1
|
Heindl MR, Rupp AL, Schwerdtner M, Bestle D, Harbig A, De Rocher A, Schmacke LC, Staker B, Steinmetzer T, Stein DA, Moulton HM, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. ACE2 acts as a novel regulator of TMPRSS2-catalyzed proteolytic activation of influenza A virus in airway cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0010224. [PMID: 38470058 PMCID: PMC11019950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) activates the outer structural proteins of a number of respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), parainfluenza viruses, and various coronaviruses for membrane fusion. Previous studies showed that TMPRSS2 interacts with the carboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a cell surface protein that serves as an entry receptor for some coronaviruses. Here, by using protease activity assays, we determine that ACE2 increases the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2 in a non-catalytic manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ACE2 knockdown inhibits TMPRSS2-mediated cleavage of IAV hemagglutinin (HA) in Calu-3 human airway cells and suppresses virus titers 100- to 1.000-fold. Transient expression of ACE2 in ACE2-deficient cells increased TMPRSS2-mediated HA cleavage and IAV replication. ACE2 knockdown also reduced titers of MERS-CoV and prevented S cleavage by TMPRSS2 in Calu-3 cells. By contrast, proteolytic activation and multicycle replication of IAV with multibasic HA cleavage site typically cleaved by furin were not affected by ACE2 knockdown. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that ACE2-TMPRSS2 interaction requires the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2 and the carboxypeptidase domain of ACE2. Together, our data identify ACE2 as a new co-factor or stabilizer of TMPRSS2 activity and as a novel host cell factor involved in proteolytic activation and spread of IAV in human airway cells. Furthermore, our data indicate that ACE2 is involved in the TMPRSS2-catalyzed activation of additional respiratory viruses including MERS-CoV.IMPORTANCEProteolytic cleavage of viral envelope proteins by host cell proteases is essential for the infectivity of many viruses and relevant proteases provide promising drug targets. The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) has been identified as a major activating protease of several respiratory viruses, including influenza A virus. TMPRSS2 was previously shown to interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we report the mechanistic details of this interaction. We demonstrate that ACE2 increases or stabilizes the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2. Furthermore, we describe ACE2 involvement in TMPRSS2-catalyzed cleavage of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and MERS-CoV spike protein in human airway cells. These findings expand our knowledge of the activation of respiratory viruses by TMPRSS2 and the host cell factors involved. In addition, our results could help to elucidate a physiological role for TMPRSS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Lena Rupp
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Bestle
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Harbig
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amy De Rocher
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luna C. Schmacke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bart Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - David A. Stein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Hong M. Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Hu H, Li M, Liao C. ACE2: the node connecting the lung cancer and COVID-19. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1466-1481. [PMID: 38726281 PMCID: PMC11076241 DOI: 10.62347/xjve4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) collaborates with Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 and Mas receptors to establish the ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis. ACE2 impacts lung function and can cause lung injury due to its inflammatory effects. Additionally, ACE2 contributes to pulmonary vasculature dysfunction, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. In addition, ACE2 is a receptor for coronavirus entry into host cells, leading to coronavirus infection. Lung cancer, one of the most common respiratory diseases worldwide, has a high rate of infection. Elevated levels of ACE2 in lung cancer patients, which increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease, have been demonstrated in clinical studies and by molecular mechanisms. The association between lung cancer and SARS-CoV-2 is closely linked to ACE2. This review examines the basic pathophysiological role of ACE2 in the lung, the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on lung function, the development of pulmonary fibrosis, chronic inflammation in long-term COVID patients, and the clinical research and mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of lung cancer patients to the virus. Possible mechanisms of lung cancer in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and the potential role of ACE2 in this process are also explored in this review. The role of ACE2 as a therapeutic target in the novel coronavirus infection process is also summarized. This will help to inform prevention and treatment of long-term pulmonary complications in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liao
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei North UniversityZhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Houfeng Li
- Graduate School, Hebei North UniversityZhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Huixiu Hu
- Graduate School, Hebei North UniversityZhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Mi Li
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunhua Liao
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Passaglia P, Kanashiro A, Batista Silva H, Carlos Carvalho Navegantes L, Lacchini R, Capellari Cárnio E, Branco LGS. Diminazene aceturate attenuates systemic inflammation via microbiota gut-5-HT brain-spleen sympathetic axis in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:105-119. [PMID: 38548186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic arm of the inflammatory reflex is the efferent pathway through which the central nervous system (CNS) can control peripheral immune responses. Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) is an antiparasitic drug that has been reported to exert protective effects on various experimental models of inflammation. However, the pathways by which DIZE promotes a protective immunomodulatory effects still need to be well established, and no studies demonstrate the capacity of DIZE to modulate a neural reflex to control inflammation. C57BL/6 male mice received intraperitoneal administration of DIZE (2 mg/Kg) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/Kg, i.p.). Endotoxemic animals showed hyperresponsiveness to inflammatory signals, while those treated with DIZE promoted the activation of the inflammatory reflex to attenuate the inflammatory response during endotoxemia. The unilateral cervical vagotomy did not affect the anti-inflammatory effect of DIZE in the spleen and serum. At the same time, splenic denervation attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis in the spleen and serum. Using broad-spectrum antibiotics for two weeks showed that LPS modulated the microbiota to induce a pro-inflammatory profile in the intestine and reduced the serum concentration of tryptophan and serotonin (5-HT), while DIZE restored serum tryptophan and increased the hypothalamic 5-HT levels. Furthermore, the treatment with 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine (pcpa, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis) abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of the DIZE in the spleen. Our results indicate that DIZE promotes microbiota modulation to increase central 5-HT levels and activates the efferent sympathetic arm of the inflammatory reflex to control splenic TNF production in endotoxemic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Passaglia
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology Ribeirão Preto, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hadder Batista Silva
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin Capellari Cárnio
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. Siqueira Branco
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology Ribeirão Preto, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vanslambrouck JM, Neil JA, Rudraraju R, Mah S, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Forbes TA, Karavendzas K, Elliott DA, Porrello ER, Subbarao K, Little MH. Kidney organoids reveal redundancy in viral entry pathways during ACE2-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0180223. [PMID: 38334329 PMCID: PMC10949421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With a high incidence of acute kidney injury among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, considerable attention has been focussed on whether SARS-CoV-2 specifically targets kidney cells to directly impact renal function, or whether renal damage is primarily an indirect outcome. To date, several studies have utilized kidney organoids to understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, revealing the ability for SARS-CoV-2 to predominantly infect cells of the proximal tubule (PT), with reduced infectivity following administration of soluble ACE2. However, the immaturity of standard human kidney organoids represents a significant hurdle, leaving the preferred SARS-CoV-2 processing pathway, existence of alternate viral receptors, and the effect of common hypertensive medications on the expression of ACE2 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 exposure incompletely understood. Utilizing a novel kidney organoid model with enhanced PT maturity, genetic- and drug-mediated inhibition of viral entry and processing factors confirmed the requirement for ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 entry but showed that the virus can utilize dual viral spike protein processing pathways downstream of ACE2 receptor binding. These include TMPRSS- and CTSL/CTSB-mediated non-endosomal and endocytic pathways, with TMPRSS10 likely playing a more significant role in the non-endosomal pathway in renal cells than TMPRSS2. Finally, treatment with the antihypertensive ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, showed negligible impact on receptor expression or susceptibility of renal cells to infection. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of viral entry in stem cell-derived human kidney organoids with enhanced PTs, providing deeper insight into the renal implications of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. IMPORTANCE Utilizing a human iPSC-derived kidney organoid model with improved proximal tubule (PT) maturity, we identified the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 entry in renal cells, confirming ACE2 as the sole receptor and revealing redundancy in downstream cell surface TMPRSS- and endocytic Cathepsin-mediated pathways. In addition, these data address the implications of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the setting of the commonly prescribed ACE-inhibitor, lisinopril, confirming its negligible impact on infection of kidney cells. Taken together, these results provide valuable insight into the mechanism of viral infection in the human kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Forbes
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katerina Karavendzas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo R. Porrello
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu S, Li C, Li Y, Liu J, Rong C, Pei H, Li X, Zeng X, Mao W. SLC2A9 rs16890979 reduces uric acid absorption by kidney organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1268226. [PMID: 38269090 PMCID: PMC10806012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The excretion and absorption of uric acid (UA) by the kidneys helps regulate serum UA levels. GLUT9, encoded by SLC2A9, is mainly expressed in the renal tubules responsible for UA absorption. SLC2A9 polymorphisms are associated with different serum UA levels. However, the lack of proper in vitro models has stalled research on the mechanisms of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect UA metabolism in human urate transporters. Methods: In this study, we constructed a gene-edited human embryonic stem cells-9 (ESC-H9) derived kidney organoid bearing rs16890979, an SLC2A9 missense mutation with undetermined associations with hyperuricemia or hypouricemia. Kidney organoids derived from ESC-H9 with genetical overexpression (OE) and low expression (shRNA) of SLC2A9 to serve as controls to study the function of SLC2A9. The function of rs16890979 on UA metabolism was evaluated after placing the organoids to urate-containing medium and following histopathological analysis. Results: The kidney organoids with heterozygous or homozygous rs16890979 mutations showed normal SLC2A9 expression levels and histological distribution, phenotypically similar to the wild-type controls. However, reduced absorption of UA by the kidney organoids with rs16890979 mutants was observed. This finding together with the observation that UA absorption is increased in organoids with SLC2A9 overexpression and decreased in those with SLC2A9 knockdown, suggest that GLUT9 is responsible for UA absorption, and the rs16890979 SNP may compromise this functionality. Moreover, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was detected in organoids after UA treatment, especially in the kidney organoid carrying GLUT9OE, suggesting the cytobiological mechanism explaining the pathological features in hyperuricosuria-related renal injury. Discussion: This study showing the transitional value of kidney organoid modeling the function of SNPs on UA metabolism. With a defined genetic background and a confirmed UA absorption function should be useful for studies on renal histological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms with this organoid model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Rong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lab of Stem Cell Biology and Innovative Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Institute for Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kukułowicz J, Pietrzak-Lichwa K, Klimończyk K, Idlin N, Bajda M. The SLC6A15-SLC6A20 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Subfamily: Functions, Diseases, and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:142-193. [PMID: 37940347 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter subfamily that consists of six members, consecutively SLC6A15-SLC620, also called orphan transporters, represents membrane, sodium-dependent symporter proteins that belong to the family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6). Primarily, they mediate the transport of neutral amino acids from the extracellular milieu toward cell or storage vesicles utilizing an electric membrane potential as the driving force. Orphan transporters are widely distributed throughout the body, covering many systems; for instance, the central nervous, renal, or intestinal system, supplying cells into molecules used in biochemical, signaling, and building pathways afterward. They are responsible for intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of amino acids. In the central nervous system, orphan transporters constitute a significant medium for the provision of neurotransmitter precursors. Diseases related with aforementioned transporters highlight their significance; SLC6A19 mutations are associated with metabolic Hartnup disorder, whereas altered expression of SLC6A15 has been associated with a depression/stress-related disorders. Mutations of SLC6A18-SLCA20 cause iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria. SLC6A18-SLC6A20 to reach the cellular membrane require an ancillary unit ACE2 that is a molecular target for the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SLC6A19 has been proposed as a molecular target for the treatment of metabolic disorders resembling gastric surgery bypass. Inhibition of SLC6A15 appears to have a promising outcome in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. SLC6A19 and SLC6A20 have been suggested as potential targets in the treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we gathered recent advances on orphan transporters, their structure, functions, related disorders, and diseases, and in particular their relevance as therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The following review systematizes current knowledge about the SLC6A15-SLCA20 neutral amino acid transporter subfamily and their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kukułowicz
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pietrzak-Lichwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klimończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nathalie Idlin
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Shen M, Li Y, Shao J, Zhang F, Guo M, Zhang Z, Zheng S. COVID-19-associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1076-1092. [PMID: 37947373 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is mainly characterized by respiratory disorders and progresses to multiple organ involvement in severe cases. With expansion of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 research, correlative liver injury has been revealed. It is speculated that COVID-19 patients exhibited abnormal liver function, as previously observed in the SARS and MERS pandemics. Furthermore, patients with underlying diseases such as chronic liver disease are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and indicate a poor prognosis accompanied by respiratory symptoms, systemic inflammation, or metabolic diseases. Therefore, COVID-19 has the potential to impair liver function, while individuals with preexisting liver disease suffer from much worse infected conditions. COVID-19 related liver injury may be owing to direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, gut-liver axis interaction, and inappropriate medication use. However, discussions on these issues are infancy. Expanding research have revealed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression mediated the combination of virus and target cells, iron metabolism participated in the virus life cycle and the fate of target cells, and amino acid metabolism regulated immune response in the host cells, which are all closely related to liver health. Further exploration holds great significance in elucidating the pathogenesis, facilitating drug development, and advancing clinical treatment of COVID-19-related liver injury. This article provides a review of the clinical and laboratory hepatic characteristics in COVID-19 patients, describes the etiology and impact of liver injury, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vernia F, Ashktorab H, Cesaro N, Monaco S, Faenza S, Sgamma E, Viscido A, Latella G. COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Tract: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Manifestations. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1709. [PMID: 37893427 PMCID: PMC10608106 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Since its first report in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 has become a pandemic, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although the virus primarily affects the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal symptoms are also common. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a systematic electronic search of English literature up to January 2023 using Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on papers that analyzed the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract. Results: Our review highlights that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, loss of taste, and increased liver enzymes. These symptoms result from mucosal barrier damage, inflammation, and changes in the microbiota composition. The exact mechanism of how the virus overcomes the acid gastric environment and leads to the intestinal damage is still being studied. Conclusions: Although vaccination has increased the prevalence of less severe symptoms, the long-term interaction with SARS-CoV-2 remains a concern. Understanding the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the gastrointestinal tract is essential for future management of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Vernia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Nicola Cesaro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabrina Monaco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Susanna Faenza
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sgamma
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Viscido
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu S, Zhang Q, Cong G, Xiao Y, Shen Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Shi S. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protect chicks from damage caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization. Anim Nutr 2023; 14:450-460. [PMID: 37649679 PMCID: PMC10463197 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a foodborne pathogen of global importance, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a threat to public health that is mainly spread by poultry products. Intestinal Enterobacteriaceae can inhibit the colonization of S. Enteritidis and are regarded as a potential antibiotic substitute. We investigated, in chicks, the anti-S. Enteritidis effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nissle 1917, the most well-known probiotic member of Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty 1-d-old healthy female AA broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 20 in each group, namely the negative control (group P), the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated group (group N), the S. Enteritidis-infected group (group S) and the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated and S. Enteritidis-infected group (group NS). From d 5 to 7, chicks in groups N and NS were orally gavaged once a day with E. coli Nissle 1917 and in groups P and S were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. At d 8, the chicks in groups S and NS were orally gavaged with S. Enteritidis and in groups P and N were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. Sampling was conducted 24 h after challenge. Results showed that gavage of E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced the spleen index, Salmonella loads, and inflammation (P < 0.05). It improved intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function (P < 0.05). S. Enteritidis infection significantly reduced mRNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and solute carrier family 6-member 19 (SLC6A19) in the cecum and the content of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with E. coli Nissle 1917 yielded mRNA expression of ACE2 and SLC6A19 in the cecum and levels of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum similar to that of uninfected chicks (P < 0.05). Additionally, E. coli Nissle 1917 altered cecum microbiota composition and enriched the abundance of E. coli, Lactobacillales, and Lachnospiraceae. These findings reveal that the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced S. Enteritidis infection and shows enormous potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanglei Cong
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Montezano AC, Camargo LL, Mary S, Neves KB, Rios FJ, Stein R, Lopes RA, Beattie W, Thomson J, Herder V, Szemiel AM, McFarlane S, Palmarini M, Touyz RM. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 independently of viral replication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14086. [PMID: 37640791 PMCID: PMC10462711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with inflammation and endotheliitis. Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear, but angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor which binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be important. Here we investigated whether spike protein binding to ACE2 induces inflammation in endothelial cells and determined the role of ACE2 in this process. Human endothelial cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S1 subunit (rS1p) and pro-inflammatory signaling and inflammatory mediators assessed. ACE2 was modulated pharmacologically and by siRNA. Endothelial cells were also exposed to SARS-CoV-2. rSP1 increased production of IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and PAI-1, and induced NFkB activation via ACE2 in endothelial cells. rS1p increased microparticle formation, a functional marker of endothelial injury. ACE2 interacting proteins involved in inflammation and RNA biology were identified in rS1p-treated cells. Neither ACE2 expression nor ACE2 enzymatic function were affected by rSP1. Endothelial cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus did not exhibit viral replication. We demonstrate that rSP1 induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 through processes that are independent of ACE2 enzymatic activity and viral replication. We define a novel role for ACE2 in COVID-19- associated endotheliitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada.
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Sheon Mary
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karla B Neves
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Ross Stein
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rheure A Lopes
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy Beattie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacqueline Thomson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada.
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Amino acids derived from protein digestion are important nutrients for the growth and maintenance of organisms. Approximately half of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids can be synthesized by mammalian organisms, while the other half are essential and must be acquired from the nutrition. Absorption of amino acids is mediated by a set of amino acid transporters together with transport of di- and tripeptides. They provide amino acids for systemic needs and for enterocyte metabolism. Absorption is largely complete at the end of the small intestine. The large intestine mediates the uptake of amino acids derived from bacterial metabolism and endogenous sources. Lack of amino acid transporters and peptide transporter delays the absorption of amino acids and changes sensing and usage of amino acids by the intestine. This can affect metabolic health through amino acid restriction, sensing of amino acids, and production of antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chittimalli K, Jahan J, Sakamuri A, McAdams ZL, Ericsson AC, Jarajapu YP. Restoration of the gut barrier integrity and restructuring of the gut microbiome in aging by angiotensin-(1-7). Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:913-930. [PMID: 37254732 PMCID: PMC10881191 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Compromised barrier function of colon epithelium with aging is largely due to gut microbial dysbiosis. Recent studies implicate an important role for angiotensin converting enzymes, ACE and ACE2, angiotensins, and the receptors, AT1 receptor (AT1R) and Mas receptor (MasR), in the regulation of colon functions. The present study tested the hypothesis that leaky gut in aging is associated with an imbalance in ACE2/ACE and that the treatment with angiotenisn-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) will restore gut barrier integrity and microbiome. Studies were carried out in Young (3-4 months) and old (20-24 months) male mice. Ang-(1-7) was administered by using osmotic pumps. Outcome measures included expressions of ACE, ACE2, AT1R, and MasR, intestinal permeability by using FITC-dextran, and immunohistochemistry of claudin 1 and occludin, and intestinal stem cells (ISCs). ACE2 protein and activity were decreased in Old group while that of ACE were unchanged. Increased intestinal permeability and plasma levels of zonulin-1 in the Old group were normalized by Ang-(1-7). Epithelial disintegrity, reduced number of goblet cells and ISCs in the old group were restored by Ang-(1-7). Expression of claudin 1 and occludin in the aging colon was increased by Ang-(1-7). Infiltration of CD11b+ or F4/80+ inflammatory cells in the old colons were decreased by Ang-(1-7). Gut microbial dysbiosis in aging was evident by decreased richness and altered beta diversity that were reversed by Ang-(1-7) with increased abundance of Lactobacillus or Lachnospiraceae. The present study shows that Ang-(1-7) restores gut barrier integrity and reduces inflammation in the aging colon by restoring the layer of ISCs and by restructuring the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Chittimalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Jesmin Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Anil Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Zachary L. McAdams
- Missouri Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Missouri Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Yagna P.R. Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Durairajan SSK, Singh AK, Saravanan UB, Namachivayam M, Radhakrishnan M, Huang JD, Dhodapkar R, Zhang H. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: Transmission, Pathogenesis, Immunomodulation, Microflora Dysbiosis, and Clinical Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:1231. [PMID: 37376531 DOI: 10.3390/v15061231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the respiratory system of humans is widely recognized. There is increasing evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 possesses the capability to invade the gastrointestinal (GI) system, leading to the manifestation of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and GI lesions. These symptoms subsequently contribute to the development of gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these GI symptoms to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unelucidated. During infection, SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and other host proteases in the GI tract during the infection, possibly causing GI symptoms by damaging the intestinal barrier and stimulating inflammatory factor production, respectively. The symptoms of COVID-19-induced GI infection and IBD include intestinal inflammation, mucosal hyperpermeability, bacterial overgrowth, dysbiosis, and changes in blood and fecal metabolomics. Deciphering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and understanding its exacerbation may provide insights into disease prognosis and pave the way for the discovery of potential novel targets for disease prevention or treatment. Besides the usual transmission routes, SARS-CoV-2 can also be transmitted via the feces of an infected person. Hence, it is crucial to implement preventive and control measures in order to mitigate the fecal-to-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Within this context, the identification and diagnosis of GI tract symptoms during these infections assume significance as they facilitate early detection of the disease and the development of targeted therapeutics. The present review discusses the receptors, pathogenesis, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the induction of gut immune responses, the influence of gut microbes, and potential therapeutic targets against COVID-19-induced GI infection and IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Udhaya Bharathy Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Mayurikaa Namachivayam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Moorthi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Government of India, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baldari CT, Onnis A, Andreano E, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Emerging roles of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 in immune evasion and pathogenesis. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:424-434. [PMID: 37137805 PMCID: PMC10076505 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused an estimated 5 billion infections and 20 million deaths by respiratory failure. In addition to the respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with many extrapulmonary complications not easily explainable by the respiratory infection. A recent study showed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which mediates cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, signals through ACE2 to change host cell behavior. In CD8+ T cells, spike-dependent ACE2-mediated signaling suppresses immunological synapse (IS) formation and impairs their killing ability, leading to immune escape of virus-infected cells. In this opinion article, we discuss the consequences of ACE2 signaling on the immune response and propose that it contributes to the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Rino Rappuoli
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oudit GY, Wang K, Viveiros A, Kellner MJ, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-at the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cell 2023; 186:906-922. [PMID: 36787743 PMCID: PMC9892333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ACE2 is the indispensable entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one of the most therapeutically targeted human molecules in biomedicine. ACE2 serves two fundamental physiological roles: as an enzyme, it alters peptide cascade balance; as a chaperone, it controls intestinal amino acid uptake. ACE2's tissue distribution, affected by co-morbidities and sex, explains the broad tropism of coronaviruses and the clinical manifestations of SARS and COVID-19. ACE2-based therapeutics provide a universal strategy to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, applicable to all SARS-CoV-2 variants and other emerging zoonotic coronaviruses exploiting ACE2 as their cellular receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Max J Kellner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kravetz Z, Rainald SK. New aspects for the brain in Hartnup disease based on mining of high-resolution cellular mRNA expression data for SLC6A19. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:393-397. [PMID: 37101820 PMCID: PMC10123343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive, metabolic disorder caused by mutations of the neutral amino acid transporter, SLC6A19/B0AT1. Reduced absorption in the intestine and kidney results in deficiencies in neutral amino acids and their down-stream metabolites, including niacin, associated with skin lesions and neurological symptoms. The effects on the nervous system such as ataxia have been related to systemic deficiencies of tryptophan (and other neutral amino acids) as no expression of the B0AT1 transporter was found in the brain. In the intestine, SLC6A19 cooperates with ACE2 which has received major attention as the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2. When transcriptomics data for ACE2 and its partner proteins were examined, a previously unrecognized expression of Slc6a19 mRNA in the ependymal cells of the mouse brain was encountered that is set into the context of neurological manifestations of Hartnup disease with this communication. A novel role for SLC6A19/B0AT1 in amino acid transport from CSF into ependymal cells is proposed and a role of niacin in ependymal cells highlighted.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ralli T, Saifi Z, Rathee A, Aeri V, Kohli K. Decoding the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13801. [PMID: 36811017 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
From late 2019, whole world has been facing COVID-19 pandemic which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus primarily attacks the respiratory tract and enter host cell by binding with angiotensin 2 converting enzyme receptors present on alveoli of the lungs. Despite its binding in the lungs, many patients have reported gastrointestinal symptoms and indeed, RNA of the virus have been found in faecal sample of patients. This observation gave a clue of the involvement of gut-lung axis in this disease development and progression. From several studies reported in past two years, intestinal microbiome has shown to have bidirectional link with lungs i.e., gut dysbiosis increases the tendency of infection with COVID-19 and coronavirus can also cause perturbations in intestinal microbial composition. Thus, in this review we have tried to figure out the mechanisms by which disturbances in the gut composition can increase the susceptibility to COVID-19. Understanding these mechanisms can play a crucial role in decreasing the disease outcomes by manipulating the gut microbiome using prebiotics, probiotics, or combination of two. Even, faecal microbiota transplantation can also show better results, but intensive clinical trials need to be done first.
Collapse
|
19
|
Takeshita H, Yamamoto K, Mogi M, Nozato S, Rakugi H. Is the anti-aging effect of ACE2 due to its role in the renin-angiotensin system?-Findings from a comparison of the aging phenotypes of ACE2-deficient, Tsukuba hypertensive, and Mas-deficient mice. Hypertens Res 2023;:1-11. [PMID: 36788301 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) functions as an enzyme that produces angiotensin 1-7 (A1-7) from angiotensin II (AII) in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We evaluated aging phenotypes, especially skeletal muscle aging, in ACE2 systemically deficient (ACE2 KO) mice and found that ACE2 has an antiaging function. The characteristic aging phenotype observed in ACE2 KO mice was not reproduced in mice deficient in the A1-7 receptor Mas or in Tsukuba hypertensive mice, a model of chronic AII overproduction, suggesting that ACE2 has a RAS-independent antiaging function. In this review, the results we have obtained and related studies on the aging regulatory mechanism mediated by RAS components will be presented and summarized. We evaluated the aging phenotype of ACE2 systemically deficient (ACE2 KO) mice, particularly skeletal muscle aging, and found that ACE2 has an antiaging function. The characteristic aging phenotype observed in ACE2 KO mice was not reproduced in Mas KO mice, angiotensin 1-7 receptor-deficient mice or in Tsukuba hypertensive mice, a model of chronic angiotensin II overproduction, suggesting that the antiaging functions of ACE2 are independent of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen F, Chen Y, Ke Q, Wang Y, Gong Z, Chen X, Cai Y, Li S, Sun Y, Peng X, Ji Y, Zhang T, Wu W, Cui L, Wang Y. ApoE4 associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes via downregulation of ACE2 and imbalanced RAS pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 36759834 PMCID: PMC9910247 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent numerous epidemiology and clinical association studies reported that ApoE polymorphism might be associated with the risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and yielded inconsistent results. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection relies on its spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on host cell membranes. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the association between ApoE polymorphism and the risk and severity of COVID-19. Multiple protein interaction assays were utilized to investigate the potential molecular link between ApoE and the SARS-CoV-2 primary receptor ACE2, ApoE and spike protein. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining methods were used to access the regulatory effect of different ApoE isoform on ACE2 protein expression. RESULTS ApoE gene polymorphism (ε4 carrier genotypes VS non-ε4 carrier genotypes) is associated with the increased risk (P = 0.0003, OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.76) and progression (P < 0.00001, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.50-2.28) of COVID-19. ApoE interacts with both ACE2 and the spike protein but did not show isoform-dependent binding effects. ApoE4 significantly downregulates ACE2 protein expression in vitro and in vivo and subsequently decreases the conversion of Ang II to Ang 1-7. CONCLUSIONS ApoE4 increases SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in a manner that may not depend on differential interactions with the spike protein or ACE2. Instead, ApoE4 downregulates ACE2 protein expression and subsequently the dysregulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may provide explanation by which ApoE4 exacerbates COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China ,grid.419010.d0000 0004 1792 7072Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yanting Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Institute of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuanhong Sun
- grid.266871.c0000 0000 9765 6057Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Ji
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Snouwaert JN, Jania LA, Nguyen T, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Catanzaro NJ, Gully KL, Baric RS, Heise M, Ferris MT, Anderson E, Pressey K, Dillard JA, Taft-Benz S, Baxter VK, Ting JPY, Koller BH. Human ACE2 expression, a major tropism determinant for SARS-CoV-2, is regulated by upstream and intragenic elements. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011168. [PMID: 36812267 PMCID: PMC9987828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), serves as an entry point for SARS-CoV-2, leading to viral proliferation in permissive cell types. Using mouse lines in which the Ace2 locus has been humanized by syntenic replacement, we show that regulation of basal and interferon induced ACE2 expression, relative expression levels of different ACE2 transcripts, and sexual dimorphism in ACE2 expression are unique to each species, differ between tissues, and are determined by both intragenic and upstream promoter elements. Our results indicate that the higher levels of expression of ACE2 observed in the lungs of mice relative to humans may reflect the fact that the mouse promoter drives expression of ACE2 in populous airway club cells while the human promoter drives expression in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. In contrast to transgenic mice in which human ACE2 is expressed in ciliated cells under the control of the human FOXJ1 promoter, mice expressing ACE2 in club cells under the control of the endogenous Ace2 promoter show a robust immune response after infection with SARS-CoV-2, leading to rapid clearance of the virus. This supports a model in which differential expression of ACE2 determines which cell types in the lung are infected, and this in turn modulates the host response and outcome of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N. Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kendra L. Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katia Pressey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Dillard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beverly H. Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vakili K, Fathi M, Yaghoobpoor S, Sayehmiri F, Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadkhani A, Khodabakhsh P, Réus GZ, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei-Tavirani M. The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983089. [PMID: 36619768 PMCID: PMC9815719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired gut microbiota can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that the long-term neurological symptoms of COVID-19 may be related to intestinal microbiota disorders in these patients. Thus, we have gathered available information on how the virus can affect the microbiota of gastrointestinal systems, both in the acute and the recovery phase of the disease, and described several mechanisms through which this gut dysbiosis can lead to long-term neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These mechanisms may be mediated by inflammatory cytokines, as well as certain chemicals such as gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters (e.g., 5-HT), etc. (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), and the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the direct influences of the virus, repurposed medications used for COVID-19 patients can also play a role in gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, although there are many dark spots in our current knowledge of the mechanism of COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based on available evidence, we can hypothesize that these two phenomena are more than just a coincidence and highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gislaine Z. Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Coles MJ, Masood M, Crowley MM, Hudgi A, Okereke C, Klein J. It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over: SARS CoV-2 and Post-infectious Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5407-5415. [PMID: 35357608 PMCID: PMC8968095 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome-caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-has posed a multitude of healthcare challenges of unprecedented proportions. Intestinal enterocytes have the highest expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which functions as the key receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. As such, particular interest has been accorded to SARS-CoV-2 and how it manifests within the gastrointestinal system. The acute and chronic alimentary clinical implications of infection are yet to be fully elucidated, however, the gastrointestinal consequences from non-SARS-CoV-2 viral GI tract infections, coupled with the generalized nature of late sequelae following COVID-19 disease, would predict that motility disorders are likely to be seen in these patients. Determination of the chronic effects of COVID-19 disease, herein defined as GI disease which is persistent or recurrent more than 3 months following recovery from the acute respiratory illness, will require comprehensive investigations comprising combined endoscopic- and motility-based evaluation. It will be fascinating to ascertain whether the specific post-COVID-19 phenotype is hypotonic or hypertonic in nature and to identify the most vulnerable target portions of the gut. A specific biological hypothesis is that motility disorders may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) depletion. Since SARS-CoV-2 is known to exhibit direct neuronal tropism, the potential also exists for the development of neurogenic motility disorders. This review aims to explore some of the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying motility dysfunction as it relates to ACE2 and thereby aims to provide the foundation for mechanism-based potential therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Coles
- Department of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Muaaz Masood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Madeline M Crowley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amit Hudgi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Chijioke Okereke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Jeremy Klein
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Papagerakis S, Said R, Ketabat F, Mahmood R, Pundir M, Lobanova L, Guenther G, Pannone G, Lavender K, McAlpin BR, Moreau A, Chen X, Papagerakis P. When the clock ticks wrong with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e949. [PMID: 36394205 PMCID: PMC9670202 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the coronavirus family that causes the novel coronavirus disease first diagnosed in 2019 (COVID-19). Although many studies have been carried out in recent months to determine why the disease clinical presentations and outcomes can vary significantly from asymptomatic to severe or lethal, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is likely that unique individual characteristics can strongly influence the broad disease variability; thus, tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are needed to improve clinical outcomes. The circadian clock is a critical regulatory mechanism orchestrating major physiological and pathological processes. It is generally accepted that more than half of the cell-specific genes in any given organ are under circadian control. Although it is known that a specific role of the circadian clock is to coordinate the immune system's steady-state function and response to infectious threats, the links between the circadian clock and SARS-CoV-2 infection are only now emerging. How inter-individual variability of the circadian profile and its dysregulation may play a role in the differences noted in the COVID-19-related disease presentations, and outcome remains largely underinvestigated. This review summarizes the current evidence on the potential links between circadian clock dysregulation and SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility, disease presentation and progression, and clinical outcomes. Further research in this area may contribute towards novel circadian-centred prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 in the era of precision health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical SchoolThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Raed Said
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Farinaz Ketabat
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Razi Mahmood
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Meenakshi Pundir
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Liubov Lobanova
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Greg Guenther
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental MedicineUniversity of FoggiaFoggiaItaly
| | - Kerry Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Blake R. McAlpin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal DiseasesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Onnis A, Andreano E, Cassioli C, Finetti F, Della Bella C, Staufer O, Pantano E, Abbiento V, Marotta G, D’Elios MM, Rappuoli R, Baldari CT. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein suppresses CTL-mediated killing by inhibiting immune synapse assembly. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213689. [PMID: 36378226 PMCID: PMC9671159 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CTL-mediated killing of virally infected or malignant cells is orchestrated at the immune synapse (IS). We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 may target lytic IS assembly to escape elimination. We show that human CD8+ T cells upregulate the expression of ACE2, the Spike receptor, during differentiation to CTLs. CTL preincubation with the Wuhan or Omicron Spike variants inhibits IS assembly and function, as shown by defective synaptic accumulation of TCRs and tyrosine phosphoproteins as well as defective centrosome and lytic granule polarization to the IS, resulting in impaired target cell killing and cytokine production. These defects were reversed by anti-Spike antibodies interfering with ACE2 binding and reproduced by ACE2 engagement by angiotensin II or anti-ACE2 antibodies, but not by the ACE2 product Ang (1-7). IS defects were also observed ex vivo in CTLs from COVID-19 patients. These results highlight a new strategy of immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 based on the Spike-dependent, ACE2-mediated targeting of the lytic IS to prevent elimination of infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Oskar Staufer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisa Pantano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Abbiento
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T. Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Correspondence to Cosima T. Baldari:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Featherstone AB, Brown AC, Chitlapilly Dass S. Murine Hepatitis Virus, a Biosafety Level 2 Model for SARS-CoV-2, Can Remain Viable on Meat and Meat Packaging Materials for at Least 48 Hours. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0186222. [PMID: 36069589 PMCID: PMC9603800 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01862-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020 and 2021, many meat processing plants faced temporary closures due to outbreaks of COVID-19 cases among the workers. There are several factors that could potentially contribute to the increased numbers of COVID-19 cases in meat processing plants: the survival of viable SARS-CoV-2 on meat and meat packaging materials, difficulties in maintaining workplace physical distancing, personal hygiene, and crowded living and transportation conditions. In this study, we used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to determine viral survival on the surface of meat, namely, stew-cut beef and ground beef, and commonly used meat packaging materials, such as plastic wrap, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam. From our studies, we observed the infectivity of MHV inoculated on ground beef and stew-cut beef for 48 h and saw no significant loss in infectivity for MHV from 0 to 6 h postinoculation (hpi) (unpaired t test). However, beginning at 9 hpi, viral infectivity steadily decreased, resulting in a 1.12-log reduction for ground beef and a 0.46-log reduction for stew-cut beef by 48 hpi. We also observed a significant persistence of MHV on meat packaging materials, with Styrofoam supporting the highest viability (3.25 × 103 ± 9.57 × 102 PFU/mL, a 0.91-log reduction after 48 hpi), followed by meat-absorbent material (75 ± 50 PFU/mL, a 1.10-log reduction after 48 hpi), and lastly, plastic wrap (no detectable PFU after 3 hpi, a 3.12-log reduction). Despite a notable reduction in infectivity, the virus was able to survive and remain infectious for up to 48 h at 7°C on four of the five test surfaces. Our results provide evidence that coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, could potentially survive on meat, meat-absorbent materials. and Styrofoam for up to 2 days, and potentially longer. IMPORTANCE The meat industry has been faced with astronomical challenges with the rampant spread of COVID-19 among meat processing plant workers. This has resulted in meat processing and packaging plant closures, creating bottlenecks everywhere in the chain, from farms to consumers, subsequently leading to much smaller production outputs and higher prices for all parties involved. This study tested the viability of meat and meat packaging materials as potential reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to survive and potentially spread among the workers. We used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that ground beef, stew-cut beef, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam can harbor coronavirus particles, which can remain viable for at least 48 h. Furthermore, our study provides evidence that the environmental and physical conditions within meat processing facilities can facilitate the survival of viable virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Claire Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5943. [PMID: 36209212 PMCID: PMC9547573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Clerbaux LA, Fillipovska J, Muñoz A, Petrillo M, Coecke S, Amorim MJ, Grenga L. Mechanisms Leading to Gut Dysbiosis in COVID-19: Current Evidence and Uncertainties Based on Adverse Outcome Pathways. J Clin Med 2022; 11:5400. [PMID: 36143044 PMCID: PMC9505288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration in gut microbiota has been associated with COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we outlined three potential interconnected mechanistic pathways leading to gut dysbiosis as an adverse outcome following SARS-CoV-2 presence in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence from the literature and current uncertainties are reported for each step of the different pathways. One pathway investigates evidence that intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 inducing intestinal inflammation alters the gut microbiota. Another pathway links the binding of viral S protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to the dysregulation of this receptor, essential in intestinal homeostasis-notably for amino acid metabolism-leading to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 could induce gut dysbiosis by infecting intestinal bacteria. Assessing current evidence within the Adverse Outcome Pathway framework justifies confidence in the proposed mechanisms to support disease management and permits the identification of inconsistencies and knowledge gaps to orient further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Maria-Joao Amorim
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oerias, Portugal
- Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jin S, He X, Ma L, Zhuang Z, Wang Y, Lin M, Cai S, Wei L, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Sun L, Li C, Xie W, Zhao Y, Songyang Z, Peng K, Zhao J, Cui J. Suppression of ACE2 SUMOylation protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection through TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5204. [PMID: 36057605 PMCID: PMC9440653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to investigating the virology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), discovering the host–virus dependencies are essential to identify and design effective antiviral therapy strategy. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, ACE2, conjugates with small ubiquitin-like modifier 3 (SUMO3) and provide evidence indicating that prevention of ACE2 SUMOylation can block SARS-CoV-2 infection. E3 SUMO ligase PIAS4 prompts the SUMOylation and stabilization of ACE2, whereas deSUMOylation enzyme SENP3 reverses this process. Conjugation of SUMO3 with ACE2 at lysine (K) 187 hampers the K48-linked ubiquitination of ACE2, thus suppressing its subsequent cargo receptor TOLLIP-dependent autophagic degradation. TOLLIP deficiency results in the stabilization of ACE2 and elevated SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest selective autophagic degradation of ACE2 orchestrated by SUMOylation and ubiquitination as a potential way to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS- CoV-2 hijacks ACE2 for cell entry. Here, the authors report that dynamic SUMOylation modulates the TOLLIP-directed selective autophagic degradation of ACE2 and suggest SUMOylation inhibition as a potential intervention against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Jin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sihui Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang T, Cao Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Man CH, Yang Y, Chen L, Xu S, Yan X, Zheng Q, Wang YP. COVID-19 metabolism: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e157. [PMID: 35958432 PMCID: PMC9363584 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) dysregulates antiviral signaling, immune response, and cell metabolism in human body. Viral genome and proteins hijack host metabolic network to support viral biogenesis and propagation. However, the regulatory mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced metabolic dysfunction has not been elucidated until recently. Multiomic studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) revealed an intensive interaction between host metabolic regulators and viral proteins. SARS‐CoV‐2 deregulated cellular metabolism in blood, intestine, liver, pancreas, fat, and immune cells. Host metabolism supported almost every stage of viral lifecycle. Strikingly, viral proteins were found to interact with metabolic enzymes in different cellular compartments. Biochemical and genetic assays also identified key regulatory nodes and metabolic dependencies of viral replication. Of note, cholesterol metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism are broadly involved in viral lifecycle. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the hallmarks of COVID‐19 metabolism. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remodels host cell metabolism, which in turn modulates viral biogenesis and replication. Remodeling of host metabolism creates metabolic vulnerability of SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, which could be explored to uncover new therapeutic targets. The efficacy of metabolic inhibitors against COVID‐19 is under investigation in several clinical trials. Ultimately, the knowledge of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced metabolic reprogramming would accelerate drug repurposing or screening to combat the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes Shanghai Cancer Institute Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Bai Jia Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology Cancer Institute and The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China.,Department of Oncology Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China.,The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism Ministry of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Cheuk Him Man
- Division of Hematology Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology School of Basic Medical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery Huashan Hospital Shanghai Medical College Fudan University National Center for Neurological Disorders Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery Shanghai China
| | - Shuangnian Xu
- Department of Hematology Southwest Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Hematology The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Center for Single-Cell Omics School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology Cancer Institute and The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China.,Department of Oncology Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China.,The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism Ministry of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pandrea I, Brooks K, Desai RP, Tare M, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C. I’ve looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899559. [PMID: 36032119 PMCID: PMC9411647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains an incredibly diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms that can directly stimulate the immune system. There are significant data to demonstrate that the spatial localization of the microbiome can impact viral disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent studies that have investigated causes and consequences of GI tract pathologies in HIV, SIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections with HIV and SIV initiating GI pathology from the basal side and SARS-CoV-2 from the luminal side. Both these infections result in alterations of the intestinal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and T-cell immune activation. GI tract damage is one of the major contributors to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and to the incomplete immune restoration in HIV-infected subjects, even in those with robust viral control with antiretroviral therapy. While the causes of GI tract pathologies differ between these virus families, therapeutic interventions to reduce microbial translocation-induced inflammation and improve the integrity of the GI tract may improve the prognoses of infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul P. Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minali Tare
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristian Apetrei,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clerbaux LA, Albertini MC, Amigó N, Beronius A, Bezemer GFG, Coecke S, Daskalopoulos EP, del Giudice G, Greco D, Grenga L, Mantovani A, Muñoz A, Omeragic E, Parissis N, Petrillo M, Saarimäki LA, Soares H, Sullivan K, Landesmann B. Factors Modulating COVID-19: A Mechanistic Understanding Based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4464. [PMID: 35956081 PMCID: PMC9369763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the factors and understanding how they mechanistically influence COVID-19. Here, we describe how eleven selected factors (age, sex, genetic factors, lipid disorders, heart failure, gut dysbiosis, diet, vitamin D deficiency, air pollution and exposure to chemicals) influence COVID-19 by applying the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), which is well-established in regulatory toxicology. This framework aims to model the sequence of events leading to an adverse health outcome. Several linear AOPs depicting pathways from the binding of the virus to ACE2 up to clinical outcomes observed in COVID-19 have been developed and integrated into a network offering a unique overview of the mechanisms underlying the disease. As SARS-CoV-2 infectibility and ACE2 activity are the major starting points and inflammatory response is central in the development of COVID-19, we evaluated how those eleven intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate those processes impacting clinical outcomes. Applying this AOP-aligned approach enables the identification of current knowledge gaps orientating for further research and allows to propose biomarkers to identify of high-risk patients. This approach also facilitates expertise synergy from different disciplines to address public health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | | | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab SL., 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 23204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Impact Station, 1223 JR Hilversum, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Evangelos P. Daskalopoulos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France;
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Elma Omeragic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Nikolaos Parissis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Laura A. Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zamani Rarani F, Zamani Rarani M, Hamblin MR, Rashidi B, Hashemian SMR, Mirzaei H. Comprehensive overview of COVID-19-related respiratory failure: focus on cellular interactions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35907817 PMCID: PMC9338538 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air-blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pozdnyakova N, Krisanova N, Pastukhov A, Tarasenko A, Dudarenko M, Chernykh A, Pashenko A, Ryabukhin S, Tolstanova G, Volochnyuk D, Borisova T. Neuromodulation by selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors. Neuroscience 2022; 498:155-173. [PMID: 35817218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, neuromodulatory effects of selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors were investigated. Two different types of small molecule ligands for ACE2 inhibition were selected using chemical genetic approach, they were synthesized using developed chemical method and tested using presynaptic rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). EBC-36032 (1 µM) increased in a dose-dependent manner spontaneous and stimulated ROS generation in nerve terminals that was of non-mitochondrial origin. Another inhibitor EBC-36033 (MLN-4760) was inert regarding modulation of ROS generation. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 (100 µM) did not modulate the exocytotic release of L-[14C]glutamate, whereas both inhibitors decreased the initial rate of uptake, but not accumulation (10 min) of L-[14C]glutamate by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 (100 µM) decreased the exocytotic release as well as the initial rate and accumulation of [3H]GABA by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 did not change the extracellular levels and transporter-mediated release of [3H]GABA and L-[14C]glutamate, and tonic leakage of [3H]GABA from nerve terminals. Therefore, synthesized selective ACE2 inhibitors decreased uptake of glutamate and GABA as well as exocytosis of GABA at the presynaptic level. The initial rate of glutamate uptake was the only parameter that was mitigated by both ACE2 inhibitors despite stereochemistry issues. In terms of ACE2-targeted antiviral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 and other therapies, novel ACE2 inhibitors should be checked on the subject of possible renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-independent neurological side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pozdnyakova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Alla Tarasenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Anton Chernykh
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Pashenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Ryabukhin
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Tolstanova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy Volochnyuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine; Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hu X, Niu Y, Luo P, Xiao F, Yuan F, Yin H, Chen S, Guo F. Amino acid sensor GCN2 promotes SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression in response to amino acid deprivation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:651. [PMID: 35778545 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a primary receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we investigated the expression regulation of ACE2 in enterocytes under amino acid deprivation conditions. In this study, we found that ACE2 expression was upregulated upon all or single essential amino acid deprivation in human colonic epithelial CCD841 cells. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) reduced intestinal ACE2 mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, we revealed two GCN2 inhibitors, GCN2iB and GCN2-IN-1, downregulated ACE2 protein expression in CCD841 cells. Moreover, we found that increased ACE2 expression in response to leucine deprivation was GCN2 dependent. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified two transcription factors, MAFB and MAFF, positively regulated ACE2 expression under leucine deprivation in CCD841 cells. These findings demonstrate that amino acid deficiency increases ACE2 expression and thereby likely aggravates intestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Amino acid deprivation increases ACE2 expression in the gut, potentially aggravating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ghosh A, Kar PK, Gautam A, Gupta R, Singh R, Chakravarti R, Ravichandiran V, Ghosh Dastidar S, Ghosh D, Roy S. An insight into SARS-CoV-2 structure, pathogenesis, target hunting for drug development and vaccine initiatives. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:647-675. [PMID: 35814927 PMCID: PMC9215161 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been confirmed to be a new coronavirus having 79% and 50% similarity with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. For a better understanding of the features of the new virus SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed a possible correlation between some unique features of the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to pathogenesis. We have also reviewed structural druggable viral and host targets for possible clinical application if any, as cases of reinfection and compromised protection have been noticed due to the emergence of new variants with increased infectivity even after vaccination. We have also discussed the types of vaccines that are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have tried to give a brief overview of the fundamental factors of COVID-19 research like basic virology, virus variants and the newly emerging techniques that can be applied to develop advanced treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta Kolkata India
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research institute 3081, Nayabad Kolkata-700094 India
| | - Paritosh K Kar
- Foundation on Tropical Diseases & Health Research Development, A Mission on Charitable Health Care Unit Balichak CT, Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 721 124 India
| | - Anupam Gautam
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen Sand 14 72076 Tübingen Germany
- International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhou Q. ACE2, B 0AT1, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Structural and functional implications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102388. [PMID: 35584583 PMCID: PMC9108414 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for virus entry, representing the initial step of viral infection. S is one of the major targets for development of the antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. ACE2 is a peptidase that plays a physiologically important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Concurrently, it also forms dimer of heterodimer with the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 to regulate intestinal amino acid metabolism. The symptoms of COVID-19 are closely correlated with the physiological functions of ACE2. In this review, we summarize the functional and structural studies on ACE2, B0AT1, and their complex with S of SARS-CoV-2, providing insights into the various symptoms caused by viral infection and the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author: Yan, Renhong
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Corresponding author: Zhou, Qiang
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fawzy MS, Ashour H, Shafie AAA, Dahman NBH, Fares AM, Antar S, Elnoby AS, Fouad FM. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2) genetic variations in COVID-19 infection: a literature review. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2022; 23:97. [PMID: 37521836 PMCID: PMC9142348 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is recognized to be the fundamental receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), responsible for the worldwide Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. However, genetic differences between people besides racial considerations and their relation to disease susceptibility are still not fully elucidated. Main body To uncover the role of ACE2 in COVID-19 infection, we reviewed the published studies that explore the association of COVID-19 with the functional characteristics of ACE2 and its genetic variations. Notably, emerging studies tried to determine whether the ACE2 variants and/or expression could be associated with SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV2 have conflicting results. Some researchers investigated the potential of "population-specific" ACE2 genetic variations to impact the SARS-CoV2 vulnerability and suggested no ethnicity enrichment for ACE2 polymorphisms that could influence SARS-CoV2 S-protein binding. At the same time, some studies use data mining to predict several ACE2 variants that could enhance or decline susceptibility to SARS-CoV. On the other hand, fewer studies revealed an association of ACE2 expression with COVID-19 outcome reporting higher expression levels of ACE2 in East Asians. Conclusions ACE2 gene variants and expression may modify the deleterious consequences of SARS-CoV2 to the host cells. It is worth noting that apart from the differences in gene expression and the genetic variations of ACE2, many other environmental and/or genetic factors could modify the disease outcome, including the genes for the innate and the adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hend Ashour
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Abdelhamid M. Fares
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Fifth Zone, Ministries Complex, Sadat City, 32511 Menoufia Egypt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Sarah Antar
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Elnoby
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357 Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed Fouad
- Biotechnology/BioMolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. bioRxiv 2022:2021.10.14.464320. [PMID: 35665006 PMCID: PMC9164445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T. Lawlor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E. Howden
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Author for correspondence: M.H.L.: +61 3 9936 6206;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Osman IO, Garrec C, de Souza GAP, Zarubica A, Belhaouari DB, Baudoin JP, Lepidi H, Mege JL, Malissen B, Scola BL, Devaux CA. Control of CDH1/E-Cadherin Gene Expression and Release of a Soluble Form of E-Cadherin in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Caco-2 Intestinal Cells: Physiopathological Consequences for the Intestinal Forms of COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:798767. [PMID: 35601094 PMCID: PMC9114883 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the biggest pandemic the world has seen this century. Alongside the respiratory damage observed in patients with severe forms of the disease, gastrointestinal symptoms have been frequently reported. These symptoms (e.g., diarrhoea), sometimes precede the development of respiratory tract illnesses, as if the digestive tract was a major target during early SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. We hypothesize that in patients carrying intestinal SARS-CoV-2, the virus may trigger epithelial barrier damage through the disruption of E-cadherin (E-cad) adherens junctions, thereby contributing to the overall gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. Here, we use an intestinal Caco-2 cell line of human origin which expresses the viral receptor/co-receptor as well as the membrane anchored cell surface adhesion protein E-cad to investigate the expression of E-cad after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We found that the expression of CDH1/E-cad mRNA was significantly lower in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 at 24 hours post-infection, compared to virus-free Caco-2 cells. The viral receptor ACE2 mRNA expression was specifically down-regulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, while it remained stable in HCoV-OC43-infected Caco-2 cells, a virus which uses HLA class I instead of ACE2 to enter cells. It is worth noting that SARS-CoV-2 induces lower transcription of TMPRSS2 (involved in viral entry) and higher expression of B0AT1 mRNA (that encodes a protein known to co-express with ACE2 on intestinal cells). At 48 hours post-exposure to the virus, we also detected a small but significant increase of soluble E-cad protein (sE-cad) in the culture supernatant of SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells. The increase of sE-cad release was also found in the intestinal HT29 cell line when infected by SARS-CoV-2. Beside the dysregulation of E-cad, SARS-CoV-2 infection of Caco-2 cells also leads to the dysregulation of other cell adhesion proteins (occludin, JAMA-A, zonulin, connexin-43 and PECAM-1). Taken together, these results shed light on the fact that infection of Caco-2 cells with SARS-CoV-2 affects tight-, adherens-, and gap-junctions. Moreover, intestinal tissues damage was associated to the intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection in human ACE2 transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Omar Osman
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Zarubica
- Centre d’Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Marseille, France
| | - Djamal Brahim Belhaouari
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assitance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Assitance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Albert Devaux
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) assists the regulation of blood pressure and is the main target of the coronaviruses responsible for SARS and COVID19. The catalytic function of ACE2 relies on the opening and closing motion of its peptidase domain (PD). In this study, we investigated the possibility of allosterically controlling the ACE2 PD functional dynamics. After confirming that ACE2 PD binding site opening-closing motion is dominant in characterizing its conformational landscape, we observed that few mutations in the viral receptor binding domain fragments were able to impart different effects on the binding site opening of ACE2 PD. This showed that binding to the solvent exposed area of ACE2 PD can effectively alter the conformational profile of the protein, and thus likely its catalytic function. Using a targeted machine learning model and relative entropy-based statistical analysis, we proposed the mechanism for the allosteric perturbation that regulates the ACE2 PD binding site dynamics at atomistic level. The key residues and the source of the allosteric regulation of ACE PD dynamics are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Nischal Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Zilin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Niraj Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Brian D Zoltowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang B, Zhang L, Wang Y, Dai T, Qin Z, Zhou F, Zhang L. Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID-19: potential mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:143. [PMID: 35487886 PMCID: PMC9052735 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently ongoing. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A high proportion of COVID-19 patients exhibit gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. Moreover, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are the primary habitats of human microbiota and targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection as they express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) at high levels. There is accumulating evidence that the microbiota are significantly altered in patients with COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). Microbiota are powerful immunomodulatory factors in various human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, cancers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and certain viral infections. In the present review, we explore the associations between host microbiota and COVID-19 in terms of their clinical relevance. Microbiota-derived metabolites or components are the main mediators of microbiota-host interactions that influence host immunity. Hence, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which microbiota-derived metabolites or components modulate the host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we review and discuss a variety of possible microbiota-based prophylaxes and therapies for COVID-19 and PACS, including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, prebiotics, microbiota-derived metabolites, and engineered symbiotic bacteria. This treatment strategy could modulate host microbiota and mitigate virus-induced inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 325200, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Tong Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 325200, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Ziran Qin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 325200, Suzhou, PR China.
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li Y, Liu N, Ge Y, Yang Y, Ren F, Wu Z. Tryptophan and the innate intestinal immunity: Crosstalk between metabolites, host innate immune cells and microbiota. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:856-868. [PMID: 35362153 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier is critical for the absorption of nutrients and the health of both humans and animals. Recent publications from clinical and experimental studies have shown the importanceof the nutrients-bacteria-host interaction for the intestinal homeostasis. Dysfunction of these interactions has been reported to be associated with metabolic disorders and development of intestinal diseases, such as the irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. Tryptophan and its metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and 5-hydroxytrptamine, can influence the proliferation of enterocytes, intestinal integrity and immune response, as well as intestinal microbiota, therefore regulating and contributing to the intestinal health. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the effect of tryptophan and its metabolites on the mucosal barrier and intestinal homeostasis and its regulation of innate immune response. Moreover, we present the signaling pathways related to Trp metabolism, such as mammalian target of rapamycin, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and pregnane X receptor, that contribute to the intestinal homeostasis and discuss future perspectives on spontaneous interference in host tryptophan metabolism as potential clinical strategies of intestinal diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao Ge
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Biagioli M, Marchianò S, Roselli R, Di Giorgio C, Bellini R, Bordoni M, Distrutti E, Catalanotti B, Zampella A, Graziosi L, Donini A, Fiorucci S. GLP-1 Mediates Regulation of Colonic ACE2 Expression by the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1 in Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:1187. [PMID: 35406751 PMCID: PMC8998127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: ACE2, a carboxypeptidase that generates Ang-(1-7) from Ang II, is highly expressed in the lung, small intestine and colon. GPBAR1, is a G protein bile acid receptor that promotes the release of the insulinotropic factor glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and attenuates intestinal inflammation. Methods: We investigated the expression of ACE2, GLP-1 and GPBAR1 in two cohorts of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and three mouse models of colitis and Gpbar1−/− mice. Activation of GPBAR1 in these models and in vitro was achieved by BAR501, a selective GPBAR1 agonist. Results: In IBD patients, ACE2 mRNA expression was regulated in a site-specific manner in response to inflammation. While expression of ileal ACE2 mRNA was reduced, the colon expression was induced. Colon expression of ACE2 mRNA in IBD correlated with expression of TNF-α and GPBAR1. A positive correlation occurred between GCG and GPBAR1 in human samples and animal models of colitis. In these models, ACE2 mRNA expression was further upregulated by GPABR1 agonism and reversed by exendin-3, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. In in vitro studies, liraglutide, a GLP-1 analogue, increased the expression of ACE2 in colon epithelial cells/macrophages co-cultures. Conclusions: ACE2 mRNA expression in the colon of IBD patients and rodent models of colitis is regulated in a TNF-α- and GLP-1-dependent manner. We have identified a GPBAR1/GLP-1 mechanism as a positive modulator of ACE2.
Collapse
|
47
|
Biskupek I, Sieradzan A, Czaplewski C, Liwo A, Lesner A, Giełdoń A. Theoretical Investigation of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection Mechanism and Selectivity. Molecules 2022; 27:2080. [PMID: 35408482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, commonly known as COVID-19, first occurred in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Since then, it has become a tremendous threat to human health. With a pandemic threat, it is in the significant interest of the scientific world to establish its method of infection. In this manuscript, we combine knowledge of the infection mechanism with theoretical methods to answer the question of the virus’s selectivity. We proposed a two-stage infection mechanism. In the first step, the virus interacts with the ACE2 receptor, with the “proper strength”. When the interaction is too strong, the virus will remain in an “improper position”; if the interaction is too weak, the virus will “run away” from the cell. We also indicated three residues (positions 30, 31, and 353) located on the ACE2 protein-binding interface, which seems to be crucial for successful infection. Our results indicate that these residues are necessary for the initiation of the infection process.
Collapse
|
48
|
Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Meenakshi DU, Sekar M, Chakravarthi S, Kumar DH, Kumari U, Vanteddu VG, Patel TD, Narra K, Sharma PK, Fuloria NK. Etiopathophysiological role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in age‐related muscular weakening: RAAS‐independent beneficial role of ACE2 in muscle weakness. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23030. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak Universiti Kuala Lumpur Ipoh Perak Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | - Darnal H. Kumar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences Monash University Johor Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Neeraj K. Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Saveetha University Chennai India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Boby N, Cao X, Williams K, Gadila SKG, Shroyer MN, Didier PJ, Srivastav SK, Das A, Baker K, Sha Q, Pahar B. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Mediated Changes in Jejunum and Peripheral SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Associated Proteins or Genes in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835686. [PMID: 35281029 PMCID: PMC8914048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and associated proteins play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological events, such as immune activation, inflammation, gut barrier maintenance, intestinal stem cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Although many of these clinical events are quite significant in SIV/HIV infection, expression profiling of these proteins has not been well reported. Considering the different pathological consequences in the gut after HIV infection, we hypothesized that the expression of ACE2 and associated proteins of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could be compromised after SIV/HIV infection. We quantified the gene expression of ACE2 as well as AGTR1/2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2, and compared between SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; hereafter abbreviated RMs). The gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of AGTR2 and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the gut of infected RMs. Protein expression profiling also revealed significant upregulation of AGTR2 after infection. The expression of ACE2 in protein level was also decreased, but not significantly, after infection. To understand the entirety of the process in newly regenerated epithelial cells, a global transcriptomic study of enteroids raised from intestinal stem cells was performed. Interestingly, most of the genes associated with the RAS, such as DPP4, MME, ANPEP, ACE2, ENPEP, were found to be downregulated in SIV infection. HNFA1 was found to be a key regulator of ACE2 and related protein expression. Jejunum CD4+ T cell depletion and increased IL-6 mRNA, MCP-1 and AGTR2 expression may signal inflammation, monocyte/macrophage accumulation and epithelial apoptosis in accelerating SIV pathogenesis. Overall, the findings in the study suggested a possible impact of SIV/HIV infection on expression of ACE2 and RAS-associated proteins resulting in the loss of gut homeostasis. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection remains uncertain and needs further investigation as the significance profile of ACE2, a viral entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and its expression in mRNA and protein varied in the current study. There is a concern of aggravated SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to possible serious pathological events in the gut resulting from compromised expression of RAS- associated proteins in SIV/HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xuewei Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica N. Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K. Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kate Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Qiuying Sha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bapi Pahar,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Niehues RV, Wozniak J, Wiersch F, Lilienthal E, Tacken N, Schumertl T, Garbers C, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. The collectrin-like part of the SARS-CoV-1 and -2 receptor ACE2 is shed by the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22234. [PMID: 35199397 PMCID: PMC9111296 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane protease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a protective regulator within the renin angiotensin system and additionally represents the cellular receptor for SARS‐CoV. The release of soluble ACE2 (sACE2) from the cell surface is hence believed to be a crucial part of its (patho)physiological functions, as both, ACE2 protease activity and SARS‐CoV binding ability, are transferred from the cell membrane to body fluids. Yet, the molecular sources of sACE2 are still not completely investigated. In this study, we show different sources and prerequisites for the release of sACE2 from the cell membrane. By using inhibitors as well as CRISPR/Cas9‐derived cells, we demonstrated that, in addition to the metalloprotease ADAM17, also ADAM10 is an important novel shedding protease of ACE2. Moreover, we observed that ACE2 can also be released in extracellular vesicles. The degree of either ADAM10‐ or ADAM17‐mediated ACE2 shedding is dependent on stimulatory conditions and on the expression level of the pro‐inflammatory ADAM17 regulator iRhom2. Finally, by using structural analysis and in vitro verification, we determined for the first time that the susceptibility to ADAM10‐ and ADAM17‐mediated shedding is mediated by the collectrin‐like part of ACE2. Overall, our findings give novel insights into sACE2 release by several independent molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Victoria Niehues
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Wiersch
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Lilienthal
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikola Tacken
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Schumertl
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|