1
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El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Kandeil A, Badra R, Turner J, Seiler P, Marathe BM, Jeevan T, Kercher L, Hu M, Sim YE, Hui KPY, Chan MCW, Thompson AJ, McKenzie P, Govorkova EA, Russell CJ, Vogel P, Paulson JC, Peiris JSM, Webster RG, Ali MA, Kayali G, Webby RJ. Cross-species spill-over potential of the H9N2 bat influenza A virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3449. [PMID: 38664384 PMCID: PMC11045754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2017, a novel influenza A virus (IAV) was isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat. In contrast to other bat influenza viruses, the virus was related to avian A(H9N2) viruses and was probably the result of a bird-to-bat transmission event. To determine the cross-species spill-over potential, we biologically characterize features of A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017(H9N2). The virus has a pH inactivation profile and neuraminidase activity similar to those of human-adapted IAVs. Despite the virus having an avian virus-like preference for α2,3 sialic acid receptors, it is unable to replicate in male mallard ducks; however, it readily infects ex-vivo human respiratory cell cultures and replicates in the lungs of female mice. A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017 replicates in the upper respiratory tract of experimentally-infected male ferrets featuring direct-contact and airborne transmission. These data suggest that the bat A(H9N2) virus has features associated with increased risk to humans without a shift to a preference for α2,6 sialic acid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yul Eum Sim
- Department of Biology, Wanek School of Natural Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Zhou B, Wang L, Yang S, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Pan X, Li J. Pyrogallol protects against influenza A virus-triggered lethal lung injury by activating the Nrf2-PPAR-γ-HO-1 signaling axis. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e531. [PMID: 38617435 PMCID: PMC11014464 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrogallol, a natural polyphenol compound (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene), has shown efficacy in the therapeutic treatment of disorders associated with inflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the protective properties of pyrogallol against influenza A virus infection are not yet established. We established in this study that pyrogallol effectively alleviated H1N1 influenza A virus-induced lung injury and reduced mortality. Treatment with pyrogallol was found to promote the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Notably, the activation of Nrf2 by pyrogallol was involved in elevating the expression of PPAR-γ, both of which act synergistically to enhance heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) synthesis. Blocking HO-1 by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) reduced the suppressive impact of pyrogallol on H1N1 virus-mediated aberrant retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-nuclear factor kappa B (RIG-I-NF-κB) signaling, which thus abolished the dampening effects of pyrogallol on excessive proinflammatory mediators and cell death (including apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis). Furthermore, the HO-1-independent inactivation of janus kinase 1/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK1/STATs) and the HO-1-dependent RIG-I-augmented STAT1/2 activation were both abrogated by pyrogallol, resulting in suppression of the enhanced transcriptional activity of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complexes, thus prominently inhibiting the amplification of the H1N1 virus-induced proinflammatory reaction and apoptosis in interferon-beta (IFN-β)-sensitized cells. The study provides evidence that pyrogallol alleviates excessive proinflammatory responses and abnormal cell death via HO-1 induction, suggesting it could be a potential agent for treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of GaozhouGaozhouChina
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Sushan Yang
- The People's Hospital of GaozhouGaozhouChina
| | | | | | - Xuanyu Liu
- The People's Hospital of GaozhouGaozhouChina
| | | | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthInstitute of Chinese Integrative MedicineGuangdong‐Hongkong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseasethe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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3
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Solstad A, Hogaboam O, Forero A, Hemann EA. RIG-I-like Receptor Regulation of Immune Cell Function and Therapeutic Implications. J Immunol 2022; 209:845-854. [PMID: 36130131 PMCID: PMC9512390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic RNA sensors critical for initiation of antiviral immunity. Activation of RLRs following RNA recognition leads to production of antiviral genes and IFNs for induction of broad antiviral immunity. Although the RLRs are ubiquitously expressed, much of our understanding of these molecules comes from their study in epithelial cells and fibroblasts. However, RLR activation is critical for induction of immune function and long-term protective immunity. Recent work has focused on the roles of RLRs in immune cells and their contribution to programming of effective immune responses. This new understanding of RLR function in immune cells and immune programming has led to the development of vaccines and therapeutics targeting the RLRs. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of RLRs to immune cell function during infection and the emerging RLR-targeting strategies for induction of immunity against cancer and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Solstad
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Octavia Hogaboam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
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4
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Faist A, Janowski J, Kumar S, Hinse S, Çalışkan DM, Lange J, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:2198. [PMID: 35883640 PMCID: PMC9316821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and adaptive immune responses causing severe disease with high mortality. The responsible mechanisms are commonly virus-specific and often include either over-activated or delayed local interferon responses, which facilitate efficient viral replication in the primary target organ, systemic viral spread, and rapid onset of organ-specific and harmful inflammatory responses. Despite the distinct replication strategies, human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses demonstrate remarkable similarities and differences regarding the mechanisms of immune induction, disease dynamics, as well as the long-term sequelae, which will be discussed in this review. In addition, we will highlight some important lessons about the effectiveness of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that this pandemic has taught us.
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5
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Hui KPY, Ho JCW, Cheung MC, Ng KC, Ching RHH, Lai KL, Kam TT, Gu H, Sit KY, Hsin MKY, Au TWK, Poon LLM, Peiris M, Nicholls JM, Chan MCW. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant replication in human bronchus and lung ex vivo. Nature 2022; 603:715-20. [PMID: 35104836 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 216.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern with progressively increased transmissibility between humans is a threat to global public health. The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 also evades immunity from natural infection or vaccines1, but it is unclear whether its exceptional transmissibility is due to immune evasion or intrinsic virological properties. Here we compared the replication competence and cellular tropism of the wild-type virus and the D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants in ex vivo explant cultures of human bronchi and lungs. We also evaluated the dependence on TMPRSS2 and cathepsins for infection. We show that Omicron replicates faster than all other SARS-CoV-2 variants studied in the bronchi but less efficiently in the lung parenchyma. All variants of concern have similar cellular tropism compared to the wild type. Omicron is more dependent on cathepsins than the other variants of concern tested, suggesting that the Omicron variant enters cells through a different route compared with the other variants. The lower replication competence of Omicron in the human lungs may explain the reduced severity of Omicron that is now being reported in epidemiological studies, although determinants of severity are multifactorial. These findings provide important biological correlates to previous epidemiological observations.
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6
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Li J, Xu Y, Lin Z, Guan L, Chen S, Zhou L. Isorhamnetin inhibits amplification of influenza A H1N1 virus inflammation mediated by interferon via the RIG-I/JNK pathway. Ann Transl Med 2021; 9:1327. [PMID: 34532464 PMCID: PMC8422108 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN) amplifies the influenza virus-mediated inflammatory response by forming a paracrine signal feedback loop, which is considered an important cause of excessive inflammatory damage. Isorhamnetin has a wide spectrum of beneficial pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. The regulatory effect and mechanism of isorhamnetin on influenza virus-mediated inflammation have not yet been reported. Methods We pre-treated A549 cells with IFN-β (50 ng/mL) for 4 h followed by IAV (H1N1) infection to simulate the inflammation amplification effect caused by the paracrine effect of IFN-β. The anti-inflammation activity of isorhamnetin against amplification inflammation of interferon mediated by IAV (H1N1) was assessed by performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in A549 cells. Results Compared with the virus infection group, the IFN-β pretreatment virus infection group had an upregulated level of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, which was inhibited by isorhamnetin significantly via the retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Molecular docking studies further verified that isorhamnetin can interact with JNK. Conclusions Our work was the first to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of isorhamnetin during influenza virus infection. Isorhamnetin significantly improves the excessive inflammatory response mediated by IAV (H1N1) infection mainly via the RIG-I/JNK pathway. Additionally, isorhamnetin exhibited an apparent antiviral effect of H1N1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Combination Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Combination Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- Institute of Combination Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Lo HS, Hui KPY, Lai HM, He X, Khan KS, Kaur S, Huang J, Li Z, Chan AKN, Cheung HHY, Ng KC, Ho JCW, Chen YW, Ma B, Cheung PMH, Shin D, Wang K, Lee MH, Selisko B, Eydoux C, Guillemot JC, Canard B, Wu KP, Liang PH, Dikic I, Zuo Z, Chan FKL, Hui DSC, Mok VCT, Wong KB, Mok CKP, Ko H, Aik WS, Chan MCW, Ng WL. Simeprevir Potently Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Synergizes with Remdesivir. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:792-802. [PMID: 34075346 PMCID: PMC8056950 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global threat to human health. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identified and validated the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitor simeprevir as an especially promising repurposable drug for treating COVID-19. Simeprevir potently reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load by multiple orders of magnitude and synergizes with remdesivir in vitro. Mechanistically, we showed that simeprevir not only inhibits the main protease (Mpro) and unexpectedly the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) but also modulates host immune responses. Our results thus reveal the possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of simeprevir and highlight the translational potential of optimizing simeprevir as a therapeutic agent for managing COVID-19 and future outbreaks of CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sing Lo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kenrie Pui Yan Hui
- School
of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Centre
for Immunology and Infection (C2I), Hong
Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hei-Ming Lai
- Department
of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xu He
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Khadija Shahed Khan
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong
Baptist University, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Junzhe Huang
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony K. N. Chan
- Department
of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Hayley Hei-Yin Cheung
- School
of Life Sciences, Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography,
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Chun Ng
- School
of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - John Chi Wang Ho
- School
of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Wai Chen
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical
Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Bowen Ma
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Man-Hin Cheung
- School
of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Donghyuk Shin
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe
University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department
of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kaidao Wang
- Protein
Production Department, GenScript Biotech
Corporation, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211100, China
| | - Meng-Hsuan Lee
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Barbara Selisko
- Laboratoire
d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques
(AFMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Cecilia Eydoux
- Laboratoire
d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques
(AFMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemot
- Laboratoire
d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques
(AFMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- Laboratoire
d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques
(AFMB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Kuen-Phon Wu
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe
University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Francis K. L. Chan
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Institute
of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - David S. C. Hui
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Stanley
Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C. T. Mok
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald
Choa Neuroscience Centre, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for
Management of Parkinsonism, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School
of Life Sciences, Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography,
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- HKU-Pasteur
Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Ko
- Department
of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department
of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald
Choa Neuroscience Centre, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for
Management of Parkinsonism, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Peter
Hung Pain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Shen Aik
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong
Baptist University, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Chi Wai Chan
- School
of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Centre
for Immunology and Infection (C2I), Hong
Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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8
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Li RF, Zhou XB, Zhou HX, Yang ZF, Jiang HM, Wu X, Li WJ, Qiu JJ, Mi JN, Chen M, Zhong NS, Zhu GY, Jiang ZH. Novel Fatty Acid in Cordyceps Suppresses Influenza A (H1N1) Virus-Induced Proinflammatory Response Through Regulating Innate Signaling Pathways. ACS Omega 2021; 6:1505-1515. [PMID: 33490810 PMCID: PMC7818636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections usually cause acute lung injury characterized by exaggerated proinflammatory responses. The paucity of therapeutic strategies that target host immune response to attenuate lung injury poses a substantial challenge in management of IV infections. In this study, we chemically synthesized a novel fatty acid (2Z,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoic acid (DDEA) identified from Chinese Cordyceps by using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS techniques. The DDEA did not inhibit H1N1 virus replication but attenuated proinflammatory responses by reducing mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-8/IL-8, CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-10/IP-10, CCL-3/MIP-1α, and CCL-4/MIP-1β in A549 cells and U937-derived macrophages. The anti-inflammatory effect occurred through downregulations of TLR-3-, RIG-I-, and type I IFN-activated innate immune signaling pathways. Altogether, our results indicate that DDEA may potentially be used as an anti-inflammatory therapy for the treatment of IV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Feng Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
| | | | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research
Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory
Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- KingMed
Virology Diagnostic & Translational Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hai-Ming Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research
Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory
Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research
Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory
Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- Dongguan
HEC Cordyceps R&D Co.,Ltd, Dongguan 523850, China
| | - Jian-Jian Qiu
- Dongguan
HEC Cordyceps R&D Co.,Ltd, Dongguan 523850, China
| | - Jia-Ning Mi
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research
Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory
Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 519020, China
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Brazee PL, Morales-Nebreda L, Magnani ND, Garcia JG, Misharin AV, Ridge KM, Budinger GRS, Iwai K, Dada LA, Sznajder JI. Linear ubiquitin assembly complex regulates lung epithelial-driven responses during influenza infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1301-1314. [PMID: 31714898 DOI: 10.1172/jci128368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is among the most common causes of pneumonia-related death worldwide. Pulmonary epithelial cells are the primary target for viral infection and replication and respond by releasing inflammatory mediators that recruit immune cells to mount the host response. Severe lung injury and death during IAV infection result from an exuberant host inflammatory response. The linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of SHARPIN, HOIL-1L, and HOIP, is a critical regulator of NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Using mice with lung epithelial-specific deletions of HOIL-1L or HOIP in a model of IAV infection, we provided evidence that, while a reduction in the inflammatory response was beneficial, ablation of the LUBAC-dependent lung epithelial-driven response worsened lung injury and increased mortality. Moreover, we described a mechanism for the upregulation of HOIL-1L in infected and noninfected cells triggered by the activation of type I IFN receptor and mediated by IRF1, which was maladaptive and contributed to hyperinflammation. Thus, we propose that lung epithelial LUBAC acts as a molecular rheostat that could be selectively targeted to modulate the immune response in patients with severe IAV-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brazee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luisa Morales-Nebreda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalia D Magnani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joe Gn Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Laura A Dada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Zhou HX, Li RF, Wang YF, Shen LH, Cai LH, Weng YC, Zhang HR, Chen XX, Wu X, Chen RF, Jiang HM, Wang C, Yang M, Lu J, Luo XD, Jiang Z, Yang ZF. Total alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris inhibit influenza a virus replication and lung immunopathology by regulating the innate immune response. Phytomedicine 2020; 77:153272. [PMID: 32702592 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alstonia scholaris is a folk medicine used to treat cough, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China. Total alkaloids (TA) from A. scholaris exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in acute respiratory disease, which suggests their possible anti-inflammatory effect on influenza virus infection. PURPOSE To assess the clinical use of TA by demonstrating their anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory effects and the possible mechanism underlying the effect of TA on influenza A virus (IAV) infection in vitro and to reveal the inhibitory effect of TA on lung immunopathology caused by IAV infection. METHODS Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and A549 cells and U937-derived macrophages infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and Bio-Plex assays. The activation of innate immune signaling induced by H1N1 virus in the absence or presence of TA was detected in A549 cells by Western blot. Furthermore, mice were infected intranasally with H1N1 virus and treated with TA (50, 25 and 12.5 mg/kg/d) or oseltamivir (60 mg/kg/d) for 5 days in vivo. The survival rates and body weight were recorded, and the viral titer, proinflammatory cytokine levels, innate immune cell populations and histopathological changes in the lungs were analyzed. RESULTS TA significantly inhibited viral replication in A549 cells and U937-derived macrophages and markedly reduced cytokine and chemokine production at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, TA blocked the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)- and IFN-activated signal transduction in A549 cells. Critically, TA also increased the survival rate, reduced the viral titer, suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production and innate immune cell infiltration and improved lung histopathology in a lethal PR8 mouse model. CONCLUSION TA exhibits anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects against IAV infection by interfering with PRR- and IFN-activated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Li-Han Shen
- Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Li-Hua Cai
- Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Yun-Ceng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | | | - Xin-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Rui-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Hai-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China
| | - Mingrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China
| | - Jingguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, 510000, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China; KingMed Virology Diagnostic & Translational Center, 510000, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, 510000, China.
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11
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Zhou BX, Li J, Liang XL, Pan XP, Hao YB, Xie PF, Jiang HM, Yang ZF, Zhong NS. β-sitosterol ameliorates influenza A virus-induced proinflammatory response and acute lung injury in mice by disrupting the cross-talk between RIG-I and IFN/STAT signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1178-1196. [PMID: 32504068 PMCID: PMC7273125 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Sitosterol (24-ethyl-5-cholestene-3-ol) is a common phytosterol Chinese medical plants that has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study we investigated the effects of β-sitosterol on influenza virus-induced inflammation and acute lung injury and the molecular mechanisms. We demonstrate that β-sitosterol (150–450 μg/mL) dose-dependently suppresses inflammatory response through NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected cells, which was accompanied by decreased induction of interferons (IFNs) (including Type I and III IFN). Furthermore, we revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of β-sitosterol resulted from its inhibitory effect on retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling, led to decreased STAT1 signaling, thus affecting the transcriptional activity of ISGF3 (interferon-stimulated gene factor 3) complexes and resulting in abrogation of the IAV-induced proinflammatory amplification effect in IFN-sensitized cells. Moreover, β-sitosterol treatment attenuated RIG-I-mediated apoptotic injury of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) via downregulation of pro-apoptotic factors. In a mouse model of influenza, pre-administration of β-sitosterol (50, 200 mg·kg−1·d−1, i.g., for 2 days) dose-dependently ameliorated IAV-mediated recruitment of pathogenic cytotoxic T cells and immune dysregulation. In addition, pre-administration of β-sitosterol protected mice from lethal IAV infection. Our data suggest that β-sitosterol blocks the immune response mediated by RIG-I signaling and deleterious IFN production, providing a potential benefit for the treatment of influenza.
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12
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Kabiljo J, Laengle J, Bergmann M. From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32542113 PMCID: PMC7288254 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wu W, Zhang W, Tian L, Brown BR, Walters MS, Metcalf JP. IRF7 Is Required for the Second Phase Interferon Induction during Influenza Virus Infection in Human Lung Epithelia. Viruses 2020; 12:E377. [PMID: 32235406 DOI: 10.3390/v12040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) plays an important role in the recognition of IAV in most cell types, and leads to the activation of interferon (IFN). We investigated mechanisms of RIG-I and IFN induction by IAV in the BCi-NS1.1 immortalized human airway basal cell line and in the A549 human alveolar epithelial cell line. We found that the basal expression levels of RIG-I and regulatory transcription factor (IRF) 7 were very low in BCi-NS1.1 cells. IAV infection induced robust RIG-I and IRF7, not IRF3, expression. siRNA against IRF7 and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), but not IRF3, significantly inhibited RIG-I mRNA expression and IFN induction by IAV infection. Most importantly, even without virus infection, IFN-β alone induced RIG-I, and siRNA against IRF7 did not inhibit RIG-I induction by IFN-β. Similar results were found in the alveolar basal epithelial A549 cell line. RIG-I and IRF7 expression in humans is highly inducible and greatly amplified by IFN produced from virus infected cells. IFN induction can be separated into two phases, that initially induced by the virus with basal RIG-I (the first phase), and that induced by the subsequent virus with amplified RIG-I from the first phase IFN (the second phase). The de novo synthesis of IRF7 is required for the second phase IFN induction during influenza virus infection in human lung bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells.
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14
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Tian X, Zhang K, Min J, Chen C, Cao Y, Ding C, Liu W, Li J. Metabolomic Analysis of Influenza A Virus A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) Infected A549 Cells during First Cycle of Viral Replication. Viruses 2019; 11:E1007. [PMID: 31683654 DOI: 10.3390/v11111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has developed strategies to utilize host metabolites which, after identification and isolation, can be used to discover the value of immunometabolism. During this study, to mimic the metabolic processes of influenza virus infection in human cells, we infect A549 cells with H1N1 (WSN) influenza virus and explore the metabolites with altered levels during the first cycle of influenza virus infection using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) technology. We annotate the metabolites using MetaboAnalyst and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses, which reveal that IAV regulates the abundance of the metabolic products of host cells during early infection to provide the energy and metabolites required to efficiently complete its own life cycle. These metabolites are correlated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mainly are involved in purine, lipid, and glutathione metabolisms. Concurrently, the metabolites interact with signal receptors in A549 cells to participate in cellular energy metabolism signaling pathways. Metabonomic analyses have revealed that, in the first cycle, the virus not only hijacks cell metabolism for its own replication, but also affects innate immunity, indicating a need for further study of the complex relationship between IAV and host cells.
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15
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Zhou B, Liang X, Feng Q, Li J, Pan X, Xie P, Jiang Z, Yang Z. Ergosterol peroxide suppresses influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory response and apoptosis by blocking RIG-I signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172543. [PMID: 31323223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol peroxide has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor, antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties. However, the effects of ergosterol peroxide isolated from the herbal Baphicacanthus cusia root on influenza virus infection remain poorly understood. In the present study, ergosterol peroxide (compound 22) was obtained from the B. cusia root and subjected to investigation regarding its immunoregulatory effect on influenza A virus (IAV)-induced inflammation in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. The structure of compound 22 isolated from B. cusia root. was elucidated by NMR analyses. Structure determination showed that the chemical structure of compound 22 closely resembles that of ergosterol peroxide. We observed that ergosterol peroxide treatment significantly suppressed IAV-induced upregulation of RIG-I expression. Additionally, ergosterol peroxide inhibited the activation of RIG-I downstream signaling pathways, including p38 MAP kinase and NF-κB, which ultimately resulted in the reduced production of an array of pro-inflammatory mediators and interferons (IFN-β and IFN-λ1). Interestingly, inhibitory effects of ergosterol peroxide on the expression of IFNs did not affect the expression of antiviral effectors or enhance viral replication. On the other hand, ergosterol peroxide effectively abolished the amplified production of pro-inflammatory mediators in cells pretreated with IFN-β (500 ng/ml) prior to IAV infection. Moreover, Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that increased apoptosis of IAV-infected cells was reversed by the presence of ergosterol peroxide. Our findings suggest that ergosterol peroxide from the B. cusia root suppressed IAV-associated inflammation and apoptosis via blocking RIG-I signaling, which may serve as a supplementary approach to the treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, Guangdong, 525200, China
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Qitong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xiping Pan
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Peifang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
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Abstract
RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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17
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Hui KPY, Ching RHH, Chan SKH, Nicholls JM, Sachs N, Clevers H, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of influenza virus: an analysis of human airway organoids and ex-vivo bronchus cultures. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6:846-854. [PMID: 30001996 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human airway organoids are three-dimensional cultures derived from stem cells, which self-organise in ex-vivo conditions to form so-called mini-airways. The cellular morphology of these cultures is physiologically similar to the human airway, with cilia, goblet cells, and club cells facing the inner lumen and basal cells situated at the outer layer. The aim of this study was to compare replication competence, tissue tropism, and host responses elicited by human and avian strains of influenza A virus in ex-vivo human bronchus and human airway organoids. METHODS Between Sept 29, 2016, and Jan 4, 2017, we obtained ex-vivo cultures of the human bronchus and cultured human airway organoids from lung stem cells obtained from human lung tissues removed as part of the routine clinical care of patients undergoing surgical resection at the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. We compared viral replication competence, tissue tropism, and cytokine and chemokine induction of avian influenza A viruses isolated from humans (Sh2/H7N9, H5N1/483, H5N6/39715), and human H1N1pdm/415742 in airway organoids and ex-vivo bronchus explant cultures. FINDINGS Virus tropism and replication kinetics of human and avian influenza A viruses in human airway organoids mimicked those found in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus explants. In both airway organoids and bronchus explants, influenza A H1N1 subtype (H1N1) and avian influenza A H7N9 viruses replicated to significantly higher titres than did the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, whereas HPAI H5N6 replication was moderate. H1N1, H7N9, and H5N6 viruses infected ciliated cells and goblet cells, but not basal cells in both airway organoids and bronchus explants. The expression of cytokines, interleukin 6, and interferon β, and the chemokine regulated-on-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted, was significantly higher in human airway organoids infected with HPAI H5N1 virus than H1N1pdm/415742, Sh2/H7N9, and H5N6/39715 viruses, and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was significantly higher in human organoids infected with HPAI H5N1 virus than H1N1pdm/415742 and Sh2/H7N9 viruses. INTERPRETATION Human airway organoid cultures provided results that were comparable to those observed in human ex-vivo bronchus cultures, and thus provide an alternative physiologically relevant experimental model for investigating virus tropism and replication competence that could be used to assess the pandemic threat of animal influenza viruses. FUNDING US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rachel H H Ching
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Stan K H Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Vertex Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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18
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Li X, Fu Z, Liang H, Wang Y, Qi X, Ding M, Sun X, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Gu H, Li L, Chen X, Li D, Zhao Q, Liu F, Wang H, Wang J, Zen K, Zhang CY. H5N1 influenza virus-specific miRNA-like small RNA increases cytokine production and mouse mortality via targeting poly(rC)-binding protein 2. Cell Res 2018; 28:157-71. [PMID: 29327729 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2018.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of H5N1 influenza virus causes the highest mortality among all influenza viruses. The mechanisms underlying such high viral pathogenicity are incompletely understood. Here, we report that the H5N1 influenza virus encodes a microRNA-like small RNA, miR-HA-3p, which is processed from a stem loop-containing viral RNA precursor by Argonaute 2, and plays a role in enhancing cytokine production during H5N1 infection. Mechanistic study shows that miR-HA-3p targets poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) and suppresses its expression. Consistent with PCBP2 being an important negative regulator of RIG-I/MAVS-mediated antiviral innate immunity, suppression of PCBP2 expression by miR-HA-3p promotes cytokine production in human macrophages and mice infected with H5N1 virus. We conclude that miR-HA-3p is the first identified influenza virus-encoded microRNA-like functional RNA fragment and a novel virulence factor contributing to H5N1-induced 'cytokine storm' and mortality.
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Cole SL, Ho LP. Contribution of innate immune cells to pathogenesis of severe influenza virus infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:269-83. [PMID: 28108632 DOI: 10.1042/CS20160484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause respiratory illness of varying severity based on the virus strains, host predisposition and pre-existing immunity. Ultimately, outcome and recovery from infection rely on an effective immune response comprising both innate and adaptive components. The innate immune response provides the first line of defence and is crucial to the outcome of infection. Airway epithelial cells are the first cell type to encounter the virus in the lungs, providing antiviral and chemotactic molecules that shape the ensuing immune response by rapidly recruiting innate effector cells such as NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. Each cell type has unique mechanisms to combat virus-infected cells and limit viral replication, however their actions may also lead to pathology. This review focuses how innate cells contribute to protection and pathology, and provides evidence for their involvement in immune pathology in IAV infections.
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Chan LLY, Bui CTH, Mok CKP, Ng MMT, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza A/H7N9 virus in PB2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35401. [PMID: 27739468 PMCID: PMC5064379 DOI: 10.1038/srep35401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. Amino acid substitutions in PB2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution PB2-627K or compensatory changes at PB2-591K and PB2-701N, on the tropism and replication competence of H7N9 viruses for human and swine respiratory tracts using ex vivo organ explant cultures. Recombinant viruses of A/Shanghai/2/2013 (rgH7N9) and its mutants with PB2-K627E, PB2-K627E + Q591K and PB2-K627E + D701N were generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. PB2-E627K was essential for efficient replication of rgH7N9 in ex vivo cultures of human and swine respiratory tracts. Mutant rgPB2-K627E + D701N replicated better than rgPB2-K627E in human lung but not as well as rgH7N9 virus. The rgPB2-K627E mutant failed to replicate in human type I-like pneumocytes (ATI) and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PMϕ) at 37 °C while the compensatory mutant rgPB2-K627E + Q591K and rgPB2-K627E + D701N had partly restored replication competence in PMϕ. Our results demonstrate that PB2-E627K was important for efficient replication of influenza H7N9 in both human and swine respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine T. H. Bui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy M. T. Ng
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kochs G, Anzaghe M, Kronhart S, Wagner V, Gogesch P, Scheu S, Lienenklaus S, Waibler Z. In Vivo Conditions Enable IFNAR-Independent Type I Interferon Production by Peritoneal CD11b+ Cells upon Thogoto Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:9330-7. [PMID: 27512061 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00744-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type I interferons (IFNs) crucially contribute to host survival upon viral infections. Robust expression of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) and induction of an antiviral state critically depend on amplification of the IFN signal via the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). A small amount of type I IFN produced early upon virus infection binds the IFNAR and activates a self-enhancing positive feedback loop, resulting in induction of large, protective amounts of IFN-α. Unexpectedly, we found robust, systemic IFN-α expression upon infection of IFNAR knockout mice with the orthomyxovirus Thogoto virus (THOV). The IFNAR-independent IFN-α production required in vivo conditions and was not achieved during in vitro infection. Using replication-incompetent THOV-derived virus-like particles, we demonstrate that IFNAR-independent type I IFN induction depends on viral polymerase activity but is largely independent of viral replication. To discover the cell type responsible for this effect, we used type I IFN reporter mice and identified CD11b(+) F4/80(+) myeloid cells within the peritoneal cavity of infected animals as the main source of IFNAR-independent type I IFN, corresponding to the particular tropism of THOV for this cell type. IMPORTANCE Type I IFNs are crucial for the survival of a host upon most viral infections, and, moreover, they shape subsequent adaptive immune responses. Production of protective amounts of type I IFN critically depends on the positive feedback amplification via the IFNAR. Unexpectedly, we observed robust IFNAR-independent type I IFN expression upon THOV infection and unraveled molecular mechanisms and determined the tissue and cell type involved. Our data indicate that the host can effectively use alternative pathways to induce type I IFN responses if the classical feedback amplification is not available. Understanding how type I IFN can be produced in large amounts independently of IFNAR-dependent enhancement will identify mechanisms which might contribute to novel therapeutic strategies to fight viral pathogens.
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Hui KPY, Li HS, Cheung MC, Chan RWY, Yuen KM, Mok CKP, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus delays apoptotic responses via activation of STAT3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28593. [PMID: 27344974 PMCID: PMC4921847 DOI: 10.1038/srep28593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus continues to pose pandemic threat, but there is a lack of understanding of its pathogenesis. We compared the apoptotic responses triggered by HPAI H5N1 and low pathogenic H1N1 viruses using physiologically relevant respiratory epithelial cells. We demonstrated that H5N1 viruses delayed apoptosis in primary human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) compared to H1N1 virus. Both caspase-8 and -9 were activated by H5N1 and H1N1 viruses in AECs, while H5N1 differentially up-regulated TRAIL. H5N1-induced apoptosis was reduced by TRAIL receptor silencing. More importantly, STAT3 knock-down increased apoptosis by H5N1 infection suggesting that H5N1 virus delays apoptosis through activation of STAT3. Taken together, we demonstrate that STAT3 is involved in H5N1-delayed apoptosis compared to H1N1. Since delay in apoptosis prolongs the duration of virus replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TRAIL from H5N1-infected cells, which contribute to orchestrate cytokine storm and tissue damage, our results suggest that STAT3 may play a previously unsuspected role in H5N1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P. Y. Hui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung Sing Li
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Chun Cheung
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kit M. Yuen
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Jeron A, Gereke M, Geffers R, Kröger A, Gunzer M, Bruder D. Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Contribute to the Anti-Influenza A Virus Response in the Lung by Integrating Pathogen- and Microenvironment-Derived Signals. mBio 2016; 7:e00276-16. [PMID: 27143386 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00276-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) periodically causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the human population. In the lower lung, the primary targets for IAV replication are type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII), which are increasingly recognized for their immunological potential. So far, little is known about their reaction to IAV and their contribution to respiratory antiviral immunity in vivo. Therefore, we characterized the AECII response during early IAV infection by analyzing transcriptional regulation in cells sorted from the lungs of infected mice. We detected rapid and extensive regulation of gene expression in AECII following in vivo IAV infection. The comparison to transcriptional regulation in lung tissue revealed a strong contribution of AECII to the respiratory response. IAV infection triggered the expression of a plethora of antiviral factors and immune mediators in AECII with a high prevalence for interferon-stimulated genes. Functional pathway analyses revealed high activity in pathogen recognition, immune cell recruitment, and antigen presentation. Ultimately, our analyses of transcriptional regulation in AECII and lung tissue as well as interferon I/III levels and cell recruitment indicated AECII to integrate signals provided by direct pathogen recognition and surrounding cells. Ex vivo analysis of AECII proved a powerful tool to increase our understanding of their role in respiratory immune responses, and our results clearly show that AECII need to be considered a part of the surveillance and effector system of the lower respiratory tract. In order to confront the health hazard posed by IAV, we need to complete our understanding of its pathogenesis. AECII are primary targets for IAV replication in the lung, and while we are beginning to understand their importance for respiratory immunity, the in vivo AECII response during IAV infection has not been analyzed. In contrast to studies addressing the response of AECII infected with IAV ex vivo, we have performed detailed gene transcriptional profiling of AECII isolated from the lungs of infected mice. Thereby, we have identified an exceptionally rapid and versatile response to IAV infection that is shaped by pathogen-derived as well as microenvironment-derived signals and aims at the induction of antiviral measures and the recruitment and activation of immune cells. In conclusion, our study presents AECII as active players in antiviral defense in vivo that need to be considered part of the sentinel and effector immune system of the lung.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Recent studies in mouse models have revealed an indispensable role for the innate immune system in defense against influenza virus. Recognition of the virus by innate immune receptors in a multitude of cell types activates intricate signaling networks, functioning to restrict viral replication. Downstream effector mechanisms include activation of innate immune cells and, induction and regulation of adaptive immunity. However, uncontrolled innate responses are associated with exaggerated disease, especially in pandemic influenza virus infection. Despite advances in the understanding of innate response to influenza in the mouse model, there is a large knowledge gap in humans, particularly in immunocompromised groups such as infants and the elderly. We propose here, the need for further studies in humans to decipher the role of innate immunity to influenza virus, particularly at the site of infection. These studies will complement the existing work in mice and facilitate the quest to design improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Richard W. Compans
- IDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
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25
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Dong W, Wei X, Zhang F, Hao J, Huang F, Zhang C, Liang W. A dual character of flavonoids in influenza A virus replication and spread through modulating cell-autonomous immunity by MAPK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7237. [PMID: 25429875 PMCID: PMC4246350 DOI: 10.1038/srep07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are well known as a large class of polyphenolic compounds, which have a variety of physiological activities, including anti-influenza virus activity. The influenza A/WSN/33 infected A549 cells have been used to screen anti-influenza virus drugs from natural flavonoid compounds library. Unexpectedly, some flavonoid compounds significantly inhibited virus replication, while the others dramatically promoted virus replication. In this study, we attempted to understand these differences between flavonoid compounds in their antivirus mechanisms. Hesperidin and kaempferol were chosen as representatives of both sides, each of which exhibited the opposite effects on influenza virus replication. Our investigation revealed that the opposite effects produced by hesperidin and kaempferol on influenza virus were due to inducing the opposite cell-autonomous immune responses by selectively modulating MAP kinase pathways: hesperidin up-regulated P38 and JNK expression and activation, thus resulting in the enhanced cell-autonomous immunity; while kaempferol dramatically down-regulated p38 and JNK expression and activation, thereby suppressing cell-autonomous immunity. In addition, hesperidin restricted RNPs export from nucleus by down-regulating ERK activation, but kaempferol promoted RNPs export by up-regulating ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate that a new generation of anti-influenza virus drugs could be developed based on selective modulation of MAP kinase pathways to stimulate cell-autonomous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Dong
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fayun Zhang
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Facility of pathology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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Schmitz ML, Kracht M, Saul VV. The intricate interplay between RNA viruses and NF-κB. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1843:2754-2764. [PMID: 25116307 PMCID: PMC7114235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have rapidly evolving genomes which often allow cross-species transmission and frequently generate new virus variants with altered pathogenic properties. Therefore infections by RNA viruses are a major threat to human health. The infected host cell detects trace amounts of viral RNA and the last years have revealed common principles in the biochemical mechanisms leading to signal amplification that is required for mounting of a powerful antiviral response. Components of the RNA sensing and signaling machinery such as RIG-I-like proteins, MAVS and the inflammasome inducibly form large oligomers or even fibers that exhibit hallmarks of prions. Following a nucleation event triggered by detection of viral RNA, these energetically favorable and irreversible polymerization events trigger signaling cascades leading to the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses, mediated by interferon and NF-κB pathways. Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to manipulate these host cell signaling pathways in order to ensure their replication. We will discuss at the examples of influenza and HTLV-1 viruses how a fascinating diversity of biochemical mechanisms is employed by viral proteins to control the NF-κB pathway at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vera V Saul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Frenz T, Graalmann L, Detje CN, Döring M, Grabski E, Scheu S, Kalinke U. Independent of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (pDC) infection, pDC Triggered by Virus-Infected Cells Mount Enhanced Type I IFN Responses of Different Composition as Opposed to pDC Stimulated with Free Virus. J I 2014; 193:2496-503. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Shen Y, Qian Y, Shen L, Wu Z, Xu C, Tong X. Cloning and expression of retinoic acid-induced gene-I and its effect on hepatitis C virus replication. Lab Med 2014; 45:103-10. [PMID: 24868989 DOI: 10.1309/lmev3prlouzd2d6z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of the retinoic acid indicible gene-I (RIG-I) on hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and the molecular mechanism of action of RIG-I. METHODS We constructed an RIG-I expression vector and co-transfected it into Huh-7 cells along with HCV-replicon RNA. We assayed HCV replication and NS5A protein synthesis via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Also, we performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the level of interferon (IFN)-alpha/-beta secretion. Additionally, we examined, via western blotting, the phosphorylation state of p38, Erk1/2, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65. RESULTS Overexpression of RIG-1 in Huh-7 cells co-transfected with an HCV-replicon RNA significantly inhibited HCV replication and NS5A protein synthesis. Co-transfected cells had increased production of IFN-alpha/-beta production and had higher levels of phosphorylated p38, Erk1/2, and NF-kappaB p65. CONCLUSIONS RIG-I significantly inhibits HCV replication and NS5A protein synthesis by inducing type I IFN production. The underlying molecular mechanism for this effect appears to be mediated by increased phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and Erk1/2.
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Cuevas CD, Ross SR. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated innate immune responses against Junín virus in mice lead to antiviral adaptive immune responses during systemic infection and do not affect viral replication in the brain. J Virol 2014; 88:7703-14. [PMID: 24760892 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00050-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful adaptive immunity to virus infection often depends on the initial innate response. Previously, we demonstrated that Junín virus, the etiological agent responsible for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), activates an early innate immune response via an interaction between the viral glycoprotein and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Here we show that TLR2/6 but not TLR1/2 heterodimers sense Junín virus glycoprotein and induce a cytokine response, which in turn upregulates the expression of the RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5. NF-κB and Erk1/2 were important in the cytokine response, since both proteins were phosphorylated as a result of the interaction of virus with TLR2, and treatment with an Erk1/2-specific inhibitor blocked cytokine production. We show that the Junín virus glycoprotein activates cytokine production in a human macrophage cell line as well. Moreover, we show that TLR2-mediated immune response plays a role in viral clearance because wild-type mice cleared Candid 1 (JUNV C1), the vaccine strain of Junín virus, more rapidly than did TLR2 knockout mice. This clearance correlated with the generation of Junín virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, infected wild-type and TLR2 knockout mice developed TLR2-independent blocking antibody responses with similar kinetics. We also show that microglia and astrocytes but not neurons are susceptible to infection with JUNV C1. Although JUNV C1 infection of the brain also triggered a TLR2-dependent cytokine response, virus levels were equivalent in wild-type and TLR2 knockout mice. Importance: Junín virus is transmitted by rodents native to Argentina and is associated with both systemic disease and, in some patients, neurological symptoms. Humans become infected when they inhale aerosolized Junín virus. AHF has a 15 to 30% mortality rate, and patients who clear the infection develop a strong antibody response to Junín virus. Here we investigated what factors determine the immune response to Junín virus. We show that a strong initial innate immune response to JUNV C1 determines how quickly mice can clear systemic infection and that this depended on the cellular immune response. In contrast, induction of an innate immune response in the brain had no effect on virus infection levels. These findings may explain how the initial immune response to Junín virus infection could determine different outcomes in humans.
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Lee SM, Kok KH, Jaume M, Cheung TK, Yip TF, Lai JC, Guan Y, Webster RG, Jin DY, Peiris JS. Toll-like receptor 10 is involved in induction of innate immune responses to influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3793-8. [PMID: 24567377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324266111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in innate immune recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns of invading microbes. Among the 10 TLR family members identified in humans, TLR10 remains an orphan receptor without known agonist or function. TLR10 is a pseudogene in mice and mouse models are noninformative in this regard. Using influenza virus infection in primary human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and a human monocytic cell line, we now provide previously unidentified evidence that TLR10 plays a role in innate immune responses following viral infection. Influenza virus infection increased TLR10 expression and TLR10 contributed to innate immune sensing of viral infection leading to cytokine induction, including proinflammatory cytokines and interferons. TLR10 induction is more pronounced following infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus compared with a low pathogenic H1N1 virus. Induction of TLR10 by virus infection requires active virus replication and de novo protein synthesis. Culture supernatants of virus-infected cells modestly up-regulate TLR10 expression in nonvirus-infected cells. Signaling via TLR10 was activated by the functional RNA-protein complex of influenza virus leading to robust induction of cytokine expression. Taken together, our findings identify TLR10 as an important innate immune sensor of viral infection and its role in innate immune defense and immunopathology following viral and bacterial pathogens deserves attention.
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Chi LTB, Leόn AJ, Xu L, Ran L, Huang SSH, Farooqui A, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Pandemic H1N1 influenza A directly induces a robust and acute inflammatory gene signature in primary human bronchial epithelial cells downstream of membrane fusion. Virology 2013; 448:91-103. [PMID: 24314640 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1pdm) elicits stronger pulmonary inflammation than previously circulating seasonal H1N1 influenza A (sH1N1), yet mechanisms of inflammatory activation in respiratory epithelial cells during H1N1pdm infection are unclear. We investigated host responses to H1N1pdm/sH1N1 infection and virus entry mechanisms in primary human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. H1N1pdm infection rapidly initiated a robust inflammatory gene signature (3 h post-infection) not elicited by sH1N1 infection. Protein secretion inhibition had no effect on gene induction. Infection with membrane fusion deficient H1N1pdm failed to induce robust inflammatory gene expression which was rescued with restoration of fusion ability, suggesting H1N1pdm directly triggered the inflammatory signature downstream of membrane fusion. Investigation of intra-virion components revealed H1N1pdm viral RNA (vRNA) triggered a stronger inflammatory phenotype than sH1N1 vRNA. Thus, our study is first to report H1N1pdm induces greater inflammatory gene expression than sH1N1 in vitro due to direct virus-epithelial cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liu Q, Liu DY, Yang ZQ. Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1257-69. [PMID: 24096642 PMCID: PMC3791557 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, several epizootic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been transmitted to humans, causing diseases and even deaths. The recent emergence of severe human infections with AIV (H7N9) in China has raised concerns about efficient interpersonal viral transmission, polygenic traits in viral pathogenicity and the management of newly emerging strains. The symptoms associated with viral infection are different in various AI strains: H5N1 and newly emerged H7N9 induce severe pneumonia and related complications in patients, while some H7 and H9 subtypes cause only conjunctivitis or mild respiratory symptoms. The virulence and tissue tropism of viruses as well as the host responses contribute to the pathogenesis of human AIV infection. Several preventive and therapeutic approaches have been proposed to combat AIV infection, including antiviral drugs such as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, attachment inhibitors and signal-transduction inhibitors etc. In this article, we summarize the recent progress in researches on the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenicity determinants, and available or potential antivirals of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University/Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Dong-ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhan-qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Hauser MJ, Dlugolenski D, Culhane MR, Wentworth DE, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Antiviral responses by Swine primary bronchoepithelial cells are limited compared to human bronchoepithelial cells following influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70251. [PMID: 23875024 PMCID: PMC3707852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine generate reassortant influenza viruses because they can be simultaneously infected with avian and human influenza; however, the features that restrict influenza reassortment in swine and human hosts are not fully understood. Type I and III interferons (IFNs) act as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection of respiratory epithelium. To determine if human and swine have different capacities to mount an antiviral response the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and normal swine bronchial epithelial (NSBE) cells was evaluated following infection with human (H3N2), swine (H1N1), and avian (H5N3, H5N2, H5N1) influenza A viruses. Expression of IFNλ and ISGs were substantially higher in NHBE cells compared to NSBE cells following H5 avian influenza virus infection compared to human or swine influenza virus infection. This effect was associated with reduced H5 avian influenza virus replication in human cells at late times post infection. Further, RIG-I expression was lower in NSBE cells compared to NHBE cells suggesting reduced virus sensing. Together, these studies identify key differences in the antiviral response between human and swine respiratory epithelium alluding to differences that may govern influenza reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Hauser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marie R. Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David E. Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chan RWY, Chan MCW, Nicholls JM, Malik Peiris JS. Use of ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract to study the tropism and host responses of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) and other influenza viruses. Virus Res 2013; 178:133-45. [PMID: 23684848 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tropism of influenza viruses for the human respiratory tract is a key determinant of host-range, and consequently, of pathogenesis and transmission. Insights can be obtained from clinical and autopsy studies of human disease and relevant animal models. Ex vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract and in vitro cultures of primary human cells can provide complementary information provided they are physiologically comparable in relevant characteristics to human tissues in vivo, e.g. virus receptor distribution, state of differentiation. We review different experimental models for their physiological relevance and summarize available data using these cultures in relation to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, in comparison where relevant, with other influenza viruses. Transformed continuous cell-lines often differ in important ways to the corresponding tissues in vivo. The state of differentiation of primary human cells (respiratory epithelium, macrophages) can markedly affect virus tropism and host responses. Ex vivo cultures of human respiratory tissues provide a close resemblance to tissues in vivo and may be used to risk assess animal viruses for pandemic threat. Physiological factors (age, inflammation) can markedly affect virus receptor expression and virus tropism. Taken together with data from clinical studies on infected humans and relevant animal models, data from ex vivo and in vitro cultures of human tissues and cells can provide insights into virus transmission and pathogenesis and may provide understanding that leads to novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Centre of Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Abstract
Avian influenza virus infections in the human population are rare due to their inefficient direct human-to-human transmission. However, when humans are infected, a strong inflammatory response is usually induced, characterized by elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines in serum, believed to be important in the severe pathogenesis that develops in a high proportion of these patients. Extensive research has been performed to understand the molecular viral mechanisms involved in the H5N1 pathogenesis in humans, providing interesting insights about the virus-host interaction and the regulation of the innate immune response by these highly pathogenic viruses. In this review we summarize and discuss the most important findings in this field, focusing mainly on H5N1 virulence factors and their impact on the modulation of the innate immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (A.F.S.); (I.R.); Tel. +1-212-241-5182 (A.F.S.); +1-212 241-0994 (I.R.); Fax: +1-212-534-1684 (A.F.S.); +1-212-534-1684 (I.R.)
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (A.F.S.); (I.R.); Tel. +1-212-241-5182 (A.F.S.); +1-212 241-0994 (I.R.); Fax: +1-212-534-1684 (A.F.S.); +1-212-534-1684 (I.R.)
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Lee N, Wong CK, Hui DSC, Lee SKW, Wong RYK, Ngai KLK, Chan MCW, Chu YJ, Ho AWY, Lui GCY, Wong BCK, Wong SH, Yip SP, Chan PKS. Role of human Toll-like receptors in naturally occurring influenza A infections. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:666-75. [PMID: 23552014 PMCID: PMC5781199 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in naturally occurring influenza. METHODS A prospective, case - control study was conducted. Adults hospitalized with virologically confirmed influenza A infections (onset <48 hours, before treatment) were compared with age-/gender-matched controls. TLRs (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) expression in monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs - total, myeloid, plasmacytoid) was quantitated using flow cytometry. Gene expression of RLRs (RIG-1, MDA-5) was evaluated using real-time PCR. Concomitant signaling molecules expression, plasma cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and respiratory tract viral loads were measured. PBMCs were cultured and stimulated ex vivo with TLR-specific ligands for cytokine responses. RESULTS Forty two patients with influenza (24 A/H3N2, 18 A/H1N1pdm09) and 20 controls were studied. Patients' mean age was 68 ± 16 years; 81% had respiratory/cardiovascular complications. There were increased cellular expressions of TLR9, TLR8, TLR3, and TLR7 during influenza; TLR2 and TLR4 were suppressed. Results were similar for both virus strains. Higher TLR expression levels at presentation significantly correlated with lower viral loads (Spearman's rho: -0.46 to -0.69 for TLR9, TLR8, and TLR3; P-values <0.05). Multivariate regression models (adjusted for age, comorbidity, disease severity, time from onset) confirmed their independent associations. Increased signaling molecules (phospho-MAPKs, IκB) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, sTNFR-1, CCL2/MCP-1; CXCL10/IP-10, IFN-γ) correlated with increased TLR expression. RLRs were upregulated simultaneously. PBMCs of patients with influenza showed significant, dynamic changes in their cytokine responses upon TLR stimulation, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TLRs play an important role in early, innate viral inhibition in naturally occurring influenza. Inflammatory cytokine responses are concomitantly induced. These findings support investigation of TLR targeting as a novel intervention approach for prophylaxis against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Matthaei M, Budt M, Wolff T. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus strains provoke heterogeneous IFN-α/β responses that distinctively affect viral propagation in human cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56659. [PMID: 23451066 PMCID: PMC3581526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatal transmissions of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H5N1 subtype to humans and high titer replication in the respiratory tract indicate that these pathogens can overcome the bird-to-human species barrier. While type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are well described to contribute to the species barrier of many zoonotic viruses, current data to the role of these antiviral cytokines during human H5N1 IAV infections is limited and contradictory. We hypothesized an important role for the IFN system in limiting productive infection of avian H5N1 strains in human cells. Hence, we examined IFN-α/β gene activation by different avian and human H5N1 isolates, if the IFN-α/β response restricts H5N1 growth and whether the different strains were equally capable to regulate the IFN-α/β system via their IFN-antagonistic NS1 proteins. Two human H5N1 isolates and a seasonal H3N2 strain propagated efficiently in human respiratory cells and induced little IFN-β, whereas three purely avian H5N1 strains were attenuated for replication and provoked higher IFN secretion. Replication of avian viruses was significantly enhanced on interferon-deficient cells, and exogenous IFN potently limited the growth of all strains in human cells. Moreover, IFN-α/β activation by all strains depended on retinoic acid-inducible gene I excluding principal differences in receptor activation between the different viruses. Interestingly, all H5N1 NS1 proteins suppressed IFN-α/β induction comparably well to the NS1 of seasonal IAV. Thus, our study shows that H5N1 strains are heterogeneous in their capacity to activate human cells in an NS1-independent manner. Our findings also suggest that H5N1 viruses need to acquire adaptive changes to circumvent strong IFN-α/β activation in human host cells. Since no single amino acid polymorphism could be associated with a respective high- or low induction phenotype we propose that the necessary adaptations to overcome the human IFN-α/β barrier involve mutations in multiple H5N1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Matthaei
- Division of Influenza/Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Budt
- Division of Influenza/Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Division of Influenza/Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wu W, Zhang W, Booth JL, Metcalf JP. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus suppresses RIG-I initiated innate antiviral responses in the human lung. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49856. [PMID: 23185463 PMCID: PMC3503992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is believed to play an important role in the recognition of, and response to, influenza virus and other RNA viruses. Our study focuses on the hypothesis that pandemic H1N1/09 influenza virus alters the influenza-induced proinflammatory response and suppresses host antiviral activity. We first compared the innate response to a clinical isolate of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, OK/09, a clinical isolate of seasonal H3N2 virus, OK/06, and to a laboratory adapted seasonal H1N1 virus, PR8, using a unique human lung organ culture model. Exposure of human lung tissue to either pandemic or seasonal influenza virus resulted in infection and replication in alveolar epithelial cells. Pandemic virus induces a diminished RIG-I mRNA and antiviral cytokine response than seasonal virus in human lung. The suppression of antiviral response and RIG-I mRNA expression was confirmed at the protein level by ELISA and western blot. We performed a time course of RIG-I and interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNA induction by the two viruses. RIG-I and IFN-β induction by OK/09 was of lower amplitude and shorter duration than that caused by PR8. In contrast, the pandemic virus OK/09 caused similar induction of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and IL-6, at both the transcriptional and translational level as PR8 in human lung. Differential antiviral responses did not appear to be due to a difference in cellular infectivity as immunohistochemistry showed that both viruses infected alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. These findings show that influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus suppresses anti-viral immune responses in infected human lung through inhibition of viral-mediated induction of the pattern recognition receptor, RIG-I, though proinflammatory cytokine induction was unaltered. This immunosuppression of the host antiviral response by pandemic virus may have contributed to the more serious lung infections that occurred in the H1N1 pandemic of 2009.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/administration & dosage
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon-beta/administration & dosage
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/virology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Pandemics
- Receptors, Immunologic
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - J. Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Kim MY, Shu Y, Carsillo T, Zhang J, Yu L, Peterson C, Longhi S, Girod S, Niewiesk S, Oglesbee M. hsp70 and a novel axis of type I interferon-dependent antiviral immunity in the measles virus-infected brain. J Virol 2013; 87:998-1009. [PMID: 23135720 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02710-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) is host protective in a mouse model of measles virus (MeV) brain infection. Transgenic constitutive expression of hsp70 in neurons, the primary target of MeV infection, abrogates neurovirulence in neonatal H-2(d) congenic C57BL/6 mice. A significant level of protection is retained after depletion of T lymphocytes, implicating innate immune mechanisms. The focus of the present work was to elucidate the basis for hsp70-dependent innate immunity using this model. Transcriptome analysis of brains from transgenic (TG) and nontransgenic (NT) mice 5 days after infection identified type I interferon (IFN) signaling, macrophage activation, and antigen presentation as the main differences linked to survival. The pivotal role of type I IFN in hsp70-mediated protection was demonstrated in mice with a genetically disrupted type I IFN receptor (IFNAR(-/-)), where IFNAR(-/-) eliminated the difference in survival between TG and NT mice. Brain macrophages, not neurons, are the predominant source of type I IFN in the virus-infected brain, and in vitro studies provided a mechanistic basis by which MeV-infected neurons can induce IFN-β in uninfected microglia in an hsp70-dependent manner. MeV infection induced extracellular release of hsp70 from mouse neuronal cells that constitutively express hsp70, and extracellular hsp70 induced IFN-β transcription in mouse microglial cells through Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Collectively, our results support a novel axis of type I IFN-dependent antiviral immunity in the virus-infected brain that is driven by hsp70.
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Sakabe S, Takano R, Nagamura-Inoue T, Yamashita N, Nidom CA, Quynh Le MT, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kawaoka Y. Differences in cytokine production in human macrophages and in virulence in mice are attributable to the acidic polymerase protein of highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:262-71. [PMID: 23042757 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (hereafter, "H5N1") infection in humans is not completely understood, although hypercytokinemia is thought to play a role. We previously reported that most H5N1 viruses induce high cytokine responses in human macrophages, whereas some H5N1 viruses induce only a low level of cytokine production similar to that induced by seasonal viruses. METHODS To identify the viral molecular determinants for cytokine induction of H5N1 viruses in human macrophages, we generated a series of reassortant viruses between the high cytokine inducer A/Vietnam/UT3028II/03 clone 2 (VN3028IIcl2) and the low inducer A/Indonesia/UT3006/05 (IDN3006) and evaluated cytokine expression in human macrophages. RESULTS Viruses possessing the acidic polymerase (PA) gene of VN3028IIcl2 exhibited high levels of hypercytokinemia-related cytokine expression in human macrophages, compared with IDN3006, but showed no substantial differences in viral growth in these cells. Further, the PA gene of VN3028IIcl2 conferred enhanced virulence in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the PA gene of VN3028IIcl2 affects cytokine production in human macrophages and virulence in mice. These findings provide new insights into the cytokine-mediated pathogenesis of H5N1 infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Sakabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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