1
|
Elsner C, Appeltrath GA, Konik M, Parreuter J, Broecker-Preuss M, Krawczyk A, Esser S, Sammet S, Karsten CB. False-Positive Screening and Confirmatory HIV Diagnostic Test in a Patient with Cured SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Not Mediated by Env/Spike Cross-Reactive Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051161. [PMID: 37243248 DOI: 10.3390/v15051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with false-positive HIV screening tests. The underlying mechanism is unclear, and for clinical cases, evidence beyond a temporal connection is missing. However, several experimental studies point toward SARS-CoV-2 spike/HIV-1 envelope (Env) cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) as a cause. Here, we present the first case of an individual with convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection testing false positive in both an HIV screening and confirmatory test. Longitudinal sampling showed that the phenomenon was temporary but lasted for at least 3 months before waning. After excluding a multitude of common determinants for assay interference, we further show by antibody depletion studies that SARS-CoV-2-spike-specific Abs did not cross-react with HIV-1 gp120 in the patient sample. No additional case of HIV test interference was identified in a cohort of 66 individuals who presented to a post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic. We conclude the SARS-CoV-2-associated HIV test interference to be a temporary process capable of disturbing both screening and confirmatory assays. The assay interference is short-lived and/or rare but should be considered by physicians as a possible explanation for unexpected HIV diagnostic results in patients with a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gwenllian A Appeltrath
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Margarethe Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Janine Parreuter
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Laboratory Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Esser
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sammet
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christina B Karsten
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamida RS, Shami A, Ali MA, Almohawes ZN, Mohammed AE, Bin-Meferij MM. Kefir: A protective dietary supplementation against viral infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110974. [PMID: 33186795 PMCID: PMC7655491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a recently discovered coronavirus termed 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2). Several scholars have tested antiviral drugs and compounds to overcome COVID-19. 'Kefir' is a fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt that is made from kefir grains. Kefir and its probiotic contents can modulate the immune system to suppress infections from viruses (e.g., Zika, hepatitis C, influenza, rotaviruses). The antiviral mechanisms of kefir involve enhancement of macrophage production, increasing phagocytosis, boosting production of cluster of differentiation-positive (CD4+), CD8+, immunoglobulin (Ig)G+ and IgA+ B cells, T cells, neutrophils, as well as cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon gamma-γ). Kefir can act as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing expression of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and interferon-γ. Hence, kefir might be a significant inhibitor of the 'cytokine storm' that contributes to COVID-19. Here, we review several studies with a particular emphasis on the effect of kefir consumption and their microbial composition against viral infection, as well as discussing the further development of kefir as a protective supplementary dietary against SARS-CoV-2 infection via modulating the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Samir Hamida
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Abdelaal Ali
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zakiah Nasser Almohawes
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Afrah E Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kandeil A, Gomaa MR, El Taweel A, Mostafa A, Shehata M, Kayed AE, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Mahmoud SH, Kamel MN, Shama NMA, El Sayes M, El-Shesheny R, Yassien MA, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Common childhood vaccines do not elicit a cross-reactive antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241471. [PMID: 33112930 PMCID: PMC7592750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence showed a negative correlation between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and incidence of COVID-19. Incidence of the disease in children is much lower than in adults. It is hypothesized that BCG and other childhood vaccinations may provide some protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through trained or adaptive immune responses. Here, we tested whether BCG, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccines provide cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice. Results indicated that none of these vaccines provided antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 up to seven weeks post vaccination. We conclude that if such vaccines have any role in COVID-19 immunity, this role is not antibody-mediated.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- SARS-CoV-2
- Vaccination
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Mohamed MFA, Ibrahim TS, Shoman ME, Samir E, Abd El-Baky RM. Potential repurposed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection drugs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26895-26916. [PMID: 35515773 PMCID: PMC9055522 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 viral infection is associated with the absence of specific drug(s) for fighting this viral infection. About 10 million people are already infected, about 500 000 deaths all over the world to date. Great efforts have been made to find solutions for this viral infection, either vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or small molecule drugs; this can stop the spread of infection to avoid the expected human, economic and social catastrophe associated with this infection. In the literature and during clinical trials in hospitals, several FDA approved drugs for different diseases have the potential to treat or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Repurposing of these drugs as potential agents to treat COVID-19 reduces the time and cost to find effective COVID-19 agents. This review article summarizes the present situation of transmission, pathogenesis and statistics of COVID-19 in the world. Moreover, it includes chemistry, mechanism of action at the molecular level of the possible drug molecules which are liable for redirection as potential COVID-19 therapeutic agents. This includes polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, malaria drugs, lipid lowering statins, rheumatoid arthritis drugs and some miscellaneous agents. We offer research data and knowledge about the chemistry and biology of potential COVID-19 drugs for the research community in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Mamdouh F A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University 82524 Sohag Egypt
| | - Tarek S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Mai E Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Ebtihal Samir
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
| | - Rehab M Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Savulescu DM, Groome M, Malfeld SCK, Madhi S, Koen A, Jones S, Duxbury V, Scheuermaier K, De Assis Rosa D, Suchard M. HLA antibody repertoire in infants suggests selectivity in transplacental crossing. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13264. [PMID: 32395838 PMCID: PMC7507134 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem Late in pregnancy, women produce and transfer high amounts of antibodies to the foetus. During gestation, women produce antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA), including antibodies directed at foetal HLA. There is paucity of data on transplacental crossing, specificity and role of HLA antibodies in pregnancy and new‐borns. Method of study Using highly sensitive Luminex technology, we measured prevalence of IgG HLA antibodies in 30 mother‐infant pairs six weeks post‐partum. Additionally, in six pregnant women, we measured HLA antibodies longitudinally and HLA‐typed infant DNA to assess whether maternal HLA antibodies were directed at infant specificities. Results Overall, 68% of mothers and 44% of infants expressed HLA‐I antibodies and 56% of mothers and 52% of infants expressed HLA‐II antibodies. Infants shared up to 78% of antibodies with their mothers, suggesting that the remaining antibodies were self‐made. Less than 25% of maternal HLA antibodies were detected in infants, possibly due to selection in transplacental crossing. We detected complement‐fixing HLA antibodies in mothers and at low levels in infants. In a third of our pregnant subjects, we detected infant‐directed HLA antibodies. Conclusion Our findings raise the possibility of selection in transplacental crossing of HLA antibodies. As HLA antibodies may act as autoantibodies in the neonate, the mechanism of a selective transfer may give important insights into immune tolerance. Findings also suggest that infants start producing their own HLA antibodies in the first weeks of life, which, together with maternally derived antibodies may impact the infant's immune reaction to HLA proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Savulescu
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology (CVI), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Michelle Groome
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Susan C K Malfeld
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology (CVI), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Shabir Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anthonet Koen
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Vania Duxbury
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Karine Scheuermaier
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Debbie De Assis Rosa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Melinda Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology (CVI), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The global fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely based on strategies to boost immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and prevent its severe course and complications. The human defence may include antibodies which interact with SARS-CoV-2 and neutralize its aggressive actions on multiple organ systems. Protective cross-reactivity of antibodies against measles and other known viral infections has been postulated, primarily as a result of the initial observations of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in children. Uncontrolled case series have demonstrated virus-neutralizing effect of convalescent plasma, supporting its efficiency at early stages of contracting SARS-CoV-2. Given the variability of the virus structure, the utility of convalescent plasma is limited to the geographic area of its preparation, and for a short period of time. Intravenous immunoglobulin may also be protective in view of its nonspecific antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Finally, human monoclonal antibodies may interact with some SARS-CoV-2 proteins, inhibiting the virus-receptor interaction and prevent tissue injury. The improved understanding of the host antiviral responses may help develop safe and effective immunotherapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armen Yuri Gasparyan
- Departments of Rheumatology and Research and Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Marlen Yessirkepov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Zimba
- Department of Internal Medicine No. 2, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Salman
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tanta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Labib Salem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Immunology and Biotechnology Unit, Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Tanta University Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Vallinoto ACR, Aguiar S, Sá KG, Freitas FB, Ferreira G, Lima SS, Hermes RB, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Ishak M, Ishak R. Prevalence and risk behaviour for human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in Marajó Island, Northern Brazil. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 43:397-404. [PMID: 27241798 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1196244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global public health problem, but, so far, there is no published information regarding the epidemiology of HIV-1 in Marajó Archipelago (Pará, Brazil). AIM The present study reports the occurrence of infection by HIV-1 in four municipalities of the Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 1877 samples were collected from volunteer blood donors (1296 women and 551 men) living in the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, Portel and São Sebastião da Boa Vista. Information about risk behaviour assessment was obtained from a questionnaire. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HIV antibodies using serological tests. The infection was confirmed by nucleic acid amplification assays. RESULTS Twelve samples were seropositive for HIV by ELISA. Western blot analysis showed four positive samples, eight indeterminate patterns and one found to be negative. Molecular analysis revealed three positive samples. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection included absence of condoms during sexual intercourse (41.3%, São Sebastião da Boa Vista), use of illicit drugs (5.8%, Anajás) and early initiation of sexual activities, from 10-15 years (30.7%). CONCLUSION Although the study indicates a low HIV-1 prevalence in Marajó Island, some factors may increase the risk for HIV-1 and these include early sexual initiation, unprotected sexual intercourse and the use of illicit drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C R Vallinoto
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Samantha Aguiar
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Keyla G Sá
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Felipe Bonfim Freitas
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Glenda Ferreira
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Marluísa Ishak
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- a Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Cidade Universitária , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Watt G, Kantipong P, Burnouf T, Shikuma C, Philpott S. Natural Scrub Typhus Antibody Suppresses HIV CXCR4(X4) Viruses. Infect Dis Rep 2013; 5:e8. [PMID: 24470959 PMCID: PMC3892615 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2013.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral load generally rises in HIV-infected individuals with a concomitant infection, but falls markedly in some individuals with scrub typhus (ST), a common Asian rickettsial infection. ST infection appears to shift the viral population from CXCR4-using (X4) to CCR5-utilizing (R5) strains, and there is evidence of cross-reactivity between ST-specific antibodies and HIV-1. We examined the mechanism of ST suppression of HIV by measuring the effects of ST infection on X4 and R5 viruses in vivo and in vitro, and assessing the relative contributions of antibodies and chemokines to the inhibitory effect. In vivo, a single scrub typhus plasma infusion markedly reduced the subpopulation of HIV-1 viruses using the X4 co-receptor in all 8 recipients, and eliminated X4 viruses 6 patients. In vitro, the 14 ST sera tested all inhibited the replication of an X4 but not an R5 virus. This inhibitory effect was maintained if ST sera were depleted of chemokines but was lost upon removal of antibodies. Sera from STinfected mice recognized a target that co-localized with X4 HIV gp120 in immunofluorescent experiments. These in vivo and in vitro data suggest that acute ST infection generates cross-reactive antibodies that produce potent suppression of CXCR4- but not CCR5-using HIV-1 viruses. ST suppression of HIV replication could reveal novel mechanisms that could be exploited for vaccination strategies, as well as aid in the development of fusion inhibitors and other new therapeutic regimens. This also appears to be the first instance where one pathogen is neutralized by antibody produced in response to infection by a completely unrelated organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Watt
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Pacharee Kantipong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Human Protein Process Sciences, Lille, France and Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cecilia Shikuma
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sean Philpott
- The Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College , Schenectady, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guan M. Frequency, causes, and new challenges of indeterminate results in Western blot confirmatory testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:649-59. [PMID: 17409223 PMCID: PMC1951092 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00393-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- MP Biomedicals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., 85 Science Park Drive No. 04-01, Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118259, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Page BAP, Papadimitriou J, Causer D. No proof HIV antibodies are caused by a retroviral infection. Emerg Med Australas 2006; 18:308-9; author reply309-10. [PMID: 16712545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2006.00859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Two nonrelated viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (wtCPMV) and measles virus (MV), were found to induce cross-reactive antibodies. The nature of this cross-reactivity was studied and results are presented here demonstrating that antiserum raised against wtCPMV reacted with peptide from the fusion (F) protein of MV. Furthermore, the F protein of MV was shown to share an identical conformational B cell epitope with the small subunit of CPMV coat protein. Passive transfer of anti-wtCPMV antibodies into BALB/c mice conferred partial protection against measles virus induced encephalitis. The results are discussed in the context of cross-protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Olszewska
- Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|