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Guedes LM, Henríquez IAA, Sanhueza C, Rodríguez-Cerda L, Figueroa C, Gavilán E, Aguilera N. Alterations induced by Colomerus vitis on the structural and physiological leaf features of two grape cultivars. Exp Appl Acarol 2024; 92:183-201. [PMID: 38358409 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera is cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional and commercial value. More than 60 grape cultivars are cultivated in Chile. Two of these, the país and the corinto cultivars, are the oldest known and widely used for the preparation of traditional homemade drinks and consumption as table grapes. These two grape cultivars are affected by Colomerus vitis, an eriophyid mite which establishes on their leaves and forms erinea, where the mite and its offspring obtain shelter and food. Although C. vitis has a cosmopolitan distribution, few studies of its impact on the structure and physiology of affected plants have been reported. Herein we aimed to evaluate the impact of C. vitis infection on the structural and physiological leaf performance of the two grape cultivars. The results showed tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with an overproduction of trichomes and emergences in the abaxial epidermis in both cultivars. The anatomical changes were similar between the país and corinto cultivars, but they were proportionally greater in the país, where the area affected by the erinea were greater. No significant changes were detected in the photosynthetic pigment content; however, there was an increase in the total soluble sugars content in the erineum leaves of the país cultivar. Higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenols, as well as the presence of the pinocembrin in the corinto cultivar, which was less affected by C. vitis, could also indicate some resistance to mites' attack, which should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia M Guedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Ignacio A A Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Carolina Sanhueza
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160- C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Cerda
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Camilo Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Elvis Gavilán
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile
| | - Narciso Aguilera
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CP 4030000, Chile.
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2
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Fukano Y, Yamori W, Misu H, Sato MP, Shirasawa K, Tachiki Y, Uchida K. From green to red: Urban heat stress drives leaf color evolution. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabq3542. [PMID: 37862418 PMCID: PMC10588939 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of impervious surface and resulting higher temperatures in urban areas, known as urban heat islands, comprises prominent characteristics in global cities. However, it is not known whether and how urban plants adapt to such heat stress. This study focused on Oxalis corniculata, which has intraspecific polymorphism in leaf color (green and red) and examined whether the leaf color variation is associated with urban heat stress. Field observations revealed that green-leaved plants were dominant in green habitats, and red-leaved individuals were dominant in urban habitats, at local (<500 meters), landscape (<50 kilometers), and global scales. Growth and photosynthesis experiments demonstrated that red-leaved individuals performed better under heat stress, while green-leaved individuals performed better under nonstressful conditions. Genome-wide SNP analysis suggests that the red leaf may have evolved multiple times from the ancestral green leaf. Overall, the results suggest that the red leaves of O. corniculata observed in cities worldwide are evidence of plant adaptive evolution due to urban heat islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukano
- Graduate School of Horticulture Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayata Misu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P. Sato
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Shirasawa
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuya Tachiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Chen L, Wen DQ, Shi GL, Sun D, Yin Y, Yu M, An WQ, Tang Q, Ai J, Han LJ, Yan CB, Sun YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZX, Fan DY. Different photoprotective strategies for white leaves between two co-occurring Actinidia species. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13880. [PMID: 36840627 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At the outer canopy, the white leaves of Actinidia kolomikta can turn pink but they stay white in A. polygama. We hypothesized that the different leaf colors in the two Actinidia species may represent different photoprotection strategies. To test the hypothesis, leaf optical spectra, anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence, superoxide (O2 ˙- ) concentration, photosystem II photo-susceptibility, and expression of anthocyanin-related genes were investigated. On the adaxial side, light reflectance was the highest for white leaves of A. kolomikta, followed by its pink leaves and white leaves of A. polygama, and the absorptance for white leaves of A. kolomikta was the lowest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of white and pink leaves in A. kolomikta were significantly lower than those of A. polygama, while the relative anthocyanin content of pink leaves was the highest. Chloroplasts of palisade cells of white leaves in A. kolomikta were not well developed with a lower maximum quantum efficiency of PSII than the other types of leaves (pink leaves of A. kolomikta and white leaves of A. Polygama at the inner/outer canopy). After high light treatment from the abaxial surface, Fv /Fm decreased to a larger extent for white leaves of A. kolomikta than pink leaf and white leaves of A. polygama, and its non-photochemical quenching was also the lowest. White leaves of A. kolomikta showed higher O2 ˙- concentration compared to pink leaves under the same strong irradiance. The expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in pink leaves were higher than in white leaves. These results indicate that white leaves of A. kolomikta apply a reflection strategy for photoprotection, while pink leaves resist photoinhibition via anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Quan Wen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- Plant Science Facility of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi An
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ai
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Bin Yan
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jing Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Yong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Lev‐Yadun S. The phenomenon of red and yellow autumn leaves: Hypotheses, agreements and disagreements. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1245-1282. [PMID: 35975328 PMCID: PMC9804425 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Yellow and red autumn leaves are typical of many temperate/boreal woody plants. Since the 19th century, it has been either considered the non-functional outcome of chlorophyll degradation that unmasks the pre-existing yellow and red pigments or that the de novo synthesis of red anthocyanins in autumn leaves indicated that it should have a physiological function, although it was commonly ignored. Defending free amino acids and various other resources released especially following the breakdown of the photosynthetic system, and mobilizing them for storage in other organs before leaf fall, is the cornerstone of both the physiological and anti-herbivory hypotheses about the functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration. The complicated phenomenon of conspicuous autumn leaf colouration has received significant attention since the year 2000, especially because ecologists started paying attention to its anti-herbivory potential. The obvious imperfection of the hypotheses put forth in several papers stimulated many other scientists. Hot debates among physiologists, among ecologists, and between physiologists and ecologists have been common since the year 2000, first because the various functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration are non-exclusive, and second because many scientists were trained to focus on a single subject. Here, I will review the debates, especially between the photoprotective and the anti-herbivory hypotheses, and describe both the progress in their understanding and the required progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev‐Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaTivonIsrael
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5
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Lv Y, Chen J, Zhu M, Liu Y, Wu X, Xiao X, Yuyama N, Liu F, Jing H, Cai H. Wall-associated kinase-like gene RL1 contributes to red leaves in sorghum. Plant J 2022; 112:135-150. [PMID: 35942607 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Red leaves are common in trees but rare in cereal crops. Red leaves can be used as raw materials for anthocyanin extraction and may have some adaptive significance for plants. In this study, we discovered a red leaf phenotype in the F1 hybrids derived from a cross between two sorghum accessions with green leaf. Histological analysis of red leaves and green leaves showed that red compounds accumulate in mesophyll cells and gradually spreads to the entire leaf blade. In addition, we found chloroplasts degraded more quickly in red leaves than in green leaves based on transmission electron microscopy. Metabolic analysis revealed that flavonoids including six anthocyanins are more abundant in red leaves. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes was upregulated in red leaves. These observations indicate that flavonoids and anthocyanins in particular, are ideal candidates for the red compounds accumulating in red leaves. Segregation analysis of the red leaf phenotype suggested a genetic architecture consisting of three dominant genes, one (RL1 for RED LEAF1) of which we mapped to a 55-kb region on chromosome 7 containing seven genes. Sequencing, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and transcriptome analysis suggested Sobic.007G214300, encoding a wall-associated kinase, as the most likely candidate for RL1. Fine mapping the red leaf gene and identifying the metabolites that cause red leaf in sorghum provide us with a better understanding of the red leaf phenotype in the natural population of sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lv
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yishan Liu
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nana Yuyama
- Forage Crop Research Institute, Japan Grassland Agricultural and Forage Seed Association, 388-5 Higashiakada, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2742, Japan
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haichun Jing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- Forage Crop Research Institute, Japan Grassland Agricultural and Forage Seed Association, 388-5 Higashiakada, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2742, Japan
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6
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Renner SS, Zohner CM. Trees growing in Eastern North America experience higher autumn solar irradiation than their European relatives, but is nitrogen limitation another factor explaining anthocyanin‐red autumn leaves? J Evol Biol 2022; 35:183-188. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S. Renner
- Department of Biology Washington University Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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7
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Pena‐Novas I, Archetti M. Implications of nitrogen translocation efficiency for hypotheses on the evolution of autumn colours—. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:189-191. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena‐Novas
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
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8
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Pena-Novas I, Archetti M. Missing evidence for the photoprotection hypothesis of autumn colours. New Phytol 2021; 232:2236-2237. [PMID: 34435678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena-Novas
- Department of Biology, W210 MSC, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology, W210 MSC, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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9
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Pena-Novas I, Archetti M. A test of the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours: Chlorophyll resorption, not anthocyanin production, is correlated with nitrogen translocation. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1423-1431. [PMID: 34265121 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A prominent hypothesis for the adaptive value of anthocyanin production in the autumn leaves of trees and shrubs is that anthocyanins protect leaves from photooxidative stress at low temperatures, allowing a better resorption of nutrients-in particular, nitrogen-before leaf fall. While there is evidence that anthocyanins enable photoprotection, it is not clear whether this translates to improved nitrogen translocation and how this can explain inter-specific variation in autumn colours. A recent comparative analysis showed no correlation between temperature and anthocyanin production across species but did not analyse nitrogen content and nitrogen resorption efficiency. Here, we provide this comparison by analysing the nitrogen content of mature and senescent leaves and their autumn colours in 55 species of trees. We find no correlation between the presence of anthocyanins and the efficiency of nitrogen resorption. We find, instead, that nitrogen resorption is more efficient in species with yellow autumn colours, pointing to chlorophyll resorption, rather than anthocyanin synthesis, as the main determinant of nitrogen translocation efficiency. Hence, our results do not corroborate the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena-Novas
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Lihavainen J, Edlund E, Björkén L, Bag P, Robinson KM, Jansson S. Stem girdling affects the onset of autumn senescence in aspen in interaction with metabolic signals. Physiol Plant 2021; 172:201-217. [PMID: 33368469 PMCID: PMC8248097 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Autumn senescence in aspen (Populus tremula) is precisely timed every year to relocate nutrients from leaves to storage organs before winter. Here we demonstrate how stem girdling, which leads to the accumulation of photosynthates in the crown, influences senescence. Girdling resulted in an early onset of senescence, but the chlorophyll degradation was slower and nitrogen more efficiently resorbed than during normal autumn senescence. Girdled stems accumulated or retained anthocyanins potentially providing photoprotection in senescing leaves. Girdling of one stem in a clonal stand sharing the same root stock did not affect senescence in the others, showing that the stems were autonomous in this respect. One girdled stem with unusually high chlorophyll and nitrogen contents maintained low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and did not show early senescence or depleted chlorophyll level unlike the other girdled stems suggesting that the responses depended on the genotype or its carbon and nitrogen status. Metabolite analysis highlighted that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, salicylic acid pathway, and redox homeostasis are involved in the regulation of girdling-induced senescence. We propose that disrupted sink-source relation and C/N status can provide cues through the TCA cycle and phytohormone signaling to override the phenological control of autumn senescence in the girdled stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Erik Edlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Lars Björkén
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Pushan Bag
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Kathryn M. Robinson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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11
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Li Y, Huang J. Leaf Anthocyanin Content Retrieval with Partial Least Squares and Gaussian Process Regression from Spectral Reflectance Data. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21093078. [PMID: 33925152 PMCID: PMC8125520 DOI: 10.3390/s21093078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leaf pigment content retrieval is an essential research field in remote sensing. However, retrieval studies on anthocyanins are quite rare compared to those on chlorophylls and carotenoids. Given the critical physiological significance of anthocyanins, this situation should be improved. In this study, using the reflectance, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) were sought to retrieve the leaf anthocyanin content. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PLSR and GPR have been employed in such studies. The results showed that, based on the logarithmic transformation of the reflectance (log(1/R)) with 564 and 705 nm, the GPR model performed the best (R2/RMSE (nmol/cm2): 0.93/2.18 in the calibration, and 0.93/2.20 in the validation) of all the investigated methods. The PLSR model involved four wavelengths and achieved relatively low accuracy (R2/RMSE (nmol/cm2): 0.87/2.88 in calibration, and 0.88/2.89 in validation). GPR apparently outperformed PLSR. The reason was likely that the non-linear property made GPR more effective than the linear PLSR in characterizing the relationship for the absorbance vs. content of anthocyanins. For GPR, selected wavelengths around the green peak and red edge region (one from each) were promising to build simple and accurate two-wavelength models with R2 > 0.90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Institute of Applied Remote Sensing and Information Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information System, Zhejiang Province, China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingfeng Huang
- Institute of Applied Remote Sensing and Information Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information System, Zhejiang Province, China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Pena‐Novas I, Archetti M. A comparative analysis of the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1669-1676. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena‐Novas
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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13
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Renner SS, Zohner CM. Further analysis of 1532 deciduous woody species from North America, Europe, and Asia supports continental-scale differences in red autumn colouration: A response to Peña-Novas & Archetti (2020) 'Biogeography and evidence for adaptive explanations of autumn colors'. New Phytol 2020; 228:814-815. [PMID: 32390136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Pena-Novas I, Archetti M. Biogeography and evidence for adaptive explanations of autumn colors. New Phytol 2020; 228:809-813. [PMID: 32390154 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena-Novas
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Abstract
Angiosperms that are biotically pollinated typically produce flowers with bright and contrasting colours that help to attract pollinators and hence contribute to the reproductive success of the species. This colourful array contrasts with the much less multicoloured reproductive structures of the four living gymnosperm lineages, which are mostly wind pollinated, though cycads and Gnetales are predominantly pollinated by insects that feed on surface fluids from the pollination drops. This review examines the possible evolutionary pathways and cryptic clues for flower colour in both living and fossil seed plants. It investigates how the ancestral flowering plants could have overcome the inevitable trade-off that exists between attracting pollinators and minimizing herbivory, and explores the possible evolutionary and biological inferences from the colours that occur in some living gymnosperms. The red colours present in the seed-cone bracts of some living conifers result from accumulation of anthocyanin pigments; their likely primary function is to help protect the growing plant tissues under particular environmental conditions. Thus, the visual cue provided by colour in flower petals could have first evolved as a secondary effect, probably post-dating the evolution of bee colour vision but occurring before the subsequent functional accumulation of a range of different flower pigments.
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Renner SS, Zohner CM. The occurrence of red and yellow autumn leaves explained by regional differences in insolation and temperature. New Phytol 2019; 224:1464-1471. [PMID: 31070794 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Red or yellow autumn leaves have long fascinated biologists, but their geographical concentration in trees in Eastern North America (ENA) has defied evolutionary explanations. In this review, anthocyanins and xanthophylls are discussed in relation to their occurrence in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere, phylogenetic distribution and photoprotective function during the breakdown of chlorophylls. Pigments in senescing leaves that intercept incident light and dissipate the absorbed energy extend the time available for nutrient resorption. Experiments with Arabidopsis have revealed greatest anthocyanin photoprotective function at low temperatures and high light intensities, and high-resolution solar irradiation maps reveal that ENA and Asia receive higher irradiation than does Europe. In addition, ENA experiences higher temperature fluctuations in autumn, resulting in cold snaps during leaf senescence. Under common garden conditions, chlorophyll degradation occurs earlier in ENA species than in their European and East Asian relatives. In combination, strong solar irradiation, temperature fluctuations and, on average, 3-wk shorter vegetation periods of ENA species favour investment in pigments to extend the time for nutrient resorption before abscission, explaining the higher frequency of coloured species in ENA compared to Europe. We end by outlining research that could test this new explanation of bright New England autumns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, Munich, 80638, Germany
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Li G, Meng X, Zhu M, Li Z. Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin. Molecules 2019; 24:E3078. [PMID: 31450587 PMCID: PMC6749444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Betalains are applicable to many aspects of life, and their properties, characteristics, extraction and biosynthesis process have been thoroughly studied. Although betalains are functionally similar to anthocyanins and can substitute for them to provide pigments for plant color, it is rare to study the roles of betalains in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to their antioxidant capability to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and humans, betalains have attracted much attention due to their bioactivity. In addition, betalains can also act as osmotic substances to regulate osmotic pressure in plants and play important roles in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. The study of the physiological evolution of betalains is almost complete but remains complicated because the evolutionary relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is still uncertain. In this review, to provide a reference for the in-depth study of betalains compared with anthocyanins, the biochemical properties, biosynthesis process and roles of betalains in response to environmental stress are reviewed, and the relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zongyun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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Guo H, Sun Y, Yan H, Li C, Ge F. O 3-Induced Leaf Senescence in Tomato Plants Is Ethylene Signaling-Dependent and Enhances the Population Abundance of Bemisia tabaci. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:764. [PMID: 29946327 PMCID: PMC6005859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ozone (O3) can alter the phenotypes of host plants particularly in induction of leaf senescence, but few reports examine the involvement of phytohormone in O3-induced changes in host phenotypes that influence the foraging quality for insects. Here, we used an ethylene (ET) receptor mutant Nr and its wild-type to determine the function of the ET signaling pathway in O3-induced leaf senescence, and bottom-up effects on the performance of Bemisia tabaci in field open-top chambers (OTCs). Our results showed that elevated O3 reduced photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content and induced leaf senescence of plant regardless of plant genotype. Leaf senescence in Nr plants was alleviated relative to wild-type under elevated O3. Further analyses of foliar quality showed that elevated O3 had little effect on phytohormone-mediated defenses, but significantly increased the concentration of amino acids in two plant genotypes. Furthermore, Nr plants had lower amino acid content relative to wild-type under elevated O3. These results provided an explanation of O3-induced increase in abundance of B. tabaci. We concluded that O3-induced senescence of plant was ET signal-dependent, and positive effects of O3-induced leaf senescence on the performance of B. tabaci largely resulted from changes of nutritional quality of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ahmed N, Chamila Darshanee HL, Fu WY, Hu XS, Fan Y, Liu TX. Resistance of Seven Cabbage Cultivars to Green Peach Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:909-916. [PMID: 29385491 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest of many crops in the world and a vector of more than 100 plant viruses. It is a major pest of Brassica vegetables such as Chinese cabbage in northern China. Chemical control is extensively used to manage this aphid around the world; however, development of insecticide resistance has been a major obstacle facing growers. Host plant resistance in Chinese cabbage against M. persicae has not been reported yet. In this study, we investigated the resistance categories in seven Chinese cabbage cultivars against M. persicae. The resistance categories of these cultivars included antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance related to leaf color and wax content. The cultivar 'Yuanbao' had antibiotic and tolerance effects on the aphid. The rate of intrinsic increase (rm) of M. persicae was lower on Yuanbao compared with the other six cultivars. Yuanbao also had the highest antibiosis against the aphid. The aphid preferred 'Qingan 80', which had the highest wavelength (green) in leaf color. The highest wax content was found in Yuanbao, which had a significantly negative correlation with the preference of M. persicae. The cabbage cultivar Yuanbao was resistant to M. persicae and could be used in the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs against the aphid in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hewa Lunuwilage Chamila Darshanee
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Export Agriculture, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Wen-Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Zhu H, Zhang TJ, Zhang P, Peng CL. Pigment patterns and photoprotection of anthocyanins in the young leaves of four dominant subtropical forest tree species in two successional stages under contrasting light conditions. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1092-1104. [PMID: 27255467 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven subtropical forest succession is a dynamic process in which mesophytic climax communities replace heliophytic ones. Juvenile leaves (particularly mesophytic ones) are sensitive to high irradiances. To determine the photoprotection strategy that juvenile leaves use during subtropical forest succession, anthocyanin accumulation patterns were investigated in the young leaves of two mid-successional dominant trees (i.e., Schima superba and Castanopsis fissa) and two late-successional dominant trees (i.e., Cryptocarya concinna and Acmena acuminatissima) grown in 100% (FL) and 25% (LL) of full sunlight. All four tree species produced anthocyanins in their juvenile leaves when <50% of chlorophylls and carotenoids had developed. Higher anthocyanin concentrations accumulated in the young leaves grown in FL than in those grown in LL and in late-successional than in mid-successional trees. The juvenile leaves of late-successional trees were subjected to higher light-induced photoinhibition than those of mid-successional trees, despite of the fact that the leaves of late-successional trees showed greater non-photochemical quenching than those of mid-successional trees. Under LL conditions, photosystem II excitation pressure (1 - qP) was significantly higher in the juvenile leaves of late-successional trees than those of mid-successional trees. Under either FL or LL conditions, anthocyanin concentrations in juvenile leaves were negatively related to the light compensation point in mature leaves across species. However, anthocyanin concentrations were positively related to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile leaves. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation in the juvenile leaves of subtropical dominant trees during forest community succession is a flexible photoprotective response to ambient irradiances according to leaf sensitivity to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China School of Life Science & Food Technology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
| | - T J Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - P Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - C L Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants (attached photosynthesizing organisms) are eaten by a wide variety of herbivorous animals. Despite a vast literature on plant defence, contrasting patterns of antiherbivore adaptation among marine, freshwater and land plants have been little noticed, documented or understood. SCOPE Here I show how the surrounding medium (water or air) affects not only the plants themselves, but also the sensory and locomotor capacities of herbivores and their predators, and I discuss patterns of defence and host specialization of plants and herbivores on land and in water. I analysed the literature on herbivory with special reference to mechanical defences and sensory cues emitted by plants. Spines, hairs, asymmetrically oriented features on plant surfaces, and visual and olfactory signals that confuse or repel herbivores are common in land plants but rare or absent in water-dwelling plants. Small terrestrial herbivores are more often host-specific than their aquatic counterparts. I propose that patterns of selection on terrestrial herbivores and plants differ from those on aquatic species. Land plants must often attract animal dispersers and pollinators that, like their herbivorous counterparts, require sophisticated locomotor and sensory abilities. Plants counter their attractiveness to animal helpers by evolving effective contact defences and long-distance cues that mislead or warn herbivores. The locomotor and sensory world of small aquatic herbivores is more limited. These characteristics result from the lower viscosity and density of air compared with water as well as from limitations on plant physiology and signal transmission in water. Evolutionary innovations have not eliminated the contrasts in the conditions of life between water and land. CONCLUSION Plant defence can be understood fully when herbivores and their victims are considered in the broader context of other interactions among coexisting species and of the medium in which these interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- University of California, Davis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
In complex environments, behavioural plasticity depends on the ability of an animal to integrate numerous sensory stimuli. The multidimensionality of factors interacting to shape plastic behaviour means it is difficult for both organisms and researchers to predict what constitutes an adaptive response to a given set of conditions. Although researchers may be able to map the fitness pay-offs of different behavioural strategies in changing environments, there is no guarantee that the study species will be able to perceive these pay-offs. We thus risk a disconnect between our own predictions about adaptive behaviour and what is behaviourally achievable given the umwelt of the animal being studied. This may lead to erroneous conclusions about maladaptive behaviour in circumstances when the behaviour exhibited is the most adaptive possible given sensory limitations. With advances in the computational resources available to behavioural ecologists, we can now measure vast numbers of interactions among behaviours and environments to create adaptive behavioural surfaces. These surfaces have massive heuristic, predictive and analytical potential in understanding adaptive animal behaviour, but researchers using them are destined to fail if they ignore the sensory ecology of the species they study. Here, we advocate the continued use of these approaches while directly linking them to perceptual space to ensure that the topology of the generated adaptive landscape matches the perceptual reality of the animal it intends to study. Doing so will allow predictive models of animal behaviour to reflect the reality faced by the agents on adaptive surfaces, vastly improving our ability to determine what constitutes an adaptive response for the animal in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon A Jordan
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Fan X, Fan B, Wang Y, Yang W. Anthocyanin accumulation enhanced in Lc-transgenic cotton under light and increased resistance to bollworm. Plant Biotechnol Rep 2016; 10:1-11. [PMID: 26941851 PMCID: PMC4761005 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-015-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Breeding of naturally colored cotton fiber has been hampered by the limited germplasm, an alternative way is to use transgenic approach to create more germplasm for breeding. Here, we report our effort to engineer anthocyanin production in cotton. The maize Lc gene, under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter, was introduced into cotton through genetic transformation. Our data showed that the expression of the Lc gene alone is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of anthocyanin in a variety of cell types including fiber cells in cotton. However, the accumulation of colored anthocyanin in cotton fibers requires the participation of light signaling. These data indicate that it is feasible to engineer colored fibers through transgenic approach in cotton. Furthermore, we showed that the Lc-transgenic cotton plants are resistant to cotton bollworm. These transgenic plants are, therefore, potentially useful for cotton breeding against cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fan
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Bohong Fan
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Weicai Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing, 100101 China
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Green JP, Foster R, Wilkins L, Osorio D, Hartley SE. Leaf Colour as a Signal of Chemical Defence to Insect Herbivores in Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136884. [PMID: 26353086 PMCID: PMC4564265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf colour has been proposed to signal levels of host defence to insect herbivores, but we lack data on herbivory, leaf colour and levels of defence for wild host populations necessary to test this hypothesis. Such a test requires measurements of leaf spectra as they would be sensed by herbivore visual systems, as well as simultaneous measurements of chemical defences and herbivore responses to leaf colour in natural host-herbivore populations. In a large-scale field survey of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) populations, we show that variation in leaf colour and brightness, measured according to herbivore spectral sensitivities, predicts both levels of chemical defences (glucosinolates) and abundance of specialist lepidopteran (Pieris rapae) and hemipteran (Brevicoryne brassicae) herbivores. In subsequent experiments, P. rapae larvae achieved faster growth and greater pupal mass when feeding on plants with bluer leaves, which contained lower levels of aliphatic glucosinolates. Glucosinolate-mediated effects on larval performance may thus contribute to the association between P. rapae herbivory and leaf colour observed in the field. However, preference tests found no evidence that adult butterflies selected host plants based on leaf coloration. In the field, B. brassicae abundance varied with leaf brightness but greenhouse experiments were unable to identify any effects of brightness on aphid preference or performance. Our findings suggest that although leaf colour reflects both levels of host defences and herbivore abundance in the field, the ability of herbivores to respond to colour signals may be limited, even in species where performance is correlated with leaf colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Green
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Foster
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Wilkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Carpenter KL, Keidel TS, Pihl MC, Hughes NM. Support for a photoprotective function of winter leaf reddening in nitrogen-deficient individuals of Lonicera japonica. Molecules 2014; 19:17810-28. [PMID: 25372396 PMCID: PMC6271606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants growing in high-light environments during winter often exhibit leaf reddening due to synthesis of anthocyanin pigments, which are thought to alleviate photooxidative stress associated with low-temperature photoinhibition through light attenuation and/or antioxidant activity. Seasonal high-light stress can be further exacerbated by a limited photosynthetic capacity, such as nitrogen-deficiency. In the present study, we test the following hypotheses using three populations of the semi-evergreen vine Lonicera japonica: (1) nitrogen deficiency corresponds with reduced photosynthetic capacity; (2) individuals with reduced photosynthetic capacity synthesize anthocyanin pigments in leaves during winter; and (3) anthocyanin pigments help alleviate high-light stress by attenuating green light. All populations featured co-occurring winter-green and winter-red leafed individuals on fully-exposed (high-light), south-facing slopes in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Consistent with our hypotheses, red leaves consistently exhibited significantly lower foliar nitrogen than green leaves, as well as lower total chlorophyll, quantum yield efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, and photosynthesis at saturating irradiance (Asat). Light-response curves measured using ambient sunlight versus red-blue LED (i.e., lacking green wavelengths) demonstrated significantly reduced quantum yield efficiency and a higher light compensation point under sunlight relative to red-blue LED in red leaves, but not in green leaves, consistent with a (green) light-attenuating function of anthocyanin pigments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that intraspecific anthocyanin synthesis corresponds with nitrogen deficiency and reduced photosynthetic capacity within populations, and support a light-attenuating function of anthocyanin pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn L Carpenter
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Timothy S Keidel
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Melissa C Pihl
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA.
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Hughes NM, Carpenter KL, Keidel TS, Miller CN, Waters MN, Smith WK. Photosynthetic costs and benefits of abaxial versus adaxial anthocyanins in Colocasia esculenta 'Mojito'. Planta 2014; 240:971-81. [PMID: 24903360 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins in upper (adaxial) leaf tissues provide greater photoprotection than in lower (abaxial) tissues, but also predispose tissues to increased shade acclimation and, consequently, reduced photosynthetic capacity. Abaxial anthocyanins may be a compromise between these costs/benefits. Plants adapted to shaded understory environments often exhibit red/purple anthocyanin pigmentation in lower (abaxial) leaf surfaces, but rarely in upper (adaxial) surfaces. The functional significance of this color pattern in leaves is poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that abaxial anthocyanins protect leaves of understory plants from photo-oxidative stress via light attenuation during periodic exposure to high incident sunlight in the forest understory, without interfering with sunlight capture and photosynthesis during shade conditions. We utilize a cultivar of Colocasia esculenta exhibiting adaxial and abaxial anthocyanin variegation within individual leaves to compare tissues with the following color patterns: green adaxial, green abaxial (GG), green adaxial, red abaxial (GR), red adaxial, green abaxial (RG), and red adaxial, red abaxial (RR). Consistent with a photoprotective function of anthocyanins, tissues exhibited symptoms of increasing photoinhibition in the order (from least to greatest): RR, RG, GR, GG. Anthocyanic tissues also showed symptoms of shade acclimation (higher total chl, lower chl a/b) in the same relative order. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we did not observe any differences in photosynthetic CO2 uptake under shade conditions between the tissue types. However, GG and GR had significantly (39 %) higher photosynthesis at saturating irradiance (A sat) than RG and RR. Because tissue types did not differ in nitrogen content, these patterns likely reflect differences in resource allocation at the tissue level, with greater nitrogen allocated toward energy processing in GG and GR, and energy capture in RG and RR (consistent with relative sun/shade acclimation). We conclude that abaxial anthocyanins are likely advantageous in understory environments because they provide some photoprotection during high-light exposure, but without the cost of decreased A sat associated with adaxial anthocyanin-induced shade syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC, 27262, USA,
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Silfver T, Sinkkonen A, Oksanen E, Rousi M. Early shoot growth termination in Betula pendula is associated with the number of overwintering aphid eggs on boreal birches. Evol Ecol 2015; 29:157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Niu Y, Chen G, Peng DL, Song B, Yang Y, Li ZM, Sun H. Grey leaves in an alpine plant: a cryptic colouration to avoid attack? New Phytol 2014; 203:953-63. [PMID: 24800901 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptic colouration is a common predation-avoidance strategy in animals that is postulated to occur in plants, but few experimental studies have rigorously tested this hypothesis. We investigated the colouration of Corydalis benecincta, an alpine plant with remarkably dimorphic leaf colours (grey and green), based on a cost-benefit analysis. First we tested the premise that herbivores (Parnassius butterflies) cannot distinguish grey leaves from a scree background by spectrographic measurements and by estimating discriminability between leaves and scree using a butterfly colour vision model. Then we estimated the potential costs of inconspicuousness by comparing the photosynthetic performance and visual attractiveness to flower visitors of the two colour morphs. Finally, we examined the potential benefits of inconspicuousness by comparing damage, survivorship and female reproductive success. It is difficult for herbivores to distinguish grey-coloured morphs against the background. This grey colour originates in a combination of anthocyanins and chlorophylls. The two colour morphs had similar photosynthetic performance, visual attractiveness and female reproductive success. However, grey morphs had significantly lower herbivore damage and higher survivorship. Grey leaves benefit C. benecincta by reducing herbivory with low investment in anthocyanin synthesis, and little cost on photosynthesis and mating opportunity. This cryptic colouration may have evolved through selection pressure imposed by visually foraging herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Ferreira WC, Marcon D. Revisiting the 1879 model for Evolutionary Mimicry by Fritz Müller: New mathematical approaches. Ecological Complexity 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moore BD, Andrew RL, Külheim C, Foley WJ. Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytol 2014; 201:733-750. [PMID: 24117919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the mixture of chemicals can vary, such that chemodiversity can be partitioned within and among individuals. Plant ontogeny and environmental and genetic variation are recognized as sources of chemical variation, but recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of variation may allow the future deployment of isogenic mutants to test the specific adaptive function of variation in PSMs. An important consequence of high intraspecific variation is the capacity to evolve rapidly. It is becoming increasingly clear that trait variance linked to both macro- and micro-environmental variation can also evolve and may respond more strongly to selection than mean trait values. This research, which is in its infancy in plants, highlights what could be a missing piece of the picture of PSM evolution. PSM polymorphisms are probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across many spatial and temporal scales, but convincing examples that recognize the diversity of plant population structures are rare. We describe how diversity can be inherently beneficial for plants and suggest fruitful avenues for future research to untangle the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose L Andrew
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
Can evolutionary and ecological dynamics operating at one level of the biological hierarchy affect the dynamics and structure at other levels? In social insects, strong hostility towards unrelated individuals can evolve as a kin-selected counter-adaptation to intraspecific social parasitism. This aggression in turn might cause intraspecific competition to predominate over interspecific competition, permitting coexistence with other social insect species. In other words, kin selection-a form of intra-population dynamics-might enhance the species richness of the community, a higher-level structure. The converse effect, from higher to lower levels, might also operate, whereby strong interspecific competition may limit the evolution of selfish individual traits. If the latter effect were to prove more important, it would challenge the common view that intra-population dynamics (via individual or gene selection) is the main driver of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tsuji
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus (The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University), Nishihara, Okinawa 9030213, Japan
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Misyura M, Colasanti J, Rothstein SJ. Physiological and genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana anthocyanin biosynthesis mutants under chronic adverse environmental conditions. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:229-40. [PMID: 23162120 PMCID: PMC3528034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin production is a characteristic response of flowering plants to unfavourable environmental conditions. The potential roles of flavonoids and anthocyanins in plant growth were investigated by growing Arabidopsis thaliana anthocyanin production mutants (transparent testa) under limiting nitrogen and high light conditions. Inability to produce kaempferol or subsequent intermediate compounds by some transparent testa lines was correlated with less biomass accumulation in mature plants compared with wild-type control plants under all growth conditions tested. However, under both limiting nitrogen and high light chronic stress conditions, mutant lines defective in later steps of the anthocyanin production pathway produced the same or more biomass than wild-type plants. No difference in senescence between transparent testa and wild-type plants was found using chlorophyll catabolism and SAG12 expression measurements, and no mutants were impaired in the ability to remobilize nutrients from the vegetative to reproductive tissues. Moreover, the absence of anthocyanin and/or upstream flavonoids does not affect the ability of plants to respond to limiting nitrogen by reducing photosynthetic capacity. These results support a role for kaempferol and quercetin accumulation in normal plant growth and development. Further, the absence of anthocyanins has no effect on plant growth under the chronic stress conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Misyura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone rd. E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone rd. E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone rd. E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Papaj DR. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour: An Integrative Approach. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barlow PW. The primal integrated realm and the derived interactive realm in relation to biosemiosis, and their link with the ideas of J.W. von Goethe. Commun Integr Biol 2012. [PMID: 23181156 PMCID: PMC3502203 DOI: 10.4161/cib.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain phenomena in Nature which might logically be regarded as indicating biosemiotic communication, with signal, receptor and interpretant, may, in fact, indicate no such thing. Instead, the respective phenomenological observations may point to an underlying system that JW von Goethe termed an "Urphänomen". From such Primal Phenomena emerge derived phenomena, or "Types", which are made substantial by processes that uniquely define Life and Living. Biosemiosis arises and takes place within the derived Types. Examples of Primal Phenomena and their derivatives are taken from recent observations on the putative influence of the lunisolar gravitational force upon animal and plant behavior, and from some aspects of plant development that show connection with Goethe’s idea of the ‘Urpflanze’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
- (Author for correspondence: tel +972 4 983 8827; )
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
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Sinkkonen A, Somerkoski E, Paaso U, Holopainen JK, Rousi M, Mikola J. Genotypic variation in yellow autumn leaf colours explains aphid load in silver birch. New Phytol 2012; 195:461-469. [PMID: 22548444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• It has been suggested that autumn-migrating insects drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. However, evidence of genetic variation in autumn leaf colours in natural tree populations and the link between the genetic variation and herbivore abundances has been lacking. • Here, we measured the size of the whole aphid community and the development of green-yellow leaf colours in six replicate trees of 19 silver birch (Betula pendula) genotypes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of autumn colouration. We also calculated the difference between green leaf and leaf litter nitrogen (N) and estimated the changes in phloem sap N loading. • Autumn leaf colouration had significant genetic variation. During the last survey, genotypes that expressed the strongest leaf reflectance 2-4 wk earlier had an abundance of egg-laying Euceraphis betulae females. Surprisingly, the aphid community size during the first surveys explained N loss by the litter of different birch genotypes. • Our results are the first evidence at the tree intrapopulation genotypic level that autumn-migrating pests have the potential to drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. They also stress the importance of recognizing the role of late-season tree-insect interactions in the evolution of herbivory resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Eeva Somerkoski
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
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Cooney LJ, van Klink JW, Hughes NM, Perry NB, Schaefer HM, Menzies IJ, Gould KS. Red leaf margins indicate increased polygodial content and function as visual signals to reduce herbivory in Pseudowintera colorata. New Phytol 2012; 194:488-497. [PMID: 22309352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Red-pigmented leaf margins are common, but their functional significance is unknown. We hypothesized that red leaf margins reduce leaf herbivory by signalling to herbivorous insects the presence of increased chemical defences. Leaves were collected from a natural population of Pseudowintera colorata. Margin size, herbivory damage, anthocyanin content and concentrations of polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde with antifeedant properties, were quantified. Feeding trials involving larvae of Ctenopseustis obliquana, a generalist herbivore, were conducted on red- and green-margined P. colorata leaves in darkness, or under white, green or red light. Leaves with wider red margins contained higher concentrations of polygodial and anthocyanins, and incurred less natural herbivory. In trials under white light, C. obliquana consumed disproportionately more green- than red-margined leaf laminae. Larvae exhibited no feeding preference when light was manipulated such that leaf colour discrimination was impaired. Red leaf margins provide a reliable and effective visual signal of chemical defence in P. colorata. Ctenopseustis obliquana larvae perceive and respond to the colour of the leaf margins, rather than to olfactory signals. Our study provides direct experimental evidence for aposematic coloration in red leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Cooney
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John W van Klink
- Department of Chemistry, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Nigel B Perry
- Department of Chemistry, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ignatius J Menzies
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kevin S Gould
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
The term “red herring” is commonly used to oppose a proposed hypothesis considered a logical fallacy. Pointing to problems in hypotheses is essential to science, and the use of the title red herring stimulates people to think. However, some hypotheses are later proven to be true, losing their red herring status. Others remain with the red herring tag. A very famous and currently broadly accepted (sometimes with specific reservations) evolutionary signaling hypothesis that faced a very strong opposition was Zahavi's “handicap principle.”1 One of the most significant scientists in theoretical ecology and evolution, the late John Maynard Smith strongly opposed it,2 and only with the passing years gradually accepted it.3 Only 15 y later, when a mathematical solution for the problem was demonstrated,4 its status was changed. The case of Zahavi's handicap principle is an important lesson that the herring may not always be so red, but rather pink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Haifa-Oranim; Oranim, Israel
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
In the last 50 yr, the role of vision in insect interactions with host plants has received relatively little attention. This lack of research is associated with a number of assumptions about chemical cues being the ultimate sensory determinants of host finding. This article presents arguments and detailed evidence to refute these assumptions. Insects from essentially all phytophagous orders use vision for locating host plants, and some recent examples have shown that vision can be even more important than olfaction. Moreover, a number of insects have the ability to visually differentiate host species. This ability means that the visual capabilities of phytophagous insects should not be underestimated. Visual cues always should be considered and integrated into studies of host finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Reeves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Ryan MJ. The brain as a source of selection on the social niche: examples from the psychophysics of mate choice in túngara frogs. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:756-70. [PMID: 21771854 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main premise of this article is that various cognitive functions involved in signal analysis, memory, and decision making, all modulated by the animal's internal milieu, can generate selection for the forms of signals used in social interactions. Thus, just as an animal's view of its world, its Umwelt, determines how it interacts with its ecological niche, it can influence the evolution of its social niche. Thus, the brain is not only a landscape on which selection can act, but also it is a powerful source of selection on the animal's social niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ryan
- Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C0930, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Holopainen JK, Heijari J, Oksanen E, Alessio GA. Leaf Volatile Emissions of Betula pendula during Autumn Coloration and Leaf Fall. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1068-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lev-Yadun S. The shared and separate roles of aposematic (warning) coloration and the co-evolution hypothesis in defending autumn leaves. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:937-939. [PMID: 20495371 PMCID: PMC3115166 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.8.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential anti-herbivory functions of colorful (red and yellow) autumn leaves received considerable attention in the last decade. The most studied and discussed is the co-evolutionary hypothesis, according to which autumn coloration signals the quality of defense to insects that migrate to the trees in autumn. In addition to classic aposematism (repellency due to signaling unpalatability, non profitability of consumption, or danger for whatever reasons) that operates immediately, this hypothesis also proposes that the reduced fitness of the insects is in their next generation hatching in the spring from eggs laid on the trees in autumn. Supporters of the co-evolutionary hypothesis either posited that this hypothesis differs from visual aposematism or ignored the issue of aposematism. Interestingly, other authors that cited their papers considered the co-evolutionary hypothesis as visual aposematism. Recently, the overlap between the co-evolutionary hypothesis and visual aposematism was finally recognized, with the exception of yellow autumn leaves not signaling defense to aphids, which are known to be attracted to yellow leaves. However, the detailed relationships between these two hypotheses have not been discussed yet. Here I propose that the co-evolutionary hypothesis generally equals visual aposematism in red and yellow autumn leaves towards all herbivores except for yellow not operating with aphids. The co-evolutionary signaling extends beyond classic aposematism because it may operate later and not only immediately. The possibility that for yellow autumn leaves the co-evolutionary hypothesis may also operate via olfactory aposematism should not be dismissed.
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Hughes NM, Smith WK, Gould KS. Red (anthocyanic) leaf margins do not correspond to increased phenolic content in New Zealand Veronica spp. Ann Bot 2010; 105:647-54. [PMID: 20145003 PMCID: PMC2850789 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Red or purple coloration of leaf margins is common in angiosperms, and is found in approx. 25 % of New Zealand Veronica species. However, the functional significance of margin coloration is unknown. We hypothesized that anthocyanins in leaf margins correspond with increased phenolic content in leaf margins and/or the leaf entire, signalling low palatability or leaf quality to edge-feeding insects. METHODS Five species of Veronica with red leaf margins, and six species without, were examined in a common garden. Phenolic content in leaf margins and interior lamina regions of juvenile and fully expanded leaves was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Proportions of leaf margins eaten and average lengths of continuous bites were used as a proxy for palatability. KEY RESULTS Phenolic content was consistently higher in leaf margins compared with leaf interiors in all species; however, neither leaf margins nor more interior tissues differed significantly in phenolic content with respects to margin colour. Mean phenolic content was inversely correlated with the mean length of continuous bites, suggesting effective deterrence of grazing. However, there was no difference in herbivore consumption of red and green margins, and the plant species with the longest continuous grazing patterns were both red-margined. CONCLUSIONS Red margin coloration was not an accurate indicator of total phenolic content in leaf margins or interior lamina tissue in New Zealand Veronica. Red coloration was also ineffective in deterring herbivory on the leaf margin, though studies controlling for variations in leaf structure and biochemistry (e.g. intra-specific studies) are needed before more precise conclusions can be drawn. It is also recommended that future studies focus on the relationship between anthocyanin and specific defence compounds (rather than general phenolic pools), and evaluate possible alternative functions of red margins in leaves (e.g. antioxidants, osmotic adjustment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, Winston-Salem, NC 27106-7325, USA.
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