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Michalak A, Wdowikowska A, Janicka M. Plant Plasma Membrane Proton Pump: One Protein with Multiple Functions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244052. [PMID: 36552816 PMCID: PMC9777500 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the plasma membrane proton pump (PM H+-ATPase) regulates numerous transport-dependent processes such as growth, development, basic physiology, and adaptation to environmental conditions. This review explores the multifunctionality of this enzyme in plant cells. The abundance of several PM H+-ATPase isogenes and their pivotal role in energizing transport in plants have been connected to the phenomena of pleiotropy. The multifunctionality of PM H+-ATPase is a focal point of numerous studies unraveling the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, PM H+-ATPase is a key element in plant defense mechanisms against pathogen attack; however, it also functions as a target for pathogens that enable plant tissue invasion. Here, we provide an extensive review of the PM H+-ATPase as a multitasking protein in plants. We focus on the results of recent studies concerning PM H+-ATPase and its role in plant growth, physiology, and pathogenesis.
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Pei D, Hua D, Deng J, Wang Z, Song C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qi J, Kollist H, Yang S, Guo Y, Gong Z. Phosphorylation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA2 by BAK1 is required for ABA-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2708-2729. [PMID: 35404404 PMCID: PMC9252505 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal opening is largely promoted by light-activated plasma membrane-localized proton ATPases (PM H+-ATPases), while their closure is mainly modulated by abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during drought stress. It is unknown whether PM H+-ATPases participate in ABA-induced stomatal closure. We established that BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) interacts with, phosphorylates and activates the major PM Arabidopsis H+-ATPase isoform 2 (AHA2). Detached leaves from aha2-6 single mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants lost as much water as bak1-4 single and aha2-6 bak1-4 double mutants, with all three mutants losing more water than the wild-type (Columbia-0 [Col-0]). In agreement with these observations, aha2-6, bak1-4, and aha2-6 bak1-4 mutants were less sensitive to ABA-induced stomatal closure than Col-0, whereas the aha2-6 mutation did not affect ABA-inhibited stomatal opening under light conditions. ABA-activated BAK1 phosphorylated AHA2 at Ser-944 in its C-terminus and activated AHA2, leading to rapid H+ efflux, cytoplasmic alkalinization, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, to initiate ABA signal transduction and stomatal closure. The phosphorylation-mimicking mutation AHA2S944D driven by its own promoter could largely compensate for the defective phenotypes of water loss, cytoplasmic alkalinization, and ROS accumulation in both aha2-6 and bak1-4 mutants. Our results uncover a crucial role of AHA2 in cytoplasmic alkalinization and ABA-induced stomatal closure during the plant's response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deping Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Li J, Guo Y, Yang Y. The molecular mechanism of plasma membrane H +-ATPases in plant responses to abiotic stress. J Genet Genomics 2022:S1673-8527(22)00158-8. [PMID: 35654346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) are critical proton pumps that export protons from the cytoplasm to the apoplast. The resulting proton gradient and difference in electrical potential energize various secondary active transport events. PM H+-ATPases play essential roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this review, we focus on recent studies of the mechanism of PM H+-ATPases in response to abiotic stresses in plants, such as salt and high pH, temperature, drought, light, macronutrient deficiency, acidic soil and aluminum stress, as well as heavy metal toxicity. Moreover, we discuss remaining outstanding questions about how PM H+-ATPases contribute to abiotic stress responses.
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Zhang R, Wang N, Li S, Wang Y, Xiao S, Zhang Y, Egrinya Eneji A, Zhang M, Wang B, Duan L, Li F, Tian X, Li Z. Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor mepiquat chloride enhances root K+ uptake in cotton by modulating plasma membrane H+-ATPase. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:6659-6671. [PMID: 34161578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potassium deficiency causes severe losses in yield and quality in crops. Mepiquat chloride, a plant growth regulator, can increase K+ uptake in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a non-invasive micro-test technique to measure K+ and H+ fluxes in the root apex with or without inhibitors of K+ channels, K+ transporters, non-selective cation channels, and plasma membrane H+-ATPases. We found that soaking seeds in mepiquat chloride solution increased the K+ influx mediated by K+ channels and reduced the K+ efflux mediated by non-selective cation channels in cotton seedlings. Mepiquat chloride also increased negative membrane potential (Em) and the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPases in roots, due to higher levels of gene expression and protein accumulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPases as well as phosphorylation of H+-ATPase 11 (GhAHA11). Thus, plasma membrane hyperpolarization mediated by H+-ATPases was able to stimulate the activity of K+ channels in roots treated with mepiquat chloride. In addition, reduced K+ efflux under mepiquat chloride treatment was associated with reduced accumulation of H2O2 in roots. Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of mepiquat chloride-induced K+ uptake in cotton and hence have the potential to help in improving K nutrition for enhancing cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - A Egrinya Eneji
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, 540271, Nigeria
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Inoue S, Kaiserli E, Zhao X, Waksman T, Takemiya A, Okumura M, Takahashi H, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Endo Y, Sawasaki T, Kinoshita T, Zhang X, Christie JM, Shimazaki K. CIPK23 regulates blue light-dependent stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2020; 104:679-692. [PMID: 32780529 PMCID: PMC7693358 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are plant blue light receptor kinases that function to mediate phototropism, chloroplast movement, leaf flattening, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms associated with phototropin receptor activation by light. However, the identities of phototropin signaling components are less well understood by comparison. In this study, we specifically searched for protein kinases that interact with phototropins by using an in vitro screening method (AlphaScreen) to profile interactions against an Arabidopsis protein kinase library. We found that CBL-interacting protein kinase 23 (CIPK23) interacts with both phot1 and phot2. Although these interactions were verified by in vitro pull-down and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, CIPK23 was not phosphorylated by phot1, as least in vitro. Mutants lacking CIPK23 were found to exhibit impaired stomatal opening in response to blue light but no deficits in other phototropin-mediated responses. We further found that blue light activation of inward-rectifying K+ (K+ in ) channels was impaired in the guard cells of cipk23 mutants, whereas activation of the plasma membrane H+ -ATPase was not. The blue light activation of K+ in channels was also impaired in the mutant of BLUS1, which is one of the phototropin substrates in guard cells. We therefore conclude that CIPK23 promotes stomatal opening through activation of K+ in channels most likely in concert with BLUS1, but through a mechanism other than activation of the H+ -ATPase. The role of CIPK23 as a newly identified component of phototropin signaling in stomatal guard cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8602Japan
| | - Eirini Kaiserli
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas Waksman
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 MotookaFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Present address:
Department of BiologyGraduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi753‐8512Japan
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8602Japan
- Present address:
Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Minnesota
| | | | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research2‐1 HirosawaWako351‐0198Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro, Tsurumi‐kuYokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3‐1‐1 KoyadaiTsukuba305‐0074Japan
| | - Yaeta Endo
- Institute for the Promotion of Science and TechnologyEhime UniversityMatsuyama790‐8577Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8602Japan
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004People’s Republic of China
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Ken‐Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 MotookaFukuoka819‐0395Japan
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Zhang Z, Ali S, Zhang T, Wang W, Xie L. Identification, Evolutionary and Expression Analysis of PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s Gene Families in Soybean. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9101356. [PMID: 33066482 PMCID: PMC7602157 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and development, including fruit development and ripening, seed dormancy, and involvement in response to various environmental stresses. In almost all higher plants, ABA signal transduction requires three core components; namely, PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (PYLs), type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), and class III SNF-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2s). The exploration of these three core components is not comprehensive in soybean. This study identified the GmPYL-PP2C-SnRK2s gene family members by using the JGI Phytozome and NCBI database. The gene family composition, conservation, gene structure, evolutionary relationship, cis-acting elements of promoter regions, and its coding protein domains were analyzed. In the entire genome of the soybean, there are 21 PYLs, 36 PP2Cs, and 21 SnRK2s genes; further, by phylogenetic and conservation analysis, 21 PYLs genes are classified into 3 groups, 36 PP2Cs genes are classified into seven groups, and 21 SnRK2s genes are classified into 3 groups. The conserved motifs and domain analysis showed that all the GmPYLs gene family members contain START-like domains, the GmPP2Cs gene family contains PP2Cc domains, and the GmSnRK2s gene family contains S_TK domains, respectively. Furthermore, based on the high-throughput transcriptome sequencing data, the results showed differences in the expression patterns of GmPYL-PP2C-SnRK2s gene families in different tissue parts of the same variety, and the same tissue part of different varieties. Our study provides a basis for further elucidation of the identification of GmPYL-PP2C-SnRK2s gene family members and analysis of their evolution and expression patterns, which helps to understand the molecular mechanism of soybean response to abiotic stress. In addition, this provides a conceptual basis for future studies of the soybean ABA core signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.Z.); (S.A.); (T.Z.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shahid Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.Z.); (S.A.); (T.Z.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.Z.); (S.A.); (T.Z.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wanpeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.Z.); (S.A.); (T.Z.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Linan Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.Z.); (S.A.); (T.Z.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence:
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Zhu C, Xiaoyu L, Junlan G, Yun X, Jie R. Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of hormone pathways in Acer rubrum during developmental leaf senescence. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:410. [PMID: 32883206 PMCID: PMC7650285 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To fully elucidate the roles and mechanisms of plant hormones in leaf senescence, we adopted an integrated analysis of both non-senescing and senescing leaves from red maple with transcriptome and metabolome data. RESULTS Transcription and metabolite profiles were generated through a combination of deep sequencing, third-generation sequencing data analysis, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph Q extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS), respectively. We investigated the accumulation of compounds and the expression of biosynthesis and signaling genes for eight hormones. The results revealed that ethylene and abscisic acid concentrations increased during the leaf senescence process, while the contents of cytokinin, auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid continued to decrease. Correlation tests between the hormone content and transcriptional changes were analyzed, and in six pathways, genes closely linked with leaf senescence were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results will enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of plant hormones that regulate leaf senescence in red maple, while establishing a foundation for the genetic modification of Acer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Lu Xiaoyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui 230036 P.R. China
| | - Gao Junlan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yun
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Ren Jie
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
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Maheshwari P, Assmann SM, Albert R. A Guard Cell Abscisic Acid (ABA) Network Model That Captures the Stomatal Resting State. Front Physiol 2020; 11:927. [PMID: 32903539 PMCID: PMC7438572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pores play a central role in the control of carbon assimilation and plant water status. The guard cell pair that borders each pore integrates information from environmental and endogenous signals and accordingly swells or deflates, thereby increasing or decreasing the stomatal aperture. Prior research shows that there is a complex cellular network underlying this process. We have previously constructed a signal transduction network and a Boolean dynamic model describing stomatal closure in response to signals including the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), calcium or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we improve the Boolean network model such that it captures the biologically expected response of the guard cell in the absence or following the removal of a closure-inducing signal such as ABA or external Ca2+. The expectation from the biological system is reversibility, i.e., the stomata should reopen after the closing signal is removed. We find that the model's reversibility is obstructed by the previously assumed persistent activity of four nodes. By introducing time-dependent Boolean functions for these nodes, the model recapitulates stomatal reopening following the removal of a signal. The previous version of the model predicts ∼20% closure in the absence of any signal due to uncertainty regarding the initial conditions of multiple network nodes. We systematically test and adjust these initial conditions to find the minimally restrictive combinations that appropriately result in open stomata in the absence of a closure signal. We support these results by an analysis of the successive stabilization of feedback motifs in the network, illuminating the system's dynamic progression toward the open or closed stomata state. This analysis particularly highlights the role of cytosolic calcium oscillations in causing and maintaining stomatal closure. Overall, we illustrate the strength of the Boolean network modeling framework to efficiently capture cellular phenotypes as emergent outcomes of intracellular biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Maheshwari
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Reka Albert
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Ye W, Ando E, Rhaman MS, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Okuma E, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita T, Murata Y. Inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by allyl isothiocyanate does not require guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:2922-2932. [PMID: 32103265 PMCID: PMC7260714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known defense system that has been shown to induce stomatal closure in Brassicales. Isothiocyanates are highly reactive hydrolysates of glucosinolates, and an isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), induces stomatal closure accompanied by elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis. It remains unknown whether AITC inhibits light-induced stomatal opening. This study investigated the role of Ca2+ in AITC-induced stomatal closure and inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC induced stomatal closure and inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner. A Ca2+ channel inhibitor, La3+, a Ca2+chelator, EGTA, and an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from internal stores, nicotinamide, inhibited AITC-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation and stomatal closure, but did not affect inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC activated non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channels and inhibited inward-rectifying K+ (K+in) channels in a Ca2+-independent manner. AITC also inhibited stomatal opening induced by fusicoccin, a plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator, but had no significant effect on fusicoccin-induced phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H+-ATPase. Taken together, these results suggest that AITC induces Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release to elevate [Ca2+]cyt, which is essential for AITC-induced stomatal closure but not for inhibition of K+in channels and light-induced stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecule, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eigo Ando
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecule, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence:
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He J, Zhang RX, Kim DS, Sun P, Liu H, Liu Z, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. ROS of Distinct Sources and Salicylic Acid Separate Elevated CO 2-Mediated Stomatal Movements in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:542. [PMID: 32457781 PMCID: PMC7225777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) often reduces leaf stomatal aperture and density thus impacts plant physiology and productivity. We have previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis BIG protein distinguishes between the processes of eCO2-induced stomatal closure and eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening. However, the mechanistic basis of this action is not fully understood. Here we show that eCO2-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in big mutants was compromised in stomatal closure induction but not in stomatal opening inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic studies show that ROS generated by both NADPH oxidases and cell wall peroxidases contribute to eCO2-induced stomatal closure, whereas inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by eCO2 may rely on the ROS derived from NADPH oxidases but not from cell wall peroxidases. As with JA and ABA, SA is required for eCO2-induced ROS generation and stomatal closure. In contrast, none of these three signals has a significant role in eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening, unveiling the distinct roles of plant hormonal signaling pathways in the induction of stomatal closure and the inhibition of stomatal opening by eCO2. In conclusion, this study adds SA to a list of plant hormones that together with ROS from distinct sources distinguish two branches of eCO2-mediated stomatal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alistair M. Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Zhu M, Geng S, Chakravorty D, Guan Q, Chen S, Assmann SM. Metabolomics of red-light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana: Coupling with abscisic acid and jasmonic acid metabolism. Plant J 2020; 101:1331-1348. [PMID: 31677315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli-triggered stomatal movement is a key physiological process that regulates CO2 uptake and water loss in plants. Stomata are defined by pairs of guard cells that perceive and transduce external signals, leading to cellular volume changes and consequent stomatal aperture change. Within the visible light spectrum, red light induces stomatal opening in intact leaves. However, there has been debate regarding the extent to which red-light-induced stomatal opening arises from direct guard cell sensing of red light versus indirect responses as a result of red light influences on mesophyll photosynthesis. Here we identify conditions that result in red-light-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light. We then employ metabolomics workflows utilizing gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling and identification of Arabidopsis guard cell metabolic signatures in response to red light in the absence of the mesophyll. We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive. These red-light-modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content. The red-light-modulated guard cell metabolome reported here provides fundamental information concerning autonomous red light signaling pathways in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sisi Geng
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qijie Guan
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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12
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Biel A, Moser M, Meier I. A Role for Plant KASH Proteins in Regulating Stomatal Dynamics. Plant Physiol 2020; 182:1100-1113. [PMID: 31767690 PMCID: PMC6997697 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement, which regulates gas exchange in plants, is controlled by a variety of environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stresses. The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) initiates a signaling cascade, which leads to increased H2O2 and Ca2+ levels and F-actin reorganization, but the mechanism of, and connection between, these events is unclear. SINE1, an outer nuclear envelope component of a plant Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton complex, associates with F-actin and is, along with its putative paralog SINE2, expressed in guard cells. Here, we have determined that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SINE1 and SINE2 play an important role in stomatal opening and closing. Loss of SINE1 or SINE2 results in ABA hyposensitivity and impaired stomatal dynamics but does not affect stomatal closure induced by the bacterial elicitor flg22. The ABA-induced stomatal closure phenotype is, in part, attributed to impairments in Ca2+ and F-actin regulation. Together, the data suggest that SINE1 and SINE2 act downstream of ABA but upstream of Ca2+ and F-actin. While there is a large degree of functional overlap between the two proteins, there are also critical differences. Our study makes an unanticipated connection between stomatal regulation and nuclear envelope-associated proteins, and adds two new players to the increasingly complex system of guard cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia Biel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Morgan Moser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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13
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Maheshwari P, Du H, Sheen J, Assmann SM, Albert R. Model-driven discovery of calcium-related protein-phosphatase inhibition in plant guard cell signaling. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007429. [PMID: 31658257 PMCID: PMC6837631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes stomatal closure via multifarious cellular signaling cascades. Our previous comprehensive reconstruction of the stomatal closure network resulted in an 81-node network with 153 edges. Discrete dynamic modeling utilizing this network reproduced over 75% of experimental observations but a few experimentally supported results were not recapitulated. Here we identify predictions that improve the agreement between model and experiment. We performed dynamics-preserving network reduction, resulting in a condensed 49 node and 113 edge stomatal closure network that preserved all dynamics-determining network motifs and reproduced the predictions of the original model. We then utilized the reduced network to explore cases in which experimental activation of internal nodes in the absence of ABA elicited stomatal closure in wet bench experiments, but not in our in silico model. Our simulations revealed that addition of a single edge, which allows indirect inhibition of any one of three PP2C protein phosphatases (ABI2, PP2CA, HAB1) by cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, resolves the majority of the discrepancies. Consistent with this hypothesis, we experimentally show that Ca2+ application to cellular lysates at physiological concentrations inhibits PP2C activity. The model augmented with this new edge provides new insights into the role of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations in stomatal closure, revealing a mutual reinforcement between repeated increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and a self-sustaining feedback circuit inside the signaling network. These results illustrate how iteration between model and experiment can improve predictions of highly complex cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Maheshwari
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hao Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Assmann
- Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reka Albert
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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14
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Zhang C, Huang H, Zhou Y, Lin H, Xie T, Liao C. Stomatal Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Crude Oil Contamination in Soils. Applied Sciences 2019; 9:4074. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, maize plant was cultured in soil contaminated with different levels of crude oil. The purpose was to investigate the change of soil properties, leaf physiological and chemical parameters, and phenanthrene content in the leaf. Results showed that soil water content significantly increased when the levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons were 3700–17,800 mg/kg in soil, and soil electrical conductivity significantly increased compared with the control. In maize leaf, stomatal length and density, as well as K and Na contents decreased in contaminated treatments compared with the control. Stomatal length has a significant positive correlation with K content in leaf (r = 0.92, p < 0.01), while stomatal density was negatively correlated to the crude oil level in soil (r = −0.91, p < 0.05). Accumulation of phenanthrene in maize leaf was mainly through the foliar uptake pathway. Phenanthrene concentrations of maize leaf in oil-treated soil were less than that of the control, which exhibited a significant positive relationship with stomatal length (r = 0.98, p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that the stomata structure of maize could be influenced by crude oil and thus possibly controlling the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerial tissues. Based on these results, controlling stomata movement will be beneficial to phytoremediation of contaminated soil.
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15
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Dittrich M, Mueller HM, Bauer H, Peirats-Llobet M, Rodriguez PL, Geilfus CM, Carpentier SC, Al Rasheid KAS, Kollist H, Merilo E, Herrmann J, Müller T, Ache P, Hetherington AM, Hedrich R. The role of Arabidopsis ABA receptors from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family in stomatal acclimation and closure signal integration. Nat Plants 2019; 5:1002-1011. [PMID: 31451795 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores found on the surfaces of leaves that act to control CO2 uptake and water loss. By integrating information derived from endogenous signals with cues from the surrounding environment, the guard cells, which surround the pore, 'set' the stomatal aperture to suit the prevailing conditions. Much research has concentrated on understanding the rapid intracellular changes that result in immediate changes to the stomatal aperture. In this study, we look instead at how stomata acclimate to longer timescale variations in their environment. We show that the closure-inducing signals abscisic acid (ABA), increased CO2, decreased relative air humidity and darkness each access a unique gene network made up of clusters (or modules) of common cellular processes. However, within these networks some gene clusters are shared amongst all four stimuli. All stimuli modulate the expression of members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors. However, they are modulated differentially in a stimulus-specific manner. Of the six members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family expressed in guard cells, PYL2 is sufficient for guard cell ABA-induced responses, whereas in the responses to CO2, PYL4 and PYL5 are essential. Overall, our work shows the importance of ABA as a central regulator and integrator of long-term changes in stomatal behaviour, including sensitivity, elicited by external signals. Understanding this architecture may aid in breeding crops with improved water and nutrient efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Dittrich M, Mueller HM, Bauer H, Peirats-Llobet M, Rodriguez PL, Geilfus CM, Carpentier SC, Al Rasheid KAS, Kollist H, Merilo E, Herrmann J, Müller T, Ache P, Hetherington AM, Hedrich R. The role of Arabidopsis ABA receptors from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family in stomatal acclimation and closure signal integration. Nat Plants 2019; 5:1002-1011. [PMID: 31451795 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0490-490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores found on the surfaces of leaves that act to control CO2 uptake and water loss. By integrating information derived from endogenous signals with cues from the surrounding environment, the guard cells, which surround the pore, 'set' the stomatal aperture to suit the prevailing conditions. Much research has concentrated on understanding the rapid intracellular changes that result in immediate changes to the stomatal aperture. In this study, we look instead at how stomata acclimate to longer timescale variations in their environment. We show that the closure-inducing signals abscisic acid (ABA), increased CO2, decreased relative air humidity and darkness each access a unique gene network made up of clusters (or modules) of common cellular processes. However, within these networks some gene clusters are shared amongst all four stimuli. All stimuli modulate the expression of members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors. However, they are modulated differentially in a stimulus-specific manner. Of the six members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family expressed in guard cells, PYL2 is sufficient for guard cell ABA-induced responses, whereas in the responses to CO2, PYL4 and PYL5 are essential. Overall, our work shows the importance of ABA as a central regulator and integrator of long-term changes in stomatal behaviour, including sensitivity, elicited by external signals. Understanding this architecture may aid in breeding crops with improved water and nutrient efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Chérel I, Gaillard I. The Complex Fine-Tuning of K⁺ Fluxes in Plants in Relation to Osmotic and Ionic Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E715. [PMID: 30736441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main cation in plant cells, potassium plays an essential role in adaptive responses, especially through its involvement in osmotic pressure and membrane potential adjustments. K+ homeostasis must, therefore, be finely controlled. As a result of different abiotic stresses, especially those resulting from global warming, K⁺ fluxes and plant distribution of this ion are disturbed. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key player in responses to these climate stresses. It triggers signaling cascades that ultimately lead to modulation of the activities of K⁺ channels and transporters. After a brief overview of transcriptional changes induced by abiotic stresses, this review deals with the post-translational molecular mechanisms in different plant organs, in Arabidopsis and species of agronomical interest, triggering changes in K⁺ uptake from the soil, K⁺ transport and accumulation throughout the plant, and stomatal regulation. These modifications involve phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanisms, modifications of targeting, and interactions with regulatory partner proteins. Interestingly, many signaling pathways are common to K⁺ and Cl-/NO3- counter-ion transport systems. These cross-talks are also addressed.
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18
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Ooi L, Matsuura T, Munemasa S, Murata Y, Katsuhara M, Hirayama T, Mori IC. The mechanism of SO 2 -induced stomatal closure differs from O 3 and CO 2 responses and is mediated by nonapoptotic cell death in guard cells. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:437-447. [PMID: 30014483 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants closing stomata in the presence of harmful gases is believed to be a stress avoidance mechanism. SO2 , one of the major airborne pollutants, has long been reported to induce stomatal closure, yet the mechanism remains unknown. Little is known about the stomatal response to airborne pollutants besides O3 . SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1 (SLAC1) and OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) were identified as genes mediating O3 -induced closure. SLAC1 and OST1 are also known to mediate stomatal closure in response to CO2 , together with RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs (RBOHs). The overlaying roles of these genes in response to O3 and CO2 suggested that plants share their molecular regulators for airborne stimuli. Here, we investigated and compared stomatal closure event induced by a wide concentration range of SO2 in Arabidopsis through molecular genetic approaches. O3 - and CO2 -insensitive stomata mutants did not show significant differences from the wild type in stomatal sensitivity, guard cell viability, and chlorophyll content revealing that SO2 -induced closure is not regulated by the same molecular mechanisms as for O3 and CO2 . Nonapoptotic cell death is shown as the reason for SO2 -induced closure, which proposed the closure as a physicochemical process resulted from SO2 distress, instead of a biological protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ooi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Maki Katsuhara
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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19
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Xue Y, Yang Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Guo Y. VAMP711 Is Required for Abscisic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Activity. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:1332-1343. [PMID: 30217827 PMCID: PMC6236615 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a limiting environmental factor that affects plant growth and development. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant drought responses. Previous studies have indicated that ABA inhibits plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) activity, and the decrease in PM H+-ATPase activity promotes stomatal closure under drought stress, thereby reducing water loss. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we found that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), ABA induces an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein, namely, VESICLE-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN 711 (VAMP711), to interact with the Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPases AHA1 and AHA2. The interaction occurs at their C-termini and inhibits PM H+-ATPase activity. Deletion of VAMP711 in Arabidopsis results in a higher PM H+-ATPase activity and slower stomatal closure in response to ABA and drought treatments. In addition, overexpression of VAMP711 partially rescues the drought-sensitive phenotype of ost2-2D, a mutation in AHA1 resulting in a constitutive activated PM H+-ATPase. Our results demonstrate that VAMP711 is involved in regulating ABA-mediated inhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity and stomatal closure in response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Takeuchi J, Mimura N, Okamoto M, Yajima S, Sue M, Akiyama T, Monda K, Iba K, Ohnishi T, Todoroki Y. Structure-Based Chemical Design of Abscisic Acid Antagonists That Block PYL-PP2C Receptor Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1313-1321. [PMID: 29620349 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, signaling of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is mediated by PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors (PYLs), which bind to and inhibit group-A protein phosphatases 2C (PP2Cs), the negative regulators of ABA. X-ray structures of several PYL-ABA and PYL-ABA-PP2C complexes have revealed that a conserved tryptophan in PP2Cs is inserted into a small tunnel adjacent to the C4' of ABA in the PYL-ABA complex and plays a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of the PYL-ABA-PP2C complex. Here, 4'-modified ABA analogues were designed to prevent the insertion of the tryptophan into the tunnel adjacent to the C4' of ABA in these complexes. These analogues were predicted to block PYL-PP2C receptor interactions and thus block ABA signaling. To test this, 4'- O-phenylpropynyl ABA analogues were synthesized as novel PYL antagonists (PANs). Structural, thermodynamic, biochemical, and physiological studies demonstrated that PANs completely abolished ABA-induced PYL-PP2C interactions in vitro and suppressed stress-induced ABA responses in vivo more strongly than did 3'-hexylsulfanyl-ABA (AS6), a PYL antagonist we developed previously. The PANs and AS6 antagonized the effects of ABA to different degrees in different plants, suggesting that these PANs can function as chemical scalpels to dissect the complicated regulatory mechanism of ABA signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takeuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Naoki Mimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 243-0034, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 243-0034, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 243-0034, Japan
| | - Keina Monda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yasushi Todoroki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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21
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He J, Zhang R, Peng K, Tagliavia C, Li S, Xue S, Liu A, Hu H, Zhang J, Hubbard KE, Held K, McAinsh MR, Gray JE, Kudla J, Schroeder JI, Liang Y, Hetherington AM. The BIG protein distinguishes the process of CO 2 -induced stomatal closure from the inhibition of stomatal opening by CO 2. New Phytol 2018; 218:232-241. [PMID: 29292834 PMCID: PMC5887946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an infrared thermal imaging-based genetic screen to identify Arabidopsis mutants displaying aberrant stomatal behavior in response to elevated concentrations of CO2 . This approach resulted in the isolation of a novel allele of the Arabidopsis BIG locus (At3g02260) that we have called CO2 insensitive 1 (cis1). BIG mutants are compromised in elevated CO2 -induced stomatal closure and bicarbonate activation of S-type anion channel currents. In contrast with the wild-type, they fail to exhibit reductions in stomatal density and index when grown in elevated CO2 . However, like the wild-type, BIG mutants display inhibition of stomatal opening when exposed to elevated CO2 . BIG mutants also display wild-type stomatal aperture responses to the closure-inducing stimulus abscisic acid (ABA). Our results indicate that BIG is a signaling component involved in the elevated CO2 -mediated control of stomatal development. In the control of stomatal aperture by CO2 , BIG is only required in elevated CO2 -induced closure and not in the inhibition of stomatal opening by this environmental signal. These data show that, at the molecular level, the CO2 -mediated inhibition of opening and promotion of stomatal closure signaling pathways are separable and BIG represents a distinguishing element in these two CO2 -mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Ruo‐Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Biological SciencesLife Sciences Building24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | | | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Amy Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Katharine E. Hubbard
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HullHullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Katrin Held
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | | | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yun‐Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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22
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Chen D, Cao Y, Li H, Kim D, Ahsan N, Thelen J, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2265. [PMID: 29273780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to acting as a cellular energy source, ATP can also act as a damage-associated molecular pattern in both animals and plants. Stomata are leaf pores that control gas exchange and, therefore, impact critical functions such as photosynthesis, drought tolerance, and also are the preferred entry point for pathogens. Here we show the addition of ATP leads to the rapid closure of leaf stomata and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae. This response is mediated by ATP recognition by the receptor DORN1, followed by direct phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, resulting in elevated production of reactive oxygen species and stomatal closure. Mutation of DORN1 phosphorylation sites on RBOHD eliminates the ability of ATP to induce stomatal closure. The data implicate purinergic signaling via DORN1 in the control of stomatal aperture with important implications for the control of plant photosynthesis, water homeostasis, pathogen resistance, and ultimately yield. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
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23
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Geilfus CM. The pH of the Apoplast: Dynamic Factor with Functional Impact Under Stress. Mol Plant 2017; 10:1371-1386. [PMID: 28987886 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is an interconnected compartment with a thin water-film that alkalinizes under stress. This systemic pH increase may be a secondary effect without functional implications, arising from ion movements or proton-pump regulations. On the other hand, there are increasing indications that it is part of a mechanism to withstand stress. Regardless of this controversy, alkalinization of the apoplast has received little attention. The apoplastic pH (pHapo) increases not only during plant-pathogen interactions but also in response to salinity or drought. Not much is known about the mechanisms that cause the leaf apoplast to alkalinize, nor whether, and if so, how functional impact is conveyed. Controversial explanations have been given, and the unusual complexity of pHapo regulation is considered as the primary reason behind this lack of knowledge. A gathering of scattered information revealed that changes in pHapo convey functionality by regulating stomatal aperture via the effects exerted on abscisic acid. Moreover, apoplastic alkalinization may regulate growth under stress, whereas this needs to be verified. In this review, a comprehensive survey about several physiological mechanisms that alkalize the apoplast under stress is given, and the suitability of apoplastic alkalinization as transducing element for the transmission of sensory information is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Hiyama A, Takemiya A, Munemasa S, Okuma E, Sugiyama N, Tada Y, Murata Y, Shimazaki KI. Blue light and CO 2 signals converge to regulate light-induced stomatal opening. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1284. [PMID: 29101334 PMCID: PMC5670223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulate gas exchange between plants and atmosphere by integrating opening and closing signals. Stomata open in response to low CO2 concentrations to maximize photosynthesis in the light; however, the mechanisms that coordinate photosynthesis and stomatal conductance have yet to be identified. Here we identify and characterize CBC1/2 (CONVERGENCE OF BLUE LIGHT (BL) AND CO2 1/2), two kinases that link BL, a major component of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and the signals from low concentrations of CO2 in guard cells. CBC1/CBC2 redundantly stimulate stomatal opening by inhibition of S-type anion channels in response to both BL and low concentrations of CO2. CBC1/CBC2 function in the signaling pathways of phototropins and HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1). CBC1/CBC2 interact with and are phosphorylated by HT1. We propose that CBCs regulate stomatal aperture by integrating signals from BL and CO2 and act as the convergence site for signals from BL and low CO2. Stomata open in response to low CO2 conditions in the light to maximise photosynthesis. Here, Hiyama et al. identify two kinases that promote stomatal opening by inhibiting S-type anion channels downstream of phototropin and HT1 thereby acting as a convergence point for blue light and CO2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Hiyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sugiyama
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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25
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Sun S, Fan W, Mu Z. The spatio-temporal specificity of PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors in response to developmental and environmental cues. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1214793. [PMID: 27494292 PMCID: PMC5703246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1214793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
From the different functions ABA exerted between the aboveground and belowground, seed and vegetative tissues, primary root and lateral root, stimulating stomatal closure and inhibiting stomatal opening, between young and senescence leaves in stomatal movement, among different cells in plasma membrane water permeability, we addressed the organ-, tissue-, cell-, physiological processes-, and development stage specificities of PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors. This specificity may reflect the spatio-temporal properties of water potentials as well as the endogenous ABA levels in detail context, which plus the various affinities among this receptor families, resulted in the specificity of the transcripts as well as genes functions. PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors may integrate the message of ABA resource (local signaling or long distance signaling) and concentration, thus fine-tuning ABA response to environmental- and developmental cues. It also evolutionally affording land plants sophisticated mechanism to survival adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zixin Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- CONTACT Zixin Mu
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26
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Tischer SV, Wunschel C, Papacek M, Kleigrewe K, Hofmann T, Christmann A, Grill E. Combinatorial interaction network of abscisic acid receptors and coreceptors from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10280-5. [PMID: 28874521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706593114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is induced in response to abiotic stress to mediate plant acclimation to environmental challenge. Key players of the ABA-signaling pathway are the ABA-binding receptors (RCAR/PYR1/PYL), which, together with a plant-specific subclade of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), form functional holoreceptors. The Arabidopsis genome encodes nine PP2C coreceptors and 14 different RCARs, which can be divided into three subfamilies. The presence of these gene families in higher plants points to the existence of an intriguing regulatory network and poses questions as to the functional compatibility and specificity of receptor-coreceptor interactions. Here, we analyzed all RCAR-PP2C combinations for their capacity to regulate ABA signaling by transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Of 126 possible RCAR-PP2C pairings, 113 were found to be functional. The three subfamilies within the RCAR family showed different sensitivities to regulating the ABA response at basal ABA levels when efficiently expressed. At exogenous high ABA levels, the RCARs regulated most PP2Cs and activated the ABA response to a similar extent. The PP2C AHG1 was regulated only by RCAR1/PYL9, RCAR2/PYL7, and RCAR3/PYL8, which are characterized by a unique tyrosine residue. Site-directed mutagenesis of RCAR1 showed that its tyrosine residue is critical for AHG1 interaction and regulation. Furthermore, the PP2Cs HAI1 to HAI3 were regulated by all RCARs, and the ABA receptor RCAR4/PYL10 showed ABA-dependent PP2C regulation. The findings unravel the interaction network of possible RCAR-PP2C pairings and their different potentials to serve a rheostat function for integrating fluctuating hormone levels into the ABA-response pathway.
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27
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Jalakas P, Huang YC, Yeh YH, Zimmerli L, Merilo E, Kollist H, Brosché M. The Role of ENHANCED RESPONSES TO ABA1 (ERA1) in Arabidopsis Stomatal Responses Is Beyond ABA Signaling. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:665-671. [PMID: 28330935 PMCID: PMC5462056 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proper stomatal responses are essential for plant function in an altered environment. The core signaling pathway for abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure involves perception of the hormone that leads to the activation of guard cell anion channels by the protein kinase OPEN STOMATA1. Several other regulators are suggested to modulate the ABA signaling pathway, including the protein ENHANCED RESPONSE TO ABA1 (ERA1), that encodes the farnesyl transferase β-subunit. The era1 mutant is hypersensitive to ABA during seed germination and shows a more closed stomata phenotype. Using a genetics approach with the double mutants era1 abi1-1 and era1 ost1, we show that while era1 suppressed the high stomatal conductance of abi1-1 and ost1, the ERA1 function was not required for stomatal closure in response to ABA and environmental factors. Further experiments indicated a role for ERA1 in blue light-induced stomatal opening. In addition, we show that ERA1 function in disease resistance was independent of its role in stomatal regulation. Our results indicate a function for ERA1 in stomatal opening and pathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirko Jalakas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Yu-Hung Yeh
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (P.J., E.M., H.K., M.B.); Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (Y.-C.H., Y.-H.Y., L.Z.); and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B.)
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28
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Toum L, Torres PS, Gallego SM, Benavídes MP, Vojnov AA, Gudesblat GE. Coronatine Inhibits Stomatal Closure through Guard Cell-Specific Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Production. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1851. [PMID: 28018388 PMCID: PMC5155495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by MAMPs and by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigated the possible effect of coronatine on their production. We found that coronatine inhibits NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production induced by ABA, and by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. This toxin also inhibited NADPH oxidase-dependent stomatal closure induced by darkness, however, it failed to prevent stomatal closure by exogenously applied H2O2 or by salicylic acid, which induces ROS production through peroxidases. Contrary to what was observed on stomata, coronatine did not affect the oxidative burst induced by flg22 in leaf disks. Additionally, we observed that in NADPH oxidase mutants atrbohd and atrbohd/f, as well as in guard cell ABA responsive but flg22 insensitive mutants mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, the inhibition of ABA stomatal responses by both coronatine and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium was markedly reduced. Interestingly, coronatine still impaired ABA-induced ROS synthesis in mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, suggesting a possible feedback regulation of ROS on other guard cell ABA signaling elements in these mutants. Altogether our results show that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS synthesis in guard cells plays an important role during endophytic colonization by Pst through stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Toum
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo S. Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana M. Gallego
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P. Benavídes
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E. Gudesblat
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Islam MM, Ye W, Matsushima D, Munemasa S, Okuma E, Nakamura Y, Biswas S, Mano J, Murata Y. Reactive Carbonyl Species Mediate ABA Signaling in Guard Cells. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:2552-2563. [PMID: 27838658 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is responsible for a massive reduction in crop yields. In response to drought, plants synthesize the hormone ABA, which induces stomatal closure, thus reducing water loss. In guard cells, ABA triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is mediated by NAD(P)H oxidases. The production of ROS is a key factor for ABA-induced stomatal closure, but it remains to be clarified how the production of ROS is transduced into downstream signaling components in guard cells. We investigated roles of reactive carbonyl species (RCS) in ABA-induced stomatal closure using transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) overexpressing Arabidopsis 2-alkenal reductase (AER-OE), which scavenges RCS. ABA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced accumulation of RCS including acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal in wild-type tobacco but not in AER-OE. Stomatal closure and RCS accumulation in response to ABA and H2O2 were inhibited in AER-OE unlike in the wild type, while ABA-induced H2O2 production in guard cells was observed in AER-OE as well as in the wild type. Moreover, ABA inhibited inward-rectifying K+ channels in wild-type guard cells but not in AER-OE guard cells. These results suggest that RCS is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure and functions downstream of H2O2 production in the ABA signaling pathway in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moshiul Islam
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daiki Matsushima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Sanaullah Biswas
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Mano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
- Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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30
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Panchal S, Chitrakar R, Thompson BK, Obulareddy N, Roy D, Hambright WS, Melotto M. Regulation of Stomatal Defense by Air Relative Humidity. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:2021-2032. [PMID: 27702841 PMCID: PMC5100797 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. For instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. A critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. Several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the plant immune response to reduce pathogen invasion. In this study, we found that high humidity can effectively compromise Pseudomonas syringae-triggered stomatal closure in both Phaseolus vulgaris and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is accompanied by early up-regulation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and simultaneous down-regulation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway in guard cells. Furthermore, SA-dependent response, but not JA-dependent response, is faster in guard cells than in whole leaves, suggesting that the SA signaling in guard cells may be independent from other cell types. Thus, we conclude that high humidity, a well-known disease-promoting environmental condition, acts in part by suppressing stomatal defense and is linked to hormone signaling in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Panchal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Reejana Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Blaine K Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Nisita Obulareddy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Debanjana Roy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - W Sealy Hambright
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
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31
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Assmann SM, Jegla T. Guard cell sensory systems: recent insights on stomatal responses to light, abscisic acid, and CO 2. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 33:157-167. [PMID: 27518594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
By controlling the opening and closure of the stomatal pores through which gas exchange occurs, guard cells regulate two of the most important plant physiological processes: photosynthesis and transpiration. Accordingly, guard cells have evolved exquisite sensory systems. Here we summarize recent literature on guard cell sensing of light, drought (via the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)), and CO2. New advances in our understanding of how guard cells satisfy the energetic and osmotic requirements of stomatal opening and utilize phosphorylation to regulate the anion channels and aquaporins involved in ABA-stimulated stomatal closure are highlighted. Omics and modeling approaches are providing new information that will ultimately allow an integrated understanding of guard cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Timothy Jegla
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Yin Y, Adachi Y, Nakamura Y, Munemasa S, Mori IC, Murata Y. Involvement of OST1 Protein Kinase and PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors in Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis Guard Cells. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:1779-90. [PMID: 27354421 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induces stomatal closure. It has been shown that stomata of many ABA-insensitive mutants are also insensitive to MeJA, and a low amount of ABA is a prerequisite for the MeJA response. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between ABA and MeJA signaling remain to be elucidated. Here we studied the interplay of signaling of the two hormones in guard cells using the quadruple ABA receptor mutant pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4 and ABA-activated protein kinase mutants ost1-2 and srk2e. In the quadruple mutant, MeJA-induced stomatal closure, H2O2 production, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytosolic alkalization and plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable current (ICa) activation were not impaired. At the same time, the inactivation of the inward-rectifying K(+) current was impaired. In contrast to the quadruple mutant, MeJA-induced stomatal closure, H2O2 production, NO production and cytosolic alkalization were impaired in ost1-2 and srk2e as well as in aba2-2, the ABA-deficient mutant. The activation of ICa was also impaired in srk2e. Collectively, these results indicated that OST1 was essential for MeJA-induced stomatal closure, while PYR1, PYL1, PYL2 and PYL4 ABA receptors were not sufficient factors. MeJA did not appear to activate OST1 kinase activity. This implies that OST1 mediates MeJA signaling through an undetectable level of activity or a non-enzymatic action. MeJA induced the expression of an ABA synthesis gene, NCED3, and increased ABA contents only modestly. Taken together with previous reports, this study suggests that MeJA signaling in guard cells is primed by ABA and is not brought about through the pathway mediated by PYR1, PYL1 PYL2 and PYL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yin
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yuji Adachi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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33
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Fan W, Zhao M, Li S, Bai X, Li J, Meng H, Mu Z. Contrasting transcriptional responses of PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors to ABA or dehydration stress between maize seedling leaves and roots. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:99. [PMID: 27101806 PMCID: PMC4839062 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The different actions of abscisic acid (ABA) in the aboveground and belowground parts of plants suggest the existence of a distinct perception mechanism between these organs. Although characterization of the soluble ABA receptors PYR1/PYL/RCAR as well as core signaling components has greatly advanced our understanding of ABA perception, signal transduction, and responses, the environment-dependent organ-specific sensitivity of plants to ABA is less well understood. RESULTS By performing real-time quantitative PCR assays, we comprehensively compared transcriptional differences of core ABA signaling components in response to ABA or osmotic/dehydration stress between maize (Zea mays L.) roots and leaves. Our results demonstrated up-regulation of the transcript levels of ZmPYLs homologous to dimeric-type Arabidopsis ABA receptors by ABA in maize primary roots, whereas those of ZmPYLs homologous to monomeric-type Arabidopsis ABA receptors were down-regulated. However, this trend was reversed in the leaves of plants treated with ABA via the root medium. Although the mRNA levels of ZmPYL1-3 increased significantly in roots subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress, ZmPYL4-11 transcripts were either maintained at a stable level or increased only slightly. In detached leaves subjected to dehydration, the transcripts of ZmPYL1-3 together with ZmPYL5, ZmPYL6, ZmPYL10 and ZmPYL11 were decreased, whereas those of ZmPYL4, ZmPYL7 and ZmPYL8 were significantly increased. Our results also showed that all of the evaluated transcripts of PP2Cs and SnRK2 were quickly up-regulated in roots by ABA or osmotic stress; conversely they were either up-regulated or maintained at a constant level in leaves, depending on the isoforms within each family. CONCLUSIONS There is a distinct profile of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptor gene expression between maize roots and leaves, suggesting that monomeric-type ABA receptors are mainly involved in the transmission of ABA signals in roots but that dimeric-type ABA receptors primarily carry out this function in leaves. Given that ZmPYL1 and ZmPYL4 exhibit similar transcript abundance under normal conditions, our findings may represent a novel mechanism for species-specific regulation of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptor gene expression. A difference in the preference for core signaling components in the presence of exogenous ABA versus stress-induced endogenous ABA was observed in both leaves and roots. It appears that core ABA signaling components perform their osmotic/dehydration stress response functions in a stress intensity-, duration-, species-, organ-, and isoform-specific manner, leading to plasticity in response to adverse conditions and, thus, acclimation to life on land. These results deepen our understanding of the diverse biological effects of ABA between plant leaves and roots in response to abiotic stress at the stimulus-perception level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Suxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Haowei Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zixin Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Zhu M, Jeon BW, Geng S, Yu Y, Balmant K, Chen S, Assmann SM. Preparation of Epidermal Peels and Guard Cell Protoplasts for Cellular, Electrophysiological, and -Omics Assays of Guard Cell Function. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1363:89-121. [PMID: 26577784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Bioassays are commonly used to study stomatal phenotypes. There are multiple options in the choice of plant materials and species used for observation of stomatal and guard cell responses in vivo. Here, detailed procedures for bioassays of stomatal responses to abscisic acid (ABA) in Arabidopsis thaliana are described, including ABA promotion of stomatal closure, ABA inhibition of stomatal opening, and ABA promotion of reaction oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells. We also include an example of a stomatal bioassay for the guard cell CO2 response using guard cell-enriched epidermal peels from Brassica napus. Highly pure preparations of guard cell protoplasts can be produced, which are also suitable for studies on guard cell signaling, as well as for studies on guard cell ion transport. Small-scale and large-scale guard cell protoplast preparations are commonly used for electrophysiological and -omics studies, respectively. We provide a procedure for small-scale guard cell protoplasting from A. thaliana. Additionally, a general protocol for large-scale preparation of guard cell protoplasts, with specifications for three different species, A. thaliana, B. napus, and Vicia faba is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sisi Geng
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kelly Balmant
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants, regulate gas exchange, thus playing a critical role in plant growth and stress responses. As natural openings, stomata are exploited by microbes as an entry route. Recent studies reveal that plants close stomata upon guard cell perception of molecular signatures from microbes, microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), to prevent microbe invasion. The perception of MAMPs induces signal transduction including recruitment of second messengers, such as Ca(2+) and H2O2, phosphorylation events, and change of transporter activity, leading to stomatal movement. In the present review, we summarize recent findings in signaling underlying MAMP-induced stomatal movement by comparing with other signalings.
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36
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Panchal S, Roy D, Chitrakar R, Price L, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, Melotto M. Coronatine Facilitates Pseudomonas syringae Infection of Arabidopsis Leaves at Night. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:880. [PMID: 27446113 PMCID: PMC4914978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In many land plants, the stomatal pore opens during the day and closes during the night. Thus, periods of darkness could be effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves through stomata, the primary sites for infection by many pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 produces coronatine (COR) and opens stomata, raising an intriguing question as to whether this is a virulence strategy to facilitate bacterial infection at night. In fact, we found that (a) biological concentration of COR is effective in opening dark-closed stomata of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, (b) the COR defective mutant Pst DC3118 is less effective in infecting Arabidopsis in the dark than under light and this difference in infection is reduced with the wild type bacterium Pst DC3000, and (c) cma, a COR biosynthesis gene, is induced only when the bacterium is in contact with the leaf surface independent of the light conditions. These findings suggest that Pst DC3000 activates virulence factors at the pre-invasive phase of its life cycle to infect plants even when environmental conditions (such as darkness) favor stomatal immunity. This functional attribute of COR may provide epidemiological advantages for COR-producing bacteria on the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Panchal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TX, USA
| | - Debanjana Roy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Reejana Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TX, USA
| | - Lenore Price
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maeli Melotto,
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Matrosova A, Bogireddi H, Mateo-Peñas A, Hashimoto-Sugimoto M, Iba K, Schroeder JI, Israelsson-Nordström M. The HT1 protein kinase is essential for red light-induced stomatal opening and genetically interacts with OST1 in red light and CO2 -induced stomatal movement responses. New Phytol 2015; 208:1126-37. [PMID: 26192339 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether red light-induced stomatal opening is mediated by a photosynthesis-derived reduction in intercellular [CO2 ] (Ci ) remains controversial and genetic analyses are needed. The Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase HIGH TEMPERATURE 1 (HT1) is a negative regulator of [CO2 ]-induced stomatal closing and ht1-2 mutant plants do not show stomatal opening to low [CO2 ]. The protein kinase mutant ost1-3 exhibits slowed stomatal responses to CO2 . The functions of HT1 and OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) to changes in red, blue light or [CO2 ] were analyzed. For comparison we assayed recessive ca1ca4 carbonic anhydrase double mutant plants, based on their slowed stomatal response to CO2 . Here, we report a strong impairment in ht1 in red light-induced stomatal opening whereas blue light was able to induce stomatal opening. The effects on photosynthetic performance in ht1 were restored when stomatal limitation of CO2 uptake, by control of [Ci ], was eliminated. HT1 was found to interact genetically with OST1 both during red light- and low [CO2 ]-induced stomatal opening. Analyses of ca1ca4 plants suggest that more than a low [Ci ]-dependent pathway may function in red light-induced stomatal opening. These results demonstrate that HT1 is essential for red light-induced stomatal opening and interacts genetically with OST1 during stomatal responses to red light and altered [CO2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Matrosova
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hanumakumar Bogireddi
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Mateo-Peñas
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Maria Israelsson-Nordström
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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38
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Liang S, Lu K, Wu Z, Jiang SC, Yu YT, Bi C, Xin Q, Wang XF, Zhang DP. A link between magnesium-chelatase H subunit and sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase SnRK2.6/OST1 in Arabidopsis guard cell signalling in response to abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:6355-69. [PMID: 26175350 PMCID: PMC4588886 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-chelatase H subunit [CHLH/putative abscisic acid (ABA) receptor ABAR] positively regulates guard cell signalling in response to ABA, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. A member of the sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2 family, SnRK2.6/open stomata 1 (OST1)/SRK2E, which plays a critical role in ABA signalling in Arabidopsis guard cells, interacts with ABAR/CHLH. Neither mutation nor over-expression of the ABAR gene affects significantly ABA-insensitive phenotypes of stomatal movement in the OST1 knockout mutant allele srk2e. However, OST1 over-expression suppresses ABA-insensitive phenotypes of the ABAR mutant allele cch in stomatal movement. These genetic data support that OST1 functions downstream of ABAR in ABA signalling in guard cells. Consistent with this, ABAR protein is phosphorylated, but independently of the OST1 protein kinase. Two ABAR mutant alleles, cch and rtl1, show ABA insensitivity in ABA-induced reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production, as well as in ABA-activated phosphorylation of a K(+) inward channel KAT1 in guard cells, which is consistent with that observed in the pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4 quadruple mutant of the well-characterized ABA receptor PYR/PYL/RCAR family acting upstream of OST1. These findings suggest that ABAR shares, at least in part, downstream signalling components with PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors for ABA in guard cells; though cch and rtl1 show strong ABA-insensitive phenotypes in both ABA-induced stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening, while the pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4 quadruple mutant shows strong ABA insensitivity only in ABA-induced stomatal closure. These data establish a link between ABAR/CHLH and SnRK2.6/OST1 in guard cell signalling in response to ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Tao Yu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Bi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Merilo E, Jalakas P, Laanemets K, Mohammadi O, Hõrak H, Kollist H, Brosché M. Abscisic Acid Transport and Homeostasis in the Context of Stomatal Regulation. Mol Plant 2015; 8:1321-33. [PMID: 26099923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of cytosolic ABA receptors is an important breakthrough in stomatal research; signaling via these receptors is involved in determining the basal stomatal conductance and stomatal responsiveness. However, the source of ABA in guard cells is still not fully understood. The level of ABA increases in guard cells by de novo synthesis, recycling from inactive conjugates via β-glucosidases BG1 and BG2 and by import, whereas it decreases by hydroxylation, conjugation, and export. ABA importers include the NRT1/PTR family protein AIT1, ATP-binding cassette protein ABCG40, and possibly ABCG22, whereas the DTX family member DTX50 and ABCG25 function as ABA exporters. Here, we review the proteins involved in ABA transport and homeostasis and their physiological role in stomatal regulation. Recent experiments suggest that functional redundancy probably exists among ABA transporters between vasculature and guard cells and ABA recycling proteins, as stomatal functioning remained intact in abcg22, abcg25, abcg40, ait1, and bg1bg2 mutants. Only the initial response to reduced air humidity was significantly delayed in abcg22. Considering the reports showing autonomous ABA synthesis in guard cells, we discuss that rapid stomatal responses to atmospheric factors might depend primarily on guard cell-synthesized ABA, whereas in the case of long-term soil water deficit, ABA synthesized in the vasculature might have a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pirko Jalakas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Laanemets
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Omid Mohammadi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Planes MD, Niñoles R, Rubio L, Bissoli G, Bueso E, García-Sánchez MJ, Alejandro S, Gonzalez-Guzmán M, Hedrich R, Rodriguez PL, Fernández JA, Serrano R. A mechanism of growth inhibition by abscisic acid in germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana based on inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase and decreased cytosolic pH, K+, and anions. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:813-25. [PMID: 25371509 PMCID: PMC4321545 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces expression of defence genes in many organs, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism in guard cells, and inhibits germination and seedling growth. Concerning the latter effect, several mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with improved capability for H(+) efflux (wat1-1D, overexpression of AKT1 and ost2-1D) are less sensitive to inhibition by ABA than the wild type. This suggested that ABA could inhibit H(+) efflux (H(+)-ATPase) and induce cytosolic acidification as a mechanism of growth inhibition. Measurements to test this hypothesis could not be done in germinating seeds and we used roots as the most convenient system. ABA inhibited the root plasma-membrane H(+)-ATPase measured in vitro (ATP hydrolysis by isolated vesicles) and in vivo (H(+) efflux from seedling roots). This inhibition involved the core ABA signalling elements: PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, ABA-inhibited protein phosphatases (HAB1), and ABA-activated protein kinases (SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3). Electrophysiological measurements in root epidermal cells indicated that ABA, acting through the PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, induced membrane hyperpolarization (due to K(+) efflux through the GORK channel) and cytosolic acidification. This acidification was not observed in the wat1-1D mutant. The mechanism of inhibition of the H(+)-ATPase by ABA and its effects on cytosolic pH and membrane potential in roots were different from those in guard cells. ABA did not affect the in vivo phosphorylation level of the known activating site (penultimate threonine) of H(+)-ATPase in roots, and SnRK2.2 phosphorylated in vitro the C-terminal regulatory domain of H(+)-ATPase while the guard-cell kinase SnRK2.6/OST1 did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Planes
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Regina Niñoles
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Gaetano Bissoli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María J García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Guzmán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julis-von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Scuffi D, Álvarez C, Laspina N, Gotor C, Lamattina L, García-Mata C. Hydrogen sulfide generated by L-cysteine desulfhydrase acts upstream of nitric oxide to modulate abscisic acid-dependent stomatal closure. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:2065-76. [PMID: 25266633 PMCID: PMC4256879 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-studied regulator of stomatal movement. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a small signaling gas molecule involved in key physiological processes in mammals, has been recently reported as a new component of the ABA signaling network in stomatal guard cells. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), H2S is enzymatically produced in the cytosol through the activity of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES1). In this work, we used DES1 knockout Arabidopsis mutant plants (des1) to study the participation of DES1 in the cross talk between H2S and nitric oxide (NO) in the ABA-dependent signaling network in guard cells. The results show that ABA did not close the stomata in isolated epidermal strips of des1 mutants, an effect that was restored by the application of exogenous H2S. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that ABA induces DES1 expression in guard cell-enriched RNA extracts from wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, stomata from isolated epidermal strips of Arabidopsis ABA receptor mutant pyrabactin-resistant1 (pyr1)/pyrabactin-like1 (pyl1)/pyl2/pyl4 close in response to exogenous H2S, suggesting that this gasotransmitter is acting downstream, although acting independently of the ABA receptor cannot be ruled out with this data. However, the Arabidopsis clade-A PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE2C mutant abscisic acid-insensitive1 (abi1-1) does not close the stomata when epidermal strips were treated with H2S, suggesting that H2S required a functional ABI1. Further studies to unravel the cross talk between H2S and NO indicate that (1) H2S promotes NO production, (2) DES1 is required for ABA-dependent NO production, and (3) NO is downstream of H2S in ABA-induced stomatal closure. Altogether, data indicate that DES1 is a unique component of ABA signaling in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Consolación Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Natalia Laspina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
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Abstract
As research progresses on how guard cells perceive and transduce environmental cues to regulate stomatal movement, plant biologists are discovering key roles of protein phosphorylation. Early research efforts focused on characterization of ion channels and transporters in guard cell hormonal signaling. Subsequent genetic studies identified mutants of kinases and phosphatases that are defective in regulating guard cell ion channel activities, and recently proteins regulated by phosphorylation have been identified. Here we review the essential role of protein phosphorylation in ABA-induced stomatal closure and in blue light-induced stomatal opening. We also highlight evidence for the cross-talk between different pathways, which is mediated by protein phosphorylation.
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Key Words
- AAPK, ABA activated protein kinase
- ABA
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ABI, abscisic acid insensitive
- AHK5, Arabidopsis histidine kinases 5
- AKS, ABA-responsive kinase substrates
- BL, blue light
- BLUS1, blue light signaling1
- CBL, calcineurin-B like proteins
- CIPK, CBL-interacting protein kinase
- CPK, calcium dependent protein kinase
- EPs, epidermal peels
- GCPs, guard cell protoplasts
- GHR1, guard cell hydrogen peroxide-resistant1
- HAB1, homology to ABI1
- HRB1, hypersensitive to red and blue 1
- HXK, hexokinase
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- KAT1, K+ channel in A. thaliana 1
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- MAP4K, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase
- MPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NO, nitric oxide
- OST1, open stomata 1
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PHO1, phosphate1
- PP1, protein phosphatase
- PP7, protein phosphatase
- PRSL1, PP1 regulatory subunit2-like protein1
- PTPases, protein tyrosine phosphatases
- QUAC1, quickly-activating anion channel 1
- RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLAC1, slow anion channel-associated 1
- SnRK2.6, sucrose nonfermenting-1 (Snf1)-related protein kinase 2.6
- blue light
- guard cell, ion channel
- kinase
- phosphatase
- protein phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Alice C Harmon
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Correspondence to: Alice C Harmon;
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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