytotoxic or immunogenic effects. Several in vitro tests have been conducted with EVs obtained from different sources to understand their biology, molecular content, signaling pathways, and mechanisms of action. Application of EVs to human therapies has recently become a reality, with clinical trials being conducted to treat Alzheimer's disease, retina degeneration, and COVID-19 patients. Herein, we describe and compare the different extracellular vesicles isolation methods and therapeutic applications regarding the tissue repair and regeneration process, presenting the latest clinical trial reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Andrade Aguiar Koga
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Group (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Alves Fernandes
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Fratini
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Group (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Group (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira, ,
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