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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Freeman
- Institute for Animal Disease Research, Houghton Laboratory, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2DA England
| | - N. Bumstead
- Institute for Animal Disease Research, Houghton Laboratory, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2DA England
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Su YL, Wang B, Hu MD, Cui ZW, Wan J, Bai H, Yang Q, Cui YF, Wan CH, Xiong L, Zhang YA, Geng H. Site-Specific N-Glycan Characterization of Grass Carp Serum IgM. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2645. [PMID: 30487799 PMCID: PMC6246689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the major antibody in teleost fish and plays an important role in humoral adaptive immunity. The N-linked carbohydrates presenting on IgM have been well documented in higher vertebrates, but little is known regarding site-specific N-glycan characteristics in teleost IgM. In order to characterize these site-specific N-glycans, we conducted the first study of the N-glycans of each glycosylation site of the grass carp serum IgM. Among the four glycosylation sites, the Asn-262, Asn-303, and Asn-426 residues were efficiently glycosylated, while Asn-565 at the C-terminal tailpiece was incompletely occupied. A striking decrease in the level of occupancy at the Asn-565 glycosite was observed in dimeric IgM compared to that in monomeric IgM, and no glycan occupancy of Asn-565 was observed in tetrameric IgM. Glycopeptide analysis with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry revealed mainly complex-type glycans with substantial heterogeneity, with neutral; monosialyl-, disialyl- and trisialylated; and fucosyl-and non-fucosyl-oligosaccharides conjugated to grass carp serum IgM. Glycan variation at a single site was greatest at the Asn-262 glycosite. Unlike IgMs in other species, only traces of complex-type and no high-mannose glycans were found at the Asn-565 glycosite. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization analysis of released glycans confirmed the overwhelming majority of carbohydrates were of the complex-type. These results indicate that grass carp serum IgM exhibits unique N-glycan features and highly processed oligosaccharides attached to individual glycosites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Die Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Fang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Hong Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Rahimian S, Daş G, Gauly M. Maternal protection against Ascaridia galli? Vet Parasitol 2017; 233:43-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huang T, Wu K, Yuan X, Shao S, Wang W, Wei S, Cao G. Molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin genes in goose. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 60:160-166. [PMID: 26921669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins play an important role in adaptive immune system as defense molecules against pathogens. However, our knowledge on avian immunoglobulin genes has been limited to a few species. In this study, we analyzed goose (Anser cygnoides orientalis) immunoglobulin genes. Three IgH classes including IgM, IgA, IgY and λ light chain were identified. The IgM and IgA heavy chain constant regions are characteristically similar to their counterparts described in other vertebrates. In addition to the classic Ig isotypes, we also detected a transcript that encoded a truncated form of IgY (IgY(ΔFc)) in goose. Similar to duck, the IgY(ΔFc) in goose was generated by using different transcriptional termination signal of the same υ gene. Limited variability and only one leader peptide were observed in VH and VL domains, which suggested that gene conversion was the primary mechanism involved in goose antibody diversity. Our study provides more insights into the immunoglobulin genes in goose that had not been fully explored before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Yuan
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Shuai Shao
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - WenYuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Si Wei
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Gengsheng Cao
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
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Zhao P, Guo Y, Ma B, Xing M, Wang J. Generation and characterization of polyclonal antibody against part of immunoglobulin constant heavy υ chain of goose. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 33:287-90. [PMID: 25171010 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Y (abbreviated as IgY) is a type of immunoglobulin that is the major antibody in bird, reptile, and lungfish blood. IgY consists of two light (λ) and two heavy (υ) chains. In the present study, polyclonal antibody against IgYFc was generated and evaluated. rIgYCυ3/Cυ4 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and utilized to raise polyclonal antibody in rabbit. High affinity antisera were obtained, which successfully detected the antigen at a dilution of 1:204,800 for ELISA assay. The antibody can specifically recognize both rIgYCυ3/Cυ4 and native IgY by Western bolt analysis. Furthermore, the serum of Grus japonensis or immunoglobulin of chicken, duck, turkey, and silkie samples and dynamic changes of serum GoIgY after immunogenicity with GPV-VP3-virus-like particles (GPV-VP3-VLPs) can be detected with the anti-GoIgYFc polyclonal antibody. These results suggested that the antibody is valuable for the investigation of biochemical properties and biological functions of GoIgY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- 1 College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin, China
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Zhu L, Yan Z, Feng M, Peng D, Guo Y, Hu X, Ren L, Sun Y. Identification of sturgeon IgD bridges the evolutionary gap between elasmobranchs and teleosts. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 42:138-147. [PMID: 24001581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
IgD has been found in almost all jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous and teleost fish. However, IgD is missing in acipenseriformes, a branch that is evolutionarily positioned between elasmobranchs and teleost fish. Here, by analyzing transcriptome data, we identified a transcriptionally active IgD-encoding gene in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it is orthologous to mammalian IgD and closely related to the IgD of other fish. The lengths of sturgeon membrane-bound IgD transcripts ranged from 1.2kb to 6.2kb, encoding 3-19 CH domains. As in teleosts, the first CH domain of the sturgeon IgD transcript is also derived from μCH1 by RNA splicing. However, the variable region of the expressed sturgeon IgD shows limited V(D)J usage. In addition to IgD, three IgM variants were also identified in this species, whereas no IgT/Z-encoding genes were observed. This study bridges the gap in Ig evolution between elasmobranchs and teleosts and provides significant insight into the early evolution of immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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7
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Ren L, Wei Z, Wang P, Li N, Zhao Y. Immunoglobulin genes and diversity: what we have learned from domestic animals. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22958617 PMCID: PMC3487963 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and Ig isotypes that are expressed in domestic animals. Four livestock species—cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses—express a full range of Ig heavy chains (IgHs), including μ, δ, γ, ϵ, and α. Two poultry species (chickens and ducks) express three IgH isotypes, μ, υ, and α, but not δ. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in the four livestock species, but only the λ chain is expressed in poultry. V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and gene conversion (GC) are three distinct mechanisms by which immunoglobulin variable region diversity is generated. Different domestic animals may use distinct means to diversify rearranged variable regions of Ig genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P, R, China.
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Choi JW, Kim JK, Seo HW, Cho BW, Song G, Han JY. Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes from Phasianus colchicus, Meleagris gallopavo, and Coturnix japonica. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Xu Z, Wang GL, Nie P. IgM, IgD and IgY and their expression pattern in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhao Y, Pan-Hammarström Q, Yu S, Wertz N, Zhang X, Li N, Butler JE, Hammarström L. Identification of IgF, a hinge-region-containing Ig class, and IgD in Xenopus tropicalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12087-92. [PMID: 16877547 PMCID: PMC1567701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600291103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only three Ig isotypes, IgM, IgX, and IgY, were previously known in amphibians. Here, we describe a heavy-chain isotype in Xenopus tropicalis, IgF (encoded by C(phi)), with only two constant region domains. IgF is similar to amphibian IgY in sequence, but the gene contains a hinge exon, making it the earliest example, in evolution, of an Ig isotype with a separately encoded genetic hinge. We also characterized a gene for the heavy chain of IgD, located immediately 3' of C(mu), that shares features with the C(delta) gene in fish and mammals. The latter gene contains eight constant-region-encoding exons and, unlike the chimeric splicing of muC(H)1 onto the IgD heavy chain in teleost fish, it is expressed as a unique IgD heavy chain. The IgH locus of X. tropicalis shows a 5' V(H)-D(H)-J(H)-C(mu)-C(delta)-C(chi)-C(upsilon)-C(phi) 3' organization, suggesting that the mammalian and amphibian Ig heavy-chain loci share a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- *State Key Laboratory for AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy Wertz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Centre for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Li
- *State Key Laboratory for AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People’s Republic of China
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Cheng CA, John JAC, Wu MS, Lee CY, Lin CH, Lin CH, Chang CY. Characterization of serum immunoglobulin M of grouper and cDNA cloning of its heavy chain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 109:255-65. [PMID: 16199094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) from the whole serum of grouper fish, Epinephelus coioides was purified by affinity chromatography using protein A-Sepharose column. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions revealed that the relative molecular masses (Mr) of the equimolar heavy and light chains of IgM were 78,000 and 27,000, respectively. The cDNAs encoding IgM heavy chain comprising its variable (VH) and constant (CH) regions have been cloned and sequenced from a grouper kidney cDNA library by antibody screening method. Five VH (130-142 amino acids) and four CH (450-454 amino acids) families were identified. The variable and constant regions were conserved with their putative domains. All the four constant region domains (CH1-CH2-CH3-CH4) contained each three conserved cysteine residues, which are considered to form the inter- and intra-chain disulfide bridges. There were three carbohydrate acceptor sites in the constant region. In general, the pattern of IgM gene organization seems to resemble that of other teleosts. Moreover, the CH genes in grouper IgM occur as multifamily as reported in Atlantic salmon and common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-An Cheng
- Department of Food Science, National Kinmen Institute of Technology, Kinmen, Taiwan
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Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius is critical for the normal development of B lymphocytes in birds. It is productively colonized during embryonic life by a limited number of B cell precursors that have undergone the immunoglobulin gene rearrangements required for expression of cell surface immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs in the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and generates minimal antibody diversity. In addition, observations that immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable gene rearrangement occur at the same time and that allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin expression is regulated at the level of variable region gene rearrangement provide a striking contrast to rodent and primate models of immunoglobulin gene assembly. Following productive colonization of the bursa, developing B cells undergo rapid proliferation and the immunoglobulin V region genes that generate the specificity of the B cell surface immunoglobulin receptor undergo diversification. Immunoglobulin diversity in birds is generated by somatic gene conversion events in which sequences derived from upstream families of pseudogenes replace homologous sequences in unique and functionally rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable region genes. This mechanism is distinct from and much more efficient than mechanisms of antibody diversification seen in rodents and primates. While the bursal microenvironment is not required for immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and expression, it is essential for the generation of antibody diversity by gene conversion. Following hatch, gut derived antigens are taken up by the bursa. While bursal development prior to hatch occurs in the absence of exogenous antigen, chicken B cell development after hatch may therefore be influenced by the presence of environmental antigen. This review focuses on the differences between B cell development in the chicken as compared to rodent and primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J H Ratcliffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Belov K, Hellman L. Immunoglobulin genetics of Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) and Tachyglossus aculeatus (short-beaked echidna). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 136:811-9. [PMID: 14667846 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review data on the monotreme immune system focusing on the characterisation of lymphoid tissue and of antibody responses, as well the recent cloning of immunoglobulin genes. It is now known that monotremes utilise immunoglobulin isotypes that are structurally identical to those found in marsupials and eutherians, but which differ to those found in birds and reptiles. Monotremes utilise IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE. They do not use IgY. Their IgG and IgA constant regions contain three domains plus a hinge region. Preliminary analysis of monotreme heavy chain variable region diversity suggests that the platypus primarily uses a single VH clan, while the short-beaked echidna utilises at least 4 distinct VH families which segregate into all three mammalian VH clans. Phylogenetic analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region gene sequences provides strong support for the Theria hypothesis. The constant region of IgM has proven to be a useful marker for estimating the time of divergence of mammalian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Belov
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney 2010, Australia.
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Suzuki N, Khoo KH, Chen CM, Chen HC, Lee YC. N-glycan structures of pigeon IgG: a major serum glycoprotein containing Galalpha1-4 Gal termini.. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46293-306. [PMID: 12966096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307132200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We had shown previously that all major glycoproteins of pigeon egg white contain Galalpha1-4Gal epitopes (Suzuki, N., Khoo, K. H., Chen, H. C., Johnson, J. R., and Lee, Y. C. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 23221-23229). We now report that Galalpha1-4Gal-bearing glycoproteins are also present in pigeon serum, lymphocytes, and liver, as probed by Western blot with Griffonia simplicifolia-I lectin (specific for terminal alpha-Gal) and anti-P1 (specific for Galalpha1-4Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-) monoclonal antibody. One of the major glycoproteins from pigeon plasma was identified as IgG (also known as IgY), which has Galalpha1-4Gal in its heavy chains. High pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometric (MS), and MS/MS analyses revealed that N-glycans of pigeon serum IgG included (i) high mannose-type (33.3%), (ii) disialylated biantennary complex-type (19.2%), and (iii) alpha-galactosylated complex-type N-glycans (47.5%). Bi- and tri-antennary oligosaccharides with bisecting GlcNAc and alpha1-6 Fuc on the Asn-linked GlcNAc were abundant among N-glycans possessing terminal Galalpha1-4Gal sequences. Moreover, MS/MS analysis identified Galalpha1-4Galbeta1-4Galbeta1-4GlcNAc branch terminals, which are not found in pigeon egg white glycoproteins. An additional interesting aspect is that about two-thirds of high mannose-type N-glycans from pigeon IgG were monoglucosylated. Comparison of the N-glycan structures with chicken and quail IgG indicated that the presence of high mannose-type oligosaccharides may be a characteristic of these avian IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Abstract
The recent discovery of a Cdelta encoding gene in artiodactyls has raised questions regarding the evolution of the gene. In the present study, we have analysed the complete rat Cdelta gene both at the cDNA and genomic levels, showing that the rat Cdelta gene is structurally similar to the corresponding mouse gene. Analysis of the rat immunoglobulin D heavy chain cDNA tail sequences, revealed two transcripts for the secreted form with varying sizes of their 3' untranslated region (UTR), resulting from usage of two different poly(A) addition signals. Furthermore, a membrane-bound form encoding transcript, possessing a long 3' UTR, was also observed. Phylogenetic analysis supports that the Cdelta gene appeared early in the evolution of vertebrates, and it was probably duplicated from the C micro gene more than 400 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Center for Oral Biology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden
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Yasuda M, Kajiwara E, Ekino S, Taura Y, Hirota Y, Horiuchi H, Matsuda H, Furusawa S. Immunobiology of chicken germinal center: I. Changes in surface Ig class expression in the chicken splenic germinal center after antigenic stimulation. Dev Comp Immunol 2003; 27:159-166. [PMID: 12543129 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) develops after antigenic stimulation and is thought to occur at the site of various immune responses. We separated a single GC from chicken spleen after antigenic stimulation. Flow cytometric analysis of the cells derived from a single GC and RT-PCR analysis of Ig mRNA expression in GC was performed. Direct evidence indicates that: (1) there was a considerable difference in the cell population of each GC, (2) the ratio of CD3(+) cells in a GC remains constant at 10-20%, (3) the highest proportion of sIgY(+) cells in a GC occurs 1 week after the time of highest proportion of sIgM(+) cells, and (4) RT-PCR analysis was used to detect IgY mRNA expression in a GC. The continuous existence of CD3(+) cells, the alterations in sIgM(+) and sIgY(+) cell ratios, and the expression of IgY mRNA strongly suggest that Ig class switching occurs in the GC during an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasuda
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Hiroshima, Japan
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Yasuda M, Tanaka S, Arakawa H, Taura Y, Yokomizo Y, Ekino S. A comparative study of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in calf and chicken. Anat Rec 2002; 266:207-17. [PMID: 11920383 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The calf contains two types of Peyer's patches (PPs): jejunal and ileal. The ileal PP has been thought to be equivalent to the bursa of Fabricius (BF) as a central lymphoid organ. The morphologies of ileal and jejunal PPs in the calf were compared with those of the BF and the caecal tonsil (CT) in the chicken. Immunoglobulin G-positive (IgG(+)) cells appear in the follicles of them all and exhibited a dendritic appearance after birth. We investigated whether the IgG in these follicles was produced in situ. IgG-producing cells were detected in the follicular medullas of the jejunal PP and the CT, but not in those of the ileal PP and the BF. CD4(+) cells were distributed in the follicular medullas of the jejunal PP and the CT, but not in those of the ileal PP and the BF. The data suggest that Ig class switching occurs in both jejunal PP follicles and CT follicles, but does not occur in either the ileal PP follicles or the bursal follicles. Because CD4(+) T cells would be prerequisite for Ig class switching in these follicles, IgG(+) cells of the follicular medullas in the ileal PP and the BF would trap immune complexes from the gut lumen. The primary B-cell repertoire might be selected by gut-derived antigens in the ileal PP and the BF before seeding the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasuda
- Department of Anatomy, Kumamoto University, School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan.
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20
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21
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Lundqvist ML, Middleton DL, Hazard S, Warr GW. The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the duck. Genomic organization and expression of D, J, and C region genes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46729-36. [PMID: 11592961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106221200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of the duck IgH locus extending from upstream of the proximal diversity (D) segment to downstream of the constant gene cluster has been cloned and mapped. A sequence contig of 48,796 base pairs established that the organization of the genes is D-J(H)-mu-alpha-upsilon. No evidence for a functional homologue (or remnant) of a delta gene was found. The alpha gene is in inverted transcriptional orientation; class switch to IgA expression thus requires inversion of the approximately 27-kilobase pair region that includes both mu and alpha genes. The secreted forms of duck alpha and mu are each encoded by 4 constant region exons, and the hydrophobic C-terminal regions of the membrane receptor forms of alpha and mu are encoded by one and two transmembrane exons, respectively. Putative switch (S) regions were identified for duck mu and upsilon by comparison with chicken Smu and Supsilon sequences and for duck alpha by comparison with mouse Salpha. The duck IgH locus is rich in complex variable number tandem repeats, which occupy approximately 60% of the sequenced region, and occur at a much higher frequency in the IgH locus than in other sequenced regions of the duck genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lundqvist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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22
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Morimura T, Miyatani S, Kitamura D, Goitsuka R. Notch signaling suppresses IgH gene expression in chicken B cells: implication in spatially restricted expression of Serrate2/Notch1 in the bursa of Fabricius. J Immunol 2001; 166:3277-83. [PMID: 11207282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius is a central organ for chicken B cell development and provides an essential microenvironment for expansion of the B cell pool and for generation of a diversified B cell repertoire. We report here that genes encoding the Notch family of transmembrane proteins, key regulators of cell fate determination in development, are differentially expressed in the bursa of Fabricius: Notch1 is expressed in medullary B cells located close to the basement membrane-associated epithelium (BMAE). In contrast, a Notch ligand, Serrate2, is expressed exclusively in the BMAE, which surrounds bursal medulla. A basic helix-loop-helix-type transcription factor, Hairy1, a downstream target of Notch signaling, is expressed in the bursa coordinately with Notch1 and Serrate2 and an immature B cell line, TLT1, which expresses both Notch1 and Serrate2. Furthermore, stable expression of a constitutively active form of chicken Notch1 or Notch2 in a B cell line results in a down-regulation of surface IgM expression, which is accompanied by the reduction of IgH gene transcripts. Transient reporter assay with the human IgH gene intronic enhancer reveals that an active form of Notch1 inhibits the IgH enhancer activity in chicken B cells, suggesting that Notch-mediated signals suppress the IgH gene expression via influencing the IgH intronic enhancer. These findings raise the possibility that the local activation of Notch1 in a subset of B cells by Serrate2 expressed in BMAE may influence the cell fate decision that is involved in B cell differentiation and selection inside the bursa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morimura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Zhao Y, Rabbani H, Shimizu A, Hammarström L. Mapping of the chicken immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region gene locus reveals an inverted alpha gene upstream of a condensed upsilon gene. Immunology 2000; 101:348-53. [PMID: 11106938 PMCID: PMC2327085 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken antibodies are increasingly being used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. As only the genomic organization of the micro encoding gene was previously known, we analysed the chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) and IgA (upsilon and alpha chain) immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region (IGHC) genes and the organization of the chicken IGHC locus. The alpha gene is encoded by four separate exons, whereas, surprisingly, there is no intervening DNA sequence between the CH1 and CH2 domains of the IgY heavy chain, which is thus encoded by three exons separated by two introns. DNA sequence analysis shows that the exon boundaries of the chicken IGHC genes are not consistent with published domain borders. Furthermore, differences in DNA sequence confirm the existence of IgY, IgA and IgM allotypes in chickens. Finally, our results show that the IGHC genes of chicken (IgY, IgA and IgM) are all colocated on chromosome E18C15W15, where the alpha gene is located upstream of the upsilon gene in an inverted transcriptional orientation. The distances between the mu and alpha genes and the alpha and upsilon genes are about 18 and 15 kilobases, respectively, and thus, the size of the whole chicken IGHC locus is approximately 67 kilobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Centre for Biotechnology and Centre for Oral Biology at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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24
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Kitao H, Arakawa H, Kuma K, Yamagishi H, Nakamura N, Furusawa S, Matsuda H, Yasuda M, Ekino S, Shimizu A. Class switch recombination of the chicken IgH chain genes: implications for the primordial switch region repeats. Int Immunol 2000; 12:959-68. [PMID: 10882407 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.7.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals and the amphibian, Xenopus, isotypes of antibodies have been shown to be changed through class switch recombination within the IgH chain gene locus. Here, we identified switch (S) repetitive sequences in the 5' introns of the Ig C(mu) and C(gamma) genes of the chicken. The S(mu) region is composed of two homologous regions, S(mu)1 and S(mu)2. The S(mu)1 region is an upstream 3.7 kb sequence composed of 37 repeats of a consensus sequence containing tandem repeats of the decamer ACCAGTATGG. The S(mu)2 region is a downstream 1.4 kb sequence consisting of simple tandem repeats of a decamer CCCAGTACAG. The S(gamma) region contains repeats of the decamer TATGGGGCAG. Analysis of chicken IgG-producing hybridomas revealed that the C(mu) gene was deleted from the chromosome by the recombination occurring between the S(mu) and S(gamma) regions. Recombination breakpoints at the C(mu) gene of splenocytes from an immunized chicken were scattered around the S(mu) region and two such breakpoints, the precise position of which were determined, were located within possible hairpin loop structures at the palindromic sequence of S(mu)1. A primordial palindromic sequence from which the prevalent switch repeat motifs of mammals, chickens and amphibians may have diverged is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitao
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Marchalonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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26
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Mohammed SM, Morrison S, Wims L, Trinh KR, Wildeman AG, Bonselaar J, Etches RJ. Deposition of genetically engineered human antibodies into the egg yolk of hens. Immunotechnology 1998; 4:115-25. [PMID: 9853953 DOI: 10.1016/s1380-2933(98)00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine if human immunoglobulins (hIg) are capable of being transported into the hen's egg, 10 microg each of purified hIgG and hIgA were intravenously injected into SC Hyline(TM) hens and their presence in egg yolk and egg white was determined by ELISA. In both cases deposition into the egg yolk was observed and in the case of hIgA, deposition was also observed in the egg white. Two stably transfected DT40 cell lines secreting recombinant human IgG3 and IgA (rhIgG3 and rhIgA) were injected into laying hens. The DT40 cells colonized the host and rhIgG3 and rhIgA were deposited in egg yolk. Deposition of rhIgA was also observed in the egg white. These data demonstrate that human immunoglobulins and other foreign proteins may be targeted to the chicken's egg. In view of the high rate of reproduction, the short generation interval, the high rates of egg production and the extensive infrastructure to fractionate egg yolk proteins, it should be possible to produce large amounts of foreign protein in the eggs of transgenic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mohammed
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Mousavi M, Rabbani H, Pilström L, Hammarström L. Characterization of the gene for the membrane and secretory form of the IgM heavy-chain constant region gene (C mu) of the cow (Bos taurus). Immunology 1998; 93:581-8. [PMID: 9659232 PMCID: PMC1364138 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present understanding of the evolution of immunoglobulins is derived from a few vertebrate species. In order to obtain additional information on the development of the humoral immune system, we cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the bovine cDNA and genomic IgM heavy-chain constant region gene (C mu). The gene contains four constant region domain-encoding exons (CH1 to CH4) and two exons encoding the transmembrane domain (TM1, TM2), expressed in the membrane-bound receptor form of the IgM. The sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the 3' portion of the membrane form of the mu-chain revealed that the TM1 exon is spliced to the CH4 exon, as occurs in other mammals. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence data from different vertebrates revealed a high similarity to sheep C mu (88%) and a lower degree of similarity to pig (62%), rat (62%), rabbit (58%) human (56%), hamster (55%), mouse (54%), chicken (28%) and horned shark (22%) C mu.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mousavi
- Department of Biosciences, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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28
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Phillips C, Virtanen A. The murine IgM secretory poly(A) site contains dual upstream and downstream elements which affect polyadenylation. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:2344-51. [PMID: 9171084 PMCID: PMC146757 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.12.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of polyadenylation efficiency at the secretory poly(A) site plays an essential role in gene expression at the immunoglobulin (IgM) locus. At this poly(A) site the consensus AAUAAA hexanucleotide sequence is embedded in an extended AU-rich region and there are two downstream GU-rich regions which are suboptimally placed. As these sequences are involved in formation of the polyadenylation pre-initiation complex, we examined their function in vivo and in vitro . We show that the upstream AU-rich region can function in the absence of the consensus hexanucleotide sequence both in vivo and in vitro and that both GU-rich regions are necessary for full polyadenylation activity in vivo and for formation of polyadenylation-specific complexes in vitro . Sequence comparisons reveal that: (i) the dual structure is distinct for the IgM secretory poly(A) site compared with other immunoglobulin isotype secretory poly(A) sites; (ii) the presence of an AU-rich region close to the consensus hexanucleotide is evolutionarily conserved for IgM secretory poly(A) sites. We propose that the dual structure of the IgM secretory poly(A) site provides a flexibility to accommodate changes in polyadenylation complex components during regulation of polyadenylation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Phillips
- Department of Medical Genetics, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 589, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Kitao H, Arakawa H, Yamagishi H, Shimizu A. Chicken immunoglobulin mu-chain gene: germline organization and tandem repeats characteristic of class switch recombination. Immunol Lett 1996; 52:99-104. [PMID: 8905403 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(96)02592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated the phage clones covering the region spanning from the heavy (H)-chain joining (J) region to the end of the mu-chain gene of the chicken immunoglobulin (Ig). The distance from JH to the first exon of the mu-chain constant (C) region is approximately 13 kb, and introns between the C region exons measure more than 3 kb. These distances are significantly larger than those of known mu-chain genes. We found a region cross-hybridizing to the switch regions of the mouse C mu and C alpha genes just in front of the first exon of C mu. Partial nucleotide sequencing of this region revealed that this region consists of tandem repeats of pentamers (C/T)(C/A)CAG complementary to the mammalian switch repetitive region. These findings suggest that this region is a good candidate for a class switch region of the mu-chain gene of chicken Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitao
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyoto University, Japan
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30
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Wilson MR, van Ravenstein E, Miller NW, Clem LW, Middleton DL, Warr GW. cDNA sequences and organization of IgM heavy chain genes in two holostean fish. Dev Comp Immunol 1995; 19:153-164. [PMID: 7556802 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(94)00063-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (mu) sequences of two holostean fish, the bowfin, Amia calva, and the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus, were amplified from spleen mRNA by RACE-PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Each mu chain showed the conserved four constant domain structure typical of a secreted mu chain. Southern blot analyses with specific heavy chain variable (VH) and constant (CH) region probes suggest that both fish possess an IgH locus that resembles that of the teleosts, amphibians, and mammals in its organization. The overall sequence similarity of gar and bowfin mu chains was 60% and 48% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, while similarity to the mu chains of teleosts and elasmobranchs was lower. The bowfin mu chain possesses a distinctive proline-rich sequence at the C mu 1/C mu 2 boundary; a shorter proline-rich sequence is present at this position in the gar mu chain. Both gar and bowfin show, in their C mu 4 sequences, motifs that could serve as cryptic splice donor sites for the production of mRNA encoding the membrane-bound form of the mu chains, and the bowfin also shows a potential cryptic splice donor site in the C mu 3 exon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA
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31
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Marchalonis JJ, Hohman VS, Kaymaz H, Schluter SF. Shared antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins in phylogeny and in comparison with T-cell receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1993; 105:423-41. [PMID: 8365100 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90071-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Immunoglobulins are a complex multigene family of proteins specified by genes encoding variable (V), sometimes diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) domains. 2. Cross-reactions involving conformational determinants related to the VHa system of rabbits occur on heavy chains of vertebrate species ranging from elasmobranchs to man. 3. Serological markers characteristic of mu chains, the heavy chain of the IgM macroglobulins, occur on homologous heavy chains of species representing all vertebrate classes. 4. Serological markers characteristic of gamma type heavy chains, the major isotype in man, are restricted to the mammals, but are found on representatives of even the most primitive mammals, the egg-laying monotremes. 5. Variable region markers characteristic of lambda light chains are shared by light chains of shark and man. 6. Certain idiotypic markers defined by combining site V region sequences are broadly distributed in evolution. 7. Use of synthetic peptides as antigens and in epitope mapping show that amino acid sequences from the third framework region of the variable domain are broadly shared among light chain in phylogeny and between light chains and T-cell receptor beta chains. 8. The "switch peptides" linking the V and C domains of light chains and T-cell receptors, specified by the C-terminal portion of the J segment and the N-terminus of the constant region, are exposed in the three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulin or Tcrs, show striking homology, and form broadly shared antigenic determinants characteristic of immunoglobulins. 9. Although the multigene nature of the immunoglobulins and the complexity of antigenic determinants expressed by these large proteins renders comparison among molecules difficult, serum immunoglobulins and the closely related T-cell receptors express numerous shared determinants defined on the basis of amino acid sequence homology and three-dimensional conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Marchalonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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32
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Fellah JS, Kerfourn F, Wiles MV, Schwager J, Charlemagne J. Phylogeny of immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes: structure of the constant region of Ambystoma mexicanum upsilon chain deduced from cDNA sequence. Immunogenetics 1993; 38:311-7. [PMID: 8344718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An RNA polymerase chain reaction strategy was used to amplify and clone a cDNA segment encoding for the complete constant part of the axolotl IgY heavy (C upsilon) chain. C upsilon is 433 amino acids long and organized into four domains (C upsilon 1-C upsilon 4); each has the typical internal disulfide bond and invariant tryptophane residues. Axolotl C upsilon is most closely related to Xenopus C upsilon (40% identical amino acid residues) and C upsilon 1 shares 46.4% amino acid residues among these species. The presence of additional cysteines in C upsilon 1 and C upsilon 2 domains is consistent with an additional intradomain S-S bond similar to that suggested for Xenopus C upsilon and C chi, and for the avian C upsilon and the human C epsilon. C upsilon 4 ends with the Gly-Lys dipeptide characteristic of secreted mammalian C gamma 3, human C epsilon 4, and avian and anuran C upsilon 4, and contains the consensus [G/GT(AA)] nucleotide splice signal sequence for joining C upsilon 4 to the transmembrane region. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of an ancestral structural relationship between amphibian, avian upsilon chains, and mammalian epsilon chains. However, these molecules have different biological properties: axolotl IgY is secretory Ig, anuran and avian IgY behave like mammalian IgG, and mammalian IgE is implicated in anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fellah
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Lee MA, Bengtén E, Daggfeldt A, Rytting AS, Pilström L. Characterisation of rainbow trout cDNAs encoding a secreted and membrane-bound Ig heavy chain and the genomic intron upstream of the first constant exon. Mol Immunol 1993; 30:641-8. [PMID: 8487781 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(93)90075-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two different rainbow trout cDNA sequences encoding a heavy chain secreted Ig (Hs) and a part of a membrane-bound heavy chain Ig (Hm) are reported. The sequences were most similar to those encoding the Ig heavy chains (IgH) of other teleost fish. As in the Hm of the other teleost fish the rainbow trout Hm results from the splicing of the 3' end of the third constant exon (CH3) to the sequence encoding the membrane-bound domain. Analysis of a rainbow trout IgH genomic clone revealed that a joining heavy chain (JH) segment, different to the one observed in the cDNA, is located 825 bp 5' of the CH1 exon. The sequence also contains possible enhancer-like and octamer-like motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lee
- Department of Immunology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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34
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Fellah JS, Wiles MV, Charlemagne J, Schwager J. Evolution of vertebrate IgM: complete amino acid sequence of the constant region of Ambystoma mexicanum mu chain deduced from cDNA sequence. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:2595-601. [PMID: 1382992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830221019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
cDNA clones coding for the constant region of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) mu heavy immunoglobulin chain were selected from total spleen RNA, using a cDNA polymerase chain reaction technique. The specific 5'-end primer was an oligonucleotide homologous to the JH segment of Xenopus laevis mu chain. One of the clones, JHA/3, corresponded to the complete constant region of the axolotl mu chain, consisting of a 1362-nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide of 454 amino acids followed in 3' direction by a 179-nucleotide untranslated region and a polyA+ tail. The axolotl C mu is divided into four typical domains (C mu 1-C mu 4) and can be aligned with the Xenopus C mu with an overall identity of 56% at the nucleotide level. Percent identities were particularly high between C mu 1 (59%) and C mu 4 (71%). The C-terminal 20-amino acid segment which constitutes the secretory part of the mu chain is strongly homologous to the equivalent sequences of chondrichthyans and of other tetrapods, including a conserved N-linked oligosaccharide, the penultimate cysteine and the C-terminal lysine. The four C mu domains of 13 vertebrate species ranging from chondrichthyans to mammals were aligned and compared at the amino acid level. The significant number of mu-specific residues which are conserved into each of the four C mu domains argues for a continuous line of evolution of the vertebrate mu chain. This notion was confirmed by the ability to reconstitute a consistent vertebrate evolution tree based on the phylogenic parsimony analysis of the C mu 4 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fellah
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
The protein structure of immunoglobulins and the genetics on the regulation of immunoglobulin expression are reviewed. This basic knowledge has led to the development of systems to produce monoclonal antibodies in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. The potential and limitations of molecular biology for the understanding of immunoglobulin regulation and for the production of monoclonal antibodies derived from animals of veterinary importance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suter
- Schweizerisches Institut für Allergie- und Asthmaforschung (SIAF), Davos-Platz, Switzerland
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36
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Marchalonis JJ, Schluter SF, Yang HY, Hohman VS, McGee K, Yeaton L. Antigenic cross-reactions among immunoglobulin of diverse vertebrates (elasmobranchs to man) detected using xenoantisera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 101:675-87. [PMID: 1351441 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90343-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Antisera raised in rabbits and goats against intact immunoglobulins or their constituent light and heavy chains from man, mouse and the galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagenesis) were tested for their reactivity with immunoglobulins of elasmobranchs, other lower vertebrates and eutherian and prototherian mammals. 2. Xenoantisera directed against human heavy chain isotypes allowed the serological identification of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins in the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), a monotreme which is one of the most primitive species of extant mammals. 3. The antisera to heavy chains reacted to varying degrees with purified immunoglobulins of non-mammalian species, including the chicken, teleost fish and elasmobranchs in a fashion that was specific for immunoglobulins, but was not related to defined human isotypic markers. 4. The reactions of some antisera seem to skip species known to possess homologous immunoglobulins. 5. Antisera directed against isotypic markers of human kappa and lambda light chains reacted with shark light chains in a manner that was specific for light chain determinants but was not isotype-related. 6. Antisera directed against heavy chains of either sharks or mammals reacted with heavy chains, but not with light chains of diverse species. 7. A rabbit antiserum specific for shark light chain reacted with human and murine monoclonal lambda chains and with two synthetic peptides corresponding to human V lambda Fr3 and Fr4 sequences. 8. These results establish that a variety of antigenic markers including conformational and linear determinants can be shared among immunoglobulins of vertebrates species that had an ancestral divergence more than 400 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Marchalonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724
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37
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38
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Bengtén E, Leanderson T, Pilström L. Immunoglobulin heavy chain cDNA from the teleost Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): nucleotide sequences of secretory and membrane form show an unusual splicing pattern. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:3027-33. [PMID: 1748150 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830211219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit antibodies to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) immunoglobulin were affinity purified and used to screen cDNA libraries from spleen and head kidney mRNA. cDNA clones for both the secretory and membrane-bound heavy (H) chain were isolated, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of which are reported here. Comparisons of the cod secretory H chain amino acid sequence show 24%, 27%, 30% identity to the mu chain of Mus, Xenopus and Ictalurus, respectively. The highest degree of identity was observed in the CH4 domain. The cDNA encoding the transmembrane form shows a novel splicing pattern where the TM1 exon is spliced directly onto the CH3 domain and not to the CH4 domain as in other animal groups. Southern blot analyses with VH and C probes on genomic DNA from cod erythrocytes indicate that there is a unique C gene but several V genes in the cod immunoglobulin H chain locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bengtén
- Department of Immunology, BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Wilson MR, Marcuz A, van Ginkel F, Miller NW, Clem LW, Middleton D, Warr GW. The immunoglobulin M heavy chain constant region gene of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: an unusual mRNA splice pattern produces the membrane form of the molecule. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:5227-33. [PMID: 2119496 PMCID: PMC332146 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.17.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (IgM) heavy chain constant region gene of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been cloned and characterized. The gene contains four constant region domain-encoding exons (CH1 to CH4) expressed in the secreted form of the immunoglobulin, and two exons encoding the transmembrane (TM) domain utilized in the lymphocyte membrane receptor form of the immunoglobulin. The sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the 3' region of the message for the membrane receptor form of the mu chain indicates that the TM1 exon is spliced directly to the CH3 exon, and not into a site within the CH4 exon, as occurs in the mammals, a shark and an amphibian. This unusual pattern of splicing, which produces a membrane heavy chain that is characteristically smaller than the secreted heavy chain, may be common to all teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilson
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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Peterson ML, Perry RP. The regulated production of mu m and mu s mRNA is dependent on the relative efficiencies of mu s poly(A) site usage and the c mu 4-to-M1 splice. Mol Cell Biol. 1989;9:726-738. [PMID: 2565533 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative abundance of the mRNAs encoding the membrane (mu m) and secreted (mu s) forms of immunoglobulin mu heavy chain is regulated during B-cell maturation by a change in the mode of RNA processing. Current models to explain this regulation involve either competition between cleavage-polyadenylation at the proximal (mu s) poly(A) site and cleavage-polyadenylation at the distal (mu m) poly(A) site [poly(A) site model] or competition between cleavage-polyadenylation at the mu s poly(A) site and splicing of the C mu 4 and M1 exons, which eliminates the mu s site (mu s site-splice model). To test certain predictions of these models and to determine whether there is a unique structural feature of the mu s poly(A) site that is essential for regulation, we constructed modified mu genes in which the mu s or mu m poly(A) site was replaced by other poly(A) sites and then studied the transient expression of these genes in cells representative of both early- and late-stage lymphocytes. Substitutions at the mu s site dramatically altered the relative usage of this site and caused corresponding reciprocal changes in the usage of the mu m site. Despite these changes, use of the proximal site was still usually higher in plasmacytomas than in pre-B cells, indicating that regulation does not depend on a unique feature of the mu s poly(A) site. Replacement of the distal (mu m) site had no detectable effect on the usage of the mu s site in either plasmacytomas or pre-B cells. These findings are inconsistent with the poly(A) site model. In addition, we noted that in a wide variety of organisms, the sequence at the 5' splice junction of the C mu 4-to-M1 intron is significantly different from the consensus 5' splice junction sequence and is therefore suboptimal with respect to its complementary base pairing with U1 small nuclear RNA. When we mutated this suboptimal sequence into the consensus sequence, the mu mRNA production in plasmacytoma cells was shifted from predominantly mu s to exclusively mu m. This result unequivocally demonstrated that splicing of the C mu 4-to-M1 exon is in competition with usage of the mu s poly(A) site. A key feature of this regulatory phenomenon appears to be the appropriately balanced efficiencies of these two processing reactions. Consistent with predictions of the mu s site-splice model, B cells were found to contain mu m precursor RNA that had undergone the C mu 4-to-M1 splice but had not yet been polyadenylated at the mu m site.
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Mansikka A, Veromaa T, Vainio O, Toivanen P. B-cell differentiation in the chicken: expression of immunoglobulin genes in the bursal and peripheral lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 1989; 29:325-31. [PMID: 2785705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the expression of immunoglobulin genes in the chicken B-cell precursors, and of a B-cell surface marker (Bu-1) on the bursal and peripheral B cells during normal ontogeny. Since there is no way of distinguishing the precursor cells from the more mature bursal lymphocytes on the basis of surface markers, we chose to study the total bursal lymphocyte population at ages when the numbers of the various precursor cells (bursal, early post-bursal, and post-bursal stem cells) in the bursa are estimated to be at their highest. Thereafter, comparisons with the more mature lymphocytes in the peripheral organs were made. As a result, levels of the lambda and mu transcripts and expression of Bu-1 antigen in the chicken B-cell precursors were found to be unchanged during the post-hatching period. In the light of these experiments, the later events of B-cell differentiation, i.e. the development from the bursal to post-bursal B lymphocytes, occurs without the lambda, mu, and Bu-1 gene loci involved. On the other hand, the higher level of lambda and mu expression in the splenic B lymphocytes indicates that the post-bursal stem cells mature into highly active plasma cells after seeding to the peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mansikka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland
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Peterson ML, Perry RP. The regulated production of mu m and mu s mRNA is dependent on the relative efficiencies of mu s poly(A) site usage and the c mu 4-to-M1 splice. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:726-38. [PMID: 2565533 PMCID: PMC362650 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.726-738.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative abundance of the mRNAs encoding the membrane (mu m) and secreted (mu s) forms of immunoglobulin mu heavy chain is regulated during B-cell maturation by a change in the mode of RNA processing. Current models to explain this regulation involve either competition between cleavage-polyadenylation at the proximal (mu s) poly(A) site and cleavage-polyadenylation at the distal (mu m) poly(A) site [poly(A) site model] or competition between cleavage-polyadenylation at the mu s poly(A) site and splicing of the C mu 4 and M1 exons, which eliminates the mu s site (mu s site-splice model). To test certain predictions of these models and to determine whether there is a unique structural feature of the mu s poly(A) site that is essential for regulation, we constructed modified mu genes in which the mu s or mu m poly(A) site was replaced by other poly(A) sites and then studied the transient expression of these genes in cells representative of both early- and late-stage lymphocytes. Substitutions at the mu s site dramatically altered the relative usage of this site and caused corresponding reciprocal changes in the usage of the mu m site. Despite these changes, use of the proximal site was still usually higher in plasmacytomas than in pre-B cells, indicating that regulation does not depend on a unique feature of the mu s poly(A) site. Replacement of the distal (mu m) site had no detectable effect on the usage of the mu s site in either plasmacytomas or pre-B cells. These findings are inconsistent with the poly(A) site model. In addition, we noted that in a wide variety of organisms, the sequence at the 5' splice junction of the C mu 4-to-M1 intron is significantly different from the consensus 5' splice junction sequence and is therefore suboptimal with respect to its complementary base pairing with U1 small nuclear RNA. When we mutated this suboptimal sequence into the consensus sequence, the mu mRNA production in plasmacytoma cells was shifted from predominantly mu s to exclusively mu m. This result unequivocally demonstrated that splicing of the C mu 4-to-M1 exon is in competition with usage of the mu s poly(A) site. A key feature of this regulatory phenomenon appears to be the appropriately balanced efficiencies of these two processing reactions. Consistent with predictions of the mu s site-splice model, B cells were found to contain mu m precursor RNA that had undergone the C mu 4-to-M1 splice but had not yet been polyadenylated at the mu m site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Peterson
- Institue for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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Schwager J, Mikoryak CA, Steiner LA. Amino acid sequence of heavy chain from Xenopus laevis IgM deduced from cDNA sequence: implications for evolution of immunoglobulin domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:2245-9. [PMID: 2451244 PMCID: PMC279967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Present understanding of the evolution of immunoglobulins is derived almost entirely from studies of a few mammalian species. To obtain information about immunoglobulin genes in Xenopus laevis, a cDNA library was prepared in the expression vector lambda gt11 from mitogen-stimulated splenocytes of this species. Of approximately equal to 50,000 clones screened, 18 were found to express IgM epitopes. One of these, lambda XIg14, hybridized with RNA of RNA of approximately equal to 2 kilobases from splenocytes. The insert of this clone appears to encode a variable region and part of a mu constant region; that of another clone, lambda XIg8, appears to encode a variable region and a complete mu constant region. Both inserts contain sequence corresponding to the three gene segments (VH, DH, and JH) that encode heavy-chain variable regions. The heavy-chain constant region (CH) encoded by lambda XIg8 has the characteristic features of C mu, including a four-domain structure and a carboxyl-terminal tail. The amino acid sequences of two mu-chain peptides agree with the cDNA sequence. The identity in amino acid sequence between the corresponding Xenopus and mouse C mu domains ranges from 31 to 47%. The C mu domains vary in the extent to which their sequences resemble the sequences of other immunoglobulins, consistent with previous suggestions that the immunoglobulin domains have an independent evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwager
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Chen L, Lim MY, Bose H, Bishop JM. Rearrangements of chicken immunoglobulin genes in lymphoid cells transformed by the avian retroviral oncogene v-rel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:549-53. [PMID: 2829193 PMCID: PMC279588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.2.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The retroviral oncogene v-rel transforms poorly characterized lymphoid cells. We have explored the nature of these cells by analyzing the configuration and expression of immunoglobulin genes in chicken hemopoietic cells transformed by v-rel. None of the transformed cells expressed their immunoglobulin genes. The cells fell into three classes: class I cells have their immunoglobulin genes potentially in an embryonic configuration; class II and class III cells have lost one copy of the lambda light chain locus and have one copy of the heavy chain locus rearranged into a configuration that differs from what is found in mature B cells. In class II cells, the other heavy chain locus may be in embryonic configuration, whereas it is deleted in class III cells. The first of these classes may represent the earliest stage of the lymphoid lineage yet encountered among virus-transformed cells, whereas the second and third classes represent an apparently anomalous rearrangement whose origin remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Brüggemann M. Chapter 2 Genes encoding the immunoglobulin constant regions. Molecular Genetics of Immunoglobulin. Elsevier; 1987. pp. 51-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Weill JC, Leibowitch M, Reynaud CA. Questioning the role of the embryonic bursa in the molecular differentiation of B lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1987; 135:111-24. [PMID: 3107911 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71851-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
At the risk of representing a chicken as a hybrid between a hummingbird and an ostrich, we can summarize the preceding sections and order-of-magnitude estimates as follows. Chicken B lymphocytes are derived from less than 10(5) lymphoid precursor cells, which either have already rearranged their Ig genes before they colonize the embryonic bursa, or (more probably) rapidly give rise to cells with rearranged genes within the bursa's 10(4) follicles. Since the bird's functional germline Ig V genes are few in number (less than or equal to 10?), most rearrangements have similar outcomes. The B cells proliferate rapidly in the bursa, in an antigen-independent manner, undergoing somatic modifications of their Ig V genes at a high rate (probably at least once in every 10(3) cell divisions). In the young chick, B cells are produced in the bursa at a rate of 10(7) to 10(8) per d; many of these die but the rest contribute to formation of the adult bird's B cell pool of about 10(10) lymphocytes, with a repertoire of at least 10(6) different antibody specificities. the bird's B cells are entirely self-renewing, in the sense that none are derived from Ig-negative precursors at any time after hatching.
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Weill JC, Reynaud CA, Lassila O, Pink JR. Rearrangement of chicken immunoglobulin genes is not an ongoing process in the embryonic bursa of Fabricius. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:3336-40. [PMID: 3010290 PMCID: PMC323508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a molecular analysis of the chicken Ig loci in single bursal follicles from 3- to 7-week-old chickens. Each follicle contained between 10(5) and 3 X 10(5) cells. The Ig gene rearrangement patterns obtained were compared to the pattern observed with the corresponding total bursal DNA. The results obtained for the light chain locus imply that a very small number (two on average) of rearrangement events takes place in each follicle. For the heavy chain locus similar results were obtained, each follicle showing a more restricted pattern than the total bursa. These data favor a model in which each follicle is colonized by a very few prebursal stem cells that are committed to a particular Ig gene rearrangement at the very beginning of the development of the embryonic bursa. The role of the bursa as the organ in which such a committed stem cell population for the B-cell lineage arises is discussed.
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