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Farjo M, Koelle K, Martin MA, Gibson LL, Walden KKO, Rendon G, Fields CJ, Alnaji FG, Gallagher N, Luo CH, Mostafa HH, Manabe YC, Pekosz A, Smith RL, McManus DD, Brooke CB. Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0161823. [PMID: 38174928 PMCID: PMC10805032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01618-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, in rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of viral variants between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.IMPORTANCEWe detail the within-host evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection in 31 individuals using daily longitudinal sampling. We characterized patterns of mutational accumulation for unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, and observed that temporal variant dynamics in both groups were largely stochastic. Comparison of paired nasal and saliva samples also revealed significant genetic compartmentalization between tissue environments in multiple individuals. Our results demonstrate how selection, genetic drift, and spatial compartmentalization all play important roles in shaping the within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 populations during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Farjo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael A. Martin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura L. Gibson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gloria Rendon
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Fadi G. Alnaji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - David D. McManus
- Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher B. Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Ota K, Kodama H, Kawamoto Y, Sasaki D, Mitsumoto-Kaseida F, Sakamoto K, Kosai K, Hasegawa H, Takazono T, Izumikawa K, Mukae H, Tun MMN, Morita K, Yanagihara K. The evaluation of a rapid microfluidic immunofluorescence antigen test in detecting the infectiousness of COVID-19 patients. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:823. [PMID: 37996783 PMCID: PMC10668452 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A test-based strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the measures to assess the need for isolation and prevention of infection. However, testing with high sensitivity methods, such as quantitative RT-PCR, leads to unnecessary isolation, whereas the lateral flow antigen test shows low sensitivity and false negative results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 Ag test (Lumira Ag), a rapid microfluidic immunofluorescence method, in assessing infectivity. METHODS This study was performed from March 2022 to July 2022. A pair of nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from each patient with mild COVID-19. One swab was used for Lumira Ag testing, and the other for quantitative RT-PCR testing and virus culture. RESULTS A total of 84 patients were included in the study. Among them, PCR, Lumira Ag test, and virus culture indicated positivity for 82, 66, and 24 patients, respectively. When comparing the Lumira Ag test to virus culture, its sensitivity was 100.0% (24/24), specificity, 30.0% (18/60); positive predictive value, 36.3% (24/66); and negative predictive value (NPV), 100.0% (18/18). The positive sample for virus culture was observed until the ninth day from the onset of symptoms, while the Lumira Ag test was observed until day 11. CONCLUSIONS The Lumira Ag test showed high sensitivity and NPV (100% each) compared to virus culture. A test-based strategy using the Lumira Ag test can effectively exclude COVID-19 infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Hina Kodama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kawamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Fujiko Mitsumoto-Kaseida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
- Dejima Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Herbert C, Manabe YC, Filippaios A, Lin H, Wang B, Achenbach C, Kheterpal V, Hartin P, Suvarna T, Harman E, Stamegna P, Rao LV, Hafer N, Broach J, Luzuriaga K, Fitzgerald KA, McManus DD, Soni A. Differential Viral Dynamics by Sex and Body Mass Index During Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from a Longitudinal Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2023:ciad701. [PMID: 37972270 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of an association of severe COVID-19 outcomes with increased body mass index (BMI) and male sex. However, few studies have examined the interaction between sex and BMI on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics. METHODS Participants conducted RT-PCR testing every 24-48 hours over a 15-day period. Sex and BMI were self-reported, and Ct values from E-gene were used to quantify viral load. Three distinct outcomes were examined using mixed effects generalized linear models, linear models, and logistic models, respectively: all Ct values (Model 1); nadir Ct value (model 2); and strongly detectable infection (at least one Ct value ≤28 during their infection) (Model 3). An interaction term between BMI and sex was included, and inverse logit transformations were applied to quantify the differences by BMI and sex using marginal predictions. RESULTS In total, 7,988 participants enrolled in this study, and 439 participants (Model 1) and 309 (Model 2 and 3) were eligible for these analyses. Among males, increasing BMI was associated with lower Ct values in a dose-response fashion. For participants with BMIs greater than 29, males had significantly lower Ct values and nadir Ct values than females. In total, 67.8% of males and 55.3% of females recorded a strongly detectable infection; increasing proportions of men had Ct values <28 with BMIs of 35 and 40. CONCLUSIONS We observed sex-based dimorphism in relation to BMI and COVID-19 viral load. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause, clinical impact, and transmission implications of this sex-differential effect of BMI on viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Herbert
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Biqi Wang
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chad Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Paul Hartin
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela Stamegna
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Hafer
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John Broach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David D McManus
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Apurv Soni
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Health System Science, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Kinne V, Ehrenberg S, Baier M, Lang S, Lewejohann JC, Kipp F. [Diagnostic performance of two antigen-tests compared to one PCR-Test to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an emergency department and emergency service]. Anaesthesiologie 2023; 72:791-798. [PMID: 37792046 PMCID: PMC10615947 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-023-01343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the German hospital landscape and emergency care the COVID-19 pandemic was a stress test. Emergency medical health care in Germany is ensured by the supply chain between prehospital emergency rescue and clinical emergency care in the emergency rooms. In hospitals and emergency care settings a rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective test is needed to identify SARS-CoV‑2. In the central emergency department it is important to strictly separate patients with suspected COVID-19 from non-infected emergency persons. METHODS Given the background mentioned above, the performance of antigen tests in the ambulance service of the city Jena and the central emergency department of the university hospital Jena was analysed and in addition verified by using the RT-PCR gold standard. Several multiple testing procedures were performed by using antigen tests in the ambulance service and the central emergency department, and by using one or both of these antigen tests followed by the RT-PCR test. A total of 980 patients were included in the study over a two-month period (October/November 2022). RESULTS The average age of all patients was 65 years. More than half of the actively treated patients came from the city of Jena. The sensitivity and specificity of the antigen tests were 66.7% and 99.2% in the clinical setting (the central emergency department) and 68.8% and 96.7% in the prehospital setting (in the ambulance service) compared to RT-PCR. In the prehospital setting the sensitivity of the antigen testing was slightly higher (2%) than the clinical antigen testing. Regarding the parallel testing, 6% of antigen tests had a false negative SARS-CoV‑2 antigen test result in the ambulance service and 4.6% of antigen tests had a false negative SARS-CoV‑2 antigen test result in the central emergency department. The false-negative antigen tests, and thus the potentially unrecognized individuals, were further reviewed by considering the Ct-value. CONCLUSION The use of antigen testing in the ambulance service and the emergency department can lead to a quick classification of COVID and non-COVID areas of an emergency department. The measurement accuracy of antigen testing in the ambulance service and central emergency department is not equivalent to the RT-PCR. Nevertheless, antigen testing is a useful initial screening tool for early detection of SARS-CoV‑2 in prehospital and clinical settings. Dual antigen testing may be useful for more accurate diagnosis of the SARS-CoV‑2 pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Kinne
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - Sandra Ehrenberg
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Michael Baier
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Lang
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | | | - Frank Kipp
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
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Shaver N, Bennett A, Beck A, Vyas N, Zitiktye G, Lam E, Whelan B, O'Regan R, Conway A, Skidmore B, Moher D, Little J. Performance of different rapid antigen testing strategies for SARS-CoV-2: A living rapid review. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e14058. [PMID: 37424144 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) for SARS-CoV-2 testing offer several advantages over molecular tests, but there is little evidence supporting an ideal testing algorithm. We aimed to examine the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) and the effectiveness of different RADT SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies. METHODS Following PRISMA DTA guidance, we carried out a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Searches were conducted in Ovid MEDLINE® ALL, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL electronic databases until February 2022. Results were visualized using forest plots and included in random-effects univariate meta-analyses, where eligible. RESULTS After screening 8010 records, 18 studies were included. Only one study provided data on incidence outcomes. Seventeen studies were DTA reports with direct comparisons of RADT strategies, using RT-PCR as the reference standard. Testing settings varied, corresponding to original SARS-CoV-2 or early variants. Strategies included differences in serial testing, the individual collecting swabs and swab sample locations. Overall, specificity remained high (>98%) across strategies. Although results were heterogeneous, the sensitivity for healthcare worker-collected samples was greater than for self-collected samples. Nasal samples had comparable sensitivity when compared to paired RADTs with nasopharyngeal samples, but sensitivity was much lower for saliva samples. The limited evidence for serial testing suggested higher sensitivity if RADTs were administered every 3 days compared to less frequent testing. CONCLUSIONS Additional high-quality research is needed to confirm our findings; all studies were judged to be at risk of bias, with significant heterogeneity in sensitivity estimates. Evaluations of testing algorithms in real-world settings are recommended, especially for transmission and incidence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Shaver
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandria Bennett
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Beck
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niyati Vyas
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eric Lam
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Whelan
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland & Cochrane Ireland, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rhea O'Regan
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland & Cochrane Ireland, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aileen Conway
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland & Cochrane Ireland, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Independent Information Specialist, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julian Little
- Knowledge Synthesis and Application Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Turpin VRG, Parr SK, Hammond ST, White ZJ, Tickner PJ, Chisam CE, Goerl KV, Drezner JA, Ade CJ. Cardiac changes in collegiate athletes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and quarantine: a prospective Case-Control study. Ann Med 2023; 55:2269586. [PMID: 37883807 PMCID: PMC10836285 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2269586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Athletes are susceptible to acute respiratory tract infections, including SARS-CoV-2, which can affect cardiovascular function. We aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 infection and quarantine on cardiac function in male and female collegiate athletes. METHODS We conducted a single-center, prospective, case-control study and performed transthoracic echocardiography in a diverse group of convalescent SARS-CoV-2-positive athletes following a 10-14-day quarantine, matched to non-SARS-CoV-2 athletes. Data collection occurred from August 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021. RESULTS We evaluated 61 SARS-CoV-2-positive athletes (20 ± 1 years, 39% female) and 61 controls (age 20 ± 2 years, 39% female). Echocardiography in SARS-CoV-2-positive athletes was performed on average 40 ± 38 days after infection diagnosis. All SARS-CoV-2-positive athletes had clinically normal systolic left ventricular function (LVEF > 50%). However, SARS-CoV-2-positive athletes exhibited mildly lower LVEF compared to controls (65 ± 6% vs. 72 ± 8%, respectively, p < 0.001), which remained significant when evaluated separately for female and male athletes. Sub-analysis revealed these differences occurred only when imaging occurred within a mean average of 27 days of infection, with a longer recovery period (≥27 days) resulting in no differences. SARS-CoV-2-positive male athletes exhibited higher left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mitral filling velocities compared to male controls. CONCLUSION Our study reveals unique sex-specific cardiac changes in collegiate athletes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and quarantine compared to controls. Despite a mild reduction in LVEF, which was only observed in the first weeks following infection, no clinically significant cardiac abnormalities were observed. Further research is required to understand if the changes in LVEF are directly attributed to the infection or indirectly through exercise restrictions resulting from quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa-Rose G Turpin
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Shannon K Parr
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stephen T Hammond
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Zachary J White
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Preston J Tickner
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chloe E Chisam
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kyle V Goerl
- Lafene Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan A Drezner
- Department of Family Medicine, Center for Sports Cardiology, University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, KS State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Physician Associate Studies, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Johnson Cancer Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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7
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Kost GJ. The Impact of Repeating COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Tests on Prevalence Boundary Performance and Missed Diagnoses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3223. [PMID: 37892044 PMCID: PMC10606553 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevalence boundary (PB) marks the point in prevalence in which the false omission rate, RFO = FN/(TN + FN), exceeds the tolerance limit for missed diagnoses. The objectives were to mathematically analyze rapid antigen test (RAgT) performance, determine why PBs are breeched, and evaluate the merits of testing three times over five days, now required by the US Food and Drug Administration for asymptomatic persons. Equations were derived to compare test performance patterns, calculate PBs, and perform recursive computations. An independent July 2023 FDA-NIH-university-commercial evaluation of RAgTs provided performance data used in theoretical calculations. Tiered sensitivity/specificity comprise the following: tier (1) 90%, 95%; tier (2) 95%, 97.5%; and tier (3) 100%, ≥99%. Repeating a T2 test improves the PB from 44.6% to 95.2% (RFO 5%). In the FDA-NIH-university-commercial evaluation, RAgTs generated a sensitivity of 34.4%, which improved to 55.3% when repeated, and then improved to 68.5% with the third test. With RFO = 5%, PBs are 7.37/10.46/14.22%, respectively. PB analysis suggests that RAgTs should achieve a clinically proven sensitivity of 91.0-91.4%. When prevalence exceeds PBs, missed diagnoses can perpetuate virus transmission. Repeating low-sensitivity RAgTs delays diagnosis. In homes, high-risk settings, and hotspots, PB breaches may prolong contagion, defeat mitigation, facilitate new variants, and transform outbreaks into endemic disease. Molecular diagnostics can help avoid these potential vicious cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Kost
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT•CTR), Knowledge Optimization, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ji J, Viloria Winnett A, Shelby N, Reyes JA, Schlenker NW, Davich H, Caldera S, Tognazzini C, Goh YY, Feaster M, Ismagilov RF. Index cases first identified by nasal-swab rapid COVID-19 tests had more transmission to household contacts than cases identified by other test types. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292389. [PMID: 37796850 PMCID: PMC10553276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At-home rapid COVID-19 tests in the U.S. utilize nasal-swab specimens and require high viral loads to reliably give positive results. Longitudinal studies from the onset of infection have found infectious virus can present in oral specimens days before nasal. Detection and initiation of infection-control practices may therefore be delayed when nasal-swab rapid tests are used, resulting in greater transmission to contacts. We assessed whether index cases first identified by rapid nasal-swab COVID-19 tests had more transmission to household contacts than index cases who used other test types (tests with higher analytical sensitivity and/or non-nasal specimen types). In this observational cohort study, 370 individuals from 85 households with a recent COVID-19 case were screened at least daily by RT-qPCR on one or more self-collected upper-respiratory specimen types. A two-level random intercept model was used to assess the association between the infection outcome of household contacts and each covariable (household size, race/ethnicity, age, vaccination status, viral variant, infection-control practices, and whether a rapid nasal-swab test was used to initially identify the household index case). Transmission was quantified by adjusted secondary attack rates (aSAR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). An aSAR of 53.6% (95% CI 38.8-68.3%) was observed among households where the index case first tested positive by a rapid nasal-swab COVID-19 test, which was significantly higher than the aSAR for households where the index case utilized another test type (27.2% 95% CI 19.5-35.0%, P = 0.003 pairwise comparisons of predictive margins). We observed an aOR of 4.90 (95% CI 1.65-14.56) for transmission to household contacts when a nasal-swab rapid test was used to identify the index case, compared to other test types. Use of nasal-swab rapid COVID-19 tests for initial detection of infection and initiation of infection control may be less effective at limiting transmission to household contacts than other test types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ji
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Viloria Winnett
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles–California Institute of Technology Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha Shelby
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Reyes
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Noah W. Schlenker
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Davich
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Saharai Caldera
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Colten Tognazzini
- Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Goh
- Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Matt Feaster
- Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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9
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Viloria Winnett A, Akana R, Shelby N, Davich H, Caldera S, Yamada T, Reyna JRB, Romano AE, Carter AM, Kim MK, Thomson M, Tognazzini C, Feaster M, Goh YY, Chew YC, Ismagilov RF. Daily SARS-CoV-2 Nasal Antigen Tests Miss Infected and Presumably Infectious People Due to Viral Load Differences among Specimen Types. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0129523. [PMID: 37314333 PMCID: PMC10434058 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01295-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent household transmission study of SARS-CoV-2, we found extreme differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads among paired saliva, anterior nares swab (ANS), and oropharyngeal swab specimens collected from the same time point. We hypothesized these differences may hinder low-analytical-sensitivity assays (including antigen rapid diagnostic tests [Ag-RDTs]) by using a single specimen type (e.g., ANS) from reliably detecting infected and infectious individuals. We evaluated daily at-home ANS Ag-RDTs (Quidel QuickVue) in a cross-sectional analysis of 228 individuals and a longitudinal analysis (throughout infection) of 17 individuals enrolled early in the course of infection. Ag-RDT results were compared to reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results and high, presumably infectious viral loads (in each, or any, specimen type). The ANS Ag-RDT correctly detected only 44% of time points from infected individuals on cross-sectional analysis, and this population had an inferred limit of detection of 7.6 × 106 copies/mL. From the longitudinal cohort, daily Ag-RDT clinical sensitivity was very low (<3%) during the early, preinfectious period of the infection. Further, the Ag-RDT detected ≤63% of presumably infectious time points. The poor observed clinical sensitivity of the Ag-RDT was similar to what was predicted based on quantitative ANS viral loads and the inferred limit of detection of the ANS Ag-RDT being evaluated, indicating high-quality self-sampling. Nasal Ag-RDTs, even when used daily, can miss individuals infected with the Omicron variant and even those presumably infectious. Evaluations of Ag-RDTs for detection of infected or infectious individuals should be compared with a composite (multispecimen) infection status to correctly assess performance. IMPORTANCE We reveal three findings from a longitudinal study of daily nasal antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification in three specimen types (saliva, nasal swab, and throat swab) in participants enrolled at the incidence of infection. First, the evaluated Ag-RDT showed low (44%) clinical sensitivity for detecting infected persons at all infection stages. Second, the Ag-RDT poorly detected (≤63%) time points that participants had high and presumably infectious viral loads in at least one specimen type. This poor clinical sensitivity to detect infectious individuals is inconsistent with the commonly held view that daily Ag-RDTs have near-perfect detection of infectious individuals. Third, use of a combination nasal-throat specimen type was inferred by viral loads to significantly improve Ag-RDT performance to detect infectious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reid Akana
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Natasha Shelby
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Hannah Davich
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Saharai Caldera
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Taikun Yamada
- Pangea Laboratory LLC, Tustin, California, USA
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Anna E. Romano
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Mi Kyung Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Feaster
- Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Goh
- Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Pangea Laboratory LLC, Tustin, California, USA
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California, USA
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10
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Ogane K, Imai K, Orihara Y, Kodana M, Tezuka M, Matsuzaki N, Takahashi R, Ichimura S, Tokano M, Sakai J, Tarumoto N, Maesaki S, Takuya M. Clinical evaluation of anterior nasal cavity swab specimens by a rapid antigen test using a GLINE-2019-nCoV Ag Kit to diagnose COVID-19. J Infect Chemother 2023:S1341-321X(23)00120-4. [PMID: 37187412 PMCID: PMC10182653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The promising diagnostic performance of rapid antigen tests (RATs) using non-invasive anterior nasal (AN) swab specimens to diagnose COVID-19 has been reported. A large number of RATs are commercially available; however, the careful assessment of RATs is essential prior to their implementation in clinical practice. We evaluated the clinical performance of the GLINE-2019-nCoV Ag kit as a RAT using AN swabs in a prospective, blinded study. Adult patients who visited outpatient departments and received SARS-CoV-2 tests between August 16 and September 8, 2022, were eligible for this study. Patients who were aged under 18 years and patients without appropriate specimens were excluded. Two sets of AN and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected from all patients. Each set of specimens was tested by the RAT and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Of the 138 recruited patients, 84 were positive and 54 were negative by RT-qPCR using NP swabs. The positive agreement rate between RT-qPCR using NP swabs and RAT using AN swabs was 78.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.3%-86.8%), the negative agreement rate was 98.1% (95% CI, 90.1%-99.9%), and the overall agreement rate was 86.2% (95% CI, 79.3%-91.5%), with a κ coefficient of 0.73. The positive agreement rate in the early phase (≤3 days from symptom onset) was >80%, but this fell to 50% in the late phase (≥4 days). This study demonstrates that the GLINE-2019-nCoV Ag Kit using AN swabs has good clinical performance and might be a reliable alternative method for diagnosing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ogane
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuta Orihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kodana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mariko Tezuka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nanako Matsuzaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ichimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mieko Tokano
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Sakai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norihito Tarumoto
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Maesaki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Maeda Takuya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Soni A, Herbert C, Pretz C, Stamegna P, Filippaios A, Shi Q, Suvarna T, Harman E, Schrader S, Nowak C, Schramm E, Kheterpal V, Behar S, Tarrant S, Ferranto J, Hafer N, Robinson M, Achenbach C, Murphy RL, Manabe YC, Gibson L, Barton B, O’Connor L, Fahey N, Orvek E, Lazar P, Ayturk D, Wong S, Zai A, Cashman L, Rao LV, Luzuriaga K, Lemon S, Blodgett A, Trippe E, Barcus M, Goldberg B, Roth K, Stenzel T, Heetderks W, Broach J, McManus D. Design and implementation of a digital site-less clinical study of serial rapid antigen testing to identify asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e120. [PMID: 37313378 PMCID: PMC10260333 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid antigen detection tests (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 with emergency use authorization generally include a condition of authorization to evaluate the test's performance in asymptomatic individuals when used serially. We aim to describe a novel study design that was used to generate regulatory-quality data to evaluate the serial use of Ag-RDT in detecting SARS-CoV-2 virus among asymptomatic individuals. Methods This prospective cohort study used a siteless, digital approach to assess longitudinal performance of Ag-RDT. Individuals over 2 years old from across the USA with no reported COVID-19 symptoms in the 14 days prior to study enrollment were eligible to enroll in this study. Participants throughout the mainland USA were enrolled through a digital platform between October 18, 2021 and February 15, 2022. Participants were asked to test using Ag-RDT and molecular comparators every 48 hours for 15 days. Enrollment demographics, geographic distribution, and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are reported. Key Results A total of 7361 participants enrolled in the study, and 492 participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, including 154 who were asymptomatic and tested negative to start the study. This exceeded the initial enrollment goals of 60 positive participants. We enrolled participants from 44 US states, and geographic distribution of participants shifted in accordance with the changing COVID-19 prevalence nationwide. Conclusions The digital site-less approach employed in the "Test Us At Home" study enabled rapid, efficient, and rigorous evaluation of rapid diagnostics for COVID-19 and can be adapted across research disciplines to optimize study enrollment and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurv Soni
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Health System Science, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Carly Herbert
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Pretz
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pamela Stamegna
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qiming Shi
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Health System Science, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Behar
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Seanan Tarrant
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Julia Ferranto
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Hafer
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chad Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert L. Murphy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Gibson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laurel O’Connor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Fahey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Orvek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter Lazar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Didem Ayturk
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Steven Wong
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Zai
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Stephenie Lemon
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Allison Blodgett
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Trippe
- Division of Microbiology, OHT7 Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mary Barcus
- Division of Microbiology, OHT7 Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Goldberg
- Division of Microbiology, OHT7 Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kristian Roth
- Division of Microbiology, OHT7 Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Stenzel
- OHT7 Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - William Heetderks
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Via Contract with Kelly Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Broach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David McManus
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Health System Science, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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12
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Li H, Zhang H. Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 screening strategy under China's dynamic zero-case policy. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1099116. [PMID: 37228729 PMCID: PMC10203195 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1099116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 screening strategies under China's dynamic zero-case policy through cost-effectiveness analysis. A total of 9 screening strategies with different screening frequencies and combinations of detection methods were designed. A stochastic agent-based model was used to simulate the progress of the COVID-19 outbreak in scenario I (close contacts were promptly quarantined) and scenario II (close contacts were not promptly quarantined). The primary outcomes included the number of infections, number of close contacts, number of deaths, the duration of the epidemic, and duration of movement restriction. Net monetary benefit (NMB) and the incremental cost-benefit ratio were used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different screening strategies. The results indicated that under China's COVID-19 dynamic zero-case policy, high-frequency screening can help contain the spread of the epidemic, reduce the size and burden of the epidemic, and is cost-effective. Mass antigen testing is not cost-effective compared with mass nucleic acid testing in the same screening frequency. It would be more cost-effective to use AT as a supplemental screening tool when NAT capacity is insufficient or when outbreaks are spreading very rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- School of Medical Business, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Health Economics and Health Promotion Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Medical Business, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Health Economics and Health Promotion Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Supplisson O, Charmet T, Galmiche S, Schaeffer L, Chény O, Lévy A, Jeandet N, Omar F, David C, Mailles A, Fontanet A. SARS-CoV-2 self-test uptake and factors associated with self-testing during Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 waves in France, January to May 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200781. [PMID: 37140451 PMCID: PMC10161682 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.18.2200781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFollowing the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spread, the use of unsupervised antigenic rapid diagnostic tests (self-tests) increased.AimThis study aimed to measure self-test uptake and factors associated with self-testing.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study from 20 January to 2 May 2022, the case series from a case-control study on factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were used to analyse self-testing habits in France. A multivariable quasi-Poisson regression was used to explore the variables associated with self-testing among symptomatic cases who were not contacts of another infected individual. The control series from the same study was used as a proxy for the self-test background rate in the non-infected population of France.ResultsDuring the study period, 179,165 cases who tested positive through supervised tests were recruited. Of these, 64.7% had performed a self-test in the 3 days preceding this supervised test, of which 79,038 (68.2%) were positive. The most frequently reported reason for self-testing was the presence of symptoms (64.6%). Among symptomatic cases who were not aware of being contacts of another case, self-testing was positively associated with being female, higher education, household size, being a teacher and negatively associated with older age, not French by birth, healthcare-related work and immunosuppression. Among the control series, 12% self-tested during the 8 days preceding questionnaire filling, with temporal heterogeneity.ConclusionThe analysis showed high self-test uptake in France with some inequalities which must be addressed through education and facilitated access (cost and availability) for making it a more efficient epidemic control tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Supplisson
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Health team (Collège de France, CNRS/UMR 7241, Inserm U1050), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Tiffany Charmet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Simon Galmiche
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laura Schaeffer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Chény
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Clinical Operation Coordination Office, Paris, France
| | - Anne Lévy
- Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, unité PACRI, Paris, France
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14
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Hwang HS, Lo CM, Murphy M, Grudda T, Gallagher N, Luo CH, Robinson ML, Mirza A, Conte M, Conte A, Zhou R, Vergara C, Brooke CB, Pekosz A, Mostafa HH, Manabe YC, Thio CL, Balagopal A. Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 Transcription of Subgenomic and Genomic RNAs During Early Human Infection Using Multiplexed Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:981-992. [PMID: 36468309 PMCID: PMC10319975 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission requires understanding SARS-CoV-2 replication dynamics. METHODS We developed a multiplexed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay to quantify SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs), which are only produced during active viral replication, and discriminate them from genomic RNAs (gRNAs). We applied the assay to specimens from 144 people with single nasopharyngeal samples and 27 people with >1 sample. Results were compared to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and viral culture. RESULTS sgRNAs were quantifiable across a range of qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values and correlated with Ct values. The ratio sgRNA:gRNA was stable across a wide range of Ct values, whereas adjusted amounts of N sgRNA to a human housekeeping gene declined with higher Ct values. Adjusted sgRNA and gRNA amounts were quantifiable in culture-negative samples, although levels were significantly lower than in culture-positive samples. Daily testing of 6 persons revealed that sgRNA is concordant with culture results during the first week of infection but may be discordant with culture later in infection. sgRNA:gRNA is constant during infection despite changes in viral culture. CONCLUSIONS Ct values from qPCR correlate with active viral replication. More work is needed to understand why some cultures are negative despite presence of sgRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon S Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Che-Min Lo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanner Grudda
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew L Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Agha Mirza
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madison Conte
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Conte
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Candelaria Vergara
- Department of Microbiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Lim NWH, Lim JT, Dickens BL. Border Control for Infectious Respiratory Disease Pandemics: A Modelling Study for H1N1 and Four Strains of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040978. [PMID: 37112958 PMCID: PMC10144227 DOI: 10.3390/v15040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-pandemic economic recovery relies on border control for safe cross-border movement. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate whether effective strategies generalize across diseases and variants. For four SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A-H1N1, we simulated 21 strategy families of varying test types and frequencies, quantifying expected transmission risk, relative to no control, by strategy family and quarantine length. We also determined minimum quarantine lengths to suppress relative risk below given thresholds. SARS-CoV-2 variants showed similar relative risk across strategy families and quarantine lengths, with at most 2 days' between-variant difference in minimum quarantine lengths. ART-based and PCR-based strategies showed comparable effectiveness, with regular testing strategies requiring at most 9 days. For influenza A-H1N1, ART-based strategies were ineffective. Daily ART testing reduced relative risk only 9% faster than without regular testing. PCR-based strategies were moderately effective, with daily PCR (0-day delay) testing requiring 16 days for the second-most stringent threshold. Viruses with high typical viral loads and low transmission risk given low viral loads, such as SARS-CoV-2, are effectively controlled with moderate-sensitivity tests (ARTs) and modest quarantine periods. Viruses with low typical viral loads and substantial transmission risk at low viral loads, such as influenza A-H1N1, require high-sensitivity tests (PCR) and longer quarantine periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Wei-Han Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jue Tao Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Borame Lee Dickens
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
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Viloria Winnett A, Akana R, Shelby N, Davich H, Caldera S, Yamada T, Reyna JRB, Romano AE, Carter AM, Kim MK, Thomson M, Tognazzini C, Feaster M, Goh YY, Chew YC, Ismagilov RF. Extreme differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads among respiratory specimen types during presumed pre-infectious and infectious periods. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad033. [PMID: 36926220 PMCID: PMC10013338 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral-load measurements from a single-specimen type are used to establish diagnostic strategies, interpret clinical-trial results for vaccines and therapeutics, model viral transmission, and understand virus-host interactions. However, measurements from a single-specimen type are implicitly assumed to be representative of other specimen types. We quantified viral-load timecourses from individuals who began daily self-sampling of saliva, anterior-nares (nasal), and oropharyngeal (throat) swabs before or at the incidence of infection with the Omicron variant. Viral loads in different specimen types from the same person at the same timepoint exhibited extreme differences, up to 109 copies/mL. These differences were not due to variation in sample self-collection, which was consistent. For most individuals, longitudinal viral-load timecourses in different specimen types did not correlate. Throat-swab and saliva viral loads began to rise as many as 7 days earlier than nasal-swab viral loads in most individuals, leading to very low clinical sensitivity of nasal swabs during the first days of infection. Individuals frequently exhibited presumably infectious viral loads in one specimen type while viral loads were low or undetectable in other specimen types. Therefore, defining an individual as infectious based on assessment of a single-specimen type underestimates the infectious period, and overestimates the ability of that specimen type to detect infectious individuals. For diagnostic COVID-19 testing, these three single-specimen types have low clinical sensitivity, whereas a combined throat-nasal swab, and assays with high analytical sensitivity, was inferred to have significantly better clinical sensitivity to detect presumed pre-infectious and infectious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reid Akana
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Natasha Shelby
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hannah Davich
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Saharai Caldera
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Taikun Yamada
- Pangea Laboratory LLC, 14762 Bentley Cir, Tustin, CA 92780, USA.,Zymo Research Corp., 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | | | - Anna E Romano
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alyssa M Carter
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Colten Tognazzini
- Pasadena Public Health Department, 1845 N. Fair Oaks Ave, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Matthew Feaster
- Pasadena Public Health Department, 1845 N. Fair Oaks Ave, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Goh
- Pasadena Public Health Department, 1845 N. Fair Oaks Ave, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Pangea Laboratory LLC, 14762 Bentley Cir, Tustin, CA 92780, USA.,Zymo Research Corp., 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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17
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Herbert C, Wang B, Lin H, Hafer N, Pretz C, Stamegna P, Tarrant S, Hartin P, Ferranto J, Behar S, Wright C, Orwig T, Suvarna T, Harman E, Schrader S, Nowak C, Kheterpal V, Orvek E, Wong S, Zai A, Barton B, Gerber B, Lemon SC, Filippaios A, D'Amore K, Gibson L, Greene S, Howard-Wilson S, Colubri A, Achenbach C, Murphy R, Heetderks W, Manabe YC, O'Connor L, Fahey N, Luzuriaga K, Broach J, McManus DD, Soni A. Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests Based on Symptom Onset and Close Contact Exposure: A secondary analysis from the Test Us At Home prospective cohort study. medRxiv 2023:2023.02.21.23286239. [PMID: 36865199 PMCID: PMC9980261 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.23286239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The performance of rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 (Ag-RDT) in temporal relation to symptom onset or exposure is unknown, as is the impact of vaccination on this relationship. Objective To evaluate the performance of Ag-RDT compared with RT-PCR based on day after symptom onset or exposure in order to decide on 'when to test'. Design Setting and Participants The Test Us at Home study was a longitudinal cohort study that enrolled participants over 2 years old across the United States between October 18, 2021 and February 4, 2022. All participants were asked to conduct Ag-RDT and RT-PCR testing every 48 hours over a 15-day period. Participants with one or more symptoms during the study period were included in the Day Post Symptom Onset (DPSO) analyses, while those who reported a COVID-19 exposure were included in the Day Post Exposure (DPE) analysis. Exposure Participants were asked to self-report any symptoms or known exposures to SARS-CoV-2 every 48-hours, immediately prior to conducting Ag-RDT and RT-PCR testing. The first day a participant reported one or more symptoms was termed DPSO 0, and the day of exposure was DPE 0. Vaccination status was self-reported. Main Outcome and Measures Results of Ag-RDT were self-reported (positive, negative, or invalid) and RT-PCR results were analyzed by a central laboratory. Percent positivity of SARS-CoV-2 and sensitivity of Ag-RDT and RT-PCR by DPSO and DPE were stratified by vaccination status and calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 7,361 participants enrolled in the study. Among them, 2,086 (28.3%) and 546 (7.4%) participants were eligible for the DPSO and DPE analyses, respectively. Unvaccinated participants were nearly twice as likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 than vaccinated participants in event of symptoms (PCR+: 27.6% vs 10.1%) or exposure (PCR+: 43.8% vs. 22.2%). The highest proportion of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals tested positive on DPSO 2 and DPE 5-8. Performance of RT-PCR and Ag-RDT did not differ by vaccination status. Ag-RDT detected 78.0% (95% Confidence Interval: 72.56-82.61) of PCR-confirmed infections by DPSO 4. For exposed participants, Ag-RDT detected 84.9% (95% CI: 75.0-91.4) of PCR-confirmed infections by day five post-exposure (DPE 5). Conclusions and Relevance Performance of Ag-RDT and RT-PCR was highest on DPSO 0-2 and DPE 5 and did not differ by vaccination status. These data suggests that serial testing remains integral to enhancing the performance of Ag-RDT.
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Wagner K, Fox P, Gordon E, Hahn W, Olsen K, Markham A, Buglewicz D, Selemenakis P, Lessard A, Goldstein D, Threatt A, Davis L, Miller-Dawson J, Stockett H, Sanders H, Rugh K, Turner H, Remias M, Williams M, Chavez J, Galindo G, Cialek C, Koch A, Fout A, Fosdick B, Broeckling B, Zabel MD. A multiplexed, paired-pooled droplet digital PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3075. [PMID: 36813822 PMCID: PMC9944410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we developed a multiplexed, paired-pool droplet digital PCR (MP4) screening assay. Key features of our assay are the use of minimally processed saliva, 8-sample paired pools, and reverse-transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene. The limit of detection was determined to be 2 and 12 copies per µl for individual and pooled samples, respectively. Using the MP4 assay, we routinely processed over 1,000 samples a day with a 24-h turnaround time and over the course of 17 months, screened over 250,000 saliva samples. Modeling studies showed that the efficiency of 8-sample pools was reduced with increased viral prevalence and that this could be mitigated by using 4-sample pools. We also present a strategy for, and modeling data supporting, the creation of a third paired pool as an additional strategy to employ under high viral prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Wagner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Phil Fox
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Westen Hahn
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kenzie Olsen
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Markham
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dylan Buglewicz
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Platon Selemenakis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Avery Lessard
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniella Goldstein
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alissa Threatt
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Luke Davis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jake Miller-Dawson
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Halie Stockett
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Kristin Rugh
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Houston Turner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michelle Remias
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Maggie Williams
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jorge Chavez
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gabriel Galindo
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Charlotte Cialek
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Amanda Koch
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Fout
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bailey Fosdick
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Bettina Broeckling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark D Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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19
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Pettit R, Peng B, Yu P, Matos PG, Greninger AL, McCashin J, Amos CI. Optimized workplace risk mitigation measures for SARS-CoV-2 in 2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2779. [PMID: 36797293 PMCID: PMC9933026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
596 million SARS-CoV-2 cases have been reported and over 12 billion vaccine doses have been administered. As vaccination rates increase, a gap in knowledge exists regarding appropriate thresholds for escalation and de-escalation of workplace COVID-19 preventative measures. We conducted 133,056 simulation experiments, evaluating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in hypothesized working environments subject to COVID-19 infections from the community. We tested the rates of workplace-acquired infections based on applied isolation strategies, community infection rates, methods and scales of testing, non-pharmaceutical interventions, variant predominance, vaccination coverages, and vaccination efficacies. When 75% of a workforce is vaccinated with a 70% efficacious vaccine against infection, then no masking or routine testing + isolation strategies are needed to prevent workplace-acquired omicron variant infections when the community infection rate per 100,000 persons is ≤ 1. A CIR ≤ 30, and ≤ 120 would result in no workplace-acquired infections in this same scenario against the delta and alpha variants, respectively. Workforces with 100% worker vaccination can prevent workplace-acquired infections with higher community infection rates. Identifying and isolating workers with antigen-based SARS-CoV-2 testing methods results in the same or fewer workplace-acquired infections than testing with slower turnaround time polymerase chain reaction methods. Risk migration measures such as mask-wearing, testing, and isolation can be relaxed, or escalated, in commensurate with levels of community infections, workforce immunization, and risk tolerance. The interactive heatmap we provide can be used for immediate, parameter-based case count predictions to inform institutional policy making. The simulation approach we have described can be further used for future evaluation of strategies to mitigate COVID-19 spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowland Pettit
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Yu
- Corporate Medical Advisors, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Christopher Ian Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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20
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Huang Q, Sun Y, Jia M, Zhang T, Chen F, Jiang M, Wang Q, Feng L, Yang W. Quantitative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Antigen- and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Combination Strategies for Containing COVID-19 Transmission in a Simulated Community. Engineering (Beijing) 2023; 28:S2095-8099(23)00050-4. [PMID: 36819830 PMCID: PMC9918319 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases continues to surge, overwhelming healthcare systems and causing excess mortality in many countries. Testing of infectious populations remains a key strategy to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, delay the exponential spread of the disease, and flatten the epidemic curve. Using the Omicron variant outbreak as a background, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of testing strategies with different test combinations and frequencies, analyze the factors associated with testing effectiveness, and optimize testing strategies based on these influencing factors. We developed a stochastic, agent-based, discrete-time susceptible-latent-infectious-recovered model simulating a community to estimate the association between three levels of testing strategies and COVID-19 transmission. Antigen testing and its combination strategies were more efficient than polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-related strategies. Antigen testing also showed better performance in reducing the demand for hospital beds and intensive care unit beds. The delay in the turnaround time of test results had a more significant impact on the efficiency of the testing strategy compared to the detection limit of viral load and detection-related contacts. The main advantage of antigen testing strategies is the short turnaround time, which is also a critical factor to be optimized to improve PCR strategies. After modifying the turnaround time, the strategies with less frequent testing were comparable to daily testing. The choice of testing strategy requires consideration of containment goals, test efficacy, community prevalence, and economic factors. This study provides evidence for the selection and optimization of testing strategies in the post-pandemic era and provides guidance for optimizing healthcare resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangru Huang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanxia Sun
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- School of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weizhong Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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21
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Colman E, Puspitarani GA, Enright J, Kao RR. Ascertainment rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections from healthcare and community testing in the UK. J Theor Biol 2023; 558:111333. [PMID: 36347306 PMCID: PMC9636607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections ascertained through healthcare and community testing is generally unknown and expected to vary depending on natural factors and changes in test-seeking behaviour. Here we use population surveillance data and reported daily case numbers in the United Kingdom to estimate the rate of case ascertainment. We mathematically describe the relationship between the ascertainment rate, the daily number of reported cases, population prevalence, and the sensitivity of PCR and Lateral Flow tests as a function time since exposure. Applying this model to the data, we estimate that 20%-40% of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK were ascertained with a positive test with results varying by time and region. Cases of the Alpha variant were ascertained at a higher rate than the wild type variants circulating in the early pandemic, and higher again for the Delta variant and Omicron BA.1 sub-lineage, but lower for the BA.2 sub-lineage. Case ascertainment was higher in adults than in children. We further estimate the daily number of infections and compare this to mortality data to estimate that the infection fatality rate increased by a factor of 3 during the period dominated by the Alpha variant, and declined in line with the distribution of vaccines. This manuscript was submitted as part of a theme issue on "Modelling COVID-19 and Preparedness for Future Pandemics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Colman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gavrila A Puspitarani
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Unit Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Enright
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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22
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Colosi E, Bassignana G, Barrat A, Lina B, Vanhems P, Bielicki J, Colizza V. Minimising school disruption under high incidence conditions due to the Omicron variant in France, Switzerland, Italy, in January 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200192. [PMID: 36729116 PMCID: PMC9896604 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.5.2200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs record cases of Omicron variant were registered in Europe in early 2022, schools remained a vulnerable setting undergoing large disruption.AimThrough mathematical modelling, we compared school protocols of reactive screening, regular screening, and reactive class closure implemented in France, in Baselland (Switzerland), and in Italy, respectively, and assessed them in terms of case prevention, testing resource demand, and schooldays lost.MethodsWe used a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in schools accounting for within- and across-class contacts from empirical contact data. We parameterised it to the Omicron BA.1 variant to reproduce the French Omicron wave in January 2022. We simulated the three protocols to assess their costs and effectiveness for varying peak incidence rates in the range experienced by European countries.ResultsWe estimated that at the high incidence rates registered in France during the Omicron BA.1 wave in January 2022, the reactive screening protocol applied in France required higher test resources compared with the weekly screening applied in Baselland (0.50 vs 0.45 tests per student-week), but achieved considerably lower control (8% vs 21% reduction of peak incidence). The reactive class closure implemented in Italy was predicted to be very costly, leading to > 20% student-days lost.ConclusionsAt high incidence conditions, reactive screening protocols generate a large and unplanned demand in testing resources, for marginal control of school transmissions. Comparable or lower resources could be more efficiently used through weekly screening. Our findings can help define incidence levels triggering school protocols and optimise their cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Colosi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Bassignana
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Department of Virology, Infective Agents Institute, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Virpath Laboratory, INSERM U1111, CNRS—UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vanhems
- Service d'Hygiène, Épidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Public Health, Epidemiology and Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Diseases (PHE3ID) – Inserm - U1111 - UCBL Lyon 1 - CNRS –UMR5308 - ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
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Soni A, Herbert C, Pretz C, Stamegna P, Filippaios A, Shi Q, Suvarna T, Harman E, Schrader S, Nowak C, Schramm E, Kheterpal V, Behar S, Tarrant S, Ferranto J, Hafer N, Robinson M, Achenbach C, Murphy RL, Manabe YC, Gibson L, Barton B, O'Connor L, Fahey N, Orvek E, Lazar P, Ayturk D, Wong S, Zai A, Cashman L, Rao LV, Luzuriaga K, Lemon S, Blodgett A, Trippe E, Barcus M, Goldberg B, Roth K, Stenzel T, Heetderks W, Broach J, McManus D. Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Design and Implementation of a Digital Site-less Clinical Study of Serial Rapid Antigen Testing to Identify Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. medRxiv 2023:2022.08.04.22278274. [PMID: 35982663 PMCID: PMC9387154 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.04.22278274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Rapid antigen tests (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 with Emergency Use Authorization generally include a condition of authorization to evaluate the test's performance in asymptomatic individuals when used serially. Objective To describe a novel study design to generate regulatory-quality data to evaluate serial use of Ag-RDT in detecting SARS-CoV-2 virus among asymptomatic individuals. Design Prospective cohort study using a decentralized approach. Participants were asked to test using Ag-RDT and molecular comparators every 48 hours for 15 days. Setting Participants throughout the mainland United States were enrolled through a digital platform between October 18, 2021 and February 15, 2022. Ag-RDTs were completed at home, and molecular comparators were shipped to a central laboratory. Participants Individuals over 2 years old from across the U.S. with no reported COVID-19 symptoms in the 14 days prior to study enrollment were eligible to enroll in this study. Measurements Enrollment demographics, geographic distribution, and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are reported. Key Results A total of 7,361 participants enrolled in the study, and 492 participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, including 154 who were asymptomatic and tested negative to start the study. This exceeded the initial enrollment goals of 60 positive participants. We enrolled participants from 44 U.S. states, and geographic distribution of participants shifted in accordance with the changing COVID-19 prevalence nationwide. Limitations New, complex workflows required significant operational and data team support. Conclusions: The digital site-less approach employed in the 'Test Us At Home' study enabled rapid, efficient, and rigorous evaluation of rapid diagnostics for COVID-19, and can be adapted across research disciplines to optimize study enrollment and accessibility.
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Keeling MJ. Patterns of reported infection and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in England. J Theor Biol 2023; 556:111299. [PMID: 36252843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
One of the key features of any infectious disease is whether infection generates long-lasting immunity or whether repeated reinfection is common. In the former, the long-term dynamics are driven by the birth of susceptible individuals while in the latter the dynamics are governed by the speed of waning immunity. Between these two extremes a range of scenarios is possible. During the early waves of SARS-CoV-2, the underlying paradigm was for long-lasting immunity, but more recent data and in particular the 2022 Omicron waves have shown that reinfection can be relatively common. Here we investigate reported SARS-CoV-2 cases in England, partitioning the data into four main waves, and consider the temporal distribution of first and second reports of infection. We show that a simple low-dimensional statistical model of random (but scaled) reinfection captures much of the observed dynamics, with the value of this scaling, k, providing information of underlying epidemiological patterns. We conclude that there is considerable heterogeneity in risk of reporting reinfection by wave, age-group and location. The high levels of reinfection in the Omicron wave (we estimate that 18% of all Omicron cases had been previously infected, although not necessarily previously reported infection) point to reinfection events dominating future COVID-19 dynamics. This manuscript was submitted as part of a theme issue on "Modelling COVID-19 and Preparedness for Future Pandemics".
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Alemi F, Vang J, Bagais WH, Guralnik E, Wojtusiak J, Moeller F, Schilling J, Peterson R, Roess A, Jain P. Combined Symptom Screening and At-Home Tests for COVID-19. Qual Manag Health Care 2023; 32:S11-S20. [PMID: 36579704 PMCID: PMC9811480 DOI: 10.1097/qmh.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE At-home rapid antigen tests provide a convenient and expedited resource to learn about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection status. However, low sensitivity of at-home antigen tests presents a challenge. This study examines the accuracy of at-home tests, when combined with computer-facilitated symptom screening. METHODS The study used primary data sources with data collected during 2 phases at different periods (phase 1 and phase 2): one during the period in which the alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 was predominant in the United States and another during the surge of the delta variant. Four hundred sixty-one study participants were included in the analyses from phase 1 and 374 subjects from phase 2. Phase 1 data were used to develop a computerized symptom screening tool, using ordinary logistic regression with interaction terms, which predicted coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results. Phase 2 data were used to validate the accuracy of predicting COVID-19 diagnosis with (1) computerized symptom screening; (2) at-home rapid antigen testing; (3) the combination of both screening methods; and (4) the combination of symptom screening and vaccination status. The McFadden pseudo-R2 was used as a measure of percentage of variation in RT-PCR test results explained by the various screening methods. RESULTS The McFadden pseudo-R2 for the first at-home test, the second at-home test, and computerized symptom screening was 0.274, 0.140, and 0.158, respectively. Scores between 0.2 and 0.4 indicated moderate levels of accuracy. The first at-home test had low sensitivity (0.587) and high specificity (0.989). Adding a second at-home test did not improve the sensitivity of the first test. Computerized symptom screening improved the accuracy of the first at-home test (added 0.131 points to sensitivity and 6.9% to pseudo-R2 of the first at-home test). Computerized symptom screening and vaccination status was the most accurate method to screen patients for COVID-19 or an active infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the community (pseudo-R2 = 0.476). CONCLUSION Computerized symptom screening could either improve, or in some situations, replace at-home antigen tests for those individuals experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jee Vang
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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Stanhope BJ, Peterson B, Knight B, Decadiz RN, Pan R, Davis P, Fraser A, Nuth M, vanWestrienen J, Wendlandt E, Goodwin B, Myers C, Stone J, Sozhamannan S. Development, testing and validation of a SARS-CoV-2 multiplex panel for detection of the five major variants of concern on a portable PCR platform. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1042647. [PMID: 36590003 PMCID: PMC9798920 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1042647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants have acquired mutations conferring phenotypes such as increased transmissibility or virulence, or causing diagnostic, therapeutic, or immune escape. Detection of Alpha and the majority of Omicron sublineages by PCR relied on the so-called S gene target failure due to the deletion of six nucleotides coding for amino acids 69-70 in the spike (S) protein. Detection of hallmark mutations in other variants present in samples relied on whole genome sequencing. However, whole genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool is still in its infancy due to geographic inequities in sequencing capabilities, higher cost compared to other molecular assays, longer turnaround time from sample to result, and technical challenges associated with producing complete genome sequences from samples that have low viral load and/or high background. Hence, there is a need for rapid genotyping assays. In order to rapidly generate information on the presence of a variant in a given sample, we have created a panel of four triplex RT-qPCR assays targeting 12 mutations to detect and differentiate all five variants of concern: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. We also developed an expanded pentaplex assay that can reliably distinguish among the major sublineages (BA.1-BA.5) of Omicron. In silico, analytical and clinical testing of the variant panel indicate that the assays exhibit high sensitivity and specificity. This panel can help fulfill the need for rapid identification of variants in samples, leading to quick decision making with respect to public health measures, as well as treatment options for individuals. Compared to sequencing, these genotyping PCR assays allow much faster turn-around time from sample to results-just a couple hours instead of days or weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger Pan
- Naval Health Research Center (NHRC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Anne Fraser
- Naval Health Research Center (NHRC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Erik Wendlandt
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, United States
| | - Bruce Goodwin
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office (DBPAO), Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), Enabling Biotechnologies, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Stone
- MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Jennifer Stone
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office (DBPAO), Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), Enabling Biotechnologies, Frederick, MD, United States,Logistics Management Institute, Tysons, VA, United States,Shanmuga Sozhamannan
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Suliman S, Matias WR, Fulcher IR, Molano FJ, Collins S, Uceta E, Zhu J, Paxton RM, Gonsalves SF, Harden MV, Fisher M, Meldrim J, Gabriel S, Franke MF, Hung DT, Smole SC, Madoff LC, Ivers LC. Evaluation of the Access Bio CareStart rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in asymptomatic individuals tested at a community mass-testing program in Western Massachusetts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21338. [PMID: 36494424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represent a scalable tool for surveillance of active SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population. Data on the performance of these tests in real-world community settings are paramount to guide their implementation to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the performance characteristics of the CareStart COVID-19 Antigen test (CareStart) in a community testing site in Holyoke, Massachusetts. We compared CareStart to a SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) reference, both using anterior nasal swab samples. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and the expected positive and negative predictive values at different SARS-CoV-2 prevalence estimates. We performed 666 total tests on 591 unique individuals. 573 (86%) were asymptomatic. There were 52 positive tests by RT-qPCR. The sensitivity of CareStart was 49.0% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 34.8-63.4) and specificity was 99.5% (95% CI 98.5-99.9). Among positive RT-qPCR tests, the median cycle threshold (Ct) was significantly lower in samples that tested positive on CareStart. Using a Ct ≤ 30 as a benchmark for positivity increased the sensitivity of the test to 64.9% (95% CI 47.5-79.8). Our study shows that CareStart has a high specificity and moderate sensitivity. The utility of RDTs, such as CareStart, in mass implementation should prioritize use cases in which a higher specificity is more important, such as triage tests to rule-in active infections in community surveillance programs.
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Tinker SC, Prince-Guerra JL, Vermandere K, Gettings J, Drenzik C, Voccio G, Parrott T, Drobeniuc J, Hayden T, Briggs S, Heida D, Thornburg N, Barrios LC, Neatherlin JC, Madni S, Rasberry CN, Swanson KD, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Lester S, Atherton L, Honein MA. Evaluation of self-administered antigen testing in a college setting. Virol J 2022; 19:202. [PMID: 36457114 PMCID: PMC9713151 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of our investigation was to better understand barriers to implementation of self-administered antigen screening testing for SARS-CoV-2 at institutions of higher education (IHE). METHODS Using the Quidel QuickVue At-Home COVID-19 Test, 1347 IHE students and staff were asked to test twice weekly for seven weeks. We assessed seroconversion using baseline and endline serum specimens. Online surveys assessed acceptability. RESULTS Participants reported 9971 self-administered antigen test results. Among participants who were not antibody positive at baseline, the median number of tests reported was eight. Among 324 participants seronegative at baseline, with endline antibody results and ≥ 1 self-administered antigen test results, there were five COVID-19 infections; only one was detected by self-administered antigen test (sensitivity = 20%). Acceptability of self-administered antigen tests was high. CONCLUSIONS Twice-weekly serial self-administered antigen testing in a low prevalence period had low utility in this investigation. Issues of testing fatigue will be important to address in future testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Tinker
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Jessica L. Prince-Guerra
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kelly Vermandere
- grid.420388.50000 0004 4692 4364Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jenna Gettings
- grid.420388.50000 0004 4692 4364Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Cherie Drenzik
- grid.420388.50000 0004 4692 4364Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Gary Voccio
- grid.420388.50000 0004 4692 4364Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Jan Drobeniuc
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Tonya Hayden
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Stephen Briggs
- grid.423400.10000 0000 9002 0195Berry College, Rome, GA USA
| | - Debbie Heida
- grid.423400.10000 0000 9002 0195Berry College, Rome, GA USA
| | - Natalie Thornburg
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Lisa C. Barrios
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - John C. Neatherlin
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Sabrina Madni
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Catherine N. Rasberry
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Harcourt
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Sandra Lester
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Lydia Atherton
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Margaret A. Honein
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
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Soni A, Herbert C, Filippaios A, Broach J, Colubri A, Fahey N, Woods K, Nanavati J, Wright C, Orwig T, Gilliam K, Kheterpal V, Suvarna T, Nowak C, Schrader S, Lin H, O'Connor L, Pretz C, Ayturk D, Orvek E, Flahive J, Lazar P, Shi Q, Achenbach C, Murphy R, Robinson M, Gibson L, Stamegna P, Hafer N, Luzuriaga K, Barton B, Heetderks W, Manabe YC, McManus D. Comparison of Rapid Antigen Tests' Performance Between Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2 : A Secondary Analysis From a Serial Home Self-testing Study. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:1685-1692. [PMID: 36215709 PMCID: PMC9578286 DOI: 10.7326/m22-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to document the performance of rapid antigen tests (Ag-RDTs) in detecting SARS-CoV-2 variants. OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of Ag-RDTs in detecting the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants of SARS-CoV-2. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study that enrolled participants between 18 October 2021 and 24 January 2022. Participants did Ag-RDTs and collected samples for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing every 48 hours for 15 days. SETTING The parent study enrolled participants throughout the mainland United States through a digital platform. All participants self-collected anterior nasal swabs for rapid antigen testing and RT-PCR testing. All Ag-RDTs were completed at home, whereas nasal swabs for RT-PCR were shipped to a central laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Of 7349 participants enrolled in the parent study, 5779 asymptomatic persons who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on day 1 of the study were eligible for this substudy. MEASUREMENTS Sensitivity of Ag-RDTs on the same day as the first positive (index) RT-PCR result and 48 hours after the first positive RT-PCR result. RESULTS A total of 207 participants were positive on RT-PCR (58 Delta, 149 Omicron). Differences in sensitivity between variants were not statistically significant (same day: Delta, 15.5% [95% CI, 6.2% to 24.8%] vs. Omicron, 22.1% [CI, 15.5% to 28.8%]; at 48 hours: Delta, 44.8% [CI, 32.0% to 57.6%] vs. Omicron, 49.7% [CI, 41.6% to 57.6%]). Among 109 participants who had RT-PCR-positive results for 48 hours, rapid antigen sensitivity did not differ significantly between Delta- and Omicron-infected participants (48-hour sensitivity: Delta, 81.5% [CI, 66.8% to 96.1%] vs. Omicron, 78.0% [CI, 69.1% to 87.0%]). Only 7.2% of the 69 participants with RT-PCR-positive results for shorter than 48 hours tested positive by Ag-RDT within 1 week; those with Delta infections remained consistently negative on Ag-RDTs. LIMITATION A testing frequency of 48 hours does not allow a finer temporal resolution of the analysis of test performance, and the results of Ag-RDTs are based on self-report. CONCLUSION The performance of Ag-RDTs in persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is not inferior to that in persons with Delta infections. Serial testing improved the sensitivity of Ag-RDTs for both variants. The performance of rapid antigen testing varies on the basis of duration of RT-PCR positivity. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurv Soni
- Program in Digital Medicine and Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (A.S.)
| | - Carly Herbert
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - John Broach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (J.B., L.O.)
| | - Andres Colubri
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (A.C.)
| | - Nisha Fahey
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (N.F.)
| | - Kelsey Woods
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Janvi Nanavati
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Colton Wright
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Taylor Orwig
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Karen Gilliam
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Vik Kheterpal
- CareEvolution, Ann Arbor, Michigan (V.K., T.S., C.N., S.S.)
| | - Thejas Suvarna
- CareEvolution, Ann Arbor, Michigan (V.K., T.S., C.N., S.S.)
| | - Chris Nowak
- CareEvolution, Ann Arbor, Michigan (V.K., T.S., C.N., S.S.)
| | | | - Honghuang Lin
- Program in Digital Medicine and Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (H.L.)
| | - Laurel O'Connor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (J.B., L.O.)
| | - Caitlin Pretz
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.H., A.F., K.W., J.N., C.W., T.O., K.G., C.P.)
| | - Didem Ayturk
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.A., E.O., J.F., P.L., B.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Orvek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.A., E.O., J.F., P.L., B.B.)
| | - Julie Flahive
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.A., E.O., J.F., P.L., B.B.)
| | - Peter Lazar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.A., E.O., J.F., P.L., B.B.)
| | - Qiming Shi
- Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (Q.S.)
| | - Chad Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (C.A., R.M.)
| | - Robert Murphy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (C.A., R.M.)
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (M.R., Y.C.M.)
| | - Laura Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (L.G.)
| | - Pamela Stamegna
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (P.S., N.H.)
| | - Nathaniel Hafer
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (P.S., N.H.)
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- University of Massachusetts Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (K.L.)
| | - Bruce Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.A., E.O., J.F., P.L., B.B.)
| | - William Heetderks
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (W.H.)
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (M.R., Y.C.M.)
| | - David McManus
- Program in Digital Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (D.M.)
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30
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Zhao SG, Sperger JM, Schehr JL, McKay RR, Emamekhoo H, Singh A, Schultz ZD, Bade RM, Stahlfeld CN, Gilsdorf CS, Hernandez CI, Wolfe SK, Mayberry RD, Krause HM, Bootsma M, Helzer KT, Rydzewski N, Bakhtiar H, Shi Y, Blitzer G, Kyriakopoulos CE, Kosoff D, Wei XX, Floberg J, Sethakorn N, Sharifi M, Harari PM, Huang W, Beltran H, Choueiri TK, Scher HI, Rathkopf DE, Halabi S, Armstrong AJ, Beebe DJ, Yu M, Sundling KE, Taplin ME, Lang JM. A clinical-grade liquid biomarker detects neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e161858. [PMID: 36317634 PMCID: PMC9621140 DOI: 10.1172/jci161858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNeuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype, the presence of which changes the prognosis and management of metastatic prostate cancer.MethodsWe performed analytical validation of a Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) multiplex RNA qPCR assay to identify the limit of quantification (LOQ) in cell lines, synthetic cDNA, and patient samples. We next profiled 116 longitudinal samples from a prospectively collected institutional cohort of 17 patients with metastatic prostate cancer (7 NEPC, 10 adenocarcinoma) as well as 265 samples from 139 patients enrolled in 3 adenocarcinoma phase II trials of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs). We assessed a NEPC liquid biomarker via the presence of neuroendocrine markers and the absence of androgen receptor (AR) target genes.ResultsUsing the analytical validation LOQ, liquid biomarker NEPC detection in the longitudinal cohort had a per-sample sensitivity of 51.35% and a specificity of 91.14%. However, when we incorporated the serial information from multiple liquid biopsies per patient, a unique aspect of this study, the per-patient predictions were 100% accurate, with a receiver-operating-curve (ROC) AUC of 1. In the adenocarcinoma ARSI trials, the presence of neuroendocrine markers, even while AR target gene expression was retained, was a strong negative prognostic factor.ConclusionOur analytically validated CTC biomarker can detect NEPC with high diagnostic accuracy when leveraging serial samples that are only feasible using liquid biopsies. Patients with expression of NE genes while retaining AR-target gene expression may indicate the transition to neuroendocrine differentiation, with clinical characteristics consistent with this phenotype.FundingNIH (DP2 OD030734, 1UH2CA260389, R01CA247479, and P30 CA014520), Department of Defense (PC190039 and PC200334), and Prostate Cancer Foundation (Movember Foundation - PCF Challenge Award).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang G. Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jamie M. Sperger
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schehr
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rana R. McKay
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hamid Emamekhoo
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anupama Singh
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zachery D. Schultz
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rory M. Bade
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charlotte N. Stahlfeld
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cole S. Gilsdorf
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Camila I. Hernandez
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Serena K. Wolfe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Hannah M. Krause
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matt Bootsma
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kyle T. Helzer
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicholas Rydzewski
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hamza Bakhtiar
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Grace Blitzer
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christos E. Kyriakopoulos
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Kosoff
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiao X. Wei
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Floberg
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nan Sethakorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marina Sharifi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M. Harari
- Department of Human Oncology and
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Howard I. Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine and
- Biomarker Development Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Susan Halabi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Menggang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Sundling
- Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua M. Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Del Vecchio C, Cracknell Daniels B, Brancaccio G, Brazzale AR, Lavezzo E, Ciavarella C, Onelia F, Franchin E, Manuto L, Bianca F, Cianci V, Cattelan AM, Dorigatti I, Toppo S, Crisanti A. Impact of antigen test target failure and testing strategies on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5870. [PMID: 36198689 PMCID: PMC9533294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Population testing remains central to COVID-19 control and surveillance, with countries increasingly using antigen tests rather than molecular tests. Here we describe a SARS-CoV-2 variant that escapes N antigen tests due to multiple disruptive amino-acid substitutions in the N protein. By fitting a multistrain compartmental model to genomic and epidemiological data, we show that widespread antigen testing in the Italian region of Veneto favored the undetected spread of the antigen-escape variant compared to the rest of Italy. We highlight novel limitations of widespread antigen testing in the absence of molecular testing for diagnostic or confirmatory purposes. Notably, we find that genomic surveillance systems which rely on antigen population testing to identify samples for sequencing will bias detection of escape antigen test variants. Together, these findings highlight the importance of retaining molecular testing for surveillance purposes, including in contexts where the use of antigen tests is widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Bethan Cracknell Daniels
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppina Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Constanze Ciavarella
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Onelia
- Microbiology and Virology Diagnostic Unit, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Microbiology and Virology Diagnostic Unit, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Laura Manuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Federico Bianca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Vito Cianci
- ER Unit, Emergency-Urgency Department, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cattelan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy. .,CRIBI Biotech Center, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo, 3, Padua, 35131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli, 63, Padua, 35121, Italy. .,Microbiology and Virology Diagnostic Unit, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy. .,Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College Road, SW7 AZ, London, UK.
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Raymenants J, Duthoo W, Stakenborg T, Verbruggen B, Verplanken J, Feys J, Van Duppen J, Hanifa R, Marchal E, Lambrechts A, Maes P, André E, Van den Wijngaert N, Peumans P. Exhaled breath SARS-CoV-2 shedding patterns across variants of concern. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:25-33. [PMID: 35932968 PMCID: PMC9349369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We performed exhaled breath (EB) and nasopharyngeal (NP) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and NP rapid antigen testing (NP RAT) of SARS-CoV-2 infections with different variants. METHODS We included immuno-naïve alpha-infected (n = 11) and partly boosted omicron-infected patients (n = 8) as high-risk contacts. We compared peak NP and EB qPCR cycle time (ct) values between cohorts (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Test positivity was compared for three infection phases using Cochran Q test. RESULTS Peak median NP ct was 11.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 10.1-12.1) for alpha and 12.2 (IQR 11.1-15.3) for omicron infections. Peak median EB ct was 25.2 (IQR 24.5-26.9) and 28.3 (IQR 26.4-30.8) for alpha and omicron infections, respectively. Distributions did not differ between cohorts for NP (P = 0.19) or EB (P = 0.09). SARS-CoV-2 shedding peaked on day 1 in EB (confidence interval [CI] 0.0 - 4.5) and day 3 in NP (CI 1.5 - 6.0). EB qPCR positivity equaled NP qPCR positivity on D0-D1 (P = 0.44) and D2-D6 (P = 1.0). It superseded NP RAT positivity on D0-D1 (P = 0.003) and D2-D6 (P = 0.008). It was inferior to both on D7-D10 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Peak EB and nasopharynx shedding were comparable across variants. EB qPCR positivity matched NP qPCR and superseded NP RAT in the first week of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren Raymenants
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of general internal medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wout Duthoo
- Imec Solutions department, imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Stakenborg
- Life Science Technologies department, imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Julien Verplanken
- Enabling Digital Transformations department, imec, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos Feys
- Department of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology (Rega Institute), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Van Duppen
- Life Science Technologies department, imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rabea Hanifa
- Life Science Technologies department, imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel André
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of laboratory medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Peumans
- Life Science Technologies department, imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Schwartz KL, Bogoch II, MacInTosh D, Barrow J, Sindrey D, Jha P, Brown KA, Maxwell B, Hammond K, Greenberg M, Wasser E. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen screening of asymptomatic employees: a pilot project. Can J Public Health 2022; 113:898-903. [PMID: 36097245 PMCID: PMC9466303 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SETTING Rapid antigen screening can be effective in identifying infectious individuals in occupational settings to reduce transmission and outbreaks. We report results from a pilot project at the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) and describe the operationalization. Toronto Pearson is a large international airport encompassing over 400 employers and, pre-pandemic, with approximately 50,000 employees. INTERVENTION An employee screening program was piloted between March 8 and May 28, 2021, to implement rapid antigen testing for asymptomatic employees. Recruitment targeted enrolment of 400 employees and yielded participation of 717 from 58 companies. Employees were recommended to book three times per week for nasal swabs on site, and were tested on the Abbot PanbioTM rapid antigen test. No action was taken from a negative result, and if positive, the employee was told to isolate at home and obtain a confirmatory polymerase chain reaction test. OUTCOMES A total of 5117 tests were performed on 717 individuals over 12 weeks; 5091 tests were negative (99.5%), and 22 individuals tested positive (3.1% positivity rate). One hundred twenty-four (17%) completed the post-participation survey. All respondents reported that testing did not change their behaviour at work with respect to public health recommendations, and only 1 (1%) reported behaviour change outside of work (socializing with family) as a result of the program. IMPLICATIONS This pilot program identified 22 (3.1%) potentially infectious employees. Onsite testing was feasible and highly accepted by this group of employees who completed the survey. Education resulted in reasonable uptake and no substantial change in behaviour, although the survey response rate may limit generalizability. Home-based testing may facilitate larger recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Schwartz
- Unity Health Toronto, 30 The Queensway, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5 Canada ,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Isaac I. Bogoch
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey Barrow
- Greater Toronto Airports Authority, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Dennis Sindrey
- National Research Council, Industrial Research Assistance Program, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Unity Health Toronto, 30 The Queensway, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5 Canada ,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Kevin A. Brown
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Kath Hammond
- Greater Toronto Airports Authority, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Eddie Wasser
- Greater Toronto Airports Authority, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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34
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Gans JS. Test sensitivity for infection versus infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2. MDE Manage Decis Econ 2022; 43:1880-1887. [PMID: 34908630 PMCID: PMC8662307 DOI: 10.1002/mde.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly used test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a PCR test that is able to detect very low viral loads and inform on treatment decisions. Medical research has confirmed that many individuals might be infected with SARS-CoV-2 but not infectious. Knowing whether an individual is infectious is the critical piece of information for a decision to isolate an individual or not. This paper examines the value of different tests from an information-theoretic approach and shows that applying treatment-based approval standards for tests for infection will lower the value of those tests and likely causes decisions based on them to have too many false positives (i.e., individuals isolated who are not infectious). The conclusion is that test scoring be tailored to the decision being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Gans
- Rotman School of ManagementUniversity of Toronto and NBERTorontoCanada
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35
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Nguyen N, Lane B, Lee S, Gorman SL, Wu Y, Li A, Lu H, Elhadad N, Yin M, Meyers K. A mixed methods study evaluating acceptability of a daily COVID-19 testing regimen with a mobile-app connected, at-home, rapid antigen test: Implications for current and future pandemics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267766. [PMID: 35939422 PMCID: PMC9359568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread use of at-home rapid COVID-19 antigen tests has been proposed as an important public health intervention to interrupt chains of transmission. Antigen tests may be preferred over PCR because they provide on-demand results for relatively low cost and can identify people when they are most likely to be infectious, particularly when used daily. Yet the extent to which a frequent antigen testing intervention will result in a positive public health impact for COVID-19 will depend on high acceptability and high adherence to such regimens. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods study assessing acceptability of and adherence to a daily at-home mobile-app connected rapid antigen testing regimen among employees of a US-based media company. Acceptability was assessed across seven domains of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. RESULTS Among 31 study participants, acceptability of the daily testing intervention was generally high, with participants reporting high perceived effectiveness, intervention coherence, and self-efficacy; positive affective attitude; acceptable degree of burden and opportunity cost; and assessing the intervention as ethical. 71% reported a preference to test daily using an at-home antigen test than weekly employment-based PCR. Mean adherence to the 21-day testing regimen was 88% with 43% of participants achieving 100% adherence, 48% testing at least every other day, and 10% testing less than every other day. CONCLUSIONS Despite overall high acceptability and adherence, we identified three implementation challenges that must be addressed for frequent serial testing for COVID-19 to be implemented at scale and have a positive public health impact. First, users need guidance on how and when to adapt testing frequencies to different epidemiological conditions. Second, users and institutions need guidelines for how to safely store and share test results. Third, implementation of serial testing strategies must prioritize health equity and protect those most vulnerable to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Nguyen
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Lane
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon Lipsky Gorman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yumeng Wu
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Li
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Noemie Elhadad
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Yin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathrine Meyers
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Dinnes J, Sharma P, Berhane S, van Wyk SS, Nyaaba N, Domen J, Taylor M, Cunningham J, Davenport C, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Verbakel JY, Takwoingi Y, Taylor-Phillips S, Van den Bruel A, Deeks JJ. Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 7:CD013705. [PMID: 35866452 PMCID: PMC9305720 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013705.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection would be a useful tool to help manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Testing strategies that use rapid antigen tests to detect current infection have the potential to increase access to testing, speed detection of infection, and inform clinical and public health management decisions to reduce transmission. This is the second update of this review, which was first published in 2020. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We consider accuracy separately in symptomatic and asymptomatic population groups. Sources of heterogeneity investigated included setting and indication for testing, assay format, sample site, viral load, age, timing of test, and study design. SEARCH METHODS We searched the COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern (which includes daily updates from PubMed and Embase and preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv) on 08 March 2021. We included independent evaluations from national reference laboratories, FIND and the Diagnostics Global Health website. We did not apply language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies of people with either suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, known SARS-CoV-2 infection or known absence of infection, or those who were being screened for infection. We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated commercially produced, rapid antigen tests. We included evaluations of single applications of a test (one test result reported per person) and evaluations of serial testing (repeated antigen testing over time). Reference standards for presence or absence of infection were any laboratory-based molecular test (primarily reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) or pre-pandemic respiratory sample. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard screening procedures with three people. Two people independently carried out quality assessment (using the QUADAS-2 tool) and extracted study results. Other study characteristics were extracted by one review author and checked by a second. We present sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each test, and pooled data using the bivariate model. We investigated heterogeneity by including indicator variables in the random-effects logistic regression models. We tabulated results by test manufacturer and compliance with manufacturer instructions for use and according to symptom status. MAIN RESULTS We included 155 study cohorts (described in 166 study reports, with 24 as preprints). The main results relate to 152 evaluations of single test applications including 100,462 unique samples (16,822 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2). Studies were mainly conducted in Europe (101/152, 66%), and evaluated 49 different commercial antigen assays. Only 23 studies compared two or more brands of test. Risk of bias was high because of participant selection (40, 26%); interpretation of the index test (6, 4%); weaknesses in the reference standard for absence of infection (119, 78%); and participant flow and timing 41 (27%). Characteristics of participants (45, 30%) and index test delivery (47, 31%) differed from the way in which and in whom the test was intended to be used. Nearly all studies (91%) used a single RT-PCR result to define presence or absence of infection. The 152 studies of single test applications reported 228 evaluations of antigen tests. Estimates of sensitivity varied considerably between studies, with consistently high specificities. Average sensitivity was higher in symptomatic (73.0%, 95% CI 69.3% to 76.4%; 109 evaluations; 50,574 samples, 11,662 cases) compared to asymptomatic participants (54.7%, 95% CI 47.7% to 61.6%; 50 evaluations; 40,956 samples, 2641 cases). Average sensitivity was higher in the first week after symptom onset (80.9%, 95% CI 76.9% to 84.4%; 30 evaluations, 2408 cases) than in the second week of symptoms (53.8%, 95% CI 48.0% to 59.6%; 40 evaluations, 1119 cases). For those who were asymptomatic at the time of testing, sensitivity was higher when an epidemiological exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was suspected (64.3%, 95% CI 54.6% to 73.0%; 16 evaluations; 7677 samples, 703 cases) compared to where COVID-19 testing was reported to be widely available to anyone on presentation for testing (49.6%, 95% CI 42.1% to 57.1%; 26 evaluations; 31,904 samples, 1758 cases). Average specificity was similarly high for symptomatic (99.1%) or asymptomatic (99.7%) participants. We observed a steady decline in summary sensitivities as measures of sample viral load decreased. Sensitivity varied between brands. When tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, average sensitivities by brand ranged from 34.3% to 91.3% in symptomatic participants (20 assays with eligible data) and from 28.6% to 77.8% for asymptomatic participants (12 assays). For symptomatic participants, summary sensitivities for seven assays were 80% or more (meeting acceptable criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO)). The WHO acceptable performance criterion of 97% specificity was met by 17 of 20 assays when tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, 12 of which demonstrated specificities above 99%. For asymptomatic participants the sensitivities of only two assays approached but did not meet WHO acceptable performance standards in one study each; specificities for asymptomatic participants were in a similar range to those observed for symptomatic people. At 5% prevalence using summary data in symptomatic people during the first week after symptom onset, the positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% means that 1 in 10 positive results will be a false positive, and around 1 in 5 cases will be missed. At 0.5% prevalence using summary data for asymptomatic people, where testing was widely available and where epidemiological exposure to COVID-19 was suspected, resulting PPVs would be 38% to 52%, meaning that between 2 in 5 and 1 in 2 positive results will be false positives, and between 1 in 2 and 1 in 3 cases will be missed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antigen tests vary in sensitivity. In people with signs and symptoms of COVID-19, sensitivities are highest in the first week of illness when viral loads are higher. Assays that meet appropriate performance standards, such as those set by WHO, could replace laboratory-based RT-PCR when immediate decisions about patient care must be made, or where RT-PCR cannot be delivered in a timely manner. However, they are more suitable for use as triage to RT-PCR testing. The variable sensitivity of antigen tests means that people who test negative may still be infected. Many commercially available rapid antigen tests have not been evaluated in independent validation studies. Evidence for testing in asymptomatic cohorts has increased, however sensitivity is lower and there is a paucity of evidence for testing in different settings. Questions remain about the use of antigen test-based repeat testing strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening programmes at reducing transmission of infection, whether mass screening or targeted approaches including schools, healthcare setting and traveller screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pawana Sharma
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Berhane
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susanna S van Wyk
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Nyaaba
- Infectious Disease Unit, 37 Military Hospital, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Julie Domen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jane Cunningham
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mariska Mg Leeflang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - René Spijker
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Calderón RI, Jhaveri TA, Tovar MA, Palomino JS, Barreda NN, Sanabria OM, Peinado J, Ramirez C, Llanos Zavalaga LF, Valderrama G, Franke MF, Mitnick CD, Lecca L, Velásquez GE. Diagnostic Performance Assessment of Saliva RT-PCR and Nasopharyngeal Antigen for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0086122. [PMID: 35867471 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00861-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely available and reliable testing for SARS-CoV-2 is essential for the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated the diagnostic performance of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) performed on saliva and the SD Biosensor STANDARD Q antigen test performed on nasopharyngeal swab compared to the reference standard, nasopharyngeal swab (NP) RT-PCR. We enrolled participants living and/or seeking care in health facilities in North Lima, Peru from November 2020 to January 2021. Consenting participants underwent same-day RT-PCR on both saliva and nasopharyngeal swab specimens, antigen testing on a nasopharyngeal swab specimen, pulse oximetry, and standardized symptom assessment. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for the nasopharyngeal antigen and saliva RT-PCR compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR. Of 896 participants analyzed, 567 (63.3%) had acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19. The overall sensitivity and specificity of saliva RT-PCR were 85.8% and 98.1%, respectively. Among participants with and without acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19, saliva sensitivity was 87.3% and 37.5%, respectively. Saliva sensitivity was 97.4% and 56.0% among participants with cycle threshold (CT) values of ≤30 and >30 on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of nasopharyngeal antigen were 73.2% and 99.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of the nasopharyngeal antigen test was 75.1% and 12.5% among participants with and without acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19, and 91.2% and 26.7% among participants with CT values of ≤30 and >30 on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, respectively. Saliva RT-PCR achieved the WHO-recommended threshold of >80% for sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, while the SD Biosensor nasopharyngeal antigen test did not. IMPORTANCE In this diagnostic validation study of 896 participants in Peru, saliva reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) had >80% sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 among all-comers and symptomatic individuals, while the SD Biosensor STANDARD Q antigen test performed on nasopharyngeal swab had <80% sensitivity, except for participants whose same-day nasopharyngeal RT-PCR results showed cycle threshold values of <30, consistent with a high viral load in the nasopharynx. The specificity was high for both tests. Our results demonstrate that saliva sampling could serve as an alternative noninvasive technique for RT-PCR diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The role of nasopharyngeal antigen testing is more limited; when community transmission is low, it may be used for mass screenings among asymptomatic individuals with high testing frequency. Among symptomatic individuals, the nasopharyngeal antigen test may be relied upon for 4 to 8 days after symptom onset, or in those likely to have high viral load, whereupon it showed >80% sensitivity.
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38
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Curtis SJ, Trewin A, McDermott K, Were K, Walczynski T, Notaras L, Walsh N. An outdoor hotel quarantine facility model in Australia: best practice with optimal outcomes. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:633-639. [PMID: 35797090 PMCID: PMC9349389 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the operationalisation of a novel outdoor quarantine facility managed by the Australian Medical Assistance Team, the Howard Springs International Quarantine Facility (HSIQF) at the Centre for National Resilience in the Northern Territory, Australia. Methods: We collated documentation and data from HSIQF to describe policies and procedures implemented and performed a descriptive analysis of key procedures and outcomes. Results: From 23 October 2020 to 31 March 2021, 2.2% (129/5,987) of residents were confirmed COVD‐19 cases. On average per day, 82 [Interquartile Range (IQR): 29‐95] staff completed personal protective equipment (PPE) training, 94 [IQR: 90‐104] staff completed antigen testing and 51 [IQR: 32‐136] staff completed polymerase chain reaction testing. The operation focused on building a safe environment with infection prevention and control adherence and workforce sustainability. There was no leakage of SARS‐CoV‐2 to staff or the community and no PPE compromises requiring staff to quarantine for 14 days. Conclusion: HSIQF demonstrates the operationalisation of an effective, safe and replicable quarantine system. Implications for public health: Quarantine is a critical public health tool for pandemic control. The HSIQF operations may be useful to inform the establishment and management of quarantine facilities for future and current disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Curtis
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory.,Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Abigail Trewin
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Kathleen McDermott
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Karen Were
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Tracy Walczynski
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Len Notaras
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Nick Walsh
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory
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Xu J, Kerr L, Jiang Y, Suo W, Zhang L, Lao T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Antigen Diagnostics as Frontline Testing in the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Small Science 2022; 2:2200009. [PMID: 35942171 PMCID: PMC9349911 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global COVID‐19 pandemic, caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, has resulted in significant loss of life since December 2019. Timely and precise virus detection has been proven as an effective solution to reduce the spread of the virus and to track the epidemic. Rapid antigen diagnostics has played a significant role in the frontline of COVID‐19 testing because of its convenience, low cost, and high accuracy. Herein, different types of recently innovated in‐lab and commercial antigen diagnostic technologies with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of these technologies including the limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, affordability, and usability are systematically reviewed. The perspectives of assay development are looked into.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- Department of Systems Biology Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Molecular Virology Virogin Biotech Ltd. 3800 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6S 2L9 Canada
| | - Liam Kerr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Intelligent Machines McGill University Montreal QC H3A0C3 Canada
| | - Yue Jiang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Pathology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University 55 Zhenhai Road Xiamen 361003 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L3G1 Canada
| | - Taotao Lao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics Boston Molecules Inc. 564 Main Street Waltham MA 02452 USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA 02114 USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing Jiangsu 210008 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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40
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Tobik ER, Kitfield-Vernon LB, Thomas RJ, Steel SA, Tan SH, Allicock OM, Choate BL, Akbarzada S, Wyllie AL. Saliva as a sample type for SARS-CoV-2 detection: implementation successes and opportunities around the globe. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:519-535. [PMID: 35763281 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2094250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Symptomatic testing and asymptomatic screening for SARS-CoV-2 continue to be essential tools for mitigating virus transmission. Though COVID-19 diagnostics initially defaulted to oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal sampling, the worldwide urgency to expand testing efforts spurred innovative approaches and increased diversity of detection methods. Strengthening innovation and facilitating widespread testing remains critical for global health, especially as additional variants emerge and other mitigation strategies are recalibrated. AREAS COVERED A growing body of evidence reflects the need to expand testing efforts and further investigate the efficiency, sensitivity, and acceptability of saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Countries have made pandemic response decisions based on resources, costs, procedures, and regional acceptability - the adoption and integration of saliva-based testing among them. Saliva has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity while being less invasive relative to nasopharyngeal swabs, securing saliva's position as a more acceptable sample type. EXPERT OPINION Despite the accessibility and utility of saliva sampling, global implementation remains low compared to swab-based approaches. In some cases, countries have validated saliva-based methods but face challenges with testing implementation or expansion. Here, we review the localities that have demonstrated success with saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 testing approaches and can serve as models for transforming concepts into globally-implemented best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Tobik
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lily B Kitfield-Vernon
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Russell J Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sydney A Steel
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steph H Tan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brittany L Choate
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumaira Akbarzada
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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41
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Chu VT, Schwartz NG, Donnelly MAP, Chuey MR, Soto R, Yousaf AR, Schmitt-Matzen EN, Sleweon S, Ruffin J, Thornburg N, Harcourt JL, Tamin A, Kim G, Folster JM, Hughes LJ, Tong S, Stringer G, Albanese BA, Totten SE, Hudziec MM, Matzinger SR, Dietrich EA, Sheldon SW, Stous S, McDonald EC, Austin B, Beatty ME, Staples JE, Killerby ME, Hsu CH, Tate JE, Kirking HL, Matanock A. Comparison of Home Antigen Testing With RT-PCR and Viral Culture During the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:701-709. [PMID: 35486394 PMCID: PMC9055515 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As self-collected home antigen tests become widely available, a better understanding of their performance during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of home antigen tests compared with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viral culture by days from illness onset, as well as user acceptability. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study was conducted from January to May 2021 in San Diego County, California, and metropolitan Denver, Colorado. The convenience sample included adults and children with RT-PCR-confirmed infection who used self-collected home antigen tests for 15 days and underwent at least 1 nasopharyngeal swab for RT-PCR, viral culture, and sequencing. EXPOSURES SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the daily sensitivity of home antigen tests to detect RT-PCR-confirmed cases. Secondary outcomes included the daily percentage of antigen test, RT-PCR, and viral culture results that were positive, and antigen test sensitivity compared with same-day RT-PCR and cultures. Antigen test use errors and acceptability were assessed for a subset of participants. RESULTS This study enrolled 225 persons with RT-PCR-confirmed infection (median [range] age, 29 [1-83] years; 117 female participants [52%]; 10 [4%] Asian, 6 [3%] Black or African American, 50 [22%] Hispanic or Latino, 3 [1%] Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 145 [64%] White, and 11 [5%] multiracial individuals) who completed 3044 antigen tests and 642 nasopharyngeal swabs. Antigen test sensitivity was 50% (95% CI, 45%-55%) during the infectious period, 64% (95% CI, 56%-70%) compared with same-day RT-PCR, and 84% (95% CI, 75%-90%) compared with same-day cultures. Antigen test sensitivity peaked 4 days after illness onset at 77% (95% CI, 69%-83%). Antigen test sensitivity improved with a second antigen test 1 to 2 days later, particularly early in the infection. Six days after illness onset, antigen test result positivity was 61% (95% CI, 53%-68%). Almost all (216 [96%]) surveyed individuals reported that they would be more likely to get tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection if home antigen tests were available over the counter. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this cohort study of home antigen tests suggest that sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 was moderate compared with RT-PCR and high compared with viral culture. The results also suggest that symptomatic individuals with an initial negative home antigen test result for SARS-CoV-2 infection should test again 1 to 2 days later because test sensitivity peaked several days after illness onset and improved with repeated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Chu
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Noah G Schwartz
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marisa A P Donnelly
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meagan R Chuey
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California
| | - Raymond Soto
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna R Yousaf
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily N Schmitt-Matzen
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sadia Sleweon
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jasmine Ruffin
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalie Thornburg
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer L Harcourt
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gimin Kim
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer M Folster
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura J Hughes
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suxiang Tong
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ginger Stringer
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver
| | | | - Sarah E Totten
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A Dietrich
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah W Sheldon
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah Stous
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California
| | - Eric C McDonald
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California
| | - Brett Austin
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California
| | - Mark E Beatty
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California
| | - J Erin Staples
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marie E Killerby
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher H Hsu
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hannah L Kirking
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Almea Matanock
- COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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42
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Ke R, Martinez PP, Smith RL, Gibson LL, Achenbach CJ, McFall S, Qi C, Jacob J, Dembele E, Bundy C, Simons LM, Ozer EA, Hultquist JF, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Opdycke AK, Hawkins C, Murphy RL, Mirza A, Conte M, Gallagher N, Luo CH, Jarrett J, Conte A, Zhou R, Farjo M, Rendon G, Fields CJ, Wang L, Fredrickson R, Baughman ME, Chiu KK, Choi H, Scardina KR, Owens AN, Broach J, Barton B, Lazar P, Robinson ML, Mostafa HH, Manabe YC, Pekosz A, McManus DD, Brooke CB. Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reveals Limited Infectious Virus Shedding and Restricted Tissue Distribution. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac192. [PMID: 35791353 PMCID: PMC9047214 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The global effort to vaccinate people against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during an ongoing pandemic has raised questions about how vaccine breakthrough infections compare with infections in immunologically naive individuals and the potential for vaccinated individuals to transmit the virus. Methods We examined viral dynamics and infectious virus shedding through daily longitudinal sampling in 23 adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 at varying stages of vaccination, including 6 fully vaccinated individuals. Results The durations of both infectious virus shedding and symptoms were significantly reduced in vaccinated individuals compared with unvaccinated individuals. We also observed that breakthrough infections are associated with strong tissue compartmentalization and are only detectable in saliva in some cases. Conclusions Vaccination shortens the duration of time of high transmission potential, minimizes symptom duration, and may restrict tissue dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruian Ke
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Pamela P Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura L Gibson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sally McFall
- Center for Innovation in Point-of-Care Technologies for HIV/AIDS at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua Jacob
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Etienne Dembele
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Camille Bundy
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita K Opdycke
- Department of Health Service, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Claudia Hawkins
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert L Murphy
- Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Agha Mirza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madison Conte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Junko Jarrett
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Conte
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mireille Farjo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gloria Rendon
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Melinda E Baughman
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen K Chiu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hannah Choi
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin R Scardina
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alyssa N Owens
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Broach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Barton
- Division of Biostatistics and Health Services Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Lazar
- Division of Biostatistics and Health Services Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew L Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David D McManus
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Hardick J, Gallagher N, Sachithanandham J, Fall A, Siddiqui Z, Pekosz A, Manabe YC, Mostafa HH. Evaluation of Four Point of Care (POC) Antigen Assays for the Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant Omicron. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0102522. [PMID: 35616382 PMCID: PMC9241858 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01025-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics that can reliably detect emerging variants has been an ongoing challenge. Due to the rapid spread of the Omicron variant, point-of-care (POC) antigen tests have become more widely used. This study aimed at (i) comparing the analytical sensitivity (LOD) of 4 POC antigen assays, BD Veritor, Abbott BinaxNow, Orasure InteliSwab and Quidel QuickVue, for the Omicron versus the Delta variant and (ii) verifying the reproducible detection of Omicron by the 4 antigen assays. The LOD for all four assays were evaluated using Omicron and Delta virus stocks quantified for infectivity and genome copies. The four assays detected all replicates of Omicron and Delta dilutions at 104 and 105 TCID50/mL, respectively. We quantified both viral stocks using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), which revealed that the Omicron stock had equivalent copies of the N gene to Delta at a one log lower infectious virus. The Abbott BinaxNow and Orasure InteliSwab had the highest analytical sensitivity for Omicron while the Orasure InteliSwab and the Quidel QuickVue had the highest analytical sensitivity for Delta. When 14 SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR positive nasal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (12 Omicron and 2 Delta, mean Ct = 19.1), were tested by the four assays, only the QuickVue detected all samples. Antigen test positivity correlated with recovery of infectious virus on cell culture in 9 out of 13 tested specimens from symptomatic, asymptomatic, unvaccinated, and vaccinated individuals. Although our study confirms the reduced analytical sensitivity of antigen testing compared to molecular methods, the Omicron variant was detectable by the four evaluated rapid antigen tests. IMPORTANCE In the manuscript, we report an evaluation of the capability of 4 point of care (POC) antigen assays, the BD Veritor, Abbott BinaxNow, Orasure InteliSwab and Quidel QuickVue to detect the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, and we compared their analytical sensitivity for Omicron versus Delta. In this analysis we found that all four assays detected Omicron and Delta at 104 and 105 TCID50/mL, respectively. We further quantified the viral stocks used by droplet digital (ddPCR) and found that the Omicron stock had equivalent copies of the N gene to Delta at a one log lower infectious virus titer and that an increased RNA to infectious virus ratio may be contributing to discrepancies in limit of detection in Omicron compared to Delta. We evaluated 14 SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR positive nasal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (12 Omicron and 2 Delta), with an average cycle threshold value of 19.1, and only the QuickVue showed 100% agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hardick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amary Fall
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zishan Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Robinson ML, Mirza A, Gallagher N, Boudreau A, Garcia Jacinto L, Yu T, Norton J, Luo CH, Conte A, Zhou R, Kafka K, Hardick J, McManus DD, Gibson LL, Pekosz A, Mostafa HH, Manabe YC. Limitations of Molecular and Antigen Test Performance for SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Contacts. J Clin Microbiol 2022;:e0018722. [PMID: 35730949 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has brought unprecedented attention to the crucial role of diagnostics in pandemic control. We compared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test performance by sample type and modality in close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Close contacts of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were enrolled after informed consent. Clinician-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs in viral transport media (VTM) were tested with a routine clinical reference nucleic acid test (NAT) and PerkinElmer real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay; positive samples were tested for infectivity using a VeroE6TMPRSS2 cell culture model. Self-collected passive drool was also tested using the PerkinElmer RT-PCR assay. For the first 4 months of study, midturbinate swabs were tested using the BD Veritor rapid antigen test. Between 17 November 2020 and 1 October 2021, 235 close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases were recruited, including 95 with symptoms (82% symptomatic for ≤5 days) and 140 asymptomatic individuals. Reference NATs were positive for 53 (22.6%) participants; 24/50 (48%) were culture positive. PerkinElmer testing of NP and saliva samples identified an additional 28 (11.9%) SARS-CoV-2 cases who tested negative by reference NAT. Antigen tests performed for 99 close contacts showed 83% positive percent agreement (PPA) with reference NAT among early symptomatic persons, but 18% PPA in others; antigen tests in 8 of 11 (72.7%) culture-positive participants were positive. Contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases may be falsely negative early after contact, but more sensitive platforms may identify these cases. Repeat or serial SARS-CoV-2 testing with both antigen and molecular assays may be warranted for individuals with high pretest probability for infection.
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Cabrera C, Pilobello K, Dalvin S, Bobrow J, Shah D, Garg LF, Chalise S, Doyle P, Miller GA, Walt DR, Suliman S, Jolly P. Systematic Approach to Address Early Pandemic's Diagnostic Unmet Needs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:910156. [PMID: 35783392 PMCID: PMC9247567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.910156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first few months of the global Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the medical research community had to expeditiously develop, select, and deploy novel diagnostic methods and tools to address the numerous testing challenges presented by the novel virus. Integrating a systematic approach to diagnostic selection with a rapid validation protocol in a clinical setting can shorten the timeline to bring new technologies to practice. In response to the urgent need to provide tools for identifying SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals, we developed a framework for assessing technologies against a set of prioritized performance metrics to guide device selection. We also developed and proposed clinical validation frameworks for the rapid screening of new technologies. The rubric described here represents a versatile approach that can be extended to future technology assessments and can be implemented in preparation for future emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cabrera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Kanoelani Pilobello
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven Dalvin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Johanna Bobrow
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Darshi Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lori Freed Garg
- Global Health Innovation Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sujata Chalise
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Doyle
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Glenn A. Miller
- Mass General Brigham Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David R. Walt
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Mass General Brigham Center for COVID Innovation, Boston, MA, United States
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pawan Jolly
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pawan Jolly
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Achenbach CJ, Caputo M, Hawkins C, Balmert LC, Qi C, Odorisio J, Dembele E, Jackson A, Abbas H, Frediani JK, Levy JM, Rebolledo PA, Kempker RR, Esper AM, Lam WA, Martin GS, Murphy RL. Clinical evaluation of the Diagnostic Analyzer for Selective Hybridization (DASH): A point-of-care PCR test for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270060. [PMID: 35709204 PMCID: PMC9202852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ideal test for COVID-19 would combine the sensitivity of laboratory-based PCR with the speed and ease of use of point-of-care (POC) or home-based rapid antigen testing. We evaluated clinical performance of the Diagnostic Analyzer for Selective Hybridization (DASH) SARS-CoV-2 POC rapid PCR test. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults with and without symptoms of COVID-19 at four clinical sites where we collected two bilateral anterior nasal swabs and information on COVID-19 symptoms, vaccination, and exposure. One swab was tested with the DASH SARS-CoV-2 POC PCR and the second in a central laboratory using Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 PCR. We assessed test concordance and calculated sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values using Xpert as the "gold standard". RESULTS We enrolled 315 and analyzed 313 participants with median age 42 years; 65% were female, 62% symptomatic, 75% had received ≥2 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and 16% currently SARS-CoV-2 positive. There were concordant results for 307 tests indicating an overall agreement for DASH of 0.98 [95% CI 0.96, 0.99] compared to Xpert. DASH performed at 0.96 [95% CI 0.86, 1.00] sensitivity and 0.98 [95% CI 0.96, 1.00] specificity, with a positive predictive value of 0.85 [95% CI 0.73, 0.96] and negative predictive value of 0.996 [95% CI 0.99, 1.00]. The six discordant tests between DASH and Xpert all had high Ct values (>30) on the respective positive assay. DASH and Xpert Ct values were highly correlated (R = 0.89 [95% CI 0.81, 0.94]). CONCLUSIONS DASH POC SARS-CoV-2 PCR was accurate, easy to use, and provided fast results (approximately 15 minutes) in real-life clinical settings with an overall performance similar to an EUA-approved laboratory-based PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J. Achenbach
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Caputo
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Claudia Hawkins
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Lauren C. Balmert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Joseph Odorisio
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Etienne Dembele
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Alema Jackson
- Access Community Health Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Hiba Abbas
- Access Community Health Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Frediani
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Levy
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Department of Otolaryngology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Paulina A. Rebolledo
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Russell R. Kempker
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Annette M. Esper
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Greg S. Martin
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Murphy
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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Lind ML, Schultes OL, Robertson AJ, Houde AJ, Cummings DA, Ko AI, Kennedy BS, Richeson RP. Testing Frequency Matters: An Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Rapid Antigen Test in US Correctional Facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e327-e335. [PMID: 35686341 PMCID: PMC9214176 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends serial rapid antigen assay collection within congregate facilities. Although modeling and observational studies from communities and long-term care facilities have shown serial collection provides adequate sensitivity and specificity, the accuracy within correctional facilities remains unknown. METHODS Using Connecticut Department of Correction data from 21 November 2020 to 15 June 2021, we estimated the accuracy of a rapid assay, BinaxNOW (Abbott), under 3 collection strategies: single test collection and serial collection of 2 and 3 tests separated by 1-4 days. The sensitivity and specificity of the first (including single), second, and third serially collected BinaxNOW tests were estimated relative to RT-PCRs collected ≤1 day of the BinaxNOW test. The accuracy metrics of the testing strategies were then estimated as the sum (sensitivity) and product (specificity) of tests in each strategy. RESULTS Of the 13 112 residents who contributed ≥1 BinaxNOW test during the study period, 3825 contributed ≥1 RT-PCR paired BinaxNOW test. In relation to RT-PCR, the 3-rapid-antigen-test strategy had a sensitivity of 95.9% (95% CI: 93.6-97.5%) and specificity of 98.3% (95% CI: 96.7-99.1%). The sensitivities of the 2- and 1-rapid-antigen-test strategies were 88.8% and 66.8%, and the specificities were 98.5% and 99.4%, respectively. The sensitivity was higher among symptomatic residents and when RT-PCRs were collected before BinaxNOW tests. CONCLUSIONS We found serial antigen test collection resulted in high diagnostic accuracy. These findings support serial collection for outbreak investigation, screening, and when rapid detection is required (such as intakes or transfers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Lind
- Corresponding Author: Margaret L. Lind, PhD Yale University School of Public Health 60 College Street New Haven, CT 06510 United States of America
| | - Olivia L. Schultes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington’s School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander J. Robertson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy J. Houde
- Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, CT, USA
| | - Derek A.T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P. Richeson
- Post Publication Corresponding Author: Robert P. Richeson, DC Connecticut Department of Corrections 24 Wolcott Hill Rd. Wethersfield, CT 06109 United States of America
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Tapari A, Braliou GG, Papaefthimiou M, Mavriki H, Kontou PI, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG. Performance of Antigen Detection Tests for SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1388. [PMID: 35741198 PMCID: PMC9221910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initiated global health care challenges such as the necessity for new diagnostic tests. Diagnosis by real-time PCR remains the gold-standard method, yet economical and technical issues prohibit its use in points of care (POC) or for repetitive tests in populations. A lot of effort has been exerted in developing, using, and validating antigen-based tests (ATs). Since individual studies focus on few methodological aspects of ATs, a comparison of different tests is needed. Herein, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from articles in PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. The bivariate method for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests pooling sensitivities and specificities was used. Most of the AT types for SARS-CoV-2 were lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA), fluorescence immunoassays (FIA), and chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays (CLEIA). We identified 235 articles containing data from 220,049 individuals. All ATs using nasopharyngeal samples show better performance than those with throat saliva (72% compared to 40%). Moreover, the rapid methods LFIA and FIA show about 10% lower sensitivity compared to the laboratory-based CLEIA method (72% compared to 82%). In addition, rapid ATs show higher sensitivity in symptomatic patients compared to asymptomatic patients, suggesting that viral load is a crucial parameter for ATs performed in POCs. Finally, all methods perform with very high specificity, reaching around 99%. LFIA tests, though with moderate sensitivity, appear as the most attractive method for use in POCs and for performing seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tapari
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Georgia G. Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Maria Papaefthimiou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Helen Mavriki
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Panagiota I. Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | | | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
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Li X, Xiong M, Deng Q, Guo X, Li Y. The utility of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in laboratory diagnosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24534. [PMID: 35657146 PMCID: PMC9279953 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which has now become a global pandemic owing to its high transmissibility. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein tests are playing an important role in screening and diagnosing patients with COVID‐19, and studies about the utility of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein tests are increasing now. Methods In this review, all the relevant original studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases including Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. “SARS‐CoV‐2”, “COVID‐19”, “nucleocapsid protein”, and “antigen detection” were used as keywords. Results In this review, we summarized the utility of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein in laboratory diagnosis. Among the representative researches, this review analyzed, the sensitivity of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein detection varies from 13% to 87.9%, while the specificity could almost reach 100% in most studies. As a matter of fact, the sensitivity is around 50% and could be higher or lower due to the influential factors. Conclusion It is well suggested that SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein is a convenient method with a short turnaround time of about half an hour, and the presence of N antigen is positively related to viral transmissibility, indicating that SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein immunoassays contribute to finding out those infected people rapidly and segregating them from the uninfected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- Class 11, Grade 2018, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoling Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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50
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Thi Nguyen NA, Thi Bui H, Thi-Huong Pham Q, Thi Thao Hoang L, Xuan Ta H, Heikkinen T, Van Le D, Dinh Van T, Quoc Ngo N, Thi Hong Huynh P, Thi Huyen Tran T, Quoc Phan H, Van Hoang L, van Doorn HR, Thi Ngoc Nguyen D, Thi Nguyen T, Sy Vo N, Viet Vo C, Khac Trinh S, The Pham T, Duc Le Q, Van Le P, Thai Nguyen S, Thi Tran L, Dinh Vu T, Vu Nguyen QA, Thi Trieu N, Thi Le T, Dinh Nguyen U, Steman J, Huu Ho T. Semi-nested RT-PCR enables sensitive and high-throughput detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on melting analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:309-17. [PMID: 35500877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic transmission was found to be the Achilles' heel of the symptom-based screening strategy, necessitating the implementation of mass testing to efficiently contain the transmission of COVID-19 pandemic. However, the global shortage of molecular reagents and the low throughput of available realtime PCR facilities were major limiting factors. METHODS A novel semi-nested and heptaplex (7-plex) RT-PCR assay with melting analysis for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been established for either individual testing or 96-sample pooled testing. The complex melting spectrum collected from the heptaplex RT-PCR amplicons was interpreted with the support of an artificial intelligence algorithm for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The analytical and clinical performance of the semi-nested RT-PCR assay was evaluated using RNAs synthesized in-vitro and those isolated from nasopharyngeal samples. RESULTS The LOD of the assay for individual testing was estimated to be 7.2 copies/reaction. Clinical performance evaluation indicated a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 97.83-100) and a specificity of 99.87% (95% CI: 99.55-99.98). More importantly, the assay supports a breakthrough sample pooling method, which makes possible parallel screening of up to 96 samples in one real-time PCR well without loss of sensitivity. As a result, up to 8,820 individual pre-amplified samples could be screened for SARS-CoV-2 within each 96-well plate of realtime PCR using the pooled testing procedure. CONCLUSION The novel semi-nested RT-PCR assay provides a solution for highly multiplex (7-plex) detection of SARS-CoV-2 and enables 96-sample pooled detection for increase of testing capacity. .
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