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Rindler K, Krausgruber T, Thaler FM, Alkon N, Bangert C, Kurz H, Fortelny N, Rojahn TB, Jonak C, Griss J, Bock C, Brunner PM. Spontaneously Resolved Atopic Dermatitis Shows Melanocyte and Immune Cell Activation Distinct From Healthy Control Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630892. [PMID: 33717163 PMCID: PMC7943477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) typically starts in infancy or early childhood, showing spontaneous remission in a subset of patients, while others develop lifelong disease. Despite an increased understanding of AD, factors guiding its natural course are only insufficiently elucidated. We thus performed suction blistering in skin of adult patients with stable, spontaneous remission from previous moderate-to-severe AD during childhood. Samples were compared to healthy controls without personal or familial history of atopy, and to chronic, active AD lesions. Skin cells and tissue fluid obtained were used for single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomic multiplex assays, respectively. We found overall cell composition and proteomic profiles of spontaneously healed AD to be comparable to healthy control skin, without upregulation of typical AD activity markers (e.g., IL13, S100As, and KRT16). Among all cell types in spontaneously healed AD, melanocytes harbored the largest numbers of differentially expressed genes in comparison to healthy controls, with upregulation of potentially anti-inflammatory markers such as PLA2G7. Conventional T-cells also showed increases in regulatory markers, and a general skewing toward a more Th1-like phenotype. By contrast, gene expression of regulatory T-cells and keratinocytes was essentially indistinguishable from healthy skin. Melanocytes and conventional T-cells might thus contribute a specific regulatory milieu in spontaneously healed AD skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rindler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix M. Thaler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Alkon
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas B. Rojahn
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Jonak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Griss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M. Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nejatbakhsh Samimi L, Fallahpour M, Khoshmirsafa M, Moosavi SAJ, Bayati P, Baharlou R, Falak R. The impact of 17β-estradiol and progesterone therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:297-306. [PMID: 33315175 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant fluctuation in clinical symptoms of asthmatic females during their life course, suggesting that the reproductive status and the level of sex hormones may affect the development of asthma and its exacerbation. In this study, we aimed to assess the biological effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), alone or in combination form, on the transcription factors and production of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs of the mild-to-moderate asthmatic patients and healthy controls (HCs) were treated with equivalent serum levels of E2 or P4 maintained during hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The expression levels of T-bet, GATA-3, RORγt, PU.1, and Foxp3 were assessed by quantitative PCR. We also measured the concentration of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in cell culture supernatants using ELISA. IL-4 production and GATA-3 expression levels slightly increased when asthmatic PBMCs were treated with E2 (p < 0.01), P4 (p < 0.01), or E2 + P4 (p < 0.001) compared to the untreated cells. IL-9 secretion (p < 0.001) and PU.1 gene expression levels (p < 0.05) were slightly higher in asthmatic patients' PBMCs before treatment but hormone therapy did not affect the level of them. Although the untreated asthmatic PBMCs produced a lower amount of IFN-γ compared to HCs (p < 0.01), hormone treatment did not affect the levels of IFN-γ secretion in patient groups. Moreover, we did not observe any significant changes in IL-10 and TGF-β secretion in the supernatant of hormone treated cells. We found that the common applied HRT may faintly increase GATA-3 expression and IL-4 production levels in PBMCs of asthmatic patients and can slightly increase asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nejatbakhsh Samimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Fallahpour
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rasul-E-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Brunner PM, He H, Pavel AB, Czarnowicki T, Lefferdink R, Erickson T, Canter T, Puar N, Rangel SM, Malik K, Estrada Y, Krueger JG, Guttman-yassky E, Paller AS. The blood proteomic signature of early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis shows systemic inflammation and is distinct from adult long-standing disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:510-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brunner PM. Early immunologic changes during the onset of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:152-157. [PMID: 30953783 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is commonly called eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. The pipeline of new targeted treatments is currently expanding, a development that is largely based on our increasing understanding of disease mechanisms. Mechanistic insights have long been based on long-standing adult AD. Recently, studies also investigated early pediatric AD at disease onset, and revealed several differences in barrier and immune properties when compared with long-standing adult AD. This review focuses on immunological changes very early in life that predispose to the development of AD, and summarizes characteristics of the molecular AD phenotype in this age group. DATA SOURCES Review of published literature. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies investigating human AD at disease onset in newborns, toddlers, and young children, in comparison with adults with long-standing disease. RESULTS Already in cord blood, increased Th2 and decreased Th1 levels were found to increase the risk of AD development. Both pediatric and adult AD share Th2/Th22 activation and defects in lipid barrier deposition and tight junction formation, but Th1 activation and epidermal differentiation complex defects are largely absent in pediatric AD. CONCLUSION Immune changes predisposing to AD development are present very early in life. During the first months of disease, AD shows various differences in immune and barrier properties from long-standing adult AD, which might necessitate tailored treatment approaches depending on the age of the patient.
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Brunner PM, Israel A, Leonard A, Pavel AB, Kim HJ, Zhang N, Czarnowicki T, Patel K, Murphrey M, Ramsey K, Rangel S, Zebda R, Soundararajan V, Zheng X, Estrada YD, Xu H, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Distinct transcriptomic profiles of early-onset atopic dermatitis in blood and skin of pediatric patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 122:318-330.e3. [PMID: 30508584 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) predominantly affects young children, but our understanding of AD pathogenesis is based on skin and blood samples from long-standing adult AD. Genomic biopsy profiling from early pediatric AD showed significant Th2 and Th17/Th22-skewing, without the characteristic adult Th1 up-regulation. Because obtaining pediatric biopsies is difficult, blood gene expression profiling may provide a surrogate for the pediatric skin signature. OBJECTIVE To define the blood profile and associated biomarkers of early moderate-to-severe pediatric AD. METHODS We compared microarrays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of blood cells from 28 AD children (<5 years and within 6 months of disease onset) to healthy control blood cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in blood (fold change [FCH] > 1.2 and false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) were then compared with skin DEGs. RESULTS Eosinophil and Th2 markers (IL5RA, IL1RL1/ST2, HRH4, CCR3, SIGLEC8, PRSS33, CLC from gene arrays; IL13/IL4/CCL22 from RT-PCR) were up-regulated in early pediatric AD blood, whereas IFNG/Th1 was decreased. Th1 markers were negatively correlated with clinical severity (EASI, pruritus, transepidermal water loss [TEWL]), whereas Th2/Th17-induced interleukin (IL)-19 was positively correlated with SCORAD. Although a few RT-PCR-defined immune markers (IL-13/CCL22) were increased in blood, as previously also reported for skin, minimal overlap based on gene array DEGs was seen. CONCLUSION The whole blood signature of early moderate-to-severe pediatric AD blood cells show predominantly a Th2/eosinophil profile; however, markers largely differ from the skin profile. Given their complementarity, pooling of biomarkers from blood and skin may improve profiling and predictions, providing insight regarding disease course, allergic comorbidity development, and response to systemic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Ariel Israel
- Clalit Health Services, Department of Family Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexandra Leonard
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ana B Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hyun Je Kim
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tali Czarnowicki
- The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Krishna Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Morgan Murphrey
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kara Ramsey
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie Rangel
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rema Zebda
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinaya Soundararajan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Yeriel D Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James G Krueger
- The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Department of Dermatology, the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Brunner PM, Guttman-Yassky E, Leung DYM. The immunology of atopic dermatitis and its reversibility with broad-spectrum and targeted therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:S65-S76. [PMID: 28390479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, is driven by both terminal keratinocyte differentiation defects and strong type 2 immune responses. In contrast to chronic plaque-type psoriasis, AD is now understood to be a much more heterogeneous disease, with additional activation of TH22, TH17/IL-23, and TH1 cytokine pathways depending on the subtype of the disease. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the AD immune map in both patients with early-onset and those with chronic disease. Clinical studies with broad and targeted therapeutics have helped to elucidate the contribution of various immune axes to the disease phenotype. Importantly, immune activation extends well beyond lesional AD because nonlesional skin and the blood component harbor AD-specific inflammatory changes. For this reason, future therapeutics will need to focus on a systemic treatment approach, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Esaki H, Brunner PM, Renert-Yuval Y, Czarnowicki T, Huynh T, Tran G, Lyon S, Rodriguez G, Immaneni S, Johnson DB, Bauer B, Fuentes-Duculan J, Zheng X, Peng X, Estrada YD, Xu H, de Guzman Strong C, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is T H 2 but also T H 17 polarized in skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1639-1651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Dou X, Yang H, Shao Y, Wang K, Yu B, Zhang W, Lau HYA. Impaired Toll-like receptor 2-mediated Th1 and Th17/22 cytokines secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:384. [PMID: 26682905 PMCID: PMC4683963 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) function has been associated with the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, there are only few studies reporting on the TLR2-induced immunological responses of circulating leucocytes of AD patients. We thus investigated the expression and secretion of Th1, Th2 and Th17/22 cytokines triggered by TLR2 ligands in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AD patients. Expression of TLR2, 1, 6 and high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) were further investigated to evaluate the outcome of immune response in AD. METHODS Expression of TLR2, 1, 6 and FcεRI in PBMCs from AD patients and healthy individuals were measured by qPCR. Subsequent to stimulation with TLR2 ligands PGN and Pam3CSK4, expression and secretion of Th1, Th2 and Th17/22 cytokines were investigated by qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TLR2, 1, 6 mRNA were not altered in both groups of subjects while that of FcεRI was increased in AD patients. Subsequent to the activation by TLR2 ligands, PBMCs from AD patients significantly released less IFN-γ, IL-17F and IL-22 than those from healthy controls while no detectable level of release was observed with the other cytokines. In contrast, significantly higher levels of mRNA expression for TNF-α, IL5, IL-17A and IL-22 were observed in TLR2 activated PBMCs of AD patients than those of healthy control. CONCLUSIONS PBMCs from AD patients are defective in the secretion of Th1 and Th17/22 cytokines in response to TLR2 ligands. The inconsistent increased expression of the mRNA for the corresponding Th1 cytokines and the Th2 cytokines IL-5 suggested that there may be alterations of downstream signaling events in the cytokine release mechanisms of PBMCs that are associated with the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yarui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xia Dou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yong Shao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hang Yung Alaster Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Czarnowicki T, Esaki H, Gonzalez J, Malajian D, Shemer A, Noda S, Talasila S, Berry A, Gray J, Becker L, Estrada Y, Xu H, Zheng X, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Early pediatric atopic dermatitis shows only a cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) TH2/TH1 cell imbalance, whereas adults acquire CLA(+) TH22/TC22 cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:941-951.e3. [PMID: 26242300 PMCID: PMC4946641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying differences and similarities between cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) polarized T-cell subsets in children versus adults with atopic dermatitis (AD) is critical for directing new treatments toward children. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare activation markers and frequencies of skin-homing (CLA(+)) versus systemic (CLA(-)) "polar" CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets in patients with early pediatric AD, adults with AD, and control subjects. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to measure CD69/inducible costimulator/HLA-DR frequency in memory cell subsets, as well as IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 cytokines, defining TH1/cytotoxic T (TC) 1, TH2/TC2, TH9/TC9, TH17/TC17, and TH22/TC22 populations in CD4 and CD8 cells, respectively. We compared peripheral blood from 19 children less than 5 years old and 42 adults with well-characterized moderate-to-severe AD, as well as age-matched control subjects (17 children and 25 adults). RESULTS Selective inducible costimulator activation (P < .001) was seen in children. CLA(+) TH2 T cells were markedly expanded in both children and adults with AD compared with those in control subjects, but decreases in CLA(+) TH1 T-cell numbers were greater in children with AD (17% vs 7.4%, P = .007). Unlike in adults, no imbalances were detected in CLA(-) T cells from pediatric patients with AD nor were there altered frequencies of TH22 T cells within the CLA(+) or CLA(-) compartments. Adults with AD had increased frequencies of IL-22-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells within the skin-homing population, compared with controls (9.5% vs 4.5% and 8.6% vs 2.4%, respectively; P < .001), as well as increased HLA-DR activation (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that TH2 activation within skin-homing T cells might drive AD in children and that reduced counterregulation by TH1 T cells might contribute to excess TH2 activation. TH22 "spreading" of AD is not seen in young children and might be influenced by immune development, disease chronicity, or recurrent skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Czarnowicki
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Hitokazu Esaki
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Juana Gonzalez
- Translational Technology Core Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Dana Malajian
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Hashomer Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shinji Noda
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sreya Talasila
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Adam Berry
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Jayla Gray
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lauren Becker
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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Gonzales-van Horn SR, Farrar JD. Interferon at the crossroads of allergy and viral infections. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:185-94. [PMID: 26026068 PMCID: PMC4501675 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0315-099r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-α/β was first described as a potent inhibitor of viral replication, but it is now appreciated that IFN signaling plays a pleiotropic role in regulating peripheral T cell functions. Recently, IFN-α/β was shown to block human Th2 development by suppressing the transcription factor GATA3. This effect is consistent with the role for IFN-α/β in suppressing allergic inflammatory processes by blocking granulocyte activation and IL-4-mediated B cell isotype switching to IgE. With the consideration of recent studies demonstrating a defect in IFN-α/β secretion in DCs and epithelial cells from individuals with severe atopic diseases, there is an apparent reciprocal negative regulatory loop in atopic individuals, whereby the lack of IFN-α/β secretion by innate cells contributes to the development of allergic Th2 cells. Is it possible to overcome these events by treating with IFN-α/β or by inducing its secretion in vivo? In support of this approach, case studies have documented the therapeutic potential of IFN-α/β in treating steroid-resistant allergic asthma and other atopic diseases. Additionally, individuals with asthma who are infected with HCV and respond to IFN therapy showed a reduction in symptoms and severity of asthma attacks. These findings support a model, whereby allergic and antiviral responses are able to cross-regulate each other, as IgER cross-linking of pDCs prevents IFN-α/β production in response to viral infection. The clinical importance of upper-respiratory viruses in the context of allergic asthma supports the need to understand how these pathways intersect and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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11
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Singh A, Holvoet S, Weiss M, Beaumont M, Zuercher AW, Mercenier A. Increased IL-5 and IL-13 cytokine level in ex vivo stimulated whole blood cells from grass pollen allergic donors correlate with seasonal exposure. Results Immunol 2011; 1:18-23. [PMID: 24371548 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for simple and physiological assays to characterize the immune status of allergic individuals. Whole blood samples from 15 adult subjects (10 with positive clinical history to grass pollen and 5 with negative clinical history) were obtained before the start (April 2010) and during the middle of the grass pollen season (June 2010). The investigators were blinded to the allergic status of the subjects. A skin prick test (SPT) to grass pollen was carried out at the end of the study. Cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IL-10 and IFNγ) and activation of T-lymphocytes were determined after ex vivo culture of whole blood cells. IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 cytokines were significantly elevated in allergic individuals during the middle of the season (p≤0.02) compared to the start. This assay can be a valuable tool in clinical trials especially in pediatric population where limited quantities of blood are available to study immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Allergy Group, Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Holvoet
- Allergy Group, Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Weiss
- Allergy Group, Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Beaumont
- Clinical Evaluation Group, Department of Bio-Analytical Science, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Adrian W Zuercher
- Allergy Group, Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Allergy Group, Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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12
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von Bubnoff D, Andrès E, Hentges F, Bieber T, Michel T, Zimmer J. Natural killer cells in atopic and autoimmune diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:60-8. [PMID: 20109737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are best known for their ability to recognize and kill tumor cells and virally infected cells and for their ability to produce large amounts of some cytokines, such as IFN-gamma. Recent research has substantially expanded our view on the function of NK cells in the immune system in health and disease. In addition to the better-studied functions in cancer and autoimmunity, contributions from NK cells to allergies and various skin diseases have emerged. We briefly recount the traditional NK cell functions before focusing on their roles in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and pemphigus vulgaris. Although this field is still developing, strong data are available that indicate NK cell involvement. In patients with allergic diseases, the production of T(H)2 cytokines by NK cells contributes to the known immune deviation. In patients with psoriasis, their pathophysiologic role seems to be especially the production of IFN-gamma. NK cell overactivation can be found in patients with alopecia areata and pemphigus vulgaris. Many details are still unclear; however, we believe that there is solid evidence that NK cells actively participate in a number of diseases that have not been traditionally linked to this type of lymphocyte.
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13
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Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Morel E, Bellón T. HLA class I molecules regulate IFN-gamma production induced in NK cells by target cells, viral products, or immature dendritic cells through the inhibitory receptor ILT2/CD85j. J Immunol 2008; 181:2368-81. [PMID: 18684926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances support an important role for NK cells in determining immune responses beyond their cytolytic functions, which is supported by their capacity to secrete several cytokines and chemokines. In particular, NK-derived IFN-gamma has proven to be fundamental in shaping adaptive immune responses. Although the role of inhibitory NK receptors (iNKR) in the regulation of cytotoxicity has been widely explored, their involvement in the control of cytokine production has been scarcely analyzed. Specifically, no data are available referring to the role of the iNKR ILT2/CD85j in the regulation of IFN-gamma secretion by NK cells. Published data support a differential regulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine expression. Thus, formal proof of the involvement of HLA class I in regulating the production of cytokines through binding to ILT2/CD85j has been missing. We have determined the response of human NK-92 and primary human ILT2/CD85j(+) NK cells from healthy donors to target cells expressing or not HLA class I. We found specificities of HLA class I-mediated inhibition of IFN-gamma mRNA expression, protein production, and secretion consistent with the specific recognition by ILT2/CD85j. We also found inhibition of IFN-gamma production by ILT2/CD85j(+) T cells in response to superantigen stimulation. Furthermore, ligation of ILT2/CD85j inhibited the production of IFN-gamma in response to poly(I:C), and blocking of ILT2/CD85j-HLA class I interactions increased the secretion of IFN-gamma in NK/immature dendritic cell cocultures. The data support a role for self HLA class I in the regulation of IFN-gamma secretion at the mRNA and protein levels by interacting with the iNKR ILT2/CD85j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Morel
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kootiratrakarn T, Fujimura T, Sano K, Okuyama R, Aiba S, Tagami H, Terui T. Development of a novel Ag-specific immunotherapy using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in a new, unique mouse cutaneous eosinophilic inflammation model. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3277-86. [PMID: 16245360 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) has been on the rise recently. We are therefore urgently in need of a treatment that can suppress Th2 cell-mediated responses in an Ag-specific fashion. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have been highlighted as immunomodulators that reduce Th2-mediated responses. To determine the effect of CpG ODN on Th2-mediated skin inflammation, we first developed a reproducible murine model of protein Ag-induced eosinophilic inflammation that is accompanied by epidermal acanthosis and increased serum IgE levels as seen in AD. In this model we found that treatment with CpG ODN during epicutaneous sensitization in previously i.p.-primed mice prevented the development of Th2-mediated responses. Furthermore, to evaluate the therapeutic effect of CpG ODN on established eosinophilic inflammation, mice were treated with a course of the immunotherapy at a skin site remote from the area of Ag application prior to the second 1-wk epicutaneous exposure to Ag. Therapeutic treatment with CpG ODN plus Ag, but not that with CpG ODN alone, could reverse the established eosinophilic inflammation. The presented results provide strong evidence for the feasibility of a novel Ag-specific immunomodulator to treat cutaneous eosinophilic inflammation such as that characteristically found in patients with severe AD.
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16
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Kosonen J, Luhtala M, Viander M, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Savolainen J. Candida albicans-specific lymphoproliferative and cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-gamma) responses in atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome. Evidence of CD4/CD8 and CD3/CD16+CD56 ratio elevations in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:551-8. [PMID: 15946244 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to cross-reactive mannan polysaccharide allergens of saprophytic yeasts is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Mannans induce elevated specific immunoglobulin E and lymphoproliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To gain more detailed data of the involvement of different subpopulations of PBMCs in AEDS after mannan stimulation, changes in the cell-surface marker distribution were analysed. METHODS The Ficoll-isolated PBMCs of eight yeast hypersensitive AEDS patients and seven non-AEDS controls were stimulated in vitro by mannan (CAM) or whole extract antigen [In-House Reference (IHR)] of Candida albicans or tuberculin [purified protein derivative (PPD)] and after immunofluorescence staining analysed by flow cytometry. The expression of cytokine mRNA was measured by kinetic real-time polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan). RESULTS After 7-day antigen stimulation, there were significant increases in the CD3/CD16(+)CD56 ratio (P = 0.028 with mannan and P = 0.006 with IHR), CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.049 with mannan) and interleukin-4/interferon-gamma (IL-4/IFN-gamma) mRNA ratio (P = 0.028 with IHR) and a decrease in the CD3/CD19 ratio (P = 0.035 with mannan) of AEDS patients' PBMCs as compared with healthy controls' cells. These changes were not seen in cultures with PPD. CONCLUSIONS The observed CAM and IHR-induced elevations in T cell/natural killer cell, CD4/CD8 and IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios suggest that C. albicans-induced TH(2)-type responses can also play a role in AEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosonen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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17
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La Grutta S, Richiusa P, Pizzolanti G, Mattina A, Pajno GB, Citarrella R, Passalacqua G, Giordano C. CD4(+)IL-13(+) cells in peripheral blood well correlates with the severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Allergy 2005; 60:391-5. [PMID: 15679728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In atopic dermatitis (AD) a Th1/Th2 imbalance has been reported, and interleukin (IL)-13 seems to play a pivotal role in the inflammatory network. We tried to assess the correlation between the immunological marker CD4(+)IL-13(+) and the clinical phase of extrinsic AD in children. METHODS Twenty children with AD were studied. Assessed parameters were: clinical severity (SCORAD index), total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), blood eosinophil count, and percentage of CD4(+)IFNgamma(+), CD4(+)IL-4(+), CD4(+)IL-13(+) T cells. Determinations were carried out in the acute phase and after clinical remission were achieved. Ten nonatopic-matched children served as controls. RESULTS At baseline, AD was mild in 25%, moderate in 50% and severe in 25% of children. In the acute phase a significant relationship between the eosinophil count and the SCORAD index was found (P = 0.0001). Blood CD4(+)IL-4(+) were significantly higher in the AD group (median 17.0, range: 13.7-21.4) than in controls (12.6, 6.4-17.2, P < 0.0001). CD4(+)IL-13(+) cells in the AD group well correlated (P = 0.0007) with SCORAD index. At remission, a significant correlation between SCORAD index and eosinophil count was found (P < 0.03) and the percentage of CD4(+)IL-13(+) cells globally decreased (P < 0.0001), while no difference was found among SCORAD classes. CONCLUSION This study confirms the Th2 profile predominance in the peripheral blood of children with AD, and evidences close relationship between the number of CD4(+)IL-13(+) T cells and the disease's severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S La Grutta
- Allergy Unit, Children Hospital -- ARNAS, Palermo, Italy
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18
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El-Mezayen REH, Matsumoto T. In vitro responsiveness to IL-18 in combination with IL-12 or IL-2 by PBMC from patients with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:61-8. [PMID: 15093553 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine and is now recognized as an important regulator of both helper T cells (Th) 1 and 2 cytokine production. An increased IL-18 secretion has been reported in patients with allergic disorders. It is predominantly produced by activated macrophages, and synergizes with IL-12 and IL-2 to induce IFN-gamma synthesis, thereby promoting Th1 cytokine response. Paradoxically, IL-18, by itself, strongly induces immunoglobulin (Ig) E and allergic inflammation, indicating a role for IL-18 in promoting Th2 response. We investigated the inducing effect in vitro of combining IL-18 and Il-12 or Il-2 on Th1- and Th2-type cytokines production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with allergic diseases. PBMC derived from 44 allergic patients [23 bronchial asthma (BA) and 21 atopic dermatitis (AD)] and 20 healthy controls were cultured with IL-18 in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and IL-12 or IL-2. The levels of IFN-gamma, IL-13, and IL-4 in the culture supernatants were measured using enzymatic immunoassaying. IFN-gamma production was detected in all cultures from nonallergic controls stimulated with IL-18 in the presence of IL-12; however, the results for five BA patients and five AD patients were under the detection limit for IFN-gamma. In collaboration with IL-2, IL-18 was able to induce IFN-gamma production by PBMCs from all nonallergic controls and all allergic patients, with the exception of one AD patient. Synergistic induction of IL-13 production was found in cultures with IL-18 + IL-2, and the IL-13 induction was significantly increased in BA patients when compared with that in nonallergic controls (P = 0.006). The stimulation by IL-18, even in combination with IL-2, failed to induce IL-4 production by PBMC from both nonallergic controls and allergic patients. Although the induction of IFN-gamma by IL-18 + IL-12 was impaired in around a quarter of the allergic patients, the impairment of the IFN-gamma production was completely restored by IL-2 in the presence of IL-18. Thus, IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production through an IL-12-dependent pathway and exhibits synergism when combined with IL-2 in terms of enhanced IL-13 and IFN-gamma production, suggesting the involvement of IL-18/IL-12/IL-2 pathway in modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E H El-Mezayen
- Department of Child Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciencies, School of Medicne, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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19
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Buchvald D, Lundeberg L. Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to nickel in patients with nickel-allergic contact dermatitis and concomitant atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:484-92. [PMID: 15030331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2004.05828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is pathogenetically dependent on cell-mediated immune responses mediated by type 1 T lymphocytes. Atopic dermatitis (AD), in contrast, occurs as a result of sustained activation of type 2 subsets of T cells. Although atopic patients may become sensitized to various contact allergens, little is known about the influence of atopy on delayed-type hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to nickel stimulation in groups of atopic and nonatopic patients with patch test-verified nickel ACD. METHODS Ten nonatopic patients with nickel ACD, 10 patients with nickel ACD and concomitant AD, 10 patients with AD but with no contact allergy, and 10 healthy persons participated in the study. PBMC were cultured in the presence or absence of nickel sulphate, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or tetanus toxoid (TT). [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was used to measure the rate of antigen-induced DNA synthesis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the production of interleukin (IL)-2 (type 1 cytokine) and IL-5 (type 2 cytokine). RESULTS Nickel-stimulated PBMC of nickel-allergic patients with AD proliferated significantly less and secreted significantly lower amounts of IL-2 than cells of nonatopic nickel-allergic patients. IL-5 production was also lower in the former group, although the difference was nonsignificant. Moreover, neither the nickel-specific DNA synthesis nor the cytokine production by PBMC of atopic nickel-allergic patients differed significantly from those of healthy control persons and AD patients without contact allergy. Proliferative and secretory responses of PBMC to PHA or TT stimulation differed nonsignificantly between the groups. Nickel-induced IL-2 production correlated well with IL-5 production in nickel-allergic patients regardless of their atopic status. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PBMC of nickel-allergic patients with concomitant AD are characterized by impaired in vitro proliferative and secretory responses to the contact allergen nickel but not to the mitogen PHA or the recall antigen TT. The type 2 cytokine IL-5 may play a role in the development of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buchvald
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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von Bubnoff D, Bezold G, Matz H, Hanau D, De La Salle H, Bieber T. Quantification of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene induction in atopic and non-atopic monocytes after ligation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE, Fc(epsilon)RI and interferon-gamma stimulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:247-53. [PMID: 12699412 PMCID: PMC1808689 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are crucial in regulating the outcome of T cell responses. Certain APCs are able to down-regulate T cell proliferation in vitro by inducing the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) upon interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulation. IDO is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan. A lack of extracellular tryptophan creates environments in which cells become starved for this amino acid. The high-affinity receptor for IgE, Fc(epsilon)RI, is the principal receptor for the binding of specific IgE in type I-mediated allergies. We demonstrated recently that IDO is overexpressed in Fc(epsilon)RI-stimulated monocytes. In the present study, we performed quantification of IDO gene induction after treatment of atopic (Fc(epsilon)RI(high)) and non-atopic (Fc(epsilon)RI(low/-)) monocytes with IgE/anti-IgE and IFN-gamma. By quantitative PCR ELISA, we found IDO molecule induction in atopic monocytes was enhanced about 50-fold over non-atopic monocytes after ligation of Fc(epsilon)RI. Stimulation with IFN-gamma at a concentration of 100 U/ml in culture medium caused an increase in IDO gene copy numbers in atopics of about fourfold over that of non-atopics. This comparative quantification study demonstrates clearly the regulation of IDO gene expression by Fc(epsilon)RI and discloses differences thereof in atopic and non-atopic cells upon inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D von Bubnoff
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance of T cell subsets in asthma with a predominance of Th2 type cells has been proposed. The aim of this study was simultaneously to detect surface markers and intracellular production of cytokines in T cells from the airways of children with and without asthma. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained by wedging a suction catheter into the distal airway immediately before elective surgery. Cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristrate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin and intracytoplasmic cytokine retention was achieved using monensin. The cells were stained with the relevant antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS No statistical difference was observed between children with atopic asthma, atopic non-asthmatic subjects, and normal controls in the percentage of CD3+ cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-4. Interferon (IFN)gamma+ T cells were, however, present in a much higher percentage than either IL-2 or IL-4 positive cells. The percentage of IFNgamma+ T cells was significantly increased in subjects with atopic asthma (median 71.3%, interquartile range (IQR) 65.1-82.2, n=13) compared with both atopic non-asthmatic subjects (51.9%, IQR 37.2-70.3, n=12), p<0.05 and normal controls (58.1%, IQR 36.1-66.1, n=23), p<0.01. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IFNgamma producing T cells are more abundant in the airways of children with atopic asthma than in atopic non-asthmatic subjects and controls. The proinflammatory activities of IFNgamma may play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and may suggest that asthma is not simply a Th2 driven response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brown
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Sharp MJ, Rowe J, Kusel M, Sly PD, Holt PG. Specific patterns of responsiveness to microbial antigens staphylococcal enterotoxin B and purified protein derivative by cord blood mononuclear cells are predictive of risk for development of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:435-41. [PMID: 12680857 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononuclear cells from children with active atopic dermatitis (AD) have been reported to be hyper-responsive to certain microbial stimuli, in particular staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). However, it is not known whether this responsiveness is acquired during disease development, or is inherent. We investigated this question in a cohort of children at high risk of atopy followed prospectively from birth to age 3 years. We asked whether their cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMC) cytokine responses to SEB, to an unrelated microbial stimulus purified protein derivative (PPD), or to common allergens, were predictive of risk for subsequent AD development during infancy. METHODS Children at high risk of developing atopy were randomly selected from an ongoing prospective cohort. Cord blood was collected at birth. The children were seen at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years and examined for the development of AD. IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 production by CBMC cultured in the presence of SEB, PPD, PHA, house dust mite (HDM) allergen, ovalbumin (OVA) and cat allergen was determined. RESULTS SEB-induced IL-5 production by CBMC was elevated in children who developed AD at 6 months (P = 0.01) and 2 years (P = 0.009). PPD-induced IL-5 responses were also elevated in CBMC from children who developed AD at 6 months, 2 years and 3 years (P = 0.05, P = 0.06 and P = 0.06, respectively), as were PPD-induced IL-10 responses (P = 0.05 at 1 years, P = 0.007 at 2 years, P = 0.003 at 3 years) and corresponding IFN-gamma responses (P = 0.05 at 6 months, P = 0.003 at 2 years, P = 0.0004 at 3 years). Increased IL-10 responses to HDM allergen were also observed throughout the observation period in CBMC from children who developed AD. CONCLUSION Children who develop infantile AD appear to have a predisposition to respond to SEB in a Th2-dominant manner involving selective stimulation of IL-5 production. The increased IL-10 and IFN-gamma induced in response to PPD by children with AD may point to additional intrinsic differences in responses to microbial stimuli between those at high vs. those at low risk for AD, which merit more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sharp
- TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Certified death rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) are positively correlated country-by-country with milk consumption, particularly with that of the non-fat portion of milk. CHD death is also associated with circulating antibodies against milk fat-globule membrane (MFGM), raising the possibility that milk intake might be a specific risk factor for CHD. We studied the epidemiology and immunology of milk to see if the association is causal. METHODS We plotted the intake of various foods country-by-country against CHD death rates to see if they were correlated in space and/or in time. We prepared fluorescein-tagged human antibodies against bovine MFGM to see if they showed any auto-reactivity against human tissue. RESULTS Milk showed a positive correlation with CHD death rates in both space and time (r>0.9 in some cases). Beef was not correlated and cheese was negatively correlated, though not strongly. Wine was strongly negatively correlated. Human anti-bovine MFGM antibodies bind to human large granular lymphocytes and also to human platelets, causing aggregation. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that non-fat aspects of milk, particularly the Ca/Mg ratio, lactose and MFGM antigens, have specific coronary atherogenic effects, both biochemical and immunological, and the simultaneous attack from these three directions may explain why this foodstuff has such a strong effect. Wine appears to be an antidote for the harmful effects of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Moss
- Nutrition and Allergy Clinic, 11 Mauldeth Close, Heaton Mersey, Cheshire SK4 3NP, Stockport, UK.
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Abstract
The immunological mechanisms by which respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contributes to the development of asthma are poorly understood. gammadelta T cells are important in mucosal defence, and may contribute to the establishment of primary immune responses by producing cytokines early during respiratory infections. Thus, we used flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining to investigate the expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 by mitogen-stimulated gammadelta T cells from the peripheral blood of 15 hospitalized infants with RSV bronchiolitis, seven rotavirus-infected infants and eight normal controls. gammadelta T cells from RSV-infected infants had a lower proportion of IFN-gamma-producing cells (median, 4.00%; range, 0.58-6.60%) and a slightly but significantly higher proportion of IL-4-producing cells (median, 0.40%; range, 0.13-2.76%) than rotavirus-infected infants (median, 32.10%; range, 14.43-61.21%; P < 0.01, median, 0.00%; range, 0.00-0.00%; P < 0.05) in the acute phase. By contrast, differences in cytokine production by total CD3+ T cells did not differ significantly between patient groups. Thus, reduced IFN-gamma-production by gammadelta T cells in the peripheral blood of RSV-infected infants is accompanied by increased Th2 cytokine production during the acute phase of disease. At follow-up, eight children had recurrent episodes of wheezing. The frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells were significantly lower in patients who developed recurrent wheezing (median, 0.65%; range, 0.02-1.75%) than in patients without recurrent wheezing (median, 6.90%; range, 5.25-10.98%; P < 0.005). Cytokine production by gammadelta T cells may therefore be important in the pathogenesis of acute RSV disease, and play a part in the development of recurrent childhood wheezing after bronchilolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aoyagi
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Research, National Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba, Japan.
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25
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Ueda M, Okazaki F, Kanzaki H, Tada J, Arata J. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in contact hypersensitivity induces a shift in cutaneous cytokine milieu from a Th1- to a Th2-type profile. Allergol Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1323-8930.2003.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Aldinucci C, Bellussi L, Monciatti G, Passàli GC, Salerni L, Passàli D, Bocci V. Effects of dietary yoghurt on immunological and clinical parameters of rhinopathic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:1155-61. [PMID: 12494299 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the immunological and clinical influence of 4 months' feeding with either yoghurt or partially skimmed milk or nothing, on 20 volunteers. SUBJECTS Thirteen subjects had a demonstrated allergic rhinopathy and seven were healthy subjects and participated as controls. RESEARCH DESIGN Either a group of seven or a group of six rhinopathic patients were fed either 450 g yoghurt or 450 g partially skimmed milk, respectively, for 4 months between March and October 1999. All subjects maintained their usual diet throughout the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated before and after the experimental period and cultured for periods of 40 and 64 h. Proliferation index assay and release of IFNgamma and IL-4 without and with PHA stimulation were assessed. Allergic rhinopathy was evaluated before and after the 4 months period by performing the nasal functionality tests (Active Anterior Rhinomanometry, Acoustic Rhinometry), the prick test, the nasal specific provocation test (NPT), the dosage of specific IgE blood levels, the evaluation of the symptomatological score and the nasal mucociliary transport test. RESULTS No significant change of the proliferation index was noted among the three groups. Cultured PBMC of the group fed with yoghurt released more IFNgamma and less IL-4. Cytokine plasma levels were at and remained at basal levels. Prick test, specific serum IgEs and NPT remained immodified. Muco-ciliary transport time (MCTt) and symptomatological score showed a definitive improvement after yoghurt feeding. CONCLUSION Yoghurt feeding appears to improve or prevent allergic recurrences in rhinopatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aldinucci
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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27
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Abstract
As the threat of bioterrorism with pathogenic microbes such as smallpox virus (Variola major) increases, the question of widespread voluntary vaccination with smallpox (vaccinia) vaccines is being carefully considered. A major challenge lies in the ability to protect the population from the disease while minimizing the considerable side effects from the vaccine. Individuals with active or quiescent atopic dermatitis are at increased risk for vaccinia complications. The nature of these complications and other considerations are summarized in this rostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata J M Engler
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Allergy-Immunology Department, Washington, DC, USA
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal cytokine responses following stimulation of T cells with mitogens or superantigens provides information on cytokine production from a wide range of T cells. Alternatively allergen-induced T cell responses can provide information on cytokine production by allergen-reactive T cells. While there is evidence of increased Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine production following T cell stimulation with non-specific mitogens and superantigens, the evidence that Th1 cytokine production to allergens is decreased in line with a postulated imbalance in Th1/Th2 responses is unclear, with studies finding decreased, no difference or increased IFN-gamma responses to allergens in atopic subjects. OBJECTIVE To examine childhood polyclonal and allergen-induced cytokine responses in parallel to evaluate cytokine imbalances in childhood atopic disease. METHODS PBMC cytokine responses were examined in response to a polyclonal stimulus, staphylococcal superantigen (SEB), in parallel with two inhalant allergens, house dust mite (HDM) and rye grass pollen (RYE), and an ingested allergen, ovalbumin (OVA), in (a) 35 healthy children (non-atopic) and (b) 36 children with atopic disease (asthma, eczema and/or rhinitis) (atopic). RESULTS Atopic children had significantly reduced IFN-gamma and increased IL-4 and IL-5 but not IL13 production to SEB superantigen stimulation when compared with non-atopic children. HDM and RYE allergens stimulated significantly increased IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13, while OVA stimulated significantly increased IFN-gamma production in atopic children. CONCLUSION We show that a polyclonal stimulus induces a reduced Th1 (IFN-gamma) and increased Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokine pattern. In contrast, the allergen-induced cytokine responses in atopic children were associated with both increased Th1 (INF-gamma) and Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13) cytokine production. The increased Th1 response to allergen is likely to reflect prior sensitization and indicates that increases in both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production to allergens exists concomitantly with a decreased Th1 response to a polyclonal stimulus in atopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Smart
- Department of Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Jaimes MC, Rojas OL, González AM, Cajiao I, Charpilienne A, Pothier P, Kohli E, Greenberg HB, Franco MA, Angel J. Frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes secreting gamma interferon after acute natural rotavirus infection in children and adults. J Virol 2002; 76:4741-9. [PMID: 11967291 PMCID: PMC136136 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.10.4741-4749.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied using a flow cytometric assay that detects the intracellular accumulation of cytokines after short-term in vitro antigen stimulation. The frequencies of virus-specific T cells that secrete gamma interferon and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were determined in adults and children during the acute or convalescent phase of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, in asymptomatically infected adults and laboratory workers who worked with human stool samples containing rotavirus, and in healthy adults. Significantly higher frequencies of rotavirus-specific interferon gamma-secreting CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, but not IL-13-secreting T cells, were detected in symptomatically infected adults and exposed laboratory workers than in healthy adults and children with acute rotavirus diarrhea. The levels of rotavirus-specific T cells returned to levels found in healthy adults by 32 days after the onset of rotavirus diarrhea in most adult subjects. Children with rotavirus diarrhea had undetectable or very low levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that secrete gamma interferon. Adult cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals had frequencies of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells that secrete gamma interferon that were approximately 20 times the level of rotavirus-specific T cells. This result suggests that rotavirus is a relatively poor inducer of circulating memory T cells that secrete gamma interferon. The frequencies of gamma interferon-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the frequencies of IL-13-secreting CD4(+) T cells responding to the T-cell superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were lower in children than in adults. In both adults and children, the frequencies of CD4(+) cells secreting gamma interferon in response to SEB were higher than the frequencies of cells secreting IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Jaimes
- Instituto de Genetica Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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30
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El-Mezzein RE, Matsumoto T, Nomiyama H, Miike T. Increased secretion of IL-18 in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:193-8. [PMID: 11703360 PMCID: PMC1906188 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to determine whether or not IL-18, formerly called IFN-gamma-inducing factor, is involved in the pathogeneses of allergic disorders. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from patients with allergic bronchial asthma (BA), patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and controls who did not have any allergic disease, and then cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The concentrations of IL-18, IFN-gamma and IL-13 in supernatant fluids were determined by enzymatic immunoassaying, and the expression of IFN-gamma messenger (m) RNA in the cells was measured by colorimetric microplate assaying. IL-18 secretion in the BA patients (geometric mean (gm) = 189 pg/ml) and AD patients (gm = 172 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that in non-allergic controls (gm = 118 pg/ml). In contrast, IFN-gamma secretion in the BA patients (gm = 7.3 IU/ml) and AD patients (gm = 6.8 IU/ml) was significantly lower than that in non-allergic controls (gm = 20.7 IU/ml). The amounts of IL-13 in supernatant fluids and IFN-gamma mRNA in cells were not statistically different among the BA patients, AD patients and non-allergic controls. The possible involvement of IL-18 in allergic disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E El-Mezzein
- Department of Child Development, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Compared to adults, infants and young children demonstrate differences in their immune response, indicating that there is maturation or change over time and it is probable that this may be reflected in cytokine production. Cytokine responses have been demonstrated to be different in atopic and non-atopic individuals. In this study, we examined T-helper 1 (Th1) (interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) and T-helper 2 (Th2) (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) cytokine release from atopic and non-atopic children in response to the staphylococcal superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In non-atopic and atopic children, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-5 release was significantly related to age. Non-atopic children younger than 2 years of age were found to have significantly reduced Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) responses when compared with older, non-atopic children. Atopic children had a reduced IFN-gamma response when compared with non-atopics in early childhood; however, the decreased IFN-gamma response seen in early childhood did not persist after 10 years. These age-related changes in cytokine production provide further support for the concept that cytokine deviations may determine the natural history of atopic disease during early childhood. In addition, the present study indicates the necessity of age-matched controls when examining children for both Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Smart
- Department of Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Holloway JA, Gudin AM. Microenvironmental influences in atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1197-200. [PMID: 10971463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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