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Wood AC, Graca G, Gadgil M, Senn MK, Allison MA, Tzoulaki I, Greenland P, Ebbels T, Elliott P, Goodarzi MO, Tracy R, Rotter JI, Herrington D. Untargeted metabolomic analysis investigating links between unprocessed red meat intake and markers of inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:989-999. [PMID: 37660929 PMCID: PMC10797554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether red meat consumption is associated with higher inflammation or confounded by increased adiposity remains unclear. Plasma metabolites capture the effects of diet after food is processed, digested, and absorbed, and correlate with markers of inflammation, so they can help clarify diet-health relationships. OBJECTIVE To identify whether any metabolites associated with red meat intake are also associated with inflammation. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of observational data from older adults (52.84% women, mean age 63 ± 0.3 y) participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Dietary intake was assessed by food-frequency questionnaire, alongside C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-2, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomic features. Associations between these variables were examined using linear regression models, adjusted for demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS In analyses that adjust for BMI, neither processed nor unprocessed forms of red meat were associated with any markers of inflammation (all P > 0.01). However, when adjusting for BMI, unprocessed red meat was inversely associated with spectral features representing the metabolite glutamine (sentinel hit: β = -0.09 ± 0.02, P = 2.0 × 10-5), an amino acid which was also inversely associated with CRP level (β = -0.11 ± 0.01, P = 3.3 × 10-10). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses were unable to support a relationship between either processed or unprocessed red meat and inflammation, over and above any confounding by BMI. Glutamine, a plasma correlate of lower unprocessed red meat intake, was associated with lower CRP levels. The differences in diet-inflammation associations, compared with diet metabolite-inflammation associations, warrant further investigation to understand the extent that these arise from the following: 1) a reduction in measurement error with metabolite measures; 2) the extent that which factors other than unprocessed red meat intake contribute to glutamine levels; and 3) the ability of plasma metabolites to capture individual differences in how food intake is metabolized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, TX, United States.
| | - Goncalo Graca
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meghana Gadgil
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mackenzie K Senn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Greenland
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Timothy Ebbels
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Russell Tracy
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - David Herrington
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Santos AR, Koike TE, Santana AM, Miranda NC, Dell Aquila RA, Silva TC, Aoki MS, Miyabara EH. Glutamine supplementation accelerates functional recovery of EDL muscles after injury by modulating the expression of S100 calcium-binding proteins. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02194-5. [PMID: 37179509 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on the expression of HSP70 and the calcium-binding proteins from the S100 superfamily in the recovering extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle after injury. Two-month-old Wistar rats were subjected to cryolesion of the EDL muscle and then randomly divided into two groups (with or without glutamine supplementation). Starting immediately after the injury, the supplemented group received daily doses of glutamine (1 g/kg/day, via gavage) for 3 and 10 days orally. Then, muscles were subjected to histological, molecular, and functional analysis. Glutamine supplementation induced an increase in myofiber size of regenerating EDL muscles and prevented the decline in maximum tetanic strength of these muscles evaluated 10 days after injury. An accelerated upregulation of myogenin mRNA levels was detected in glutamine-supplemented injured muscles on day 3 post-cryolesion. The HSP70 expression increased only in the injured group supplemented with glutamine for 3 days. The increase in mRNA levels of NF-κB, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and the calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 on day 3 post-cryolesion in EDL muscles was attenuated by glutamine supplementation. In contrast, the decrease in S100A1 mRNA levels in the 3-day-injured EDL muscles was minimized by glutamine supplementation. Overall, our results suggest that glutamine supplementation accelerates the recovery of myofiber size and contractile function after injury by modulating the expression of myogenin, HSP70, NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and S100 calcium-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrei R Santos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana E Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alana M Santana
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Natalya C Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Dell Aquila
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Doering TM, Thompson JLM, Budiono BP, MacKenzie-Shalders KL, Zaw T, Ashton KJ, Coffey VG. The muscle proteome reflects changes in mitochondrial function, cellular stress and proteolysis after 14 days of unilateral lower limb immobilization in active young men. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273925. [PMID: 36048851 PMCID: PMC9436066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle unloading due to joint immobilization induces muscle atrophy, which has primarily been attributed to reductions in protein synthesis in humans. However, no study has evaluated the skeletal muscle proteome response to limb immobilization using SWATH proteomic methods. This study characterized the shifts in individual muscle protein abundance and corresponding gene sets after 3 and 14 d of unilateral lower limb immobilization in otherwise healthy young men. Eighteen male participants (25.4 ±5.5 y, 81.2 ±11.6 kg) underwent 14 d of unilateral knee-brace immobilization with dietary provision and following four-weeks of training to standardise acute training history. Participant phenotype was characterized before and after 14 days of immobilization, and muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at baseline (pre-immobilization) and at 3 and 14 d of immobilization for analysis by SWATH-MS and subsequent gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Immobilization reduced vastus group cross sectional area (-9.6 ±4.6%, P <0.0001), immobilized leg lean mass (-3.3 ±3.9%, P = 0.002), unilateral 3-repetition maximum leg press (-15.6 ±9.2%, P <0.0001), and maximal oxygen uptake (-2.9 ±5.2%, P = 0.044). SWATH analyses consistently identified 2281 proteins. Compared to baseline, two and 99 proteins were differentially expressed (FDR <0.05) after 3 and 14 d of immobilization, respectively. After 14 d of immobilization, 322 biological processes were different to baseline (FDR <0.05, P <0.001). Most (77%) biological processes were positively enriched and characterized by cellular stress, targeted proteolysis, and protein-DNA complex modifications. In contrast, mitochondrial organization and energy metabolism were negatively enriched processes. This study is the first to use data independent proteomics and GSEA to show that unilateral lower limb immobilization evokes mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular stress, and proteolysis. Through GSEA and network mapping, we identify 27 hub proteins as potential protein/gene candidates for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (TMD); (VGC)
| | - Jamie-Lee M. Thompson
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Boris P. Budiono
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristen L. MacKenzie-Shalders
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thiri Zaw
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Ashton
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (TMD); (VGC)
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Zielińska M, Albrecht J, Popek M. Dysregulation of Astrocytic Glutamine Transport in Acute Hyperammonemic Brain Edema. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:874750. [PMID: 35733937 PMCID: PMC9207324 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.874750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) impairs ammonia clearance from blood, which gives rise to acute hyperammonemia and increased ammonia accumulation in the brain. Since in brain glutamine synthesis is the only route of ammonia detoxification, hyperammonemia is as a rule associated with increased brain glutamine content (glutaminosis) which correlates with and contributes along with ammonia itself to hyperammonemic brain edema-associated with ALF. This review focuses on the effects of hyperammonemia on the two glutamine carriers located in the astrocytic membrane: Slc38a3 (SN1, SNAT3) and Slc7a6 (y + LAT2). We emphasize the contribution of the dysfunction of either of the two carriers to glutaminosis- related aspects of brain edema: retention of osmotically obligated water (Slc38a3) and induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress (Slc7a6). The changes in glutamine transport link glutaminosis- evoked mitochondrial dysfunction to oxidative-nitrosative stress as formulated in the “Trojan Horse” hypothesis.
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Fares HM, Lyu X, Xu X, Dong R, Ding M, Mi S, Wang Y, Li X, Yuan S, Sun L. Autophagy in cancer: The cornerstone during glutamine deprivation. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 916:174723. [PMID: 34973953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, researchers have revealed the crucial functions of glutamine in supporting the hyperproliferation state of cancer cells. Glutamine acts on maintaining high energy production, supporting redox status and amino acid homeostasis. Therefore, cancer cells exhibit excessive uptake of the extracellular glutamine, synthesize it in some cases, and recycle intracellular and extracellular proteins to provide an additional source of glutamine to satisfy the increasing glutamine demand. On the other hand, autophagy's role is still debated regarding tumor initiation and progression. However, most cancer cells urgently need autophagy to overcome the existential threats during glutamine restriction stress. Downstream to various stress pathways induced during such a condition, autophagy is considered an indispensable cytoprotective tool to maintain cell integrity and survival. However, the overactivation of the autophagy process is related to lethal consequences. This review summarized glutamine pathways to control autophagy and highlighted autophagy's primary activation pathways, and discussed the roles during glutamine deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza M Fares
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodan Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renchao Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muyao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichao Mi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Alakuş H, Göksu M, Erten S. Early enteral nutrition with L-glutamine improves anastomotic healing in rats administered hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-FU. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 2021; 5:848-852. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.875206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Xiao Q, Chen YH, Pratama SA, Chen YL, Shirakawa H, Peng HC, Yang SC. The Prophylactic Effects of Glutamine on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Rats with Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage. Nutrients 2021; 13:2788. [PMID: 34444950 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the prophylactic effects of glutamine on muscle protein synthesis and degradation in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. For the first 2 weeks, Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed a control (n = 16) or glutamine-containing diet (n = 24). For the following 6 weeks, rats fed the control diet were further divided into two groups (n = 8 per group) according to whether their diet contained no ethanol (CC) or did contain ethanol (CE). Rats fed the glutamine-containing diet were also further divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), including a GG group (glutamine-containing diet without ethanol), GE group (control diet with ethanol), and GEG group (glutamine-containing diet with ethanol). After 6 weeks, results showed that hepatic fatty change, inflammation, altered liver function, and hyperammonemia had occurred in the CE group, but these were attenuated in the GE and GEG groups. Elevated intestinal permeability and a higher plasma endotoxin level were observed in the CE group, but both were lower in the GE and GEG groups. The level of a protein synthesis marker (p70S6K) was reduced in the CE group but was higher in both the GE and GEG groups. In conclusion, glutamine supplementation might elevate muscle protein synthesis by improving intestinal health and ameliorating liver damage in rats with chronic ethanol intake.
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Pedersen KS, Gatto F, Zerahn B, Nielsen J, Pedersen BK, Hojman P, Gehl J. Exercise-Mediated Lowering of Glutamine Availability Suppresses Tumor Growth and Attenuates Muscle Wasting. iScience 2020; 23:100978. [PMID: 32240949 PMCID: PMC7114859 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a central nutrient for many cancers, contributing to the generation of building blocks and energy-promoting signaling necessary for neoplastic proliferation. In this study, we hypothesized that lowering systemic glutamine levels by exercise may starve tumors, thereby contributing to the inhibitory effect of exercise on tumor growth. We demonstrate that limiting glutamine availability, either pharmacologically or physiologically by voluntary wheel running, significantly attenuated the growth of two syngeneic murine tumor models of breast cancer and lung cancer, respectively, and decreased markers of atrophic signaling in muscles from tumor-bearing mice. In continuation, wheel running completely abolished tumor-induced loss of weight and lean body mass, independently of the effect of wheel running on tumor growth. Moreover, wheel running abolished tumor-induced upregulation of muscular glutamine transporters and myostatin signaling. In conclusion, our data suggest that voluntary wheel running preserves muscle mass by counteracting muscular glutamine release and tumor-induced atrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine S Pedersen
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS) and Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM), Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 7641, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Elypta AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Zerahn
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS) and Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM), Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 7641, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS) and Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM), Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 7641, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C∗EDGE), Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Fazzari J, Linher-Melville K, Singh G. Tumour-Derived Glutamate: Linking Aberrant Cancer Cell Metabolism to Peripheral Sensory Pain Pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:620-636. [PMID: 27157265 PMCID: PMC5543678 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160509123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a major symptom that develops in cancer patients, most commonly emerging during advanced stages of the disease. The nature of cancer-induced pain is complex, and the efficacy of current therapeutic interventions is restricted by the dose-limiting side-effects that accompany common centrally targeted analgesics. Methods This review focuses on how up-regulated glutamate production and export by the tumour converge at peripheral afferent nerve terminals to transmit nociceptive signals through the transient receptor cation channel, TRPV1, thereby initiating central sensitization in response to peripheral disease-mediated stimuli. Results Cancer cells undergo numerous metabolic changes that include increased glutamine catabolism and over-expression of enzymes involved in glutaminolysis, including glutaminase. This mitochondrial enzyme mediates glutaminolysis, producing large pools of intracellular glutamate. Up-regulation of the plasma membrane cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc-, promotes aberrant glutamate release from cancer cells. Increased levels of extracellular glutamate have been associated with the progression of cancer-induced pain and we discuss how this can be mediated by activation of TRPV1. Conclusion With a growing population of patients receiving inadequate treatment for intractable pain, new targets need to be considered to better address this largely unmet clinical need for improving their quality of life. A better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the unique qualities of cancer pain will help to identify novel targets that are able to limit the initiation of pain from a peripheral source–the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON. Canada
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Yan G, Li X, Cheng X, Peng Y, Long B, Fan Q, Wang Z, Zheng Z, Shi M, Yan X. Proteomic profiling reveals oxidative phosphorylation pathway is suppressed in longissimus dorsi muscle of weaned piglets fed low-protein diet supplemented with limiting amino acids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:288-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Matthews JC, Huang J, Rentfrow G. High-affinity glutamate transporter and glutamine synthetase content in longissimus dorsi and adipose tissues of growing Angus steers differs among suckling, weanling, backgrounding, and finishing production stages1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1267-75. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Matthews
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - J. Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - G. Rentfrow
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
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Romero-Garcia S, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Prado-Garcia H, Sánchez-García FJ. Lactate Contribution to the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms, Effects on Immune Cells and Therapeutic Relevance. Front Immunol 2016; 7:52. [PMID: 26909082 PMCID: PMC4754406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake and the conversion of a larger fraction of pyruvate into lactate, even under normoxic conditions; this phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis is largely known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic reprograming serves to generate biosynthetic precursors, thus facilitating the survival of rapidly proliferating malignant cells. Extracellular lactate directs the metabolic reprograming of tumor cells, thereby serving as an additional selective pressure. Besides tumor cells, stromal cells are another source of lactate production in the tumor microenvironment, whose role in both tumor growth and the antitumor immune response is the subject of intense research. In this review, we provide an integral perspective of the relationship between lactate and the overall tumor microenvironment, from lactate structure to metabolic pathways for its synthesis, receptors, signaling pathways, lactate-producing cells, lactate-responding cells, and how all contribute to the tumor outcome. We discuss the role of lactate as an immunosuppressor molecule that contributes to tumor evasion and we explore the possibility of targeting lactate metabolism for cancer treatment, as well as of using lactate as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Romero-Garcia
- Chronic-Degenerative Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosio Villegas" , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - María Maximina B Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-Garcia
- Chronic-Degenerative Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosio Villegas" , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
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Abstract
Human protein and amino acid nutrition encompasses a wide, complex, frequently misunderstood, and often contentious area of clinical research and practice. This tutorial explains the basic biochemical and physiologic principles that underlie our current understanding of protein and amino acid nutrition. The following topics are discussed: (1) the identity, measurement, and essentiality of nutritional proteins; (2) the definition and determination of minimum requirements; (3) nutrition adaptation; (4) obligatory nitrogen excretion and the minimum protein requirement; (5) minimum versus optimum protein intakes; (6) metabolic responses to surfeit and deficient protein intakes; (7) body composition and protein requirements; (8) labile protein; (9) N balance; (10) the principles of protein and amino acid turnover, including an analysis of the controversial indicator amino acid oxidation technique; (11) general guidelines for evaluating protein turnover articles; (12) amino acid turnover versus clearance; (13) the protein content of hydrated amino acid solutions; (14) protein requirements in special situations, including protein-catabolic critical illness; (15) amino acid supplements and additives, including monosodium glutamate and glutamine; and (16) a perspective on the future of protein and amino acid nutrition research. In addition to providing practical information, this tutorial aims to demonstrate the importance of rigorous physiologic reasoning, stimulate intellectual curiosity, and encourage fresh ideas in this dynamic area of human nutrition. In general, references are provided only for topics that are not well covered in modern textbooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John Hoffer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. Glutamine transporters in mammalian cells and their functions in physiology and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:2531-9. [PMID: 26724577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The SLC (solute carrier)-type transporters (~400 in number) in mammalian cells consist of 52 distinct gene families, grouped solely based on the amino acid sequence (primary structure) of the transporter proteins and not on their transport function. Among them are the transporters for amino acids. Fourteen of them, capable of transporting glutamine across the plasma membrane, are found in four families: SLC1, SLC6, SLC7, and SLC38. However, it is generally thought that the members of the SLC38 family are the principal transporters for glutamine. Some of the glutamine transporters are obligatory exchangers whereas some function as active transporters in one direction. While most glutamine transporters mediate the influx of the amino acid into cells, some actually mediate the efflux of the amino acid out of the cells. Glutamine transporters play important roles in a variety of tissues, including the liver, brain, kidney, and placenta, as clearly evident from the biological and biochemical phenotypes resulting from the deletion of specific glutamine transporters in mice. Owing to the obligatory role of glutamine in growth and proliferation of tumor cells, there is increasing attention on glutamine transporters in cancer biology as potential drug targets for cancer treatment. Selective blockers of certain glutamine transporters might be effective in preventing the entry of glutamine and other important amino acids into tumor cells, thus essentially starving these cells to death. This could represent the beginning of a new era in the discovery of novel anticancer drugs with a previously unexplored mode of action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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15
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Bott AJ, Peng IC, Fan Y, Faubert B, Zhao L, Li J, Neidler S, Sun Y, Jaber N, Krokowski D, Lu W, Pan JA, Powers S, Rabinowitz J, Hatzoglou M, Murphy DJ, Jones R, Wu S, Girnun G, Zong WX. Oncogenic Myc Induces Expression of Glutamine Synthetase through Promoter Demethylation. Cell Metab 2015; 22:1068-77. [PMID: 26603296 PMCID: PMC4670565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
c-Myc is known to promote glutamine usage by upregulating glutaminase (GLS), which converts glutamine to glutamate that is catabolized in the TCA cycle. Here we report that in a number of human and murine cells and cancers, Myc induces elevated expression of glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL), also termed glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the de novo synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. This is through upregulation of a Myc transcriptional target thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), which promotes active demethylation of the GS promoter and its increased expression. Elevated expression of GS promotes cell survival under glutamine limitation, while silencing of GS decreases cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth. Upon GS overexpression, increased glutamine enhances nucleotide synthesis and amino acid transport. These results demonstrate an unexpected role of Myc in inducing glutamine synthesis and suggest a molecular connection between DNA demethylation and glutamine metabolism in Myc-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Bott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - I-Chen Peng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA; Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Sarah Neidler
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, and the CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Nadia Jaber
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Dawid Krokowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ji-An Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Joshua Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, and the CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Russell Jones
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Geoffrey Girnun
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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Cervantes-Madrid D, Romero Y, Dueñas-González A. Reviving Lonidamine and 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine to Be Used in Combination for Metabolic Cancer Therapy. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:690492. [PMID: 26425550 PMCID: PMC4575731 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism is another cancer hallmark. The two most characterized altered metabolic pathways are high rates of glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which are natural targets for cancer therapy. Currently, a number of newer compounds to block glycolysis and glutaminolysis are being developed; nevertheless, lonidamine and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) are two old drugs well characterized as inhibitors of glycolysis and glutaminolysis, respectively, whose clinical development was abandoned years ago when the importance of cancer metabolism was not fully appreciated and clinical trial methodology was less developed. In this review, a PubMed search using the words lonidamine and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) was undertaken to analyse existing information on the preclinical and clinical studies of these drugs for cancer treatment. Data show that they exhibit antitumor effects; besides there is also the suggestion that they are synergistic. We conclude that lonidamine and DON are safe and potentially effective drugs that need to be reevaluated in combination as metabolic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Rodríguez-Espinosa O, Rojas-Espinosa O, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, López-Villegas EO, Sánchez-García FJ. Metabolic requirements for neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Immunology 2015; 145:213-24. [PMID: 25545227 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune response, neutrophils are at the forefront of defence against infection, resolution of inflammation and wound healing. They are the most abundant leucocytes in the peripheral blood, have a short lifespan and an estimated turnover of 10(10) to 10(11) cells per day. Neutrophils efficiently clear microbial infections by phagocytosis and by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. In 2004, a new neutrophil anti-microbial mechanism was described, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA, histones and anti-microbial peptides. Several microorganisms, bacterial products, as well as pharmacological stimuli such as PMA, were shown to induce NETs. Neutrophils contain relatively few mitochondria, and derive most of their energy from glycolysis. In this scenario we aimed to analyse some of the metabolic requirements for NET formation. Here it is shown that NETs formation is strictly dependent on glucose and to a lesser extent on glutamine, that Glut-1, glucose uptake, and glycolysis rate increase upon PMA stimulation, and that NET formation is inhibited by the glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-glucose, and to a lesser extent by the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. Moreover, when neutrophils were exposed to PMA in glucose-free medium for 3 hr, they lost their characteristic polymorphic nuclei but did not release NETs. However, if glucose (but not pyruvate) was added at this time, NET release took place within minutes, suggesting that NET formation could be metabolically divided into two phases; the first, independent from exogenous glucose (chromatin decondensation) and, the second (NET release), strictly dependent on exogenous glucose and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rodríguez-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F, México; Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F, México
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Kamei Y, Hattori M, Hatazawa Y, Kasahara T, Kanou M, Kanai S, Yuan X, Suganami T, Lamers WH, Kitamura T, Ogawa Y. FOXO1 activates glutamine synthetase gene in mouse skeletal muscles through a region downstream of 3'-UTR: possible contribution to ammonia detoxification. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E485-93. [PMID: 25074987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00177.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a reservoir of energy in the form of protein, which is degraded under catabolic conditions, resulting in the formation of amino acids and ammonia as a byproduct. The expression of FOXO1, a forkhead-type transcription factor, increases during starvation and exercise. In agreement, transgenic FOXO1-Tg mice that overexpress FOXO1 in skeletal muscle exhibit muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FOXO1 in amino acid metabolism. The mRNA and protein expressions of glutamine synthetase (GS) were increased in skeletal muscle of FOXO1-Tg mice. Fasting induced FOXO1 and GS expression in wild-type mice but hardly increased GS expression in muscle-specific FOXO1 knockout (FOXO1-KO) mice. Activation of FOXO1 also increased GS mRNA and protein expression in C2C12 myoblasts. Using a transient transfection reporter assay, we observed that FOXO1 activated the GS reporter construct. Mutation of a putative FOXO1-binding consensus sequence in the downstream genomic region of GS decreased basal and FOXO1-dependent reporter activity significantly. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that FOXO1 was recruited to the 3' region of GS in C2C12 myoblasts. These results suggest that FOXO1 directly upregulates GS expression. GS is considered to mediate ammonia clearance in skeletal muscle. In agreement, an intravenous ammonia challenge increased blood ammonia concentrations to a twofold higher level in FOXO1-KO than in wild-type mice, demonstrating that the capacity for ammonia disposal correlated inversely with the expression of GS in muscle. These data indicate that FOXO1 plays a role in amino acid metabolism during protein degradation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Kamei
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism and Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Maki Hattori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Hatazawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kanou
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kanai
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xunmei Yuan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Wouter H Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Seguy D, Darmaun D, Duhamel A, Thuillier F, Cynober L, Cortot A, Gottrand F, Messing B. Growth hormone enhances fat-free mass and glutamine availability in patients with short-bowel syndrome: an ancillary double-blind, randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:850-8. [PMID: 25080462 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) alone or combined with glutamine in patients with intestinal failure because of short-bowel syndrome remain controversial. OBJECTIVE We explored effects of rhGH on whole-body protein metabolism in patients with short-bowel syndrome with intestinal failure (SBS-IF) to gain insight into its mechanism of action. DESIGN Eight stable hyperphagic patients with severe SBS-IF received, in a double-blind, randomized crossover study, low-dose rhGH (0.05 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) and a placebo for two 3-wk periods. Leucine and glutamine kinetics under fasting and fed conditions, fat-free mass (FFM), and serum insulin were determined on the final day of each treatment. RESULTS rhGH increased FFM and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; an index of protein synthesis) (P < 0.02), whereas FFM and NOLD were correlated in the fed state (r = 0.81, P = 0.015). With rhGH administration, leucine release from protein breakdown (an index of proteolysis) decreased in the fed compared with fasting states (P = 0.012), which was not observed with the placebo. However, the fast-to-fed difference in leucine release from protein breakdown was not significantly different between rhGH and placebo (P = 0.093). With rhGH, the intestinal absorption of leucine and glutamine increased (P = 0.036) and correlated with serum insulin (r = 0.91, P = 0.002). rhGH increased glutamine de novo synthesis (P < 0.02) and plasma concentrations (P < 0.03) in both fasting and fed states. CONCLUSIONS In SBS-IF patients, feeding fails to decrease proteolysis in contrast to what is physiologically observed in healthy subjects. rhGH enhances FFM through the stimulation of protein synthesis and might decrease proteolysis in response to feeding. Improvements in de novo synthesis and intestinal absorption increase glutamine availability over the physiologic range, suggesting that beneficial effects of rhGH in hyperphagic patients might be achieved without glutamine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seguy
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Dominique Darmaun
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Alain Duhamel
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - François Thuillier
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Luc Cynober
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Antoine Cortot
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
| | - Bernard Messing
- From the Service de Nutrition Lille, France (DS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, Unité U995, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS and FG); the Département de Biostatistiques, Equipe d'Accueil EA2694, Lille, France (AD); the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France (DS, AD, AC, and FG); the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (DD); the Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier, Meaux, France (FT); the Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Equipe d'Accueil EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (LC); and the Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France (BM)
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Sanz-Cortés M, Carbajo RJ, Crispi F, Figueras F, Pineda-Lucena A, Gratacós E. Metabolomic profile of umbilical cord blood plasma from early and late intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates with and without signs of brain vasodilation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80121. [PMID: 24312458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize via NMR spectroscopy the full spectrum of metabolic changes in umbilical vein blood plasma of newborns diagnosed with different clinical forms of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods 23 early IUGR cases and matched 23 adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) controls and 56 late IUGR cases with 56 matched AGAs were included in this study. Early IUGR was defined as a birth weight <10th centile, abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler and delivery <35 weeks. Late IUGR was defined as a birth weight <10th centile with normal UA Doppler and delivery >35 weeks. This group was subdivided in 18 vasodilated (VD) and 38 non-VD late IUGR fetuses. All AGA patients had a birth weight >10th centile. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics of the blood samples collected from the umbilical vein at delivery was obtained. Multivariate statistical analysis identified several metabolites that allowed the discrimination between the different IUGR subgroups, and their comparative levels were quantified from the NMR data. Results The NMR-based analysis showed increased unsaturated lipids and VLDL levels in both early and late IUGR samples, decreased glucose and increased acetone levels in early IUGR. Non-significant trends for decreased glucose and increased acetone levels were present in late IUGR, which followed a severity gradient when the VD and non-VD subgroups were considered. Regarding amino acids and derivatives, early IUGR showed significantly increased glutamine and creatine levels, whereas the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were decreased in early and late-VD IUGR samples. Valine and leucine were decreased in late IUGR samples. Choline levels were decreased in all clinical subforms of IUGR. Conclusions IUGR is not associated with a unique metabolic profile, but important changes are present in different clinical subsets used in research and clinical practice. These results may help in characterizing comprehensively specific alterations underlying different IUGR subsets.
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Washburn SE, Sawant OB, Lunde ER, Wu G, Cudd TA. Acute alcohol exposure, acidemia or glutamine administration impacts amino acid homeostasis in ovine maternal and fetal plasma. Amino Acids 2013; 45:543-54. [PMID: 23315157 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a significant problem in human reproductive medicine. Maternal alcohol administration alters maternal amino acid homeostasis and results in acidemia in both mother and fetus, causing fetal growth restriction. We hypothesized that administration of glutamine, which increases renal ammoniagenesis to regulate acid-base balance, may provide an intervention strategy. This hypothesis was tested using sheep as an animal model. On day 115 of gestation, ewes were anesthetized and aseptic surgery was performed to insert catheters into the fetal abdominal aorta as well as the maternal abdominal aorta and vena cava. On day 128 of gestation, ewes received intravenous administration of saline, alcohol [1.75 g/kg body weight (BW)/h], a bolus of 30 mg glutamine/kg BW, alcohol + a bolus of 30 mg glutamine/kg BW, a bolus of 100 mg glutamine/kg BW, alcohol + a bolus of 100 mg glutamine/kg BW, or received CO2 administration to induce acidemia independent of alcohol. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the mother and the fetus at times 0 and 60 min (the time of peak blood alcohol concentration) of the study. Administration of alcohol to pregnant ewes led to a reduction in concentrations of glutamine and related amino acids in plasma by 21-30%. An acute administration of glutamine to ewes, concurrent with alcohol administration, improved the profile of most amino acids (including citrulline and arginine) in maternal and fetal plasma. We suggest that glutamine may have a protective effect against alcohol-induced metabolic disorders and FAS in the ovine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Bindu GH, Rao GN. Protonation and Complexation Equilibria of l-Glutamine in Non-ionic Micellar Medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci , India, Sect A Phys Sci 2012; 82:129-136. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-012-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tea I, Le Gall G, Küster A, Guignard N, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Darmaun D, Robins RJ. 1H-NMR-based metabolic profiling of maternal and umbilical cord blood indicates altered materno-foetal nutrient exchange in preterm infants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29947. [PMID: 22291897 PMCID: PMC3264558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate foetal growth is primarily determined by nutrient availability, which is dependent on placental nutrient transport and foetal metabolism. We have used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to probe the metabolic adaptations associated with premature birth. Methodology The metabolic profile in 1H NMR spectra of plasma taken immediately after birth from umbilical vein, umbilical artery and maternal blood were recorded for mothers delivering very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) or normo-ponderal full-term (FT) neonates. Principal Findings Clear distinctions between maternal and cord plasma of all samples were observed by principal component analysis (PCA). Levels of amino acids, glucose, and albumin-lysyl in cord plasma exceeded those in maternal plasma, whereas lipoproteins (notably low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lipid levels were lower in cord plasma from both VLBW and FT neonates. The metabolic signature of mothers delivering VLBW infants included decreased levels of acetate and increased levels of lipids, pyruvate, glutamine, valine and threonine. Decreased levels of lipoproteins glucose, pyruvate and albumin-lysyl and increased levels of glutamine were characteristic of cord blood (both arterial and venous) from VLBW infants, along with a decrease in levels of several amino acids in arterial cord blood. Conclusion These results show that, because of its characteristics and simple non-invasive mode of collection, cord plasma is particularly suited for metabolomic analysis even in VLBW infants and provides new insights into the materno-foetal nutrient exchange in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illa Tea
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Unit for Interdisciplinary Chemistry, Synthesis-Analysis-Modelling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, France.
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Chiaradonna F, Moresco RM, Airoldi C, Gaglio D, Palorini R, Nicotra F, Messa C, Alberghina L. From cancer metabolism to new biomarkers and drug targets. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:30-51. [PMID: 21802503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Great interest is presently given to the analysis of metabolic changes that take place specifically in cancer cells. In this review we summarize the alterations in glycolysis, glutamine utilization, fatty acid synthesis and mitochondrial function that have been reported to occur in cancer cells and in human tumors. We then propose considering cancer as a system-level disease and argue how two hallmarks of cancer, enhanced cell proliferation and evasion from apoptosis, may be evaluated as system-level properties, and how this perspective is going to modify drug discovery. Given the relevance of the analysis of metabolism both for studies on the molecular basis of cancer cell phenotype and for clinical applications, the more relevant technologies for this purpose, from metabolome and metabolic flux analysis in cells by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry technologies to positron emission tomography on patients, are analyzed. The perspectives offered by specific changes in metabolism for a new drug discovery strategy for cancer are discussed and a survey of the industrial activity already going on in the field is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Intravenous glutamine supplementation is standard care when parenteral nutrition is given for critical illness. There are data of a reduced mortality when glutamine supplementation is given. In addition, standard commercial products for parenteral nutrition do not contain any glutamine due to glutamine instability in aqueous solutions. For the majority of critical ill patients who are fed enterally, the available evidence is insufficient to recommend glutamine supplementation. Standard formulation of enteral nutrition contains some glutamine: 2-4 g/L. However, this dose is insufficient to normalize glutamine plasma concentration. Plasma concentration of glutamine is low in many patients with critical illness and a low level is an independent risk factor for mortality. A low plasma glutamine concentration is the best indicator of glutamine depletion. Data are emerging about how the endogenous production of glutamine is regulated. We know that skeletal muscle is the major producer of glutamine and that a part of the profound depletion of skeletal muscle seen in critical illness is a reflection of the need to produce glutamine. Glutamine is utilized in rapidly dividing cells in the splanchnic area. Quantitatively most glutamine is oxidized, but the availability of glutamine in surplus is important for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides and necessary for cell division and protein synthesis. More knowledge about the regulation of the endogenous production of glutamine is needed to outline better guidelines for glutamine supplementation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernerman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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He Y, Hakvoort TBM, Köhler SE, Vermeulen JLM, de Waart DR, de Theije C, Ten Have GAM, van Eijk HMH, Kunne C, Labruyere WT, Houten SM, Sokolovic M, Ruijter JM, Deutz NEP, Lamers WH. Glutamine synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production during fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9516-9524. [PMID: 20064933 PMCID: PMC2843202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main endogenous source of glutamine is de novo synthesis in striated muscle via the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). The mice in which GS is selectively but completely eliminated from striated muscle with the Cre-loxP strategy (GS-KO/M mice) are, nevertheless, healthy and fertile. Compared with controls, the circulating concentration and net production of glutamine across the hindquarter were not different in fed GS-KO/M mice. Only a approximately 3-fold higher escape of ammonia revealed the absence of GS in muscle. However, after 20 h of fasting, GS-KO/M mice were not able to mount the approximately 4-fold increase in glutamine production across the hindquarter that was observed in control mice. Instead, muscle ammonia production was approximately 5-fold higher than in control mice. The fasting-induced metabolic changes were transient and had returned to fed levels at 36 h of fasting. Glucose consumption and lactate and ketone-body production were similar in GS-KO/M and control mice. Challenging GS-KO/M and control mice with intravenous ammonia in stepwise increments revealed that normal muscle can detoxify approximately 2.5 micromol ammonia/g muscle.h in a muscle GS-dependent manner, with simultaneous accumulation of urea, whereas GS-KO/M mice responded with accumulation of glutamine and other amino acids but not urea. These findings demonstrate that GS in muscle is dispensable in fed mice but plays a key role in mounting the adaptive response to fasting by transiently facilitating the production of glutamine. Furthermore, muscle GS contributes to ammonia detoxification and urea synthesis. These functions are apparently not vital as long as other organs function normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youji He
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Theodorus B M Hakvoort
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Departments of Anatomy & Embryology and Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L M Vermeulen
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - D Rudi de Waart
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Chiel de Theije
- Departments of Anatomy & Embryology and Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabrie A M Ten Have
- University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M H van Eijk
- University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Kunne
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Wilhelmina T Labruyere
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milka Sokolovic
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Jan M Ruijter
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Academic Medical Center Liver Center and Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam; Departments of Anatomy & Embryology and Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Several decades of research have sought to characterize tumor cell metabolism in the hope that tumor-specific activities can be exploited to treat cancer. Having originated from Warburg's seminal observation of aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells, most of this attention has focused on glucose metabolism. However, since the 1950s cancer biologists have also recognized the importance of glutamine (Q) as a tumor nutrient. Glutamine contributes to essentially every core metabolic task of proliferating tumor cells: it participates in bioenergetics, supports cell defenses against oxidative stress and complements glucose metabolism in the production of macromolecules. The interest in glutamine metabolism has been heightened further by the recent findings that c-myc controls glutamine uptake and degradation, and that glutamine itself exerts influence over a number of signaling pathways that contribute to tumor growth. These observations are stimulating a renewed effort to understand the regulation of glutamine metabolism in tumors and to develop strategies to target glutamine metabolism in cancer. In this study we review the protean roles of glutamine in cancer, both in the direct support of tumor growth and in mediating some of the complex effects on whole-body metabolism that are characteristic of tumor progression.
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Lenders CM, Liu S, Wilmore DW, Sampson L, Dougherty LW, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Evaluation of a novel food composition database that includes glutamine and other amino acids derived from gene sequencing data. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:1433-9. [PMID: 19756030 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the content of glutamine in major food proteins. SUBJECTS/METHODS We used a validated 131-food item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to identify the foods that contributed the most to protein intake among 70,356 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1984). The content of glutamine and other amino acids in foods was calculated based on protein fractions generated from gene sequencing methods (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics) and compared with data from conventional (USDA) and modified biochemical (Khun) methods. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare the participants' dietary intakes of amino acids by sequencing and USDA methods. RESULTS The glutamine content varied from 0.01 to to 9.49 g/100 g of food and contributed from 1 to to 33% of total protein for all FFQ foods with protein. When comparing the sequencing and Kuhn's methods, the proportion of glutamine in meat was 4.8 vs 4.4%. Among NHS participants, mean glutamine intake was 6.84 (s.d.=2.19) g/day and correlation coefficients for amino acid between intakes assessed by sequencing and USDA methods ranged from 0.94 to 0.99 for absolute intake, -0.08 to 0.90 after adjusting for 100 g of protein, and 0.88 to 0.99 after adjusting for 1000 kcal. The between-person coefficient of variation of energy-adjusted intake of glutamine was 16%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that (1) glutamine content can be estimated from gene sequencing methods and (2) there is a reasonably wide variation in energy-adjusted glutamine intake, allowing for exploration of glutamine consumption and disease.
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Ronco AL, Boeing H, De Stefani E, Schulz M, Schulze M, Pischon T. A Case-Control Study on Fat-to-Muscle Ratio and Risk of Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:466-74. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580902725995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Agostini F, Heer M, Guarnieri G, Biolo G. Physical inactivity decreases whole body glutamine turnover independently from changes in proteolysis. J Physiol 2008; 586:4775-81. [PMID: 18669539 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthesis and utilization are strictly linked to energy metabolism and physical activity. To investigate the interaction between bed rest and moderate energy restriction on whole body glutamine kinetics in healthy volunteers, we performed a four-period study in which each subject randomly underwent a bed rest or ambulatory 14 day period both in eucaloric or hypocaloric (-20% of energy requirement) conditions. Glutamine kinetics were measured by l-[5-(15)N]glutamine and l-[1-(13)C]leucine primed continuous infusions in the postabsorptive state and during a 3 h infusion of a glutamine-free amino acid mixture (0.13 g amino acids (kg lean body mass (LBM))(-1) h(-1)). Bed rest decreased glutamine de novo synthesis in the postabsorptive state both in eucaloric (from 4.17 +/- 0.14 to 3.56 +/- 0.13 micromol (kg LBM)(-1) min(-1); P < 0.001) and in hypocaloric (from 3.79 +/- 0.19 to 3.49 +/- 0.14 micromol (kg LBM)(-1) min(-1); P < 0.001) conditions, independently of changes in whole body proteolysis. Bed rest did not affect glutamine clearance. We failed to detect either significant effects of energy intake or energy x activity interactions on glutamine kinetics. Bed rest significantly decreased postabsorptive plasma glutamine concentrations (P < 0.05). Amino acid infusion increased glutamine de novo synthesis rate and plasma glutamine concentrations in all conditions, without significant effects of bed rest or energy levels. We conclude that inactivity is associated with decreased whole body glutamine availability due to down-regulated de novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Division of Internal Medicine, Technological and Morphological Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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van Hall G, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Møller K, Moseley P, Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 markedly decreases skeletal muscle protein turnover and increases nonmuscle amino acid utilization in healthy individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2851-8. [PMID: 18430776 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT IL-6 is a key modulator of immune function and suggested to be involved in skeletal muscle wasting as seen in sepsis. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the role of IL-6 in human in vivo systemic and skeletal muscle amino acid metabolism and protein turnover. SUBJECTS AND METHODS There were 12 healthy men infused for 3 h with saline (saline, n = 6) or recombinant human IL (rhIL)-6 (n = 6). Systemic and muscle protein turnover was determined with a combination of tracer dilution methodology, primed constant infusion of L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine, and femoral arterial-venous blood differences and m. vastus lateralis biopsies after 2-h basal, 3-h infusion, and 3 h after infusion. RESULTS The IL-6 concentration after 30-min infusion was approximately 4 (saline) and 140 pg/ml (rhIL-6). Three-hour rhIL-6 infusion caused an approximate 50% decrease in muscle protein turnover, albeit synthesis was more suppressed than breakdown, causing a small increase in net muscle protein breakdown. Furthermore, rhIL-6 decreased arterial amino acid concentration with 20-40%, despite the increase net release from muscle. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that IL-6 profoundly alters amino acid turnover. A substantial decrease in plasma amino acids was observed with a concomitant 50% decrease in muscle protein turnover, however, modest increase in net muscle degradation. We hypothesize that the profound reduction in muscle protein turnover and modest increase in net degradation are primarily caused by the reduced plasma amino acid availability and not directly mediated by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit van Hall
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Thibault R, Welch S, Mauras N, Sager B, Altomare A, Haymond M, Darmaun D. Corticosteroids increase glutamine utilization in human splanchnic bed. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G548-53. [PMID: 18162479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00461.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is extensively taken up in gut and liver in healthy humans. To determine whether glucocorticosteroids alter splanchnic glutamine metabolism, the effect of prednisone was assessed in healthy volunteers using isotope tracer methods. Two groups of healthy adults received 5-h intravenous infusions of l-[1-(14)C]leucine and l-[(2)H(5)]glutamine, along with q. 20 min oral sips of tracer doses of l-[1-(13)C]glutamine in the fasting state, either 1) at baseline (control group; n = 6) or 2) after a 6-day course of 0.8 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) prednisone (prednisone group; n = 8). Leucine and glutamine appearance rates (Ra) were determined from plasma [1-(14)C]ketoisocaproate and [(2)H(5)]glutamine, respectively, and leucine and glutamine oxidation from breath (14)CO(2) and (13)CO(2), respectively. Splanchnic glutamine extraction was estimated by the fraction of orally administered [(13)C]glutamine that failed to appear into systemic blood. Prednisone treatment 1) did not affect leucine Ra or leucine oxidation; 2) increased plasma glutamine Ra, mostly owing to enhanced glutamine de novo synthesis (medians +/- interquartiles, 412 +/- 61 vs. 280 +/- 190 mumol.kg(-1).h(-1), P = 0.003); and 3) increased the fraction of orally administered glutamine undergoing extraction in the splanchnic territory (means +/- SE 64 +/- 6 vs. 42 +/- 12%, P < 0.05), without any change in the fraction of glutamine oxidized (means +/- SE, 75 +/- 4 vs. 77 +/- 4%, not significant). We conclude that high-dose glucocorticosteroids increase in splanchnic bed the glutamine requirements. The role of such changes in patients receiving chronic corticoid treatment for inflammatory diseases or suffering from severe illness remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibault
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
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Pinel C, Coxam V, Mignon M, Taillandier D, Cubizolles C, Lebecque P, Darmaun D, Meynial-Denis D. Alterations in glutamine synthetase activity in rat skeletal muscle are associated with advanced age. Nutrition 2006; 22:778-85. [PMID: 16815492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in the production of glutamine, is preserved in skeletal muscle during early aging (<24 mo). Because the effects of advanced age on GS are unknown, we investigated the effect of advanced age (>24 mo) on GS activity in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that advanced age would enhance muscle GS activity. METHODS Muscle GS activities were assessed in adult (8 mo), mature adult (15 mo), aged (20-22 mo), advanced age (25-27 mo), or very advanced age (29-32 mo) female Wistar rats. Male Wistar (6-27 mo) were used to investigate the effect of gender on this activity. RESULTS Glutamine synthetase activity remained low and unaltered in rats from 8 to 22 mo of age, as previously demonstrated. In contrast, GS activity was high ( approximately 75% of individual values were higher than the low value mean) in 25-mo to 27-mo-old rats. In very-old-aged rats (29-32 mo), approximately 55% of GS activity data points exhibited low values. Changes in GS protein content paralleled those in GS activities. In male rats, GS activity was also high ( approximately 80% of individual values were higher than the mean value of 6-mo to 19-mo-old rats) at the upper limit of life expectancy (27 mo). CONCLUSION There is enhanced GS activity in old female and male rats suggesting a greater need for glutamine. In some very old rats, low GS activity may be associated with longevity or reflect a limitation in glutamine production due to extremely advanced age per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pinel
- UMR INRA 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont-Ferrand Theix, France
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Le Bacquer O, Mauras N, Welch S, Haymond M, Darmaun D. Acute depletion of plasma glutamine increases leucine oxidation in prednisone-treated humans. Clin Nutr 2006; 26:231-8. [PMID: 17097772 PMCID: PMC1949027 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIMS & METHODS To determine whether depletion in plasma glutamine worsens the catabolic response to corticosteroids, seven healthy volunteers received oral prednisone for 6 days on two separate occasions, at least 2 weeks apart, and in random order. On the sixth day of each treatment course, they received 5 h intravenous infusions of L-[1-(14)C]-leucine and L-[1-(13)C]-glutamine in the postabsorptive state (1) under baseline conditions (prednisone only day) and (2) after 24h of treatment with phenylbutyrate (prednisone+phenylbutyrate day), a glutamine chelating agent. RESULTS Phenylbutyrate treatment was associated with (1) an approximately 15% decline in plasma glutamine concentration (627+/-39 vs. 530+/-31 micromol l(-1); P<0.05), (2) no change in leucine appearance rate, an index of protein breakdown (124+/-9 vs. 128+/-9 micromol kg(-1) h(-1); NS) nor in non-oxidative leucine disposal, an index of whole body protein synthesis (94+/-9 vs. 91+/-7 micromol kg(-1) h(-1); NS), and (3) a approximately 25% rise in leucine oxidation (30+/-1 vs. 38+/-2 micromol kg(-1) h(-1), P<0.05), despite an approximately 25% decline (P<0.05) in leucine concentration. CONCLUSIONS In a model of mild, stress-induced protein catabolism, depletion of plasma glutamine per se may worsen branched chain amino acid and protein wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelly Mauras
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Susan Welch
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Morey Haymond
- USDA Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dominique Darmaun
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- INSERM U.539, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
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Kadrofske MM, Parimi PS, Gruca LL, Kalhan SC. Effect of intravenous amino acids on glutamine and protein kinetics in low-birth-weight preterm infants during the immediate neonatal period. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E622-30. [PMID: 16263773 PMCID: PMC1783930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00274.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine may be a conditionally essential amino acid in low-birth-weight (LBW) preterm neonates. Exogenously administered amino acids, by providing anaplerotic carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, could result in greater cataplerotic efflux and glutamine de novo synthesis. The effect of dose and duration of amino acid infusion on glutamine and nitrogen (N) kinetics was examined in LBW infants in the period immediately after birth. Preterm neonates (<32 weeks gestation, birth weights 809-1,755 g) were randomized to initially receive either 480 or 960 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) of an intravenous amino acid solution for 19-24 hours, followed by a higher or lower amino acid load for either 5 h or 24 h. Glutamine de novo synthesis, leucine N, phenylalanine, and urea kinetics were determined using stable isotopic tracers. An increase in amino acid infusion from 480 to 960 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 5 h resulted in decreased glutamine de novo synthesis in every neonate (384.4 +/- 38.0 to 368.9 +/- 38.2 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1), P < 0.01) and a lower whole body rate of proteolysis (P < 0.001) and urea synthesis (P < 0.001). However, when the increased amino acid infusion was extended for 24 h, glutamine de novo synthesis increased (369.7 +/- 92.6 to 483.4 +/- 97.5 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1), P < 0.001), whole body rate of proteolysis did not change, and urea production increased. Decreasing the amino acid load resulted in a decrease in glutamine rate of appearance (R(a)) and leucine N R(a), but had no effect on phenylalanine R(a). Acutely stressed LBW infants responded to an increase in amino acid load by transiently suppressing whole body rate of glutamine synthesis, proteolysis, and oxidation of protein. The mechanisms of this transient effect on whole body protein/nitrogen metabolism remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kadrofske
- Schwartz Center for Metabolism and Nutrition, MetroHealth Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA
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Biolo G, De Cicco M, Dal Mas V, Lorenzon S, Antonione R, Ciocchi B, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Dore F, Guarnieri G. Response of muscle protein and glutamine kinetics to branched-chain-enriched amino acids in intensive care patients after radical cancer surgery. Nutrition 2006; 22:475-82. [PMID: 16472976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with cancer are characterized by decreased muscle protein synthesis and glutamine availability that contribute to an impaired immune response. These abnormalities worsen after surgical stress. We tested the hypothesis that pharmacologic doses of branched-chain amino acids would improve the early metabolic response after major cancer surgery. METHODS By using a crossover experimental design, we compared the metabolic effects of isonitrogenous solutions of balanced and branched-chain-enriched amino acid mixtures infused at the rate of 82 mg x h(-1) x kg(-1) for 3 h in patients with colorectal or cervical cancer on the first and second days after radical surgery combined with intraoperative radiation therapy. The ratios of leucine to total amino acid (grams) in the two mixtures were 0.09 and 0.22, respectively. Muscle protein and glutamine kinetics were determined by using stable isotope of amino acids and the leg arteriovenous balance technique. Glucose and insulin were continuously infused throughout the 2-d study to maintain near euglycemia. RESULTS Rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation were not significantly affected by the balanced amino acid infusion. In contrast, the isonitrogenous, branched-chain-enriched amino acid mixture accelerated muscle protein turnover by stimulating (P <or= 0.05) protein synthesis. The rate of muscle glutamine de novo synthesis did not significantly change after infusion of the balanced amino acid mixture but increased (P <or= 0.05) by 263 +/- 69% during infusion of the branched-chain-enriched amino acid mixture. CONCLUSIONS An excess of branched-chain amino acids in the presence of an optimal profile of other essential amino acids acutely increased muscle protein synthesis and glutamine flux from skeletal muscle in cancer patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biolo
- Department of Clinical, Technological and Morphological Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
Glutamine has been proposed to be conditionally essential for premature infants, and the currently used parenteral nutrient mixtures do not contain glutamine. De novo glutamine synthesis (DGln) is linked to inflow of carbon into and out of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. We hypothesized that a higher supply of parenteral amino acids by increasing the influx of amino acid carbon into the TCA cycle will enhance the rate of DGln. Very low birth weight infants were randomized to receive parenteral amino acids either 1.5 g/kg/d for 20 h followed by 3.0 g/kg/d for 5 h (AA1.5) or 3.0 g/kg/d for 20 h followed by 1.5 g/kg/d for 5 h (AA3.0). A third group of babies received amino acids 1.5 g/kg/d for 20 h followed by 3.0 g/kg/d for 20 h (AA-Ext). Glutamine and protein/nitrogen kinetics were examined using [5-(15)N]glutamine, [2H5]phenylalanine, [1-(13)C,15N]leucine, and [15N2]urea tracers. An acute increase in parenteral amino acid infusion for 5 h (AA1.5) resulted in decrease in rate of appearance (Ra) of phenylalanine and urea, but had no effect on glutamine Ra. Infusion of amino acids at 3.0 g/kg/d for 20 h resulted in increase in DGln, leucine transamination, and urea synthesis, but had no effect on Ra phenylalanine (AA-Ext). These data show an acute increase in parenteral amino acid-suppressed proteolysis, however, such an effect was not seen when amino acids were infused for 20 h and resulted in an increase in glutamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S Parimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Schwartz Center for Metabolism and Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
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Minet-Quinard R, Moinard C, Villie F, Vasson MP, Cynober L. Metabolic pathways implicated in the kinetic impairment of muscle glutamine homeostasis in adult and old glucocorticoid-treated rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E671-6. [PMID: 15361356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An impairment of muscle glutamine metabolism in response to dexamethasone (DEX) occurs with aging. To better characterize this alteration, we have investigated muscle glutamine release with regard to muscle glutamine production (net protein breakdown, de novo glutamine synthesis) in adult and old glucocorticoid-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 or 24 mo old) were divided into seven groups: three groups received 1.5 mg/kg of DEX once a day by intraperitoneal injection for 3, 5, or 7 days; three groups were pair fed to the three treated groups, respectively; and one control group of healthy rats was fed ad libitum. Muscle glutamine synthetase activity increased earlier in old rats (day 3) than in adult rats (day 7), whereas an increase in muscle glutamine release occurred later in old rats (day 5) than in adult DEX-treated rats (day 3). Consequently, muscle glutamine concentration decreased later in old rats (day 5) than in adults (day 3). Finally, net muscle protein breakdown increased only in old DEX-treated rats (day 7). In conclusion, the impairment of muscle glutamine metabolism is due to a combination of an increase in glutamine production and a delayed increase in glutamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minet-Quinard
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Human Nutrition Research Center Auvergne, Pharmacy School, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Parimi PS, Devapatla S, Gruca LL, Amini SB, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC. Effect of enteral glutamine or glycine on whole-body nitrogen kinetics in very-low-birth-weight infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:402-9. [PMID: 14985214 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine is a critical amino acid for the metabolism of enterocytes, lymphocytes, and other proliferating cells. Although supplementation with glutamine has been suggested for growing infants, its effect on protein metabolism has not been examined. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effect of enteral glutamine or glycine on whole-body kinetics of glutamine, phenylalanine, leucine, and urea in preterm infants. DESIGN Infants at <32 wk of gestation were given formula supplemented with either glutamine (0.6 g. kg(-1). d(-1); n = 9) or isonitrogenous amounts of glycine (n = 9) for 5 d. Eight infants fed unsupplemented formula served as control subjects. Glutamine, phenylalanine, leucine nitrogen flux, leucine carbon flux, and urea kinetics were quantified during a basal fasting period and in response to nutrient intake. RESULTS Growing preterm infants had a high weight-specific rate of appearance of glutamine, phenylalanine, and leucine nitrogen flux. When compared with the control treatment, enteral glutamine resulted in a high rate of urea synthesis, no change in the plasma glutamine concentration, and no change in the rate of appearance of glutamine. Glycine supplementation resulted in similar changes in nitrogen metabolism, but the magnitude of change was less than that in the glutamine group. In the nonsupplemented infants, the rate of appearance of leucine nitrogen flux was negatively correlated (rho = -0.72) with urea synthesis. In contrast, the correlation (rho = 0.75) was positive in the glutamine group. CONCLUSION Enterally administered glutamine in growing preterm infants is entirely metabolized in the gut and does not have a discernable effect on whole-body protein and nitrogen kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S Parimi
- Schwartz Center for Metabolism & Nutrition, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA.
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Hulsewé KWE, van der Hulst RRWJ, Ramsay G, van Berlo CLH, Deutz NEP, Soeters PB. Pulmonary glutamine production: effects of sepsis and pulmonary infiltrates. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:1833-6. [PMID: 12897991 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the role of the lung in the production of glutamine in the critically ill and to determine the effects of the presence of pulmonary infiltrates and the presence and severity of sepsis. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective clinical study in a single center; interdisciplinary intensive care unit at a university hospital. PATIENTS Eleven critically ill patients were compared to ten patients prior to cardiac bypass surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Fluxes of glutamine and other amino acids were measured. Chest radiography was performed, and APACHE II and multiple-organ failure scores were calculated. Septic patients showed significantly higher glutamine efflux from the lungs than controls. At least one-half of this glutamine is estimated to result from protein breakdown. Severity of illness had no impact on glutamine fluxes. In the presence of pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs glutamine efflux did not differ from zero. CONCLUSIONS The lungs produce significant amounts of glutamine in septic patients. Pulmonary infiltrates decrease the glutamine efflux from the lung in septic patients. We suggest that this is caused by uptake of glutamine by white cells in the lung exerting immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel W E Hulsewé
- Department of Surgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Apoptosis can limit the maximum production of recombinant protein expression from cultured mammalian cells. This article focuses on the links between nutrient deprivation, ER perturbation, the regulation of (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene 153) GADD153 expression and apoptosis. During batch culture, decreases in glucose and glutamine correlated with an increase in apoptotic cells. This event was paralleled by a simultaneous increase in GADD153 expression. The expression of GADD153 in batch culture was suppressed by the addition of nutrients and with fed-batch culture the onset of apoptosis was delayed but not completely prevented. In defined stress conditions, glucose deprivation had the greatest effect on cell death when compared to glutamine deprivation or the addition of tunicamycin (an inhibitor of glycosylation), added to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the contribution of apoptosis to overall cell death (as judged by morphology) was smaller in conditions of glucose deprivation than in glutamine deprivation or tunicamycin treatment. Transient activation of GADD153 expression was found to occur in response to all stresses and occurred prior to detection of the onset of cell death. These results imply that GADD153 expression is either a trigger for apoptosis or offers a valid indicator of the likelihood of cell death arising from stresses of relevance to the bioreactor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idsada Lengwehasatit
- Biochemistry Research Division, School of Biological Sciences, 2.205 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, United Kingdom
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Parimi PS, Devapatla S, Gruca L, O'Brien AM, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC. Glutamine and leucine nitrogen kinetics and their relation to urea nitrogen in newborn infants. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282:E618-25. [PMID: 11832365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00403.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine kinetics and its relation to transamination of leucine and urea synthesis were quantified in 16 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants, four small-for-gestational-age infants, and seven infants of diabetic mothers. Kinetics were measured between 4 and 5 h after the last feed (fasting) and in response to formula feeding using [5-(15)N]glutamine, [1-(13)C,(15)N]leucine, [(2)H(5)]phenylalanine, and [(15)N(2)]urea tracers. Leucine nitrogen and glutamine kinetics during fasting were significantly higher than those reported in adults. De novo synthesis accounted for approximately 85% of glutamine turnover. In response to formula feeding, a significant increase (P = 0.04) in leucine nitrogen turnover was observed, whereas a significant decrease (P = 0.002) in glutamine and urea rate of appearance was seen. The rate of appearance of leucine nitrogen was positively correlated (r(2) = 0.59, P = 0.001) with glutamine turnover. Glutamine flux was negatively correlated (r(2) = 0.39, P = 0.02) with the rate of urea synthesis. These data suggest that, in the human newborn, glutamine turnover is related to a high anaplerotic flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle as a consequence of a high rate of protein turnover. The negative relationship between glutamine turnover and the irreversible oxidation of protein (urea synthesis) suggests an important role of glutamine as a nitrogen source for other synthetic processes and accretion of body proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S Parimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Schwartz M.D. Center for Metabolism and Nutrition, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neri
- Second General Surgery Division, Surgical Nutrition Unit, Institute of Surgical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Abstract
With its many proposed metabolic roles, glutamine would seem to have major potential in normal animal production systems as well as during situations involving adverse challenges. In practice, however, responses to glutamine supplementation have been inconsistent. Thus, during lactation and growth studies in ruminants, both positive and null effects on production responses have been reported. Similarly, therapeutic responses to glutamine supplementation during various digestive tract disorders have been inconsistent in both pigs and ruminants. This is despite a proven involvement in the nucleic acid biosynthesis necessary to support cell proliferation. In sheep, at least, glutamine may exert a protective effect against hepatic amino acid (AA) oxidation, particularly for methionine. This may offer anabolic potential because methionine is the first limiting AA in a number of animal feedstuffs. Glutamine is also important in control of metabolic acidosis, but, in contrast to rodents, the main site of production seems to be extra-hepatic. In the immune system, while lymphocyte proliferation is glutamine-dependent, intracellular concentrations are low (in contrast to other tissues, such as muscle and liver). Instead, glutamate is accumulated, but the majority of this (approximately 65%) is derived in vivo from plasma glutamine. In sheep, endotoxin challenge elevates the plasma flux of glutamine, with a corresponding decrease in plasma concentration. At the same time, both the glutamate accumulation and fractional rate of protein synthesis within lymphocytes are enhanced. These lymphocyte responses, however, are not altered by an AA supplement that contains glutamine. Overall, although glutamine obviously plays important metabolic roles within the body, supplementation does not appear to provide consistent beneficial or therapeutic effects, except during certain catabolic situations. Glutamine availability, therefore, does not seem to be a limitation in many challenge situations. Rather, glutamine may signal alterations in nutrient demands among organs and a better understanding of this role may increase understanding of where modulation of glutamine status would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lobley
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
We measured glutamine kinetics using L-[5-15N]glutamine and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusions in healthy subjects in the postabsorptive state and during ingestion of an amino acid mixture that included glutamine, alone or with additional glucose. Ingestion of the amino acid mixture increased arterial glutamine concentrations by approximately 20% (not by 30%; P < 0.05), irrespective of the presence or absence of glucose. Muscle free glutamine concentrations remained unchanged during ingestion of amino acids alone but decreased from 21.0 +/- 1.0 to 16.4 +/- 1.6 mmol/l (P < 0.05) during simultaneous ingestion of glucose due to a decrease in intramuscular release from protein breakdown and glutamine synthesis (0.82 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.59 +/- 0.06 micromol x 100 ml leg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05). In both protocols, muscle glutamine inward and outward transport and muscle glutamine utilization for protein synthesis increased during amino acid ingestion; leg glutamine net balance remained unchanged. In summary, ingestion of an amino acid mixture that includes glutamine increases glutamine availability and uptake by skeletal muscle in healthy subjects without causing an increase in the intramuscular free glutamine pool. Simultaneous ingestion of glucose diminishes the intramuscular glutamine concentration despite increased glutamine availability in the blood due to decreased glutamine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mittendorfer
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Solomons NW, Stehle P, Fürst P. Where is the glutamine? Intradialytic supplementation may not solve all issues in amino acid balance. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1236-7. [PMID: 11063458 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Boza JJ, Moënnoz D, Jarret AR, Vuichoud J, Garcìa-Ròdenas C, Finot PA, Ballèvre O. Neither glutamine nor arginine supplementation of diets increase glutamine body stores in healthy growing rats. Clin Nutr 2000; 19:319-25. [PMID: 11031069 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2000.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to resolve whether glutamine and arginine supplemented diets affect plasma and tissue (muscle, liver and intestinal mucosa) glutamine concentrations, as well as glutaminase and glutamine synthetase specific activities. The trial was performed in growing rats fed 10% protein diets for 3 weeks. Protein sources were: whey proteins (W); whey proteins+free glutamine (WG); whey proteins+arginine (WA); and casein+wheat protein hydrolysate+acid whey (39:39:22), as source containing protein-bound glutamine (CGW). Rats fed the control diet (6.4% glutamine) (W) showed comparable glutamine body stores to those of rats fed the WG diet. In fact, glutamine sup- plementation down-regulated the hepatic glutamine synthetic capacity of growing rats (W/WG: 6.8+/-0.3 vs 6.0+/-0.2 nmol/min/mg protein). Arginine supplementation of the diet (up to 9% of the protein content) resulted in a decrease in plasma and tissue glutamine concentrations (W/WA: plasma, 1218+/-51 vs 1031+/-48 micromol/L; liver 7.5+/-0.4 vs 6.5+/-0.2 micromol/g; muscle: 5.7+/-0.2 vs 4.0+/-0.2 micromol/g). These data suggest that glutamine supplementation of the diet does not increase plasma and tissue glutamine concentrations in healthy growing rats, while the addition of arginine to the diet decreases glutamine body stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Boza
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland
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